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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity_of_Afghanistan's_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity_of_Afghanistan's_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historicity of Afghanistan's art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity_of_Afghanistan's_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion/occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion/occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Soviet invasion/occupation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_invasion/occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet invasion/occupation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion/occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_ancient_archeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_ancient_archeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Destruction of ancient archeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_ancient_archeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadda_and_the_Stupa-monastery_complex_of_Tepe_Shortor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadda_and_the_Stupa-monastery_complex_of_Tepe_Shortor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Hadda and the Stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadda_and_the_Stupa-monastery_complex_of_Tepe_Shortor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ai_Khanoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ai_Khanoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ai Khanoum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ai_Khanoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mir_Zakah_Treasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mir_Zakah_Treasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Mir Zakah Treasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mir_Zakah_Treasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_National_Kabul_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_National_Kabul_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The National Kabul Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_National_Kabul_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taliban_insurgence/occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taliban_insurgence/occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taliban insurgence/occupation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taliban_insurgence/occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taliban insurgence/occupation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taliban_insurgence/occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_texts_and_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_texts_and_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Destruction of texts and artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_texts_and_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Giant_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Giant_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Giant_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_and_resurrection_for_the_Bamiyan_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_and_resurrection_for_the_Bamiyan_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Response and resurrection for the Bamiyan Buddhas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_and_resurrection_for_the_Bamiyan_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_Afghanistan's_art,_cultural_heritage_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_Afghanistan's_art,_cultural_heritage_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Future of Afghanistan's art, cultural heritage and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_of_Afghanistan's_art,_cultural_heritage_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> is uniquely situated as a throughway of cultures throughout its history due to it geographic placement in South Asia. Afghanistan's location lends porous borders to trade routes between the East and West, while the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> providing a vector for Buddhism and Hellenistic culture and even Egyptian influences from the west, renders an amalgamation of culture and art. Perpetual invasion and conflict has rendered a cyclic continuum of renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of art">destruction of art</a> and culture in Afghanistan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity_of_Afghanistan's_art"><span id="Historicity_of_Afghanistan.27s_art"></span>Historicity of Afghanistan's art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historicity of Afghanistan's art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How wonderful that people show interest in our past, it means there is hope for the future. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>an Afghan refugee in Peshwar, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Much of Afghanistan's art can be traced back through the invasions, occupations and dynasties that so frequently have ravaged the country. Afghanistan has been a crossroads of cultures that make up the colorfully robust and dynamic foundation of Afghan art. These civilizations include, but are not limited to the empires and kingdoms that comprise Afghanistan's political origins as a modern state. The more renowned, larger regional empires include the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Macedonian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Indian Maurya Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Afghanistan">Islamic Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanid Empire</a>. Like the empires, Afghanistan's transient and nomadic kingdoms and dynasties that rose to power (see <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartids" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartids">Kartids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotaki dynasty">Hotaki</a> dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> dynasty), helped shape the development of Afghan art as well as its preservation and destruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_invasion/occupation"><span id="Soviet_invasion.2Foccupation"></span>Soviet invasion/occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet invasion/occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and exacted a staunch interpretation of art that stifled creativity in the 1980s during the Soviet backed regime in Afghanistan from 1979-1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojumdar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this time thousands of pieces of art were pillaged, looted or mysteriously disappeared during the ten year occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Soviet era, from 1979 through 1992, and the initial rise of the Taliban, only one archeological excavation was carried out in Kabul at <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Maranjan" title="Tepe Maranjan">Tepe Maranjan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_ancient_archeological_sites">Destruction of ancient archeological sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Destruction of ancient archeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadda_and_the_Stupa-monastery_complex_of_Tepe_Shortor">Hadda and the Stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hadda and the Stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first years of the Soviet occupation several ancient sites, previously explored by French and Afghan archeologists, were ransacked by the pro-Russian government and destitute villagers. The ancient sites included in the ransack and pillaging, which ultimately would continue through and even after the Taliban regime, were the stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor, Hadda, Ai Khanoum, Bactres and Tepe Marandjan.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_266_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous for its intricate Graeco-Buddhist sculptures and reliefs, the archeological site Hadda is in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> an ancient state in what is now north-eastern Afghanistan, 10 kilometers from the present day city of Jalalabad (adjacent the Khyber Pass).<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site was excavated in the 1930s and 1970s where approximately 23,000 clay and plaster sculptures were found. These findings exemplified elements of Buddhism and Hellenism in a near perfect traditional Hellenistic style comparable to the sculptures found at the Temple of Apollo in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassae,_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassae, Greece (page does not exist)">Bassae, Greece</a>. It is said that Hadda sustained significant damage in the Afghan Civil war and was destroyed in its entirety in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Shortor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Shortor (page does not exist)">Tepe Shortor</a> is a Buddhist monastery and stupa complex located at Hadda that was excavated between 1974 and 1979 by Afghan, and later French, archeologists. It is positioned midpoint on the main road from Kabul to Kandahar. The site consisted of an entire ancient town, numerous Buddhist stupas and caves decorated with elaborate stucco figures dated to the second century CE. Looters and pillagers have systematically destroyed the site in addition to some illegal, clandestine excavations. Those statues that were too large to remove were smashed, and the small statues were taken to Pakistani bazaars to be sold. Remains above the plateau, where the site is situated, are Buddhist temple sites including Tapa-Kalan, Tapa-i-Kafariha, Bagh-gai, Chakhil-i-Gundi, deh-Ghundi and Gar-Nao.<sup id="cite_ref-Flandrin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flandrin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ai_Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ai Khanoum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a> is thought to be the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, founded in the fourth century BC as a result of the conquests of Alexander the Great.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Graeco-Bactrian site stood on the left bank of the Oxus river at its meeting point with the Kokcha tributary, rendering it a strategically placed military outpost to control the eastern territories of Alexander the Great's ancient Bactria.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topographic prowess of city complex provided a natural acropolis spanning 60 meters higher than the surrounding areas while two rivers form the west and south provided protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And for the past 20 years, the world-renowned site in northern Afghanistan has been the target of systematic illicit digs.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the most significant contributions toward the understanding of Greek presence in Bactria were provided by the discoveries made at Ai Khanoum, and as some claim, demonstrated how the Greek artists of Ai Khanoum not only had an affinity for the Greek traditions but also perpetuated a classical style.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slow devastation of Ai Khanoum began with treasure profiteers who had metal detectors brought into the country, originally designed to seek out landmines, but were used instead to hunt the ancient soils. Corinthian and Doric capitals unearthed by French archeologists were taken away and recycled as bases for the columns in tcha-khan while hundreds of ivory pieces, jewelry, intaglios, plaster medallions, bronze items, precious coins and statuettes have found their way to Pakistani bazaars and private collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and numismatist, Osmund Bopearachchi describes the gravity of loss: "The objects that I have seen personally in Pakistani bazaars do not represent one-tenth of the artifacts that have been dispersed in international art markets."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To date, some of the looted or otherwise removed pieces from Ai Khanoum have been found and restored. However, the architectural infrastructure of the lower city is destroyed in its entirety. Craters now occupy the space where Ai Khanoum's lower city once existed.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archeological_Congress_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archeological_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vandalized_Afghanistan_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandalized_Afghanistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mir_Zakah_Treasure">Mir Zakah Treasure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mir Zakah Treasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rare find in Mir Zakah, located in Pakhtia province on the Pakistan border is loosely related to the numismatic knowledge of the Greco-Bactrian era, for which Ai Khanoum provided significant insight. Between 1992 and 1995 one of the largest deposit of coins known in the history of currencies was discovered at the bottom of a well. The circumstances surrounding the treasure's discovery remain unknown to this day. The coin deposit is calculated to contain more than four tons of minted metal, near 550,000 coins of mostly silver and bronze and 350 kilograms of gold. The numismatic travesty of this profound discovery is, according to reliable sources, two and a half tons of the coins had been taken to Switzerland for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_National_Kabul_Museum">The National Kabul Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The National Kabul Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning during the Soviet occupation that carried through the Taliban insurgence, it is said the Kabul Museum was arguably one of the greatest casualties Afghanistan suffered. As a result of the Soviet and Taliban occupation, more than two thirds of the museums treasures and artifacts were lost or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period of political complication, the museum agonized greatly from its location in the suburbs of Kabul as it was on the frontline of much of the Soviet combat. Until 1992, more than one hundred thousand objects belonging to periods from prehistory to twentieth century were conserved and partially displayed in the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1992 onward, more than 70 percent of objects in the National Museums collection and 100 percent of the objects deposited in the Archeological Institute, located nearby, were plundered and exported to bordering countries for sale. Meanwhile, clandestine excavations took place throughout the country where the artifacts were illicitly trafficked into international black markets.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_266_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2001, a motorcade of vehicles stopped in front of the museum where the minister of finance, the minister of culture and his adjunct, and the infamous Mollah Khari Faiz ur-Rahamn who slapped the Bodhisattva in the summer of 2001, ordered that the storeroom of the museum be opened.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_267_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_267-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a staff member who witnessed the scene, "As they entered the storeroom, they snarled in excitement and started to smash everything while chanting 'Allahu Akbar'"<sup id="cite_ref-Flandrin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flandrin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_267_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeological_Congress_and_Agnew,_Neville,_and_Bridgland,_Janet_2006_267-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1993, The National Museum was destroyed by several rockets that penetrated the roof, top floor and most of the building doors and windows. Shortly thereafter it was looted where more than four thousand objects deposited in the storerooms of the museum for safe keeping were stolen. Nearby, the Institute of Archaeology was also severely damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philippe Flandrin describes the looting process in which the storerooms of the museum were systematically emptied: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three quarters of the collections that have been found were removed without any iconoclastic intent. The pillaging of the museum follows the same surgical rules as the looting of castles. It is carried out with method and order, under the guidance of professional thieves who take care to salvage, along with the valuable, the corresponding catalogs and inventories that identify the stolen items.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taliban_insurgence/occupation"><span id="Taliban_insurgence.2Foccupation"></span>Taliban insurgence/occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taliban insurgence/occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> rule from 1996-2001 the ban on most forms of art and cultural expression was immediately implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojumdar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban's war on art was inspired by the Koran. The Koran forbids the portrayal of living things, whereby drawing or sculpting living things is recognized as a direct affront to the Almighty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the initial acts of removal were dragging paintings out of homes, book burnings containing art work, public execution to TV sets and the discontinuation of music.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, at the very beginning of the Taliban's rise to power, the entire card catalog archiving the art at the Afghan National Museum was burned in order to keep the rebels warm.<sup id="cite_ref-Archivist_of_Culture_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archivist_of_Culture-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The systematic destruction of museums and their collections, to include film archives were purged to cleanse them of the "unIslamic" depiction of the living and human form.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojumdar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the bans on tangible and visual art mediums, social and cultural expressions such as kite flying and owning pet birds were similarly forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women, an edict was issued banning make-up and high heels in the Afghan capital where the Department of Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice was installed to ensure strict compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry administrators regularly beat women who disobeyed these dress-code laws. Even a decade after the end of the Taliban's official regime ended, beauty parlors in Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, do their best to hide go unnoticed by Taliban sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_ban_just_the_Bra?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_texts_and_artifacts">Destruction of texts and artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Destruction of texts and artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through 1992, attacks and looting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a> resulted in a loss of 70% of the 100,000 artifacts of Afghan culture and history.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmarch2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmarch2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 August 1998, the Taliban destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Puli_Khumri" title="Puli Khumri">Puli Khumri</a> Public Library. The library contained over 55,000 books and old manuscripts and was considered by Afghans as one of the most valuable and beautiful collections of their nation and their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Acta_Academia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acta_Academia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-antoon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antoon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2001, Taliban was reported to have destroyed at least 2,750 ancient works of art at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a> during the year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Giant_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan">The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The obliteration of the giant <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> also known as the "Bamiyan Massacre" is arguably the most devastating act by the Taliban against the history of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2001, supreme Taliban leader <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Mohammed_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullah Mohammed Omar">Mullah Mohammed Omar</a> issued an edict against un-Islamic graven images, including but not limited to, all idolatrous images of humans and animals. The well-coordinated and media sensationalized dynamiting of the giant Buddhas was the Taliban's outwardly dramatic expression of their quest to exterminate all "idolatrous" and unIslamic images from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic past.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction ancient art, like the peaceful giants, was seen by Taliban radicals as the fulfillment of Koranic law.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dated to the seventh century BC, the Colossi were cut at what is conceived to be an immeasurable cost into the towering, sandstone cliffs surrounding Bamiyan.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located at the center of a long valley, separating the mountain ranges of Hindu Kush and Koh-i-Baba, the taller of the two statues (approximately 53 meters/175 feet) is thought to represent <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> while the shorter one (approximately 36 meters/120 feet) most likely represents Buddha <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakyamuni</a>, although the local <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazara people</a> believe it embodies a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the height of their existence, the two colossi rendered an awesome sight situated in a cliff with innumerable caves on either side of them while visible for miles with giant copper plated accents and brightly painted garments, as the statues were naturally illuminated both day and night.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhas were seen as transcendental images and key symbols in the rise of Mahayana Buddhist teachings, the antithesis of Taliban belief construct and rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, a Taliban commander fired grenades at the smaller statue, severing its upper half. The Taliban bombed the mountain above the statues frequently, cracking the enclaves that held the statues and damaging the colossi further. By winter 2001, pleas were raining down on the Taliban from around the world to spare the statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mullah Mohammad Omar, leader of the Taliban Islamic militia in Afghanistan, dismissed the international pleas of the art and historical preservation world community with regard to saving the world-renowned Buddhas from imminent destruction. Despite international condemnation, <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> ordered the ancient Buddhas to be destroyed per the judgment of the clergymen and the ruling of the supreme court of the Islamic Emirate (Taliban).<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 26, 2001, the Taliban's supreme leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar, declared, "these idols have been gods of the infidels" and ordered them destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Based on the verdict of the clergymen and the decision of the supreme court of the Islamic Emirate (Taliban) all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed. </p><p>According to Islam, I don't worry about anything. My job is the implementation of Islamic order. The breaking of statues is an Islamic order and I have given this decision in the light of a fatwa of the ulema (clerics) and the supreme court of Afghanistan. Islamic law is the only law acceptable to me. </p><p>Only Allah, the Almighty, deserves to be worshipped, not anyone or anything else. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mullah Mohammad Omar<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_Buddha_coverage_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP_Buddha_coverage-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Explosives, tanks, and anti-aircraft weapons blew apart two colossal images of the Buddha in Bamiyan Province, 230 kilometers (150 miles) from the capital of Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broken pieces of the statues and fragments of the beautiful paintings that decorated the niches were subsequently offered for sale in the Peshawar bazaar.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early March 2001, the colossi were rubble.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhas,_About.com_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhas,_About.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_and_resurrection_for_the_Bamiyan_Buddhas">Response and resurrection for the Bamiyan Buddhas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Response and resurrection for the Bamiyan Buddhas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the demise of the two colossi in 2001, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Zemaryalai_Tarzi" title="Zemaryalai Tarzi">Zemaryalai Tarzi</a>, an Afghan archeologist that fled to France upon the Soviet invasion, made the decision to return to Afghanistan and search out an elusive piece of Afghanistan's history, the Sleeping Buddha of Bamiyan. The last time the Sleeping Buddha was seen was approximately 630 CE when it was recorded in the journal of Xuanzang, a Chinese pilgrim who traveled to central Afghanistan in the seventh century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the Soviet invasion in 1979, Professor Tarzi had already spent three decades of study and completed extensive restoration on the standing Buddhas of Bamiyan. Devastated by the Taliban's indiscriminate destruction of the two standing Buddhas, Dr. Tarzi used the ancient texts from the journal of Xuanzang to locate the suspected area of the ancient Buddhist monastery, housing the sleeping Buddha. Professor Tarzi sought to offer up the discovery and resurrection of the mythological sleeping Buddha of Bamiyan to the Taliban as a response to the terror exacted on the other colossi, affectionately known as the sleeping Buddha's "Brothers".<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the intricate detail and accuracy of Xuanzang's immaculately preserved 1,400-year-old journal of the Bamiyan Buddhas, Professor Tarzi mapped out the locations for test sites in search for Xuanzang's descriptions of a giant reclining Buddha nearby. (3)(4) After three years of test sites, in the summer of 2008, Professor Tarzi discovered the remains of the 19-meter-long reclining Buddha statue within the foundations of an ancient Buddhist temple less than two kilometers from the niches where Bamiyan's two giant Buddha statues once stood.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although saved from the ravages of war and conflict, the sleeping colossus did not escape significant injury. Due to the fact that very little is known about the sleeping Buddha, it is difficult for archeologists to ascertain the exact causes of the damages. However, Professor Tarzi assessed the majority of the impairment as simple deterioration from time and the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most of the parts are damaged. But we discovered a piece from the upper right arm down to the elbow. We discovered its neck and its shoulders. But the head is broken because of water damage beneath the ground. Still, the pillow he is sleeping on is in perfect condition. Tarzi<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free,_Sleeping_Buddha-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_Afghanistan's_art,_cultural_heritage_and_identity"><span id="Future_of_Afghanistan.27s_art.2C_cultural_heritage_and_identity"></span>Future of Afghanistan's art, cultural heritage and identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Future of Afghanistan's art, cultural heritage and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is certain on the survival and preservation of Afghanistan's cultural heritage through the mediums of art and architecture. However, much is being done to reinstitute art studios, traditional clay sculpting schools and archeological foundations in order to reopen the doors and expand upon Afghanistan's lost, forgotten or otherwise suppressed traditional teachings and cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Treasures_of_Afghanistan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, UNESCO was charged with the task of rehabilitating Afghanistan's scarred cultural heritage that underwent incredible loss and irreversible damage during two continuous decades of war and civil unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite ongoing operations to thwart Taliban resurgence attempts, UNESCO is entrusted by the existing Afghan government to coordinate all international efforts to aiming to safeguard and enhance Afghanistan's cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNESCO's strategy includes assisting in the re-establishment of links between the populations in order to develop a sense of common ownership of monuments, artifacts and historical sites that represent the cultural heritage of different segments of Afghan society.<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, the expenditures of UNESCO's funding and alternative forms of assistance well exceed the 7 million committed at the Kabul Seminar in May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It may be argued that in the face of millions of displaced Afghans, large scale impoverishment, homelessness, unemployment and injustice, not to mention the almost total destruction of basic national infrastructure and the continued instability, factionalism and international division, cultural heritage is the least of Afghanistan's priorities. Why bother about the ancient Buddha statues when ordinary Afghans are starving here and now? But a nation's cultural identity cannot be so easily dismissed: the past, the monuments, the history, the art treasures are as essential in establishing national unity and self-confidence as basic infrastructure is…This not only applies to new nations: the importance of Firdausi and Persepolis to Iran's identity, or Homer and the Parthenon to Greece's or the Great Wall to China's, need hardly emphasizing. The glories and achievements of the Kushan or the Ghaznavid civilizations are far more a part of Afghanistan's identity than the Taliban, the factionalism or the fighting are… If the last decades of Afghanistan's history have demonstrated nothing else, t is the need for a strong, unified cultural identity and cohesiveness. The role of its cultural heritage is essential in this.<sup id="cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Excavators at the Buddhist site of <a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a> have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons don't feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Afghanistan" title="Archaeology of Afghanistan">Archaeology of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Museum">Kabul Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFG:_Fall_and_Survival_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuliette_Van_Krieken-Pieters2006" class="citation book cs1">Juliette Van Krieken-Pieters, ed. (2006). <i>Art and Archeology of Afghanistan: its fall and survival: a multi-disciplinary approach</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Archeology+of+Afghanistan%3A+its+fall+and+survival%3A+a+multi-disciplinary+approach.&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADestruction+of+art+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mojumdar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mojumdar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojumdar2008" class="citation news cs1">Mojumdar, Aunohita (September 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916171259/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/09/14/stories/2008091450230700.htm">"Beyond the Frame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/09/14/stories/2008091450230700.htm">the original</a> on September 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ban life". <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. July 29, 2011, retrieved November 1, 2011.<<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2011/07/29/159848.html">http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2011/07/29/159848.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063333/http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2011/07/29/159848.html">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>></li> <li>Afghan Archivist of Culture, Robin Clewley, November 6, 2011 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/11/47842">https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/11/47842</a>></li> <li>Flandrin, P. 2001. Le Tresor perdu des rois d'Afghanistan. Paris: Editions du Rocher. (cited translations by Osmund Bopearachchi)</li> <li>Bopearachchi, Osmund. "Vandalized Afghanistan". <i>The Hindu</i> March 16–29, 2002. (vol.19, issue 6)</li> <li>Synovitz, Ron. "Archaeologists Find Giant 'Sleeping' Buddha In Afghanistan". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. September 9, 2008 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Archeologists_Find_Giant_Sleeping_Buddha_In_Afghanistan_/1197572.html">http://www.rferl.org/content/Archeologists_Find_Giant_Sleeping_Buddha_In_Afghanistan_/1197572.html</a>></li> <li>Afghan Taliban leader orders destruction of ancient statues - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rawa.org/statues.htm">http://www.rawa.org/statues.htm</a></li> <li>The History of Afghanistan - by Jayaram V - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hinduwebsite.com/history/afghan.asp#A">http://www.hinduwebsite.com/history/afghan.asp#A</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template talk:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damage,_destruction_and_looting_of_art_and_cultural_heritage298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Damage, <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human-<br />caused</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Destruction of art</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Museum#2024_vandalism" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Museum">Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artworks_damaged,_destroyed_or_stolen_during_the_2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="Artworks damaged, destroyed or stolen during the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack">Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022" title="Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022">Monuments removed in 2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Destruction of the Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Iconoclasm during the French Revolution">Iconoclasm during the French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_statues_in_Tehran,_2010" title="Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010">Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Mosul_Museum_artifacts" title="Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts">Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Irish_country_houses_(1919%E2%80%931923)" title="Destruction of Irish country houses (1919–1923)">Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kosovo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Serbian heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Middle East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_damaged_by_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_during_the_21st_century" title="List of monuments damaged by conflict in the Middle East during the 21st century">Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Poland_in_World_War_II" title="Looting of Poland in World War II">Looting in World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saudi Arabia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sudan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">20th-century destruction of country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">Demolished buildings and structures in London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of demolished churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_destroyed_in_the_Great_Fire_of_London_and_not_rebuilt" title="List of churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt">Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_formerly_in_London" title="List of public art formerly in London">Public art formerly in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage_of_the_United_States" title="List of destroyed heritage of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_museums" title="Category:Attacks on museums">Attacks on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">Destroyed libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">Grave robbery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">Body snatching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_destroyed_by_war" title="Category:Museums destroyed by war">Museums destroyed by war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_looted_by_Napoleonic_armies" title="List of art looted by Napoleonic armies">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II" title="Art theft and looting during World War II">Art theft and looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_claims_for_restitution_for_Nazi-looted_art" title="List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art">Restitution claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_looting_of_artworks_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh">Works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_damaged_during_World_War_II" title="List of libraries damaged during World War II">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_damage_resulting_from_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting" title="Archaeological looting">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_destruction" title="Art destruction">Art destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft" title="Art theft">Art theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks" title="Lost artworks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">Looted art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">Vandalism of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1275087045">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1275087045</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Arts in Afghanistan">Arts in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destruction_of_cultural_heritage" title="Category:Destruction of cultural heritage">Destruction of 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