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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Analysis,_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Economic Analysis,</i> 1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Analysis,_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolutionary economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Economics_of_the_Coming_Spaceship_Earth,_1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Economics_of_the_Coming_Spaceship_Earth,_1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,</i> 1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Economics_of_the_Coming_Spaceship_Earth,_1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selected articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenneth E. Boulding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="كينيث بولدينج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينيث بولدينج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="کنت ایی. بولینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کنت ایی. بولینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кенет Боулдинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кенет Боулдинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Ewart_Boulding" title="Kenneth Ewart Boulding – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenneth Ewart Boulding" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" title="Kenneth Boulding – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenneth Boulding" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" title="Kenneth Boulding – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenneth Boulding" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کنت ای. بولدینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت ای. بولدینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%A0%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B3%BC%EB%94%A9" title="케네스 유어트 볼딩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케네스 유어트 볼딩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" title="Kenneth Boulding – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenneth Boulding" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%AA%27_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="קנת' בולדינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנת' בולדינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenets_Boldings" title="Kenets Boldings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kenets Boldings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="كينيث بولدينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيث بولدينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BBE%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ケネス・E・ボールディング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネス・E・ボールディング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" title="Kenneth Boulding – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenneth Boulding" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Боулдинг, Кеннет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боулдинг, Кеннет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кеннет Боулдінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кеннет Боулдінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kenneth E. Boulding" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81" title="肯尼思·博尔丁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肯尼思·博尔丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">K. E. Boulding</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_E._Boulding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Kenneth_E._Boulding.jpg/220px-Kenneth_E._Boulding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/Kenneth_E._Boulding.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kenneth Ewart Boulding</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-01-18</span>)</span>18 January 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, UK</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-03-18)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British, American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Boulding's Hierarchy <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding%27s_evolutionary_perspective" title="Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective">Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Earth" title="Spaceship Earth">Spaceship Earth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elise_M._Boulding" title="Elise M. Boulding">Elise M. Boulding</a> (m. 1941; 5 children; <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Boulding" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Boulding">William Boulding</a> et al.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> (1949)<br />33 honorary degrees<sup id="cite_ref-3FP-1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3FP-1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of the West Indies">The University of the West Indies </a> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ecological_economics" title="Category:Ecological economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/170px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/255px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/340px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure#Ecological" title="Market failure">Ecological market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_model_of_competition" title="Ecological model of competition">Ecological model of competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">Embodied energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_accounting" title="Energy accounting">Energy accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_pessimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy pessimism">Entropy pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Sustainable_Economic_Welfare" title="Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare">Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Earth" title="Spaceship Earth">Spaceship Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen#Criticising_neoclassical_economics_(weak_versus_strong_sustainability)" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneconomic_growth" title="Uneconomic growth">Uneconomic growth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Podolynsky" title="Serhiy Podolynsky">Serhiy Podolynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ayres_(scientist)" title="Robert Ayres (scientist)">Robert Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Martinez_Alier" title="Joan Martinez Alier">Joan Martinez Alier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Norgaard" title="Richard B. Norgaard">Richard B. Norgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Costanza" title="Robert Costanza">Robert Costanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jackson_(economist)" title="Tim Jackson (economist)">Tim Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Spash" title="Clive Spash">Clive Spash</a></li></ul> <p><i>Organizations:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Ecological_Economics" title="International Society for Ecological Economics">International Society for Ecological Economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wealth,_Virtual_Wealth_and_Debt" title="Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt">Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Entropy_Law_and_the_Economic_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="The Entropy Law and the Economic Process">The Entropy Law and the Economic Process</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_Without_Growth" title="Prosperity Without Growth">Prosperity Without Growth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Economics_(journal)" title="Ecological Economics (journal)">Ecological Economics</a></i> (journal)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-growth" title="Post-growth">Post-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecological_economics" title="Template:Ecological economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecological_economics" title="Template talk:Ecological economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecological_economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecological economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kenneth Ewart Boulding</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an English-born American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, educator, peace activist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-Latz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boulding was the author of two <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation classics</a>: <i>The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society</i> (1956) and <i>Conflict and Defense: A General Theory</i> (1962). He was co-founder of <a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">general systems theory</a> and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>. He was married to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Elise_M._Boulding" title="Elise M. Boulding">Elise M. Boulding</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road,_Liverpool.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG/180px-View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG/270px-View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG/360px-View_of_Seymour_Street_from_London_Road%2C_Liverpool.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Seymour Street, Liverpool</figcaption></figure> <p>Boulding was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool, England">Liverpool, England</a>, the only child of William C. Boulding and Elizabeth Ann Boulding.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a gas fitter and a lay preacher in the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RBE_2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBE_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother was a housewife. Boulding's middle name <i>Ewart</i> came from <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, of whom his father was a great admirer.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> In his adolescent years Boulding became interested in <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Religious Society of Friends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JEDS_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEDS_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attending <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Collegiate_School" title="Liverpool Collegiate School">Liverpool Collegiate School</a> on a scholarship, Boulding won a chemistry scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College</a> in 1929. He soon transferred to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy, Politics and Economics">Philosophy, Politics and Economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367–368">: 367–368 </span></sup> His economics tutors were <a href="/wiki/Henry_Phelps_Brown" title="Henry Phelps Brown">Henry Phelps Brown</a>, and Maurice Allen (1908–1988), who would become a director of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in the late 1960s. Boulding obtained a <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">First</a> in economics in 1931. In his last year he wrote "The Place of the 'Displacement Cost' Concept in Economic Theory", which was accepted and published in <i>The Economic Journal,</i> after extensive comments by its editor <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RBE_2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBE_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/180px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/270px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/360px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On a small university scholarship Boulding spent another year at Oxford doing graduate work, which resulted in a thesis on capital movements. While he was turned down for a fellowship for <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, in 1932 he did win a Commonwealth Fellowship to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. En route he became "quite well acquainted" with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368–371">: 368–371 </span></sup> </p><p>On the fellowship from 1932 to 1934, Boulding continued his economics studies at Chicago and at Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-JEDS_2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEDS_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> encouraged him to focus on his PhD work, he studied with Schumpeter, took classes from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schultz" title="Henry Schultz">Henry Schultz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a>, and wrote some of his own articles. At Chicago, he became friends with another graduate student, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gailord_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Gailord Hart (page does not exist)">Albert Gailord Hart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 372–373">: 372–373 </span></sup> </p><p>His studies with Schumpeter<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> were interrupted by a <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_pneumothorax" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous pneumothorax">spontaneous pneumothorax</a> ('collapsed lung'). After recovery he spent the last six months of his Commonwealth Fellowship in Chicago, writing articles on <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373">: 373 </span></sup> Two of those articles, "The Application of the Pure Theory of Population Change to the Theory of Capital", and "The Theory of a Single Investment", were published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" title="The Quarterly Journal of Economics">The Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i> in 1934–1935, and were the topic of <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Knight">Frank H. Knight</a>'s reflection<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="'reflection' is quite vague (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the next year. After returning to the UK for three years, Boulding settled in the U.S. He was granted citizenship in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University of Edinburgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh_(24923171570).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/180px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/270px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/360px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Old College, University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the terms of his Commonwealth Fellowship Boulding returned to the UK in the summer of 1934, and obtained a three-year position in economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DH_2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic life at the university seemed very dead to him, and he made himself unpopular with a speech to students that was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i> with the headline, "Scottish University Sitting on Haunches for the last Fifty Years." </p><p>In those days Boulding was actively involved in the Quaker community, writing a pamphlet on nonviolent methods in 1936 and drafting a letter for the Friends to the prime minister, asking Britain to disclaim the "war guilt" clauses in the Treaty of Versailles and move toward a more just peace.<sup id="cite_ref-DH_2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period Boulding learned about <a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_Paton" title="William Andrew Paton">Paton</a>'s (1922) <i>Accounting Theory</i> and the (1916) <i>Principles of Accounting</i>. He was influenced by Paton's approach and this led him to view the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">firm</a> as "governed by a principle that might be called the <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> of the constant changing balance sheet". Boulding (1989) explained that: "In the short run, the firm simply responded to changes in the balance sheet resulting from purchases. When customers purchased finished goods, inventory went down, cash went up, and the cash would be spent on labour and materials to make more finished goods. This equilibrium balance sheet, however, would be constantly changing as technologies, new goods, and new enterprises came into play."<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373–374">: 373–374 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1935, in his second year in Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Knight">Frank H. Knight</a> published an article on his work, entitled "The theory of investment once more: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians," in <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. This brought Boulding at the age of 24 to prominence as a notable intellectual in the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS-1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_academic_life">US academic life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: US academic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg/220px-Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg/330px-Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg/440px-Colgate_University_Across_Taylor_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Colgate University campus</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1937 Boulding returned to the US to attend a world congress of Quakers in Philadelphia. He obtained a faculty position in upstate New York at <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 374">: 374 </span></sup> From 1937 to 1941 he taught economics there.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fontaine (2010) summarized his stay: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Boulding enjoyed the congenial surroundings of Colgate University. He did not feel alienated from his colleagues and acquaintances, as he had in British academic circles. For the first two years, social and professional life was fulfilling. But from September 1939, the invasion of Poland and his home country's declaration of war on Germany caused increasing emotional distress and strong feelings of hate against the Germans. His Quaker convictions were shaken until he had a mystical experience in May 1940 which restored his faith in pacifism...<sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a state of spiritual crisis Boulding managed to finish his textbook, <i>Economic Analysis</i>, which he had started in the free summer semesters at Colgate in the previous two years. This work would become a bestseller<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and earned him even more respect in the field of economics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine-2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1942 to 1943, Boulding taught at <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black</a> school in Nashville, Tennessee. From 1945 to 1949 he was a faculty member of Iowa State College, now <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, and from 1949 to 1967 he was a faculty member of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a>, where he remained until his retirement. </p><p>A number of national and regional scholarly societies elected Boulding as their president, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> in 1968–69,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_General_Systems_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for General Systems Research">Society for General Systems Research</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS) in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Association" title="International Studies Association">International Studies Association</a>, the Peace Research Society, and the Association for the Study of the Grants Economy.<sup id="cite_ref-3FP-1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3FP-1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> In 1978 Larry D. Singell stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The election of Kenneth Boulding as president-elect of the AAAS continues the tradition of selecting an individual who is not only distinguished because of significant and fundamental contributions to a particular field of science but who also has the knowledge and vision to look at science as a whole and accordingly to represent the entire scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS-1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Boulding was nominated for the Nobel Prize at different times for both peace and economics.<sup id="cite_ref-nasar-1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasar-1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1957),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1960),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Society_of_Friends">Religious Society of Friends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious Society of Friends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boulding, with his wife <a href="/wiki/Elise_M._Boulding" title="Elise M. Boulding">Elise</a>, was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>, or Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took part in Quaker gatherings, served on committees, and spoke to and about the Friends. The two were members of meetings in Nashville, Ann Arbor, and Boulder. Although he usually stuttered, when he ministered at a Friends meeting, he spoke fluently. </p><p>Kenneth Boulding was instrumental in organizing the first <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-in</a> at the University of Michigan in March, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later spoke on the steps of the Hatcher Graduate Library at the university and was pelted with snowballs by a group of disagreeing students. </p><p>In March 1977, he conducted a silent vigil at the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> in Philadelphia to protest what he considered its distancing itself from Quakers. He penned the widely circulated "There is a Spirit", a series of sonnets he wrote in 1945 based on the last statement of the 17th century Quaker <a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boulding was widely recognized in academia as a prolific writer and an integrator of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Boulding, economics and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> were not social sciences— rather, they were all aspects of a single social science devoted to the study of human persons and their relationships (organizations). Boulding spearheaded an evolutionary (instead of equilibrium) approach to economics. </p><p>Boulding emphasized that human economic and other behavior is embedded in a larger interconnected system. To understand the results of our behavior, economic or otherwise, we must first research and develop a scientific understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Ecodynamics" title="Ecodynamics">ecodynamics</a> of the general system, the global society in which we live, in all its dimensions spiritual and material. Boulding believed that in the absence of a committed effort to the right kind of social science research and understanding, the human species might well be doomed to extinction. But he was optimistic, believing our evolutionary journey had just begun.<sup id="cite_ref-Latz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Analysis,_1941"><span id="Economic_Analysis.2C_1941"></span><i>Economic Analysis,</i> 1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic Analysis, 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boulding's first major work in economics was his introductory textbook, entitled <i>Economic Analysis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS-1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written when he was an instructor at Colgate University in the late-1930s and first appeared in 1941 from <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a> in single-volume and two-volume editions.<sup id="cite_ref-Latz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was augmented and republished in four editions, the last in 1966. In a 1942 book review, <a href="/wiki/Max_Millikan" title="Max Millikan">Max Millikan</a> pointed out that the book was published at the right time and the right place.<sup id="cite_ref-MM-1942_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-1942-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Millikan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For some years there has been a yawning gap in the literature of economic theory between the very elementary text designed for beginning students and the clutter of specialized monographs and periodical articles accessible only to the fully trained economist. The teacher attempting to lead his charges over this difficult and dangerous terrain has had to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives. He could devote all his time to formal lecturing about a subject that requires informal discussion and problems for its proper comprehension; or he could assign and discuss a hodgepodge of advanced books and articles in the hope, usually vain, that some fraction of the class would struggle through to a comprehension of some fraction of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-MM-1942_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-1942-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Millikan concluded that Boulding's work had filled the gap "neatly and effectively... material is organized by tools of analysis and the problems in the solution of which those tools are useful rather than in the conventional manner".<sup id="cite_ref-MM-1942_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-1942-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the preface Boulding had explained that the book was "intended as a text from which the student can learn and the teacher can teach the methods and results of economic analysis. It also seeks to be a contribution to the development and systematization of the body of economic analysis itself."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking back in 1989, Boulding explained, that "the first edition fundamentally followed <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> and Keynes's <i>Treatise on Money</i>. Even though I had read Keynes's <i>General Theory</i> by that time, I think I had not really understood it. I am not quite sure that I do now. The second edition, however, in 1948, was a thoroughly Keynesian general theory."<sup id="cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373">: 373 </span></sup> The first edition was published at the outbreak of World War II and did not sell well, but the second revised edition did and became "one of the core textbooks used in college in the United States (and eventually around the world)."<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_economics">Evolutionary economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolutionary economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding%27s_evolutionary_perspective" title="Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective">Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective</a></div> <p>Boulding was an exponent of the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a> movement. In his "Economic Development as an Evolutionary System" (1961, 1964), Boulding suggests a parallel between economic development and biological evolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Economics_of_the_Coming_Spaceship_Earth,_1966"><span id="The_Economics_of_the_Coming_Spaceship_Earth.2C_1966"></span><i>The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,</i> 1966</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> in 1962, the developing environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic growth and development and environmental degradation. Boulding in his influential 1966 essay "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth" identified the need for the economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Blewitt,_p.6-162_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blewitt,_p.6-162-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boulding published some thirty books and more than eight hundred articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1940s to 1960s</dt></dl> <ul><li>1941, <i>Economic Analysis</i>, Harper & Brothers; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228894">3rd single edition, 1955</a>;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.30364">4th ed. part II, 1966</a></li> <li>1942, <i>A Peace Study Outline: The Practice of the Love of God</i>, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Book Committee</li> <li>1945, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.262343">The Economics of Peace</a></i>, Prentice Hall.</li> <li>1945, <i>There is a Spirit: The Nayler Sonnets</i>, Fellowship Publications.</li> <li>1950, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59385">A Reconstruction of Economics</a></i>, J. Wiley.</li> <li>1953, <i>The Organizational Revolution: A Study in the Ethics of Economic Organization</i>, Harper & Brothers.</li> <li>1956, <i>The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society</i>, University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>1958, <i>The Skills of the Economist</i>, Cleveland: Howard Allen.</li> <li>1958, <i>Principles of Economic Policy</i>, Prentice-Hall, 1958.</li> <li>1962, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001348558"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001348558">Conflict and Defence: A General Theory<i></i></a>, Harper & Bros.</li> <li>1964, <i>The Meaning of the Twentieth Century: the Great Transition</i>, Harper & Row.</li> <li>1966 <i>The Impact of the Social Sciences</i>, Rutgers University Press</li> <li>1966, "The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Economics". <i>American Economic Review</i>, Vol. 56, No. 1/2, March 1, 1966: 1–13</li> <li>1968, <i>Beyond Economics: Essays on Society, Religion, and Ethics</i>, (University of Michigan Press)</li> <li>1969, "The Grants Economy", <i>Michigan Academician</i> (Winter)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>1970s</dt></dl> <ul><li>1970, <i>Economics as a Science</i>, (McGraw-Hill, 1970).</li> <li>1970, <i>A Primer on Social Dynamics: History as Dialectics and Development</i>, (Free Press, 1970).</li> <li>1971, <i>Economics</i>, Colorado Associated University Press, 1971.</li> <li>1973, <i>Political Economy</i>, Colorado Associated University Press, 1973.</li> <li>1973, <i>The Economy of Love and Fear: A Preface to Grants Economics</i>, Wadsworth.</li> <li>1974, <i>Toward a General Social Science</i>, Colorado Associated University Press.</li> <li>1975, <i>International Systems: Peace, Conflict Resolution, and Politics</i>, Colorado Associated University Press.</li> <li>1975, <i>Sonnets from the Interior Life, and Other Autobiographical Verse</i>, Colorado Associated University Press.</li> <li>1978, <i>Stable Peace</i>, University of Texas Press.</li> <li>1978, <i>Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution</i>, Sage.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1980s to 1993</dt></dl> <ul><li>1980, <i>Beasts, Ballads, and Bouldingisms: A Collection of Writings</i>, Transaction Books.</li> <li>1981, <i>Evolutionary Economics</i>, London: Sage.</li> <li>1981, <i>A Preface to Grants Economics: The Economy of Love and Fear</i>. New York: Praeger.</li> <li>1985, <i>Toward the Twenty-First Century: Political Economy, Social Systems, and World Peace</i>, Colorado Associated University Press.</li> <li>1985, <i>Human Betterment</i>, Sage.</li> <li>1985, <i>The World as a Total System</i>, Sage.</li> <li>1986, <i>Mending the World: Quaker Insights on the Social Order</i>, Pendle Hill Publications.</li> <li>1989, <i>Three Faces of Power</i>, Sage.</li> <li>1992, <i>Towards a New Economics: Critical Essays on Ecology, Distribution, and Other Themes</i>, Edward Elgar.</li> <li>1993, <i>The Structure of a Modern Economy: the United States, 1929–1989</i>, Macmillan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_articles">Selected articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of his most cited works: </p> <ul><li>Boulding, Kenneth E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/boulding/systems.1956.html">"General systems theory—the skeleton of science"</a>. <i>Management Science</i> 2.3 (1956): 197–208; Online at panarchy.org, 2000–2017.</li> <li>Boulding, Kenneth E. "National images and international systems", <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i> 3.2 (1959): 120–131.</li> <li>Boulding, Kenneth E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arachnid.biosci.utexas.edu/courses/THOC/Readings/Boulding_SpaceshipEarth.pdf">"The economics of the coming spaceship earth"</a>, <i>Environmental Quality Issues in a Growing Economy</i> (1966).</li> <li>Boulding, Kenneth E. "Economics as a moral science", <i>The American Economic Review</i> 59.1 (1969): 1–12.</li> <li>Boulding, Kenneth E. "Evolutionary economics", <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i> 2 (2):160–162 (1983).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Strength_Gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of Strength Gradient">Loss of Strength Gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Earth" title="Spaceship Earth">Spaceship Earth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3FP-1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3FP-1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3FP-1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoulding1990" class="citation book cs1">Boulding, Kenneth E (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36aT6uCOYXoC&pg=PA3"><i>Three Faces of Power</i></a>. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-3554-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-3554-4"><bdi>0-8039-3554-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Faces+of+Power&rft.place=Newbury+Park&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8039-3554-4&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36aT6uCOYXoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latz_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latz_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latz_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Latzko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/x/dxl31/research/otherstuff/boulding.html">Kenneth E. Boulding Comments</a> at personal.psu.edu. Accessed 24 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitz" title="Nathan Keyfitz">Keyfitz, N.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/boulding-kenneth-e.pdf">Kenneth Ewart Boulding: January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993</a>." National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs at <i>nasonline.org</i>. Accessed 50-05-2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Who's Who,</i> Europa Publications Limited. 1974, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBE_2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RBE_2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBE_2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross B. Emmett (ed.), "BOULDING, Kenneth Ewart (1910–1993)," <i>Biographical Dictionary of American Economists,</i> London: Thoemmes, 2006, pp. 73–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSLQR-1989-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSLQR-1989_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulding1989" class="citation journal cs1">Boulding, K E (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111105840/https://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/PSLQuarterlyReview/article/view/11119">"A Bibliographical Autobiography"</a>. <i>PSL Quarterly Review</i>. <b>42</b> (171): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>393. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/PSLQuarterlyReview/article/view/11119">the original</a> on 2018-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PSL+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=A+Bibliographical+Autobiography&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=171&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=K+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.uniroma1.it%2Findex.php%2FPSLQuarterlyReview%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEDS_2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JEDS_2006_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JEDS_2006_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Edward De Steiguer (2006). <i>The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought.</i> p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2015_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Robert (2015). <i>Kenneth Boulding; A Voice Crying in the Wilderness (Great Thinkers in Economics series)</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137034380_6">10.1057/9781137034380_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44178-5"><bdi>978-1-349-44178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenneth+Boulding%3B+A+Voice+Crying+in+the+Wilderness+%28Great+Thinkers+in+Economics+series%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137034380_6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-44178-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DH_2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DH_2011_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DH_2011_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Debora_Hammond" title="Debora Hammond">Debora Hammond</a>. <i>The Science of Synthesis</i>, 2011. p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDS-1978-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDS-1978_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Singell,_Larry_D." class="mw-redirect" title="Singell, Larry D.">Singell, Larry D.</a> "Kenneth E. Boulding, President-Elect of the AAAS." <i>Science</i> 200 (21 April 1978): 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaudDostaler2005" class="citation book cs1">Beaud, Michel; Dostaler, Gilles (27 September 2005). <i>Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists</i>. 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Boulding 1910-1993."</a> International Peace Research Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/leadership/presidents">"AAAS Presidents.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasar-1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasar-1993_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasar1993" class="citation news cs1">Nasar, Sylvia (20 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/20/obituaries/kenneth-boulding-an-economist-philosopher-and-poet-dies-at-83.html">"Kenneth Boulding, an Economist, Philosopher and Poet, Dies at 83"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DKenneth%2BE.%2BBoulding%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57511.html">"Kenneth E. Boulding"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Kenneth+E.+Boulding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F57511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouldingScott2017" class="citation book cs1">Boulding, J Russell; Scott, Robert H (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320238076"><i>Kenneth and Elise Boulding: The Quaker Foundations of their Contributions to the Social Sciences (Draft)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenneth+and+Elise+Boulding%3A+The+Quaker+Foundations+of+their+Contributions+to+the+Social+Sciences+%28Draft%29&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=J+Russell&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320238076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiggio1967" class="citation journal cs1">Liggio, Leonard P. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/vietnam-teach-ins">"Vietnam: Teach-Ins"</a>. <i>Left and Right</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Left+and+Right&rft.atitle=Vietnam%3A+Teach-Ins&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Liggio&rft.aufirst=Leonard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fvietnam-teach-ins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Garrigues Boring (1991). <i>Contemporary Psychology</i> American Psychological Association, EBSCO Publishing (Firm). p.477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-1942-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM-1942_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-1942_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-1942_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikan1942" class="citation journal cs1">Millikan, Max (November 1942). "Reviewed Work: Economic Analysis by Kenneth E. Boulding". <i>Journal of Farm Economics</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">916–</span>918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1232018">10.2307/1232018</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1232018">1232018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Farm+Economics&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Economic+Analysis+by+Kenneth+E.+Boulding&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E918&rft.date=1942-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1232018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1232018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Millikan&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulding1966" class="citation book cs1">Boulding, Kenneth E (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Analysis-Microeconomics-KENNETH-BOULDING/dp/B000TCQF44"><i>Economic Analysis; Volume I Microeconomics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Hardcover)</span> (4th ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. xix<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Analysis%3B+Volume+I+Microeconomics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xix&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FEconomic-Analysis-Microeconomics-KENNETH-BOULDING%2Fdp%2FB000TCQF44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blewitt,_p.6-162-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blewitt,_p.6-162_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blewitt, John (2015). <i>Understanding Sustainable Development</i> (Second ed.). Routledge., pp. 6–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reprinted in Collected Papers of Kenneth Boulding: Vol. II: Economics. Ed. Fred R. Glahe. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1971: 177–185.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Dopfer" title="Kurt Dopfer">Dopfer, Kurt</a>. "Kenneth Boulding: A founder of evolutionary economics." <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i> 28.4 (1994): 1201–1204.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitz" title="Nathan Keyfitz">Keyfitz, N.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/boulding-kenneth-e.pdf">"Kenneth Ewart Boulding: January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993"</a>. National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs at <i>nasonline.org</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight,_Frank_H." class="mw-redirect" title="Knight, Frank H.">Knight, Frank H.</a> "The theory of investment once more: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians." <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> 50.1 (1935): 36–67.</li> <li>Tandy, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2241267"><i>Educational Implications of the Philosophy of Kenneth Boulding</i></a>. UMI: Ann Arbor. (1993 PhD dissertation: UMI Publication Number 9412524).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Wright, Robert</a>. <i>Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information</i>. HarperCollins, 1989. Profiles of Edward Fredkin, Edward O. Wilson, and Kenneth Boulding.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" class="extiw" title="q:Kenneth Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-85959?view=text">Kenneth Ewart Boulding Papers: 1880–1968</a> at Bentley Historical Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasar,_Sylvia1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nasar, Sylvia (20 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/20/obituaries/kenneth-boulding-an-economist-philosopher-and-poet-dies-at-83.html">"Kenneth Boulding, an Economist, Philosopher and Poet, Dies at 83"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Boulding%2C+an+Economist%2C+Philosopher+and+Poet%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=1993-03-20&rft.au=Nasar%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F03%2F20%2Fobituaries%2Fkenneth-boulding-an-economist-philosopher-and-poet-dies-at-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Boulding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/x/dxl31/research/otherstuff/boulding.html">An overview of Boulding's major contributions by David Latzko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927091611/http://dieoff.org/page160.htm">Boulding's 1966 essay <i>The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Boulding%2C%20K%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kenneth%20E.%20Boulding%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kenneth%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22K%2E%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kenneth%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kenneth%20E.%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kenneth%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22K%2E%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22K%2E%20E.%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boulding%2C%20K%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boulding%2C%20K%2E%20E.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kenneth%20Boulding%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kenneth%20E.%20Boulding%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kenneth%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20title%3A%22K%2E%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kenneth%20Boulding%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kenneth%20E.%20Boulding%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kenneth%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20description%3A%22K%2E%20E%2E%20Boulding%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kenneth%20Boulding%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Boulding%2C%20Kenneth%22%29%20OR%20%28%221910-1993%22%20AND%20Boulding%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Kenneth E. Boulding</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_presidents186" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_presidents" title="Template:Society for General Systems Research presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_presidents" title="Template talk:Society for General Systems Research presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society for General Systems Research presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_presidents186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_for_General_Systems_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for General Systems Research">Society for General Systems Research</a> presidents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Boulding</a> (1957–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._McClelland" title="Charles A. McClelland">Charles McClelland</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">Willam Ashby</a> (1962–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapaport</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Caws" title="Peter Caws">Peter Caws</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milsum" title="John Milsum">John Milsum</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Rubin" title="Milton Rubin">Milton Rubin</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Slobodkin" title="Lawrence B. Slobodkin">Lawrence Slobodkin</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Myron_Gross" title="Bertram Myron Gross">Bertram Gross</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Samuelson" title="Kjell Samuelson">Kjell Samuelson</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Geoffrey Vickers</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Ericson" title="Richard F. Ericson">Richard Ericson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_R._Gaines" title="Brian R. Gaines">Brian Gaines</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(theoretical_biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)">Robert Rosen</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Dillon" title="John A. Dillon">John A. Dillon</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Checkland" title="Peter Checkland">Peter Checkland</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #d3d3d3;;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences_presidents" title="Template:International Society for the Systems Sciences presidents"><b>International Society for the Systems Sciences presidents</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template talk:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1951)</li> <li><i>No Award</i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Leon Nerlove</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_J._Grossman" title="Sanford J. Grossman">Sanford J. Grossman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul R. Krugman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan C. Athey</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Finkelstein" title="Amy Finkelstein">Amy Finkelstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Sannikov" title="Yuliy Sannikov">Yuliy Sannikov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Donaldson_(economist)" title="Dave Donaldson (economist)">Dave Donaldson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parag_Pathak" title="Parag Pathak">Parag Pathak</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Nakamura" title="Emi Nakamura">Emi Nakamura</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Andrews" title="Isaiah Andrews">Isaiah Andrews</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Strack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Strack (page does not exist)">Philipp Strack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505520#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2917" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505520#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505520#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108596046">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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