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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_for_personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Articles for personal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_for_personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Dialectal variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indefinite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_gender_and_number_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_gender_and_number_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview of gender and number inflection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_gender_and_number_inflection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of gender and number inflection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_gender_and_number_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gender inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_beings_with_distinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_beings_with_distinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Living beings with distinct masculine and feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_beings_with_distinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_feminine_form_from_the_masculine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_feminine_form_from_the_masculine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Formation of the feminine form from the masculine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_feminine_form_from_the_masculine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_masculine_form_from_the_feminine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_masculine_form_from_the_feminine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Formation of the masculine form from the feminine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_masculine_form_from_the_feminine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_beings_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_beings_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Living beings with indistinct masculine and feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_beings_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objects,_abstract_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objects,_abstract_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Objects, abstract concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objects,_abstract_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homophonous_words_with_different_genders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homophonous_words_with_different_genders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Homophonous words with different genders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homophonous_words_with_different_genders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Number inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adjectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_feminine_singular_from_the_masculine_singular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_feminine_singular_from_the_masculine_singular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Formation of the feminine singular from the masculine singular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_feminine_singular_from_the_masculine_singular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unmarked_masculine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmarked_masculine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Unmarked masculine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmarked_masculine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marked_masculine_forms_ending_in_-e_or_-o" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marked_masculine_forms_ending_in_-e_or_-o"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Marked masculine forms ending in <i>-e</i> or <i>-o</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marked_masculine_forms_ending_in_-e_or_-o-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Adjectives with indistinct masculine and feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_feminine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_feminine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Irregular feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Degrees of comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_superlative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_superlative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Absolute superlative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_superlative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Placement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Possessives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possessives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possessives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possessives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Possessive adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbal_periphrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_periphrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Verbal periphrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_periphrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica_del_catal%C3%A0" title="Gramàtica del català – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gramàtica del català" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_del_catal%C3%A1n" title="Gramática del catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gramática del catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaire_du_catalan" title="Grammaire du catalan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grammaire du catalan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_catalana" title="Grammatica catalana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica catalana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="カタルーニャ語の文法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ語の文法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_do_catal%C3%A3o" title="Gramática do catalão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gramática do catalão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Морфология каталанского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морфология каталанского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk_grammatik" title="Katalansk grammatik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalansk grammatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan people">Ibizans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan people">Majorcans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorcan people">Minorcans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alguerese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alguerese people">Alguerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a></small> (<small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template talk:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catalan grammar</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of most other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. Catalan is a relatively <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a>. </p><p>Features include: </p> <ul><li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine and feminine) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular and plural). The <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> 'one', 'two' and the numeral 'hundred' from two-hundred onwards are also inflected for gender.</li> <li>Highly inflected <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Person (grammar)">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tense_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense (grammar)">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect (grammar)">aspect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (grammar)">mood</a> (including a <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Word order is freer than in English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some distinctive features of Catalan among Romance languages include the general lack of masculine markers (like Italian <i>-o</i>), a trait shared with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>; and the fact that the remote preterite tense of verbs is usually formed with a periphrasis consisting of the verb "to go" plus infinitive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles">Articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan has two types of <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite</a>. They are declined for gender and number, and must agree with the noun they qualify. As with other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, Catalan articles are subject to complex <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> processes. </p><p>The inflection of articles is complex, especially because of frequent elision, but is similar to neighboring languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalan has more preposition–article contractions than <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, like <i>dels</i> ("of + the [plural]"), but fewer than <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (which has <i>sul</i>, <i>col</i>, <i>nel</i>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite">Definite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below summarize the forms of the definite article, its elisions, and its contractions. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Definite article <br />(elided forms in brackets) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>el</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>l'</b></i></span>)</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>la</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>l'</b></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>els</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>les</b></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Contractions of the definite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">preposition </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">a</i></span></th> <th><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">de</i></span></th> <th><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">per</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">article</th> <th><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">el</i></span> </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>al</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>a l'</b></i></span>)</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>del</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>de l'</b></i></span>)</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>pel</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>per l'</b></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">els</i></span> </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>als</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>dels</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>pels</b></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masculine_forms">Masculine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Masculine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The masculine singular form is <i>el</i>. The initial vowel is <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> before a vowel or <i>h</i>, yielding to <i>l'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El pare. L'avi.</i></dd> <dd>"The father." "The grandfather."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>El</i> is not elided if the word begins with <a href="/wiki/Semivocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semivocalic">semivocalic</a> <i>(h)i-</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El <b>i</b>ode. El <b>hi</b>at.</i></dd> <dd>"The iodine." "The hiatus"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The masculine plural form is <i>els</i>. Both <i>el</i> and <i>els</i> combine with the prepositions <i>a</i> "to", <i>de</i> "of", and <i>per</i> "for", yielding the <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> <i>al</i>, <i>als</i>, <i>del</i>, <i>dels</i>, <i>pel</i>, <i>pels</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Ho dic <b>al</b> pare.</i></dd> <dd>"I say it <b>to the</b> father." ("I say it to my father")</dd> <dd><i>Això és <b>del</b> noi.</i></dd> <dd>"This is <b>of the</b> boy." ("This belongs to the boy")</dd> <dd><i>Corria <b>pels</b> camins.</i></dd> <dd>"I ran <b>through the</b> paths." ("I ran along the paths")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>El</i> does not contract with the aforementioned prepositions if the following word begins with vowel or <i>h</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Porta-ho <b>a l'</b>avi.</i></dd> <dd>"Bring this <b>to the</b> grandfather."</dd> <dd><i>Baixa <b>de l'</b>arbre.</i></dd> <dd>"Get down <b>from the</b> tree."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feminine_forms">Feminine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The feminine singular form is <i>la</i>. The final vowel is elided before a vowel or <i>h</i>, yielding <i>l'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193328-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>La mare. L'àvia</i></dd> <dd>"The mother." "The grandmother"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>La</i> is not contracted if the word begins with unstressed <i>(h)i-</i>, or <i>(h)u-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193328-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>La idea. La hipòtesi. La unitat. La humitat.</i></dd> <dd>"The idea." "The hypothesis." "The unit." "The humidity."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>La</i> is not elided with the words <i>una</i> "one (hour)", <i>host</i> "<a href="/wiki/Hueste" title="Hueste">hueste</a>", and <i>ira</i> "wrath"; as well as with words beginning with the Greek prefix <i>a-</i>, like <i>asimetria</i> "asymmetry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193328-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The feminine plural form is <i>les</i>.</li> <li>Feminine articles are not contracted with prepositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193328-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles_for_personal_names">Articles for personal names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles for personal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forenames and surnames must carry a definite article. In addition to the ordinary singular forms, alternative forms derived from the Latin vocative <i>domine</i> can be used. The elision rules are the same for <i>el</i> and <i>la</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Personal article<br />(elided forms in brackets) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>en</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>n'</b></i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>na</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>n'</b></i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El Joan. L'Andreu. La Mercè. La Isabel. L'Olga.</i></dd> <dd><i>En Joan. N'Andreu. Na Mercè. Na Isabel. N'Olga.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialectal_variation">Dialectal variation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western Catalonia the dialectal versions <i>lo</i> and <i>los</i> are used instead of <i>el</i> and <i>els</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some regions, especially in the Balearic islands, the definite article derives from the Latin determiner <i>ipse</i>. These forms are referred to as <i>articles salats</i>. Similar forms are found in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Balearic definite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>es</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>s'</b></i></span>)</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>sa</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>s'</b></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>es</b></i></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>ets</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>ses</b></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Balearic definite article + <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">amb</i></span> (with) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>amb so</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>amb sa</b></i></span> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>amb s'</b></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>amb sos</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>amb ses</b></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite">Indefinite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indefinite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below summarize the forms of the indefinite article. Indefinite articles are not elided nor contracted. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Indefinite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>un</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>una</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>uns</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><b>unes</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_gender_and_number_inflection">Overview of gender and number inflection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overview of gender and number inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most adjectives, and a fair number of nouns, inflect for gender. This usually follows a regular pattern of endings. The two main patterns are generally referred to as "four-form" and "two-form" adjectives. Four-form adjectives have distinct masculine and feminine forms, whereas two-form adjectives have the same form for both masculine and feminine. They are derived from the Latin first/second, and the third declension respectively. Many nouns follow the four-form inflection, but some may follow the two-form inflection. Some are irregular in some way. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Four-form adjective<br /><i>verd</i> ("green") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><i>verd</i></td> <td><i>verd<b>a</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><i>verd<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>verd<b>es</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Two-form adjective<br /><i>indiferent</i> ("indifferent") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2"><i>indiferent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td colspan="2"><i>indiferent<b>s</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but unlike <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, the Latin/Romance final <i>-o</i> and <i>-e</i> have disappeared. Thus, the alternance of <i>-o</i>/<i>-a</i> in the four-form words has been substituted by <i>-</i>/<i>-a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only a few exceptions, like <i>minso</i>/<i>minsa</i> ("scarce").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among nouns, Catalan has few <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletive</a> couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has <i>noi</i>/<i>noia</i> ("boy"/"girl") and <i>gall</i>/<i>gallina</i> ("cock"/"chicken"), whereas French has <i>garçon</i>/<i>fille</i> and <i>coq</i>/<i>poule</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tendency to inflect adjectives as four-form instead of two-form, something that is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and standard in French. Thus, alongside traditional two-form <i>bullent</i>/<i>bullent</i> ("boiling"), one can also find four-form <i>bullent</i>/<i>bullenta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur between masculine and feminine, like:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Affrication: <i>bo<b>ig</b></i>/<i>bo<b>j</b><u>a</u></i> ("insane") vs. <i>lle<b>ig</b></i>/<i>lle<b>tj</b><u>a</u></i> ("ugly")</li> <li>Loss of <i>n</i>: <i>pla</i>/<i>pla<b>n</b><u>a</u></i> ("flat") vs. <i>sego<b>n</b></i>/<i>sego<b>n</b><u>a</u></i> ("second")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">Final obstruent devoicing</a>: <i>senti<b>t</b></i>/<i>senti<b>d</b><u>a</u></i> ("felt") vs. <i>di<b>t</b></i>/<i>di<b>t</b><u>a</u></i> ("said") vs. <i>fre<b>d</b></i>/<i>fre<b>d</b><u>a</u></i> ("cold")</li></ul> <p>In words that end in a sibilant sound, the masculine plural ending is <i>-os</i> instead of just <i>-s</i>. Feminines still have <i>-es</i> or, if they follow the two-form declension, no ending at all. Compare: <i>el pols</i>/<i>els polsos</i> ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. <i>la pols</i>/<i>les pols</i> ("the dust"/"the dusts").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adjectives that end in <i>-ç</i> follow the two-form declension in the singular, but four-form in the plural, so that they actually have three forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Adjective in -ç<br /><i>feliç</i> ("happy") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2"><i>feliç</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><i>feliç<b>os</b></i></td> <td><i>felic<b>es</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Catalan nouns</a></div> <p>Catalan nouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine or feminine), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular or plural). There is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> inflection. Articles and adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to. </p><p>Usually, masculine nouns are unmarked, feminine nouns carry the suffix <i>-a</i>; and the plural is marked with the suffix <i>-s</i>, which makes the feminine ending turn into <i>-e-</i>. Thus, the most common declension paradigm for Catalan names is the one that follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Example: <br /> declension of <i>gat</i> "cat" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><i>gat</i></td> <td><i>gat<b>a</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><i>gat<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>gat<b>es</b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_inflection">Gender inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gender inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammatical gender of a Catalan noun does not necessarily correspond with the real-life object's biological sex (or lack thereof). Nouns denoting a person, such as <i>home</i> "man" or <i>dona</i> "woman", generally agree with the natural gender of what is described. However, Catalan assigns gender to nouns without natural gender in arbitrary fashion. For example, the word <i>tamboret</i> ("stool") is masculine, while the word <i>cadira</i> ("chair") is feminine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Living_beings_with_distinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms">Living beings with distinct masculine and feminine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Living beings with distinct masculine and feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living beings of the same species usually are designed by two nouns: one of masculine grammatical gender for biologically male individuals, and one of feminine grammatical gender for biologically female individuals. Both names, masculine and feminine, are usually only differentiated by their ending; sometimes the second is derived from the first or vice versa. Rarely, both come from different roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Formation_of_the_feminine_form_from_the_masculine">Formation of the feminine form from the masculine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formation of the feminine form from the masculine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most times the feminine form is created by appending the suffix <i>-a</i> to the unmarked masculine form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Noi → noi<b>a</b>. Avi → àvi<b>a</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Boy – girl." "Grandfather – grandmother."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>If the masculine form ends in <i>-t</i>, <i>-p</i>, <i>-f</i>, <i>-s</i>, the addition of the feminine suffix <i>-a</i> may cause these consonants to become voiced to <i>-d-</i>, <i>-b-</i>, <i>-v-</i>, <i>-s-</i>; or not. There are no rules to deduce the change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">becomes voiced</th> <th colspan="3">remains unvoiced </th></tr> <tr> <th>change</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-t⟩ → ⟨-d-⟩<br />/t/ → /ð/</td> <td><i>nebo<b>t</b></i></td> <td><i>nebo<b>d</b>a</i></td> <td>"nephew – niece"</td> <td><i>né<b>t</b></i></td> <td><i>ne<b>t</b>a</i></td> <td>"grandson – granddaughter" </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-p⟩ → ⟨-b-⟩<br />/p/ → /β/</td> <td><i>llo<b>p</b></i></td> <td><i>llo<b>b</b>a</i></td> <td>"wolf"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-f⟩ → ⟨-v-⟩<br />/f/ → /v~β/</td> <td><i>ser<b>f</b></i></td> <td><i>ser<b>v</b>a</i></td> <td>"serf"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-s⟩ → ⟨-s-⟩<br />/s/ → /z/</td> <td><i>espò<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>espo<b>s</b>a</i></td> <td>"husband – wife"</td> <td><i>go<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>go<b>ss</b>a</i></td> <td>"dog – bitch" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>If the masculine form ends in a stressed vowel, the feminine is created by appending the suffix <i>-na</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Germà → german<b>a</b></i></dd> <dd>"Brother – sister."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Sometimes the feminine form is created by appending the suffix <i>-essa</i> to the unmarked masculine form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Sacerdot → sacerdot<b>essa</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Priest – priestess."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Formation_of_the_masculine_form_from_the_feminine">Formation of the masculine form from the feminine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Formation of the masculine form from the feminine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sometimes the masculine form is created from the feminine by changing the suffix <i>a</i> for <i>-ot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193330-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Bruix<b>ot</b> ← bruix<b>a</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Sorcerer — witch."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Living_beings_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms">Living beings with indistinct masculine and feminine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Living beings with indistinct masculine and feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sometimes a single noun is used to designate both masculine and feminine beings. To specify the biological gender of the being, the adjectives <i>mascle</i> "male", and <i>femella</i> "female" are used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193330-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El rossinyol. El rossinyol <b>mascle</b>. El rossinyol <b>femella</b>.</i></dd> <dd>" The nightingale." "The <b>male</b> nightingale." "The <b>female</b> nightingale"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Objects,_abstract_concepts"><span id="Objects.2C_abstract_concepts"></span>Objects, abstract concepts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Objects, abstract concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Since objects and abstract concepts have no biological gender, all of them only have one form. The gender of inanimate nouns is assigned arbitrarily. Sometimes the choice may seem contradictory.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>La virilitat (f).</i></dd> <dd>"The manliness."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Sometimes synonymous words may have different genders.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i> El televisor (m) – la televisió (f). L'argent (m) – la plata (f)</i></dd> <dd>"The TV." "The silver."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homophonous_words_with_different_genders">Homophonous words with different genders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Homophonous words with different genders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some homonymous words may have different genders according to their meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193330-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El clau (m) – la clau (f)</i></dd> <dd>"The nail – the key."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_inflection">Number inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Number inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all the Western Romance languages, the formation of the plural involves the addition of the suffix <i>-s</i> to the singular. However, the stem may undergo some changes. The number inflection of adjectives follows the same rules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193338_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193338-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Most times the plural form is created by appending the suffix -s to the singular form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Pare → pare<b>s</b>. Avi → avi<b>s</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Father – fathers." "Grandfather – grandfathers."</dd></dl></li> <li>If the singular ends in <i>-a</i>, the plural is usually formed with <i>-es</i>. Most of these nouns are feminine, but some are masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Casa → cases (f). Problema → problemes (m).</i></dd> <dd>"House – houses." "Problem – problems"</dd></dl> <ul><li>However, if the singular ends in <i>-ga</i>, <i>-ca</i>, <i>-gua</i>, <i>-qua</i>, <i>-ça</i>, <i>-ja</i>, the plural is formed by <i>-gues</i>, <i>-ques</i>, <i>-gües</i>, <i>-qües</i>, <i>-ces</i>, <i>-ges</i>. This is done for orthographical reasons, and stem pronunciation remains identical in the singular and plural.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>sound </th> <th>transformation </th> <th>singular <br /> (stem underlined) </th> <th>plural <br /> (stem underlined) </th> <th>IPA<br />transcription </th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span></td> <td>⟨g⟩ → ⟨gu⟩ </td> <td><i><u>far<b>g</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>far<b>gu</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈfaɾɡ</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈfaɾɡ</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈfaɾɡ</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈfaɾɡ</u>es/</span></td> <td>"forge(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td>⟨c⟩ → ⟨qu⟩ </td> <td><i><u>o<b>c</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>o<b>qu</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈɔk</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈɔk</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈɔk</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈɔk</u>es/</span></td> <td>"goose – geese" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣw/</span></td> <td>⟨gu⟩ → ⟨gü⟩ </td> <td><i><u>llen<b>gu</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>llen<b>gü</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈʎeŋɡw</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈʎeŋɡw</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈʎeŋɡw</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈʎeŋɡw</u>es/</span></td> <td>"tongue(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span></td> <td>⟨qu⟩ → ⟨qü⟩ </td> <td><i><u>pas<b>qu</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>pas<b>qü</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpaskw</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpaskw</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpaskw</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpaskw</u>es/</span></td> <td>"Easter(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td>⟨ç⟩ → ⟨c⟩ </td> <td><i><u>pla<b>ç</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>pla<b>c</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplas</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplas</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplas</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplas</u>es/</span></td> <td>"square(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span></td> <td rowspan="2">⟨j⟩ → ⟨g⟩ </td> <td><i><u>plu<b>j</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>plu<b>g</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpluʒ</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈpluʒ</u>əs/</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplud͡ʒ</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplud͡ʒ</u>es/</span></td> <td>"rain(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒː/</span> </td> <td><i><u>pla<b>tj</b></u>a</i></td> <td><i><u>pla<b>tg</b></u>es</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplad͡ʒ</u>ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplad͡ʒ</u>əs/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplad͡ːʒ</u>a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<u>ˈplad͡ːʒ</u>es/</span></td> <td>"beach(es)" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>If the singular form ends in a stressed vowel, the plural is usually created by appending the suffix <i>-ns</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Pa → pa<b>ns</b> (m). Capità → capita<b>ns</b> (m). Acció → accio<b>ns</b> (f).</i></dd> <dd>"Bread – breads." "Captain – captains." "Action – actions."</dd></dl> <ul><li>However, some words ending in a stressed vowel form their plural in -<i>s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them are relatively recent loanwords not directly inherited from late Latin. <dl><dd><i>Sofà → sofà<b>s</b>. Bambú → bambú<b>s</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Sofa – sofas." "Bamboo – bamboos."</dd></dl></li> <li>A few nouns ending in unstressed <i>-e</i> can also form their plural alternatively in <i>-ns</i>. It is considered archaic or dialectal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Home → homes</i> or <i>hòme<b>ns</b>. Orfe → orfes</i> or <i>òrfe<b>ns</b></i></dd> <dd>"Man – men." "Orphan – orphans."</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>Many masculine nouns ending in <i>-s</i>, <i>ç</i> form their plural with <i>-os</i>. <i>-s-</i> becomes voiced in the plural, but <i>-ç-</i> remains unvoiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Gas → gas</i>os<i> </i>/ˈgas – ˈgazus ~ ˈgazos/<i>. Braç → braç</i>os<i> </i>/ˈbɾas – ˈbɾasus ~ ˈbɾasos/.</dd> <dd>"Gas – gases." "Arm – arms."</dd></dl> <ul><li>In some masculine nouns ending in <i>-s</i>, this remains unvoiced when adding <i>-os</i>, and thus becomes <i>-ss-</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332–33_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332–33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Most polysyllabic masculine words ending in <i>-às</i>, <i>-ís</i>, <i>ús</i>. <dl><dd><i>Fracàs → fraca<b>ss</b>os. Pastís → pasti<b>ss</b>os. Barnús → barnu</i>ss<i>os</i></dd> <dd>"Failure – failures." "Cake – cakes." "Bathrobe – bathrobes"</dd></dl></li> <li>Most masculine words ending in <i>-os</i>, <i>-ós</i>, <i>òs</i>. <dl><dd><i>Gos → go</i>ss<i>os. Arròs → arro</i>ss<i>os. Os → o</i>ss<i>os.</i></dd> <dd>"Dog – dogs." "Rice – rices." "Bear – bears". (also "Bone – bones").</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Masculine paroxytone and proparoxytone nouns ending in <i>-s</i> are invariable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Llapi<b>s</b> → llapi<b>s</b>. Òmnibus – òmnibus</i></dd> <dd>"Pencil – pencils." "Omnibus – omnibuses."</dd></dl></li> <li>Feminine nouns ending in an s-like sound (<i>-s</i>, <i>-ç</i>, <i>-x</i>, <i>-z</i>) have a plural that is pronounced the same as the singular. If the noun ends in <i>-s</i>, no ending is added.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, an unpronounced <i>-s</i> is added.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Pol<b>s</b> → pol<b>s</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Dust – dusts."</dd> <dd><i>Calç → calçs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkals/</span>.</dd> <dd>"Lime – limes."</dd></dl></li> <li>Nouns ending in <i>-x</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> form plurals according to word stress. If the noun is stressed on the last syllable, the plural suffix is <i>-os</i>. Otherwise, the ending is <i>-s</i> and the plural form is homophonous with the singular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Reflex → reflex<b>os</b> </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rəˈflɛksus<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>reˈflɛksos/</span>. <i>Índex → índex<b>s</b> </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈindəks<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈindeks/</span>.</dd> <dd>"Reflection – reflections." "Index – indexes."</dd></dl></li> <li>Nouns ending in <i>-x</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> form their plural with <i>-os</i>. <dl><dd><i>Calaix → calaix<b>os</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Drawer – drawers."</dd></dl></li> <li>Nouns ending in <i>-ig</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>) can form their plural in two ways, both acceptable:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Adding <i>-s</i>. Both forms will be homophonous. This is the preferred form in normative grammars, not so in general spoken use. <dl><dd><i>Faig → faig<b>s</b> </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfatʃ/</span>. <i>Passeig → passeig<b>s</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pəˈsɛtʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>paˈsetʃ/</span>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Replacing <i>-ig</i> with <i>jos</i> or <i>tjos</i>. There are no rules to deduce which is to be used. <dl><dd><i>Fa<b>ig</b> → fa<b>jos</b> </i>/ˈfat͡ʃ – ˈfaʒus ~ ˈfad͡ʒos/<i>. M<b>ig</b> → mi<b>tjos</b>. </i>/ˈmit͡ʃ – ˈmidʒus ~ mid͡ːʒos/.</dd> <dd>"Beech – beeches." "Half – halves."</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>Nouns ending in <i>-sc</i>, <i>-st</i>, <i>-xt</i> can form their plural in two ways, both acceptable: Adding <i>-s</i> (preferred), or adding <i>-os</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Bosc → bosc<b>s</b></i> or <i>bosc<b>os</b>. Gust → gust<b>s</b></i> or <i>gust<b>os</b>. Pretext → pretext<b>s</b></i> or <i>pretext<b>os</b></i></dd> <dd>"Forest – forests." "Taste – tastes." "Pretext – pretexts."</dd></dl></li> <li>Feminine nouns ending in <i>-st</i> always form the plural by adding <i>-s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>Host → host</i>s<i>.</i></dd> <dd>"Army – armies."</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Catalan adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it accompanies. Most adjectives are placed after the nouns. Adjectives can be divided into three <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> paradigms. The number inflection rules are the same as the nouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension">Declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan adjectives can be divided in three groups according to the distinct forms it has. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Adjective with 4 forms: <br /><i>verd</i> "green" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><i>verd</i></td> <td><i>verd<b>a</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><i>verd<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>verd<b>es</b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Adjective with 3 forms: <br /><i>feliç</i> "happy" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2"><i>feliç</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><i>feliç<b>os</b></i></td> <td><i>felic<b>es</b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Adjective with 2 forms: <br /><i>indiferent</i> "indifferent" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2"><i>indiferent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td colspan="2"><i>indiferent<b>s</b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_the_feminine_singular_from_the_masculine_singular">Formation of the feminine singular from the masculine singular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Formation of the feminine singular from the masculine singular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In adjectives with distinct feminine singular form, the masculine is usually unmarked for gender, and ends in a consonant. The feminine singular form of regular adjectives can be created from the masculine singular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Unmarked_masculine_forms">Unmarked masculine forms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unmarked masculine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most times the feminine form is created by appending the suffix <i>-a</i> to the unmarked masculine form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193334_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193334-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Sec – sec<b>a</b>. Fred – fred<b>a</b>. Continu – contínu<b>a</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Dry." "Cold." "Continuous."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>If the masculine form ends in <i>-t</i>, <i>-c</i>, <i>-s</i>, the addition of the feminine suffix <i>-a</i> may cause these consonants to become voiced to <i>-d-</i>, <i>-g-</i>, <i>-s-</i>; or not. There are no rules governing this change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193334–36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193334–36-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Voicing alternations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">becomes voiced</th> <th colspan="3">remains unvoiced </th></tr> <tr> <th>change</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-t⟩ → ⟨-d-⟩<br />/t/ → /ð/</td> <td><i>bui<b>t</b></i></td> <td><i>bui<b>d</b>a</i></td> <td>"empty"</td> <td><i>len<b>t</b></i></td> <td><i>len<b>t</b>a</i></td> <td>"slow" </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-c⟩ → ⟨-g-⟩<br />/k/ → /ɣ/</td> <td><i>gro<b>c</b></i></td> <td><i>gro<b>g</b>a</i></td> <td>"yellow"</td> <td><i>ri<b>c</b></i></td> <td><i>ri<b>c</b>a</i></td> <td>"rich" </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨-s⟩ → ⟨-s-⟩<br />/s/ → /z/</td> <td><i>obè<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>obe<b>s</b>a</i></td> <td>"obese"</td> <td><i>gra<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>gra<b>ss</b>a</i></td> <td>"fat" </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>If the masculine form ends in a stressed vowel, the feminine is created by appending the suffix <i>-na</i>.; except <i>nu</i> "nude" and <i>cru</i> "raw".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Pla – pla<b>na</b>. Rodó – rodo<b>na.</b></i></dd> <dd>"Flat." "Round."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>If the masculine form ends in <i>-au</i>, <i>-eu</i>, <i>-iu</i>, and <i>-ou</i>; the feminine is formed with <i>-ava</i>, <i>-ea</i>, <i>-iva</i>, and <i>-ova</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Bl<b>au</b> – bla<b>va</b>. Europ<b>eu</b> – europ<b>ea</b>. V<b>iu</b> – v<b>iva</b>. N<b>ou</b> – no<b>va</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Blue." "European." "Alive." "New."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Marked_masculine_forms_ending_in_-e_or_-o">Marked masculine forms ending in <i>-e</i> or <i>-o</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marked masculine forms ending in -e or -o"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the masculine form ends in <i>-e</i> or <i>-o</i>, the final vowel is substituted with <i>-a</i>. Many of the adjectives ending in <i>-o</i> come from Spanish. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Ampl<b>e</b> – ampl<b>a</b>. Mac<b>o</b> – mac<b>a</b></i> (Cf. Sp. "majo").</dd> <dd>"Wide." "Nice."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives_with_indistinct_masculine_and_feminine_forms">Adjectives with indistinct masculine and feminine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Adjectives with indistinct masculine and feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some adjectives may have the same form in the masculine singular and feminine singular. </p> <ul><li>Adjectives ending in <i>-aç</i>, <i>-iç</i>, and <i>-oç</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Cap<b>aç</b> – cap<b>aç</b>. Fel<b>iç</b> – fel<b>iç</b>. Prec<b>oç</b> – prec<b>oç</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"Capable." "Happy." "Precocious."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Adjectives ending in stressed <i>-al</i>, stressed <i>-el</i>, and stressed or unstressed <i>-il</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Centr<b>al</b> -centr<b>al</b>. Reb<b>el</b> – reb<b>el</b>. Host<b>il</b> – host<b>il</b>. Mòb<b>il</b> – mòb<b>il</b></i>.</dd> <dd>"Central." "Rebel." "Hostile." "Mobile."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Adjectives ending in <i>-ar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193337_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193337-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Vulg<b>ar</b> – Vulg<b>ar</b></i></dd> <dd>"Vulgar"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irregular_feminine_forms">Irregular feminine forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Irregular feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some feminine adjectives are formed irregularly and do not adhere to the aforementioned formation rules. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Common Catalan irregular adjectives<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>oblic</i></td> <td><i>obliqua</i></td> <td>"oblique" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>boig</i></td> <td><i>boja</i></td> <td>"insane" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>roig</i></td> <td><i>roja</i></td> <td>" red" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>lleig</i></td> <td><i>lletja</i></td> <td>"ugly" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mig</i></td> <td><i>mitja</i></td> <td>"half" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nul</i></td> <td><i>nul·la</i></td> <td>"null" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tranquil</i></td> <td><i>tranquil·la</i></td> <td>"quiet" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cru</i></td> <td><i>crua</i></td> <td>"raw" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nu</i></td> <td><i>nua</i></td> <td>"nude" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jueu</i></td> <td><i>jueva/jueua</i></td> <td>"Jewish" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sueu</i></td> <td><i>sueva/sueua</i></td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Suebian" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebian">Suebian</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mal</i></td> <td><i>mala</i></td> <td>"bad" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>paral·lel</i></td> <td><i>paral·lela</i></td> <td>"parallel" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>car</i></td> <td><i>cara</i></td> <td>"expensive" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>clar</i></td> <td><i>clara</i></td> <td>"clear" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>avar</i></td> <td><i>avara</i></td> <td>"avaricious" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rar</i></td> <td><i>rara</i></td> <td>"rare" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_comparison">Degrees of comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Degrees of comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Degrees of comparison are expressed with a construction implying the adverb <i>més</i> "more" or <i>menys</i> "less": </p> <ul><li><i>Més ... que</i> ("more ... than")</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Sóc més alt que tu.</i></dd> <dd>"I am taller than you."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>El més ... de</i> ("the most ... of")</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Sóc el més alt de tots</i></dd> <dd>"I am the tallest of all".</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Menys ... que</i> ("less ... than")</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Sóc menys alt que tu.</i></dd> <dd>"I am less tall than you."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_superlative">Absolute superlative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Absolute superlative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many other Romance languages, Catalan adjectives have an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute superlative">absolute superlative</a> form, expressed with the suffix <i>-íssim</i>, placed between the stem and the gender / number suffix. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Aquest home és alt<b>íssim</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"This man is <b>very very</b> tall."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Aquestes dones són alt<b>íssim</b>es.</i></dd> <dd>"These women are <b>very very</b> tall."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, like their <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> counterparts, are used to modify <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clauses" class="mw-redirect" title="Clauses">clauses</a>. They do not display any <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>; that is, their form does not change to reflect their precise role, nor any characteristics of what they modify. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Catalan, as in English, most <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a>. In most cases, this is done by adding the suffix <i>-ment</i> ("-ly") to the adjective's feminine singular form. For example, the feminine singular form of <i>lent</i> ("slow") is <i>lenta</i>, so the corresponding adverb is <i>lentament</i> ("slowly"). </p><p>As in English, however, the adjective stem is sometimes modified to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>: </p><p>And, as in English, many common adverbs are not derived from adjectives at all: </p> <dl><dd><i>així</i> ("thus", "so").</dd> <dd><i>ahir</i> ("yesterday").</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement">Placement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The placement of Catalan adverbs is almost the same as the placement of English adverbs. </p><p>An adverb that modifies an adjective or adverb comes before that adjective or adverb: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>completament</b> cert</i> ("<b>completely</b> true").</dd> <dd><i><b>massa</b> ben fet</i> ("<b>too</b> well done").</dd></dl> <p>An adverb that modifies an <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> (verbal <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>) generally comes after the infinitive: </p> <dl><dd><i>caminar <b>lentament</b></i> ("to walk <b>slowly</b>").</dd></dl> <p>An adverb that modifies a main verb or clause comes either after the verb, or before the clause: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>Lentament</b> ell comença a caminar</i> or <i>Ell comença <b>lentament</b> a caminar</i> ("<b>Slowly</b>, he begins to walk" or "He begins <b>slowly</b> to walk").</dd></dl> <p>Note that, unlike in English, this is true even of negative adverbs: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>Mai</b> jo no he fet això</i> or <i>Jo no he fet <b>mai</b> això</i> ("<b>Never</b> have I done that" or "I have <b>never</b> done that").</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possessives">Possessives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Possessives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possessive pronouns are inflected for person and number of the possessor, and for gender and number of the possession. The table below summarizes all the possible forms. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Possessive pronouns <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193356_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193356-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">singular</th> <th colspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">singular</th> <th>first </th> <td><i>meu</i></td> <td><i>meva</i><br /><i>meua</i></td> <td><i>meus</i></td> <td><i>meves</i><br /><i>meues</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td><i>teu</i></td> <td><i>teva</i><br /><i>teua</i></td> <td><i>teus</i></td> <td><i>teves</i><br /><i>teues</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>third </th> <td><i>seu</i></td> <td><i>seva</i><br /><i>seua</i></td> <td><i>seus</i></td> <td><i>seves</i><br /><i>seues</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">plural</th> <th>first </th> <td><i>nostre</i></td> <td><i>nostra</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>nostres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td><i>vostre</i></td> <td><i>vostra</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>vostres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>third </th> <td colspan="2"><i>llur</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>llurs</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>El cotxe és <b>meu</b>.</i></dd> <dd>"The car is <b>mine</b>."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The feminine forms <i>meva</i>, <i>teva</i>, and <i>seva</i> may appear dialectally with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span>: <i>meua</i>, <i>teua</i>, and <i>seua</i>. Their plural forms follow the same variation (<i>meues</i>, <i>teues</i>, and <i>seues</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193356_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193356-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_adjectives">Possessive adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Possessive adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possessive adjectives are, like the possessive pronouns, inflected for person and number of the possessor, and for gender and number of the possession. The table below summarizes all the possible forms. Notice how the plural possessor forms are identical to the possessive pronoun forms. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Possessive adjectives<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193357-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">singular</th> <th colspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">singular</th> <th>first </th> <td><i>mon</i></td> <td><i>ma</i></td> <td><i>mons</i></td> <td><i>mes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td><i>ton</i></td> <td><i>ta</i></td> <td><i>tons</i></td> <td><i>tes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>third </th> <td><i>son</i></td> <td><i>sa</i></td> <td><i>sons</i></td> <td><i>ses</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">plural</th> <th>first </th> <td style="background: #ffdead;"><i>nostre</i></td> <td style="background: #ffdead;"><i>nostra</i></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;"><i>nostres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second </th> <td style="background: #ffdead;"><i>vostre</i></td> <td style="background: #ffdead;"><i>vostra</i></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;"><i>vostres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>third </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;"><i>llur</i></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;"><i>llurs</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (<i>mon</i>, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (<i>el meu</i>, etc.), a feature shared with Italian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Portuguese. </p> <ul><li>Unstressed forms are rarely used in the spoken language, and are only retained for family relatives and set phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193357-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><b>Ton</b> pare. <b>Son</b> avi.</i></dd> <dd>"<b>Your</b> father." "<b>His / her</b> grandfather."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>En <b>ma</b> vida.</i></dd> <dd>"In <b>my whole</b> life."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Instead of this, a construction of <i>definite article + possessive pronoun + noun</i> is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193357-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><b>Mon</b> cotxe.</i> (literary, archaic)</dd> <dd><i><b>El meu</b> cotxe.</i> (more common)</dd> <dd>"<b>My</b> car."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Catalan personal pronouns</a></div> <p>The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian; French has such a different system that comparisons are not feasible).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features include the neuter gender (<i>ho</i>) and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This flexibility allows Catalan to use <a href="/wiki/Extraposition" title="Extraposition">extraposition</a> extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have <i>m'hi recomanaren</i> ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say <i>ils m'ont recommendé à lui</i>, and in Spanish <i>me recomendaron a él</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence <a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">topic</a>, without having to use so often the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (as in French or <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), or identifying the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> (as in Spanish).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Catalan stressed pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">first person </th> <td><i>jo</i>, <i>mi</i></td> <td><i>nosaltres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">second person</th> <th>informal </th> <td><i>tu</i></td> <td><i>vosaltres</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>respectful </th> <td colspan="2"><i>vós</i> <p><i>Archaic in most dialects.</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>formal </th> <td><i>vostè</i><br /><i>vosté</i></td> <td><i>vostès</i><br /><i>vostés</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">third person</th> <th>masculine </th> <td><i>ell</i></td> <td><i>ells</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td><i>ella</i></td> <td><i>elles</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Catalan unstressed pronouns (only full forms) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>first person </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">accusative, dative, reflexive </th> <td><i>em</i></td> <td><i>ens</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second person </th> <td><i>et</i></td> <td><i>us</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">third person </th> <th rowspan="2">accusative</th> <th>masculine </th> <td><i>el</i></td> <td><i>els</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td><i>la</i></td> <td><i>les</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">objective neuter </th> <td><i>ho</i></td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">dative </th> <td><i>li</i></td> <td><i>els</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">reflexive </th> <td colspan="2"><i>es</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">adverbial </th> <th colspan="2">ablative, genitive </th> <td colspan="2"><i>en</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">locative </th> <td colspan="2"><i>hi</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Catalan verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Catalan conjugation</a></div> <p>Catalan verbs express an action or a state of being of a given subject, and like verbs in most of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, Catalan verbs undergo <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> according to the following categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a>: <a href="/wiki/Past_Tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past Tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_Tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Tense">future</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a>: singular or <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a>: first, second or third.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_Mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical Mood">Mood</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">Perfective aspect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a> (distinguished only in the past tense as remote <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical Voice">Voice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Active_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Voice">active</a> or <a href="/wiki/Passive_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive Voice">passive</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Finite Catalan verb forms for <i>cantar</i> ("to sing")<br />only 2nd person singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>mood</th> <th colspan="2">time</th> <th>simple</th> <th>perfect </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">indicative </th> <th colspan="2">present </th> <td><i>cantes</i></td> <td><i>has cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">past </th> <th>imperfect </th> <td><i>cantaves</i></td> <td><i>havies cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>remote preterite </th> <td><i>cantares</i></td> <td><i>hagueres cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">future </th> <td><i>cantaràs</i></td> <td><i>hauràs cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">subjunctive </th> <th colspan="2">present </th> <td><i>cantis</i></td> <td><i>hagis cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">past </th> <td><i>cantéssis</i></td> <td><i>haguéssis cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">conditional </th> <td><i>cantaries</i></td> <td><i>hauries cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">imperative </th> <td><i>canta</i></td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Non-finite Catalan verb forms for <i>cantar</i> ("to sing") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>simple</th> <th>perfect </th></tr> <tr> <th>infinitive </th> <td><i>cantar</i></td> <td><i>haver cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>gerund </th> <td><i>cantant</i></td> <td><i>havent cantat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>participle </th> <td><i>cantat</i></td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <p>Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. <a href="/wiki/Suffixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixation">Suffixation</a> is omnipresent, while morphological alternations play a secondary role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects replace the analytic perfect indicative with a periphrastic tense composed of <i>vaig, vas (vares), va, vam (vàrem), vau (vàreu), van (varen)</i> and the infinitive. </p><p>Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes <i>-a-</i>, <i>-e-</i>, <i>-i-</i>, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), while the third (the subtype of <i>servir</i>, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_periphrases">Verbal periphrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Verbal periphrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbal periphrases of obligation: </p> <ul><li><i>Caldre</i> + <i>que</i> + infinitive (personal)</li> <li><i>Caldre</i> + infinitive (impersonal)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Haver</i> + <i>de</i> + infinitive (personal)</li> <li><i>Haver-se</i> + <i>de</i> + infinitive (impersonal)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Fer falta</i> (impersonal)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ser menester</i> + <i>que</i> + verb in subjunctive (personal)</li> <li><i>Ser menester</i> + infinitive (impersonal)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ser necessari</i> + <i>que</i> + verb in subjunctive (personal)</li> <li><i>Ser necessari</i> + infinitive (impersonal)</li></ul> <p>(*) Although it is not correct<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (November 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the usage of the verbal periphrasis *<i>tenir</i> + <i>que</i> + infinitive (obligation) in the Standard (instead of <i>haver</i> + <i>de</i>, which is roughly equivalent to English "have to"), it is widely used in colloquial Catalan and Valencian. The same occurs with *<i>haver-hi</i> + <i>que</i> + infinitive. </p><p>Verbal periphrases of probability: </p> <ul><li><i>Deure</i> + infinitive</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Potser</i> / <i>Segurament</i> / <i>Probablement</i> + verb in indicative</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Poder</i> + <i>ser</i> + verb in subjunctive</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ser probable</i> + <i>que</i> + verb in subjunctive</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ser possible</i> + <i>que</i> + verb in subjunctive</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Poder</i> + infinitive (it is also a periphrasis of capability)</li></ul> <p>Verbal periphrases of imminence, intention or future: </p> <ul><li><i>Ara</i> + verb in present or future (immediate action)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>De seguida</i> + verb in present or future (immediate action)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tot seguit</i> + verb in present or future (immediate action)</li></ul> <ul><li>Verb in present or future (not necessarily immediate action)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Pensar</i> + infinitive (periphrasis of intention)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anar</i> + <i>a</i> + infinitive</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Estar a punt de</i> + infinitive (immediate action)</li></ul> <p>Other modal and aspectual verbal periphrases: </p> <ul><li><i>Vindre a</i> + infinitive (modal verbal periphrasis of approximation value, with the verb <i>dir</i>, to say, it has a justification aspect)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Gosar</i> + infinitive (modal verbal periphrasis of audacity)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Saber</i> + infinitive (modal verbal periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Acabar de</i> + infinitive (modal verbal periphrasis of culminative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Arribar a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of culminative and ponderative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Començar a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Posar-se a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Arrencar</i> (or <i>Arrancar</i>) <i>a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Rompre a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Voler</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of ingressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Soler</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of habitual value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tornar a</i> + infinitive (aspectual periphrasis of repetitive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Estar</i> + gerund (aspectual periphrasis of progressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anar</i> + gerund (aspectual periphrasis of progressive value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Continuar</i> + gerund (aspectual periphrasis of durative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Seguir</i> + gerund (aspectual periphrasis of durative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tindre</i> + past participle (aspectual periphrasis of resultative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Quedar</i> + past participle (aspectual periphrasis of resultative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Deixar</i> + past participle (aspectual periphrasis of resultative value)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Tindre</i> + past participle (aspectual periphrasis of resultative value)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2001">Swan 2001</a>, p. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193327-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193327_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193328-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193328_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 630–631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193329-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193329_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193330-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193330_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193338-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193338_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193331-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193331_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193332–33-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193332–33_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193333-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193333_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193334-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193334_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193334–36-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193334–36_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193336-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193336_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193337-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193337_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193356-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193356_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193356_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra193357-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra193357_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabra1933">Fabra 1933</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upv.es/entidades/spnl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gramatica_normativa_valenciana.pdf">"<i>Gramàtica normativa valenciana</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Valencian). Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+normativa+valenciana&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Universitat+Polit%C3%A8cnica+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upv.es%2Fentidades%2Fspnl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F11%2Fgramatica_normativa_valenciana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabra1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabra, Pompeu (1933) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000044%5C00000005.pdf"><i>Gramàtica Catalana</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Catalan) (7th ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7283-290-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-7283-290-2"><bdi>84-7283-290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+Catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=84-7283-290-2&rft.aulast=Fabra&rft.aufirst=Pompeu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicacions.iec.cat%2Frepository%2Fpdf%2F00000044%255C00000005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span> [Facsimile published in 1995]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrater; et al. (1973). "Català". <i>Enciclpèdia Catalana Volum 4</i> (in Catalan) (1977, corrected ed.). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, S.A. pp. 628–639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85-194-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-85-194-04-7"><bdi>84-85-194-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catal%C3%A0&rft.btitle=Enciclp%C3%A8dia+Catalana+Volum+4&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=628-639&rft.edition=1977%2C+corrected&rft.pub=Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana%2C+S.A.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=84-85-194-04-7&rft.au=Ferrater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadia_i_Margarit1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Badia i Margarit, Antoni M. (1995). <i>Gramàtica de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatòpica, diastràtica</i> (in Catalan). Barcelona: Proa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+de+la+llengua+catalana%3A+Descriptiva%2C+normativa%2C+diat%C3%B2pica%2C+diastr%C3%A0tica&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Proa&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Badia+i+Margarit&rft.aufirst=Antoni+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreysselinard2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freysselinard, Eric (2002). <i>Grammaire et vocabulaire du catalan</i> (in French). Paris: Ophrys. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7080-1037-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7080-1037-9"><bdi>2-7080-1037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+et+vocabulaire+du+catalan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ophrys&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2-7080-1037-9&rft.aulast=Freysselinard&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2001" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC"><i>Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521779395" title="Special:BookSources/9780521779395"><bdi>9780521779395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learner+English%3A+A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+Interference+and+Other+Problems%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521779395&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UIuWj9fQfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellicerFerran1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pellicer, Joan E.; Ferran, Francesc (1998). <i>Gramática de uso de la lengua catalana</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: MIL999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-930236-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-930236-0-4"><bdi>84-930236-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A1tica+de+uso+de+la+lengua+catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=MIL999&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=84-930236-0-4&rft.aulast=Pellicer&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft.au=Ferran%2C+Francesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1993" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Alan (1993). <i>Teach Yourself Catalan</i>. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-3755-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-3755-8"><bdi>0-8442-3755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Catalan&rft.pub=NTC%2FContemporary+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8442-3755-8&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerYatesDols1999" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Max; Yates, Alan; Dols, Nicolau (1999). <i>Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20777-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20777-0"><bdi>0-415-20777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-20777-0&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Yates%2C+Alan&rft.au=Dols%2C+Nicolau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_grammar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040616051717/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Catalan/Grammar/index.html">A good English-language site about Catalan grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Catalan_grammar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Catalan_grammar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Catalan grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan_language" title="Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan_language" title="Template talk:Catalan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Geo-political distribution (<i>Països Catalans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/50px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/75px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> (Roussillonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Valencian" title="Northern Valencian">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valencian" title="Central Valencian">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Valencian" title="Southern Valencian">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Catalan">Insular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan dialect">Ibizan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan dialect">Majorcan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Minorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorcan dialect">Minorcan</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Catalan Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_specific_Romance_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_grammars" title="Template:Romance grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Romance_grammars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Romance grammars (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_specific_Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grammars of specific <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" 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