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</li> <li id="toc-First_Food_Stamp_Program_(FSP;_May_16,_1939_–_Spring_1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Food_Stamp_Program_(FSP;_May_16,_1939_–_Spring_1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 First Food Stamp Program (FSP; May 16, 1939 – Spring 1943) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Food_Stamp_Program_(FSP;_May_16,_1939_–_Spring_1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Pilot Food Stamp Program (1961–1964) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Food Stamp Act of 1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_expansion:_participation_milestones_in_the_1960s_and_early_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_expansion:_participation_milestones_in_the_1960s_and_early_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Program expansion: participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_expansion:_participation_milestones_in_the_1960s_and_early_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_legislative_changes_(early_1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_legislative_changes_(early_1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Major legislative changes (early 1970s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_legislative_changes_(early_1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974_nationwide_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974_nationwide_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1974 nationwide program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974_nationwide_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eligible_access_to_Supplemental_Security_Income_beneficiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligible_access_to_Supplemental_Security_Income_beneficiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Eligible access to Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligible_access_to_Supplemental_Security_Income_beneficiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_Stamp_Act_of_1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_Stamp_Act_of_1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Food Stamp Act of 1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_Stamp_Act_of_1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutbacks_of_the_early_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutbacks_of_the_early_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Cutbacks of the early 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutbacks_of_the_early_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-to-late_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-to-late_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Mid-to-late 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-to-late_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_Mickey_Leland_Childhood_Hunger_Relief_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_Mickey_Leland_Childhood_Hunger_Relief_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 1993 Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_Mickey_Leland_Childhood_Hunger_Relief_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_participation_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_participation_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Later participation milestones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_participation_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_welfare_reform_and_subsequent_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_welfare_reform_and_subsequent_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.14 1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_welfare_reform_and_subsequent_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_benefit_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_benefit_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.15 Electronic benefit transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_benefit_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming_the_Food_Stamp_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming_the_Food_Stamp_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.16 Renaming the Food Stamp Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming_the_Food_Stamp_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_benefits_increase_from_April_2009_to_November_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_benefits_increase_from_April_2009_to_November_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.17 Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_benefits_increase_from_April_2009_to_November_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_influence_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_influence_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.18 Corporate influence and support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_influence_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_College_Student_Hunger_Act_of_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_College_Student_Hunger_Act_of_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19 Proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_College_Student_Hunger_Act_of_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_COVID-19_and_Pandemic-EBT_Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_COVID-19_and_Pandemic-EBT_Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20 2020 COVID-19 and Pandemic-EBT Introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_COVID-19_and_Pandemic-EBT_Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Thrifty_Food_Plan_modernization_and_update" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Thrifty_Food_Plan_modernization_and_update"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.21 2021 Thrifty Food Plan modernization and update </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Thrifty_Food_Plan_modernization_and_update-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_outage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_outage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.22 2022 outage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_outage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_aid_shrink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_aid_shrink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.23 2023 aid shrink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_aid_shrink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Eligibility </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eligibility subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Income requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Work requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Resource requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Housing expenditure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_status_and_eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_status_and_eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Immigrant status and eligibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_status_and_eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Student eligibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applying_for_SNAP_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applying_for_SNAP_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Applying for SNAP benefits </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applying_for_SNAP_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applying for SNAP benefits subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applying_for_SNAP_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SNAP_Benefit_Allotment_and_Eligible_Food_Items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNAP_Benefit_Allotment_and_Eligible_Food_Items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 SNAP Benefit Allotment and Eligible Food Items </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-SNAP_Benefit_Allotment_and_Eligible_Food_Items-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle SNAP Benefit Allotment and Eligible Food Items subsection </button> <ul id="toc-SNAP_Benefit_Allotment_and_Eligible_Food_Items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SNAP_Benefit_Allotment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNAP_Benefit_Allotment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 SNAP Benefit Allotment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SNAP_Benefit_Allotment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eligible_Food_Items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligible_Food_Items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Eligible Food Items </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligible_Food_Items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 State options </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_and_counties_with_highest_use_of_SNAP_per_capita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_and_counties_with_highest_use_of_SNAP_per_capita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_and_counties_with_highest_use_of_SNAP_per_capita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Participants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brain_health_and_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_health_and_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Brain health and aging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_health_and_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity_prevalence_amongst_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity_prevalence_amongst_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Obesity prevalence amongst youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity_prevalence_amongst_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_security_and_insecurity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_security_and_insecurity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Food security and insecurity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_security_and_insecurity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Income maintenance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Diet quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroeconomic_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroeconomic_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Macroeconomic effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroeconomic_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Local economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud_and_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud_and_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Fraud and abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud_and_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_dumping/container_deposit_cashing_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_dumping/container_deposit_cashing_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10.1 Water dumping/container deposit cashing fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_dumping/container_deposit_cashing_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10.2 Pop Train </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_SNAP_in_healthy_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_SNAP_in_healthy_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Role of SNAP in healthy diets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_SNAP_in_healthy_diets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role of SNAP in healthy diets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_SNAP_in_healthy_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthy_Incentives_Pilot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthy_Incentives_Pilot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Healthy Incentives Pilot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthy_Incentives_Pilot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_to_restrict_"junk_food"_or_"luxury_items"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_to_restrict_"junk_food"_or_"luxury_items""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Proposals to restrict "junk food" or "luxury items" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_to_restrict_"junk_food"_or_"luxury_items"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%85%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تکمیلی تغذیه کؤمک پروقرامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکمیلی تغذیه کؤمک پروقرامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Asistencial_de_Nutrici%C3%B3n_Suplementaria" title="Programa Asistencial de Nutrición Suplementaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Asistencial de Nutrición Suplementaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="برنامه کمکی تغذیه الحاقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه کمکی تغذیه الحاقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%91_%EB%B3%B4%EC%B6%A9_%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8" title="영양 보충 지원 프로그램 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영양 보충 지원 프로그램" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97" title="フードスタンプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フードスタンプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="فوڈ اسٹیمپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوڈ اسٹیمپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Американская программа льготной покупки продуктов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская программа льготной покупки продуктов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP" title="SNAP – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="SNAP" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கூடுதல் சத்துணவு உதவித் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூடுதல் சத்துணவு உதவித் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Beslenme_Yard%C4%B1m%C4%B1_Program%C4%B1" title="Ek Beslenme Yardımı Programı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ek Beslenme Yardımı Programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Американська програма допомоги у додатковому харчуванні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська програма допомоги у додатковому харчуванні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="فوڈ اسٹیمپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوڈ اسٹیمپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">United States government food assistance program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to 2021 rate increase, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/15/nation/biden-administration-prompts-largest-permanent-increase-food-stamps/">Biden administration prompts largest permanent increase in food stamps</a>) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Department of Agriculture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg/220px-Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg/330px-Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg/440px-Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1939; 86 years ago (1939)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program">www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556318#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> program that provides food-purchasing assistance for <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">low- and no-income persons</a> to help them maintain adequate <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>. It is a federal aid program administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) under the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a> (FNS), though benefits are distributed by specific departments of U.S. states (e.g., the Division of Social Services, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>, etc.). SNAP benefits supplied roughly 40 million Americans in 2018, at an expenditure of $57.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Econofact-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Approximately 9.2% of American households obtained SNAP benefits at some point during 2017, with approximately 16.7% of all children living in households with SNAP benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Econofact-2">[2]</a> Beneficiaries and costs increased sharply with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, peaked in 2013 and declined through 2017 as the economy recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Econofact-2">[2]</a> It is the largest nutrition program of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service#Nutrition_assistance_programs" title="Food and Nutrition Service">15 administered by FNS</a> and is a key component of the social safety net for low-income Americans.<a href="#cite_note-New_Normal_(Wilde,_2012)'-4">[4]</a> The amount of SNAP benefits received by a household depends on the household's size, income, and expenses. For most of its history, the program used paper-denominated "stamps" or <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupons</a>—worth $1 (brown), $5 (blue), and $10 (green)—bound into booklets of various denominations, to be torn out individually and used in single-use exchange. Because of their 1:1 value ratio with actual currency, the coupons were printed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a>. Their rectangular shape resembled a <a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">U.S. dollar bill</a> (although about one-half the size), including <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> printing on high-quality paper with <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarks</a>. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Benefit_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Benefit Transfer">Electronic Benefit Transfer</a> (EBT), provided by private contractors. EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004. Each month, SNAP benefits are directly deposited into the household's EBT card account. Households may use EBT to pay for food at supermarkets, convenience stores, and other food retailers, including certain <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' markets">farmers' markets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FNS-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_food_stamps">Origin of food stamps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of food stamps">edit</a>]</div> The federal government's ability to alleviate hunger through the means of food stamps was first introduced with Congress passing the income tax law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Even after the federal government had the funding to create a social safety net, its involvement in food assistance was not introduced until the 1930s, when the Great Depression caused unemployment, homelessness, and starvation to become a national issue that permeated such a high percentage of the population.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At the time of the Great Depression, farmers were growing surplus produce, but unemployed and impoverished people were unable to afford to buy it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The origin of food stamps were intended partially to help the poor, but just as equally to boost the economy and pay farmers a fair price for their labors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In essence, food stamps were intended to create a political agreement between agriculture and the federal government by giving out excess goods in a crisis.<a href="#cite_note-MN-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Food_Stamp_Program_(FSP;_May_16,_1939_–_Spring_1943)">First Food Stamp Program (FSP; May 16, 1939 – Spring 1943)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Food Stamp Program (FSP; May 16, 1939 – Spring 1943)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg/220px-First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg/330px-First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg/440px-First-Printing-US-Food-Stamps-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="3734" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Federal_Surplus_Commodities_Corporation" title="Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation">effort to manage agricultural surpluses</a>, the first food stamps came off the presses April 20, 1939.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/220px-Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/330px-Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/440px-Orange-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="396" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orange stamps were good for any grocery item the purchaser chose, except drugs, liquor, and items consumed on the premises.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/220px-Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/330px-Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg/440px-Blue-US-Food-Stamp-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="396" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Blue stamps bought only surplus foods—dairy products, eggs, citrus fruits, prunes, and fresh vegetables.</div></div></div></div></div> The idea for the first food stamp program has been credited to various people, most notably <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> and the program's first administrator, <a href="/wiki/Milo_Randolph_Perkins" title="Milo Randolph Perkins">Milo Perkins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShortHistory-8">[8]</a> Of the program, Perkins said, "We got a picture of a gorge, with farm surpluses on one cliff and under-nourished city folks with outstretched hands on the other. We set out to find a practical way to build a bridge across that chasm."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The program, run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) by permitting people on <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">relief</a> to buy orange stamps equal to their normal food expenditures; for every dollar of orange stamps purchased, fifty cents worth of blue stamps were received. Orange food stamps could be used at any food retailers or wholesalers, but excluded alcoholic beverages, concession stand meals that could be eaten on premises, and tobacco products. The blue stamps could only be used to buy what the USDA defined as surplus produce, which included items such as beans, eggs, fruit, and the like.<a href="#cite_note-MN-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_Coupons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Food_Coupons.jpg/220px-Food_Coupons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Food_Coupons.jpg/330px-Food_Coupons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Food_Coupons.jpg/440px-Food_Coupons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Image showing food coupons</figcaption></figure> Over the course of nearly four years, the first FSP reached approximately 20 million people in nearly half of the counties in the United States at a total cost of $262 million. At its peak, the program assisted an estimated four million people. The first recipient was Mabel McFiggin of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Monroe_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester, Monroe County, New York">Rochester, New York</a>; the first retailer to redeem the stamps was Joseph Mutolo; and the first retailer caught violating program rules was Nick Salzano in October 1939. The program ended when the conditions that brought the program into being—unmarketable food surpluses and widespread <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">unemployment</a>—ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-ShortHistory-8">[8]</a> By 1943, the start of World War II equalized the agricultural economy and the unemployment rate was lowered, and incentive to help those still in need was not reason enough for the government to continue this program.<a href="#cite_note-moran-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)">Pilot Food Stamp Program (1961–1964)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pilot Food Stamp Program (1961–1964)">edit</a>]</div> The 18 years between the end of the first FSP and the inception of the next were filled with studies, reports, and legislative proposals. Prominent US senators actively associated with attempts to enact a food stamp program during this period included <a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">George Aiken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert M. La Follette Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a>. From 1954 on, US <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Sullivan" title="Leonor Sullivan">Leonor Sullivan</a> strove to pass food-stamp program legislation. Hunger continued for the poor people of the country even after the Great Depression ended, but advocacy to reinstate the food stamp program was generally unsuccessful while the political agenda did not require it. Until 1961 when President John F. Kennedy took office, there were few pilot programs in place to help America's poor.<a href="#cite_note-MN-7">[7]</a> On September 21, 1959, <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">P.L.</a> 86-341 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to operate a food-stamp system through January 31, 1962. The <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> Administration never used the authority. However, in fulfillment of a campaign promise made in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s first Executive Order called for expanded food distribution and, on February 2, 1961, he announced that food stamp pilot programs would be initiated. The pilot programs would retain the requirement that the food stamps be purchased, but eliminated the concept of special stamps for surplus foods. A Department spokesman indicated the emphasis would be on increasing the consumption of perishables. This decision still provided great advantages for retailers, and the political choice to eliminate the required purchase of surplus produce created financial gains for the producers and distributors of processed foods.<a href="#cite_note-MN-7">[7]</a> This move, however, was heavily resisted by representatives of the Civil Rights Movement. Black sharecroppers, already pushed out of agricultural work due to mechanization, lost their source of income to purchase food stamps. While White-based grocers grew profits as a result of food stamps, plantation owners utilized food stamps as leverage against former Black sharecroppers.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[11]</a> This leverage looked like taking food stamp costs out of a sharecropper's income, permitting food stamps for only select grocers, permitting stamps for only the most expensive products, and similar maneuvers. These mechanisms consolidated White power over sharecroppers, and the move to food stamps was criticized by many Black activists.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Of the program, US Representative <a href="/wiki/Leonor_K._Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonor K. Sullivan">Leonor K. Sullivan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> asserted, "...the Department of Agriculture seemed bent on outlining a possible food stamp plan of such scope and magnitude, involving some 25 million persons, as to make the whole idea seem ridiculous and tear food stamp plans to smithereens."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food Stamp Act of 1964">edit</a>]</div> President Johnson called for a permanent food-stamp program on January 31, 1964, as part of his "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a>" platform introduced at the State of the Union a few weeks earlier. Agriculture Secretary <a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> submitted the legislation on April 17, 1964. The bill eventually passed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> was H.R. 10222, introduced by Congresswoman Sullivan. One of the members on the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Agriculture">House Committee on Agriculture</a> who voted against the FSP in Committee was then Representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, of Kansas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (Later, as a senator, after he worked on the 1977 legislation that addressed problems with the program, Dole became a staunch supporter of it.)<a href="#cite_note-Dole-Archive-UKansas-15">[15]</a> The Food Stamp Act of 1964 was intended to strengthen the agricultural economy and provide improved levels of nutrition among low-income households; however, the practical purpose was to bring the pilot FSP under congressional control and to enact the regulations into law.<a href="#cite_note-ShortHistory-8">[8]</a> The major provisions were:<a href="#cite_note-ShortHistory-8">[8]</a> <ul><li>The State Plan of Operation requirement and development of eligibility standards by States;</li> <li>They required that the recipients should purchase their food stamps, while paying the average money spent on food then receiving an amount of food stamps representing an opportunity more nearly to obtain a low-cost nutritionally adequate diet;</li> <li>The eligibility for purchase with food stamps of all items intended for human consumption except alcoholic beverages and imported foods (the House version would have prohibited the purchase of soft drinks, luxury foods, and luxury frozen foods);</li> <li>Prohibitions against discrimination on basis of race, religious creed, national origin, or political beliefs;</li> <li>The division of responsibilities between States (certification and issuance) and the Federal Government (funding of benefits and authorization of retailers and wholesalers), with shared responsibility for funding costs of administration; and</li> <li>Appropriations for the first year limited to $75 million; for the second year, to $100 million; and, for the third year, to $200 million.</li></ul> The Agriculture Department estimated that participation in a national FSP would eventually reach 4 million, at a cost of $360 million annually, far below the actual numbers.<a href="#cite_note-ShortHistory-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_expansion:_participation_milestones_in_the_1960s_and_early_1970s">Program expansion: participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Program expansion: participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s">edit</a>]</div> In April 1965, participation topped half a million. (Actual participation was 561,261 people.) Participation topped 1 million in March 1966, 2 million in October 1967, 3 million in February 1969, 4 million in February 1970, 5 million one month later in March 1970, 6 million two months later in May 1970, 10 million in February 1971, and 15 million in October 1974. Rapid increases in participation during this period were primarily due to geographic expansion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_legislative_changes_(early_1970s)">Major legislative changes (early 1970s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major legislative changes (early 1970s)">edit</a>]</div> The early 1970s were a period of growth in participation, concern about the cost of providing food stamp benefits, and questions about administration, primarily timely certification. During this time, the issue was framed that would dominate food stamp legislation ever after: how to balance program access with program accountability. Three major pieces of legislation shaped this period, leading up to massive reform to follow: P.L. 91-671 (January 11, 1971) established uniform national standards of eligibility and work requirements; required that allotments be equivalent to the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet; limited households' purchase requirements to 30 percent of their income; instituted an outreach requirement; authorized the Agriculture Department to pay 62.5 percent of specific administrative costs incurred by States; expanded the FSP to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> of the United States; and provided $1.75 billion appropriations for Fiscal Year 1971. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (P.L. 93–86, August 10, 1973) required States to expand the program to every political jurisdiction before July 1, 1974; expanded the program to drug addicts and alcoholics in treatment and rehabilitation centers; established semi-annual allotment adjustments, bi-monthly issuance, and <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a> (SSI) "cash-out" (which gave the option to states to issue Food Stamp benefits to SSI recipients in the form of their estimated cash value consolidated within the SSI grant, in order to reduce administrative costs); introduced statutory complexity in the income definition (by including in-kind payments and providing an accompanying exception); and required the department to establish temporary eligibility standards for disasters. P.L. 93-347 (July 12, 1974) authorized the department to pay 50 percent of all states' costs for administering the program and established the requirement for efficient and effective administration by the States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974_nationwide_program">1974 nationwide program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1974 nationwide program">edit</a>]</div> In accordance with P.L. 93–86, the FSP began operating nationwide on July 1, 1974. (The program was not fully implemented in Puerto Rico until November 1, 1974.) Participation for July 1974 was almost 14 million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligible_access_to_Supplemental_Security_Income_beneficiaries">Eligible access to Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eligible access to Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries">edit</a>]</div> Once a person is a beneficiary of the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a> (SSI) Program they may be automatically eligible for Food Stamps depending on their state's laws. How much money in food stamps they receive also varies by state. Supplemental Security Income was created in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_Stamp_Act_of_1977">Food Stamp Act of 1977</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food Stamp Act of 1977">edit</a>]</div> Both the outgoing Republican administration and the new Democratic administration offered Congress proposed legislation to reform the FSP in 1977. The Republican bill stressed targeting benefits to the neediest, simplifying administration, and tightening controls on the program; the Democratic bill focused on increasing access to those most in need and simplifying and streamlining a complicated and cumbersome process that delayed benefit delivery as well as reducing errors, and curbing abuse. The chief force for the Democratic administration was Robert Greenstein, Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a> (FNS).<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> In Congress, major players were Senators <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a>, Hubert Humphrey, and Bob Dole, and Congressmen Foley and Richmond. Amid all the themes, the one that became the rallying cry for FSP reform was "EPR"—eliminate the purchase requirement—because of the barrier to participation the purchase requirement represented.<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> The bill that became the law (S. 275) did eliminate the purchase requirement. It also:<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>eliminated categorical eligibility;</li> <li>established statutory income eligibility guidelines at the poverty line;</li> <li>established 10 categories of excluded income;</li> <li>reduced the number of deductions used to calculate net income and established a standard deduction to take the place of eliminated deductions;</li> <li>raised the general resource limit to $1,750;</li> <li>established the fair market value (FMV) test for evaluating vehicles as resources;</li> <li>penalized households whose heads voluntarily quit jobs;</li> <li>restricted eligibility for students and aliens;</li> <li>eliminated the requirement that households must have cooking facilities;</li> <li>replaced store due bills with cash change up to 99 cents;</li> <li>established the principle that stores must sell a substantial amount of staple foods if they are to be authorized;</li> <li>established the ground rules for Indian Tribal Organization administration of the FSP on reservations; and</li> <li>introduced demonstration project authority.</li></ul> In addition to EPR, the Food Stamp Act of 1977 included several access provisions:<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>using mail, telephone, or home visits for certification;</li> <li>requirements for outreach, bilingual personnel and materials, and nutrition education materials;</li> <li>recipients' right to submit applications the first day they attempt to do so;</li> <li>30-day processing standard and inception of the concept of expedited service;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a> (AFDC), the major cash welfare program; also assist SSI clients</li> <li>notice, recertification, and retroactive benefit protections; and</li> <li>a requirement for States to develop a disaster plan.</li></ul> The integrity provisions of the new program included fraud disqualifications, enhanced federal funding for states' anti-fraud activities, and financial incentives for low error rates. Senator Dole, Republican of Kansas, who had worked with Senator McGovern, Democrat of South Dakota, to produce a bipartisan solution to the two of the main problems associated with food stamps—cumbersome purchase requirements and lax eligibility standards—told Congress regarding the new provisions: "I am confident that this bill eliminates the greedy and feeds the needy."<a href="#cite_note-Dole-Archive-UKansas-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The House Report for the 1977 legislation points out that the changes in the Food Stamp Program are needed without reference to upcoming <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a> since "the path to welfare reform is, indeed, rocky...."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] EPR was implemented January 1, 1979. Participation that month increased 1.5 million over the preceding month.<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> Increased participation was due to both eliminating the purchase requirement and the <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">1980 recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to Maggie Dickinson in the book Feeding the Crisis of Care and Abandonment in America's Food Safety Net "The Food Stamp Act of 1977 finally eliminated the food stamp purchase requirement, which mean poor families no longer needed to have cash up front to purchase food stamps."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:You%27re_in_good_company;_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_(IA_CAIN709055263).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf/page1-328px-You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf/page1-492px-You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf/page1-656px-You%27re_in_good_company%3B_millions_of_Americans_use_USDA_FOOD_stamps_%28IA_CAIN709055263%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for food stamps in the 1970s, to help fight hunger in America. The programs in the late 1970s were very effective in fighting hunger in America.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutbacks_of_the_early_1980s">Cutbacks of the early 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cutbacks of the early 1980s">edit</a>]</div> The large and expensive FSP proved to be a favorite subject of close scrutiny from both the Executive Branch and Congress in the early 1980s. Major legislation in 1981 and 1982 enacted cutbacks including: <ul><li>addition of a gross income eligibility test in addition to the net income test for most households;</li> <li>temporary freeze on adjustments of the shelter deduction cap and the standard deduction and constraints on future adjustments;</li> <li>annual adjustments in food stamp allotments rather than semi-annual;</li> <li>consideration of non-elderly parents who live with their children and non-elderly siblings who live together as one household;</li> <li>required periodic reporting and retrospective budgeting;</li> <li>prohibition against using Federal funds for outreach;</li> <li>replacing the FSP in Puerto Rico with a block grant for nutrition assistance;</li> <li>counting retirement accounts as resources;</li> <li>state option to require job search of applicants as well as participants; and</li> <li>increased disqualification periods for voluntary quitters.</li></ul> The first electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card pilot program began in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_SNAP_history_Mid-1980s-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-to-late_1980s">Mid-to-late 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mid-to-late 1980s">edit</a>]</div> Recognition of the severe domestic hunger problem in the latter half of the 1980s led to incremental expansions of the FSP in 1985 and 1987, such as elimination of <a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Sales taxes in the United States">sales tax</a> on food stamp purchases, reinstitution of categorical eligibility, increased resource limit for most households ($2,000), eligibility for the homeless, and expanded <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition Education">nutrition education</a>. The Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and the Mickey Leland Memorial Domestic Hunger Relief Act in 1990 foretold the improvements that would be coming. The 1988 and 1990 legislation accomplished the following: <ul><li>increasing benefits by applying a multiplication factor to Thrifty Food Plan costs;</li> <li>making outreach an optional activity for States;</li> <li>excluding advance earned income tax credits as income;</li> <li>simplifying procedures for calculating medical deductions;</li> <li>instituting periodic adjustments of the minimum benefit;</li> <li>authorizing nutrition education grants;</li> <li>establishing severe penalties for violations by individuals or participating firms; and</li> <li>establishing EBT as an issuance alternative.</li></ul> Throughout this era, significant players were principally various committee chairmen: Congressmen Leland, Hall, Foley, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, and, de la Garza and Senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_Mickey_Leland_Childhood_Hunger_Relief_Act">1993 Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1993 Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act">edit</a>]</div> By 1993, major changes in food stamp benefits had arrived. The final legislation provided for $2.8 billion in benefit increases over Fiscal Years 1984–1988. Leon Panetta, in his new role as OMB Director, played a major role as did Senator Leahy. Substantive changes included: <ul><li>eliminating the shelter deduction cap beginning January 1, 1997;</li> <li>providing a deduction for legally binding child support payments made to nonhousehold members;</li> <li>raising the cap on the dependent care deduction from $160 to $200 for children under 2 years old and $175 for all other dependents;</li> <li>improving employment and training (E&T) dependent care reimbursements;</li> <li>increasing the FMV test for vehicles to $4,550 on September 1, 1994, and $4,600 on October 1, 1995, then annually adjusting the value from $5,000 on October 1, 1996;</li> <li>mandating asset accumulation demonstration projects; and</li> <li>simplifying the household definition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_participation_milestones">Later participation milestones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later participation milestones">edit</a>]</div> In December 1979, participation surpassed 20 million. In March 1994, participation hit a new high of 28 million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_welfare_reform_and_subsequent_amendments">1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments">edit</a>]</div> The mid-1990s was a period of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a> reform. Prior to 1996, the rules for the cash welfare program, <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a> (AFDC), were waived for many states. With the enactment of the 1996 welfare reform act, called the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act">Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act</a> of 1996 (PRWORA), AFDC, an <a href="/wiki/Entitlement_program" title="Entitlement program">entitlement program</a>, was replaced with a new <a href="/wiki/Block_grant" title="Block grant">block grant</a> to states called <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance to Needy Families</a> (TANF). Although the Food Stamp Program was reauthorized in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Farm_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Farm Bill">1996 Farm Bill</a>, the 1996 welfare reform made several changes to the program, including: <ul><li>denying eligibility for food stamps to most legal immigrants who had been in the country less than five years;</li> <li>placing a time limit on food stamp receipt of three out of 36 months for <a href="/wiki/Able-bodied_Adults_Without_Dependents" title="Able-bodied Adults Without Dependents">Able-bodied Adults Without Dependents</a> (ABAWDs) who are not working at least 20 hours a week or participating in a work program;</li> <li>reducing the maximum allotments to 100 percent of the change in the <a href="/wiki/Thrifty_Food_Plan" title="Thrifty Food Plan">Thrifty Food Plan</a> (TFP) from 103 percent of the change in the TFP;</li> <li>freezing the standard deduction, the vehicle limit, and the minimum benefit;</li> <li>setting the shelter cap at graduated specified levels up to $300 by fiscal year 2001, and allowing states to mandate the use of the standard utility allowance;</li> <li>revising provisions for disqualification, including comparable disqualification with other means-tested programs; and</li> <li>requiring states to implement EBT before October 1, 2002.</li></ul> As a result of all these changes, participation rates plummeted in the late 1990s, according to the online magazine <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slate-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) and the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Act of 1998 (AREERA) made some changes to these provisions, most significantly: <ul><li>using additional Employment and Training (E&T) funds to providing work program opportunities for able-bodied adults without dependents;</li> <li>allowing states to exempt up to 15 percent of able-bodied adults without dependents who would otherwise be ineligible;</li> <li>restoring eligibility for certain elderly, disabled, and minor immigrants who resided in the United States when the 1996 welfare reform act was enacted; and</li> <li>cutting administrative funding for states to account for certain administrative costs that previously had been allocated to the AFDC program and now were required to be allocated to the Food Stamp Program.</li></ul> The fiscal year 2001 agriculture appropriations bill included two significant changes. The legislation increased the excess shelter cap to $340 in fiscal year 2001 and then indexed the cap to changes in the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a> for All Consumers each year beginning in fiscal year 2002. The legislation also allowed states to use the vehicle limit they use in a TANF assistance program, if it would be result in a lower attribution of resources for the household. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_types_of_state_EBT_card(s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Differen types of colored, rectangular plastic cards are on displayed. They each come from different types of states. They are flat and fanned out in a position where the words are cut off." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg/221px-Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg/332px-Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg/442px-Different_types_of_state_EBT_card%28s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Colored Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards of certain states are displayed.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_benefit_transfer">Electronic benefit transfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electronic benefit transfer">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_benefit_transfer" title="Electronic benefit transfer">Electronic benefit transfer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg/510px-Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg/765px-Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg/1020px-Legislative_efforts_timeline_that_impacted_SNAP_2002_through_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>US legislation that promoted the public health impacts of SNAP, 2002–2018</figcaption></figure> In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Benefit_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Benefit Transfer">Electronic Benefit Transfer</a> (EBT), provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending#United_States" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a> programs as well, such as cash assistance. The move was designed to save the government money by not printing the coupons, make benefits available immediately instead of requiring the recipient to wait for mailing or picking up the booklets in person, and reduce theft and diversion.<a href="#cite_note-FNS-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming_the_Food_Stamp_Program">Renaming the Food Stamp Program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Renaming the Food Stamp Program">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Food,_Conservation,_and_Energy_Act_of_2008" title="Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008">2008 farm bill</a> renamed the Food Stamp Program to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (beginning October 2008) and replaced all references to "stamp" or "coupon" in federal law with "card" or "EBT".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This was done to mark a more explicit focus on providing nutrition. It was also done to reduce usage of the stigmatized phrase "food stamps".<a href="#cite_note-Bleich-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_benefits_increase_from_April_2009_to_November_2013">Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013">edit</a>]</div> SNAP benefits temporarily increased with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> (ARRA), a federal <a href="/wiki/Economic_stimulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic stimulus">stimulus package</a> to help Americans affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Plumer-26">[26]</a> Beginning in April 2009 and continuing through the expansion's expiration on November 1, 2013, the ARRA appropriated $45.2 billion to increase monthly benefit levels to an average of $133.<a href="#cite_note-Plumer-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-27">[27]</a> This amounted to a 13.6 percent funding increase for SNAP recipients.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-27">[27]</a> This temporary expansion expired on November 1, 2013, resulting in a relative benefit decrease for SNAP households; on average, benefits decreased by 5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Plumer-26">[26]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" title="Center on Budget and Policy Priorities">Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</a> report, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four dropped from $668 to $632, while the maximum monthly benefit for an individual dropped from $200 to $189.<a href="#cite_note-Plumer-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_influence_and_support">Corporate influence and support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Corporate influence and support">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps,_EBT%22_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Deli_with_%22We_Accept_Food_Stamps%2C_EBT%22_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Brooklyn Deli with "We Accept Food Stamps EBT" sign</figcaption></figure>In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a> reported that "Overall, 18 percent of all food benefits money is spent at <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>", and that Walmart had submitted a statement to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> stating, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Our business operations are subject to numerous risks, factors, and uncertainties, domestically and internationally, which are outside our control. These factors include... changes in the amount of payments made under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Plan and other public assistance plans, [and] changes in the eligibility requirements of public assistance plans.<a href="#cite_note-vanburen-28">[28]</a></blockquote> Companies that have lobbied on behalf of SNAP include <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, and the grocery chain <a href="/wiki/Kroger" title="Kroger">Kroger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Foods" title="Kraft Foods">Kraft Foods</a>, which receives "One-sixth [of its] revenues ... from food stamp purchases" also opposes food stamp cuts.<a href="#cite_note-vanburen-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_College_Student_Hunger_Act_of_2019">Proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019">edit</a>]</div> Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Al_Lawson" title="Al Lawson">Al Lawson</a> introduced the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 on July 17, 2019, in an attempt to extend SNAP benefits for college students in need; the act has not passed as of October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The idea was to include both <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a>-eligible students and independent students. Warren and Lawson both believe that students have a right to both food and education, and the goal was to alleviate financial tension. This bill has been endorsed by several organizations including <a href="/wiki/Bread_for_the_World" title="Bread for the World">Bread for the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Specifically, the Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility. The student hunger pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans.<a href="#cite_note-:02-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_COVID-19_and_Pandemic-EBT_Introduction">2020 COVID-19 and Pandemic-EBT Introduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2020 COVID-19 and Pandemic-EBT Introduction">edit</a>]</div> The Families First Coronavirus Response Act of 2020 provided the Secretary of Agriculture with authority to approve state agency plans for temporary emergency eligibility standards and benefit levels under the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 after the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020. These plans allowed for increased access to food and nutrition assistance, including increased benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The Secretary of Agriculture could also waive certain requirements, such as work requirements, in order to ensure those in need had access to assistance. March 2020 is estimated to be the start date.<a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[32]</a> This provision applies to children who would otherwise be eligible for free or reduced price meals under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act. It allows states to provide meals to children during the school closures due to COVID-19. It does not require states to provide meals to children who do not qualify for free or reduced price meals.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> School children eligible for emergency nutrition benefits receive temporary benefits loaded onto their EBT cards. As of mid-summer 2020, all states and territories eligible to provide these benefits (except Guam) have selected the option and issued these benefits to replace meals lost during the 2019–2020 school year. These benefits provide children with essential nutrition, allowing them to focus on their studies and grow academically. The benefits are also instrumental in helping to reduce food insecurity among children.<a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Thrifty_Food_Plan_modernization_and_update">2021 Thrifty Food Plan modernization and update</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2021 Thrifty Food Plan modernization and update">edit</a>]</div> As directed by the US Farm Bill <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Improvement_Act_of_2018" title="Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018">Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018</a> and the Biden administration January 22, 2021 Executive Order, the USDA implemented the first cost adjustment to the Thrifty Food Plan since its introduction in 1975. The Thrifty Food Plan is not dependent on geographical location, rather everyone is allocated the same amount of money.<a href="#cite_note-:23-34">[34]</a> The USDA went on the evaluate the four aspects including current food prices within the typical American diet, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans" title="Dietary Guidelines for Americans">dietary guidance</a>, and the available nutrients in food items. The <a href="/wiki/Thrifty_Food_Plan" title="Thrifty Food Plan">Thrifty Food Plan</a>, 2021, is based on the needs of a family of four as defined by law, and sets $835.57 as the monthly cost for the reference family. This is a 21.03% increase from the prior amount (adjusted for current prices), or an increase of $4.79 per day for the reference family of four, and sets $835.57 as the monthly cost for the reference family. These changes are permanent, and went into effect October 1, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:23-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_outage">2022 outage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2022 outage">edit</a>]</div> On August 28, 2022, outages were reported across multiples states for the payment system, including the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_benefit_transfer" title="Electronic benefit transfer">EBT</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_aid_shrink">2023 aid shrink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2023 aid shrink">edit</a>]</div> The SNAP emergency allotments, a temporary increase in benefits implemented at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, were ended in March 2023 under the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> For the average recipient, the change would mean about $90 less per month.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eligibility">edit</a>]</div> Because SNAP is a means-tested program, recipients must meet all eligibility criteria in order to receive benefits. There are income and resource requirements for SNAP, as well as specific requirements for immigrants, elderly persons and persons with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Eligibility-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_requirements">Income requirements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Income requirements">edit</a>]</div> For income, individuals and households may qualify for benefits if they earn a gross monthly income and a net monthly income<a href="#cite_note-41">[a]</a> that is 130% and 100% or less, respectively, of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a> for a specific household size. For example: in Fiscal Year 2024, the SNAP-eligible gross monthly income limit is $1,580 for an individual. For a household of four, it is $3,250.<a href="#cite_note-Eligibility-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_requirements">Work requirements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Work requirements">edit</a>]</div> General work requirements apply to people aged 16 to 59 to participate in the program, exempting students, caregivers of children under 6 and incapacitated people, people unable to work due to a disability, and people in <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug rehabilitation</a>. Such recipients must work 30 hours a week, or register for work or participate in state training; they may not quit or decline a job offer without a good reason, or reduce hours below 30 per week if working.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> For able-bodied adults aged 18 to 49 without dependents under 18 in the household and who are not pregnant, there is a requirement for 80 hours per month spent at work, volunteering, <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>, or workforce training.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Critics say opportunities for training or volunteering are limited.<a href="#cite_note-700k-44">[43]</a> Individual states may waive the work requirements, with many states in high unemployment areas opting to loosen requirements for SNAP eligibility.<a href="#cite_note-700k-44">[43]</a> In December 2019, the Trump Administration proposed to limit states' ability to issue eligibility waivers to single able-bodied adults between 18 and 49, which would result in ineligibility of SNAP benefits to an estimated 688,000 people in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-700k-44">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_requirements">Resource requirements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Resource requirements">edit</a>]</div> There is also a resource requirement for SNAP, although eligibility requirements vary slightly from state to state. Generally speaking, households may have up to $2,250 in a bank account or other countable sources. If at least one person is age 60 or older and/or has disabilities, households may have $3,500 in countable resources.<a href="#cite_note-Eligibility-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_expenditure">Housing expenditure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Housing expenditure">edit</a>]</div> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a> in urban areas means that money that could have been spent on food is spent on housing expenses. Housing is generally considered affordable when it costs 30% or less of total household income; rising housing costs have made this ideal difficult to attain. This is especially true in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where 28% of rent stabilized tenants spend more than half their income on rent.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Among lower income families the percentage is much higher. According to an estimate by the <a href="/wiki/Community_Service_Society_of_New_York" title="Community Service Society of New York">Community Service Society</a>, 65% of New York City families living below the federal poverty line are paying more than half of their income toward rent.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The current eligibility criteria attempt to address this, by including a deduction for "excess shelter costs". This applies only to households that spend more than half of their net income on rent. For the purpose of this calculation, a household's net income is obtained by subtracting certain deductions from their gross (before deductions) income. If the household's total expenditures on rent exceed 50% of that net income, then the net income is further reduced by the amount of rent that exceeds 50% of net income. For 2007, this deduction can be no more than $417, except in households that include an elderly or disabled person.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Deductions include: <ol><li>a standard deduction that is subtracted from income for all recipients,</li> <li>an earned income deduction reflecting taxes and work expenses,</li> <li>a deduction for dependent care expenses related to work or training (up to certain limits),</li> <li>a deduction for child support payments,</li> <li>a deduction for medical expenses above a set amount per month (only available to elderly and disabled recipients), and</li> <li>a deduction for excessively high shelter expenses.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></li></ol> The adjusted net income, including the deduction for excess shelter costs, is used to determine whether a household is eligible for food stamps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrant_status_and_eligibility">Immigrant status and eligibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immigrant status and eligibility">edit</a>]</div> The 2002 Farm Bill restores SNAP eligibility to most legal immigrants that: <ul><li>Have lived in the country for 5 years; or</li> <li>Are receiving disability-related assistance or benefits; or</li> <li>Have children under 18</li></ul> Certain non-citizens, such as those admitted for humanitarian reasons and those admitted for permanent residence, may also be eligible for SNAP. Eligible household members can get SNAP benefits even if there are other members of the household that are not eligible. Undocumented immigrants, including <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) recipients, are not eligible for SNAP.<a href="#cite_note-Eligibility-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_eligibility">Student eligibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Student eligibility">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/CalFresh" title="CalFresh">CalFresh</a> was first introduced, college students were not considered a main target for food assistance; most students at the time were from white, middle-class families, under the care of their parents and were young high school graduates without dependents to provide for.<a href="#cite_note-:12-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-50">[49]</a> To prevent students from mis-using the system, students enrolled in higher education for at least half-time were automatically ineligible for SNAP. However, many students nowadays come from low-income families, racial and ethnic minorities, have jobs, are parents, or are not recent high school graduates.<a href="#cite_note-:12-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-50">[49]</a> Many college students are leaving their homes and managing their own finances for the first time in their lives and depending on where they go to school, there may be limited access to affordable and nutritious food, making students particularly vulnerable to food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-:33-51">[50]</a> In 2015, in response to the changing student population, the CalFresh Student Eligibility Amendment established exemptions to the rule in Section 273.5(a) of Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations which excluded college students enrolled at least half-time from SNAP benefits.<a href="#cite_note-:12-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-52">[51]</a> Commonly met exemptions include students be under 18 or over 49, physically or mentally unfit to work, participate in federal or state work study, be employed for at least 20 hours per week, participate in SNAP employment and training program, receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families benefits, and caring for dependent children.<a href="#cite_note-:12-49">[48]</a> Unfortunately, many students are misinformed that using CalFresh or SNAP will negatively affect their financial aid packages and are worried about the stigma associated with food insecurity in college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-:12-49">[48]</a> Out of fear of being ostracized by their peers, many college students simply do not apply or do not talk about the program, limiting awareness and the potential of CalFresh to eliminate college food insecurity. To counteract this, many recent legislations and changes to SNAP are focusing on SNAP education, outreach, and accessibility. For instance, the recently proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019 focuses on improving student eligibility, increasing outreach and education for SNAP, and introduces a student hunger pilot program to test different ways CalFresh can be made more useful for students.<a href="#cite_note-:52-53">[52]</a> The Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility.<a href="#cite_note-:52-53">[52]</a> The pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans.<a href="#cite_note-:52-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applying_for_SNAP_benefits">Applying for SNAP benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Applying for SNAP benefits">edit</a>]</div> In order to apply for SNAP benefits, one must fill out an application and return said application to either the state or local SNAP office. Each state has a different application, which is usually available online. There is more information about various state applications processes, including locations of SNAP offices in various states, displayed on an interactive Outreach Map found on the FNS website.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Individuals who believe they may be eligible for P.O.SNAP benefits may use the Food and Nutrition Services' SNAP Screening Tool, which can help gauge eligibility. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg/220px-San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg/330px-San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg/440px-San_Antonio_Food_Bank_providing_information_and_the_SNAP_application_to_help_the_family_with_their_needs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4727" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>San Antonio Food Bank providing information and the SNAP application to help the family with their needs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students">Students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Students">edit</a>]</div> While many schools try to connect students to SNAP, students still struggle to qualify despite facing food insecurity, feel intimidated by the probing application process, and are often misinformed of how the program works.<a href="#cite_note-:33-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[54]</a> To avoid the stigma often attached with food insecurity, many college students simply do not apply. Many students are also misinformed that using CalFresh will negatively affect their financial aid packages.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[54]</a> While there are about 4 million people enrolled in CalFresh, there are an additional 4 million eligible people who are not enrolled which may be due to incomplete applications, improper documentation, and the time it takes to verify applications.<a href="#cite_note-:6-56">[55]</a> Fortunately, measures to make the application more accessible for students are underway. For instance, California SB 173—a bill by Senator Bill Dodd—will required colleges to alert any students participating in work-study of their SNAP eligibility and provide them with a more efficient and time-saving application process.<a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SNAP_Benefit_Allotment_and_Eligible_Food_Items">SNAP Benefit Allotment and Eligible Food Items</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: SNAP Benefit Allotment and Eligible Food Items">edit</a>]</div> SNAP benefits ensure households can purchase a thrifty nutritious food plan given their net income and household size. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SNAP_Benefit_Allotment">SNAP Benefit Allotment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: SNAP Benefit Allotment">edit</a>]</div> The benefit allotment subtracts 30% of net monthly income from a maximum monthly allotment given household size.<a href="#cite_note-fns.usda.gov-58">[57]</a> Net income accounts for deductions such as excess shelter costs, expected taxes, and dependent care.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> USDA sets the maximum monthly allotment based on the annual thrifty food plan, their lowest cost food plan that still maintains a healthy diet.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> For example, a family of four with no net income receives the maximum monthly allotment of $973 in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-fns.usda.gov-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligible_Food_Items">Eligible Food Items</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Eligible Food Items">edit</a>]</div> As per USDA rules, households can use SNAP benefits to purchase:<a href="#cite_note-EligibleFoodItems-61">[60]</a> <ul><li>fruits and vegetables</li> <li>breads and cereals</li> <li>dairy products</li> <li>meats, poultry, and fish</li> <li>snack foods and non-alcoholic beverages</li> <li>Plants and seeds which are fit for household consumption.</li></ul> Additionally, restaurants operating in certain areas may be permitted to accept SNAP benefits from eligible candidates like elderly, homeless or disabled people in return for affordable meals. However, the USDA is clear that households cannot use SNAP benefits to purchase the following:<a href="#cite_note-EligibleFoodItems-61">[60]</a> <ul><li>Wine, beer, liquor, cigarettes or tobacco</li> <li>Certain nonfood items like: <ul><li>hygiene (soaps, deodorant, <a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">menstrual care</a>)<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></li> <li>paper products, household supplies</li> <li>pet foods</li></ul></li> <li>Hot prepared foods in grocery stores</li> <li>Food items that are consumable in the store</li> <li>Vitamins and medicines</li> <li>Live animals and birds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_options">State options</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: State options">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg/510px-State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg/765px-State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg/1020px-State_waiver_requests_for_SNAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>State waiver requests for SNAP</figcaption></figure> States are allowed under federal law to administer SNAP in different ways. As of April 2015, the USDA had published eleven periodic State Options Reports outlining variations in how states have administered the program.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The USDA's most recent State Options Report, published in April 2015, summarizes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">SNAP's statutes, regulations, and waivers provide State agencies with various policy options. State agencies use this flexibility to adapt their programs to meet the needs of eligible, low‐income people in their States. Modernization and technology have provided States with new opportunities and options in administering the program. Certain options may facilitate program design goals, such as removing or reducing barriers to access for low-income families and individuals, or providing better support for those working or looking for work. This flexibility helps States better target benefits to those most in need, streamline program administration and field operations, and coordinate SNAP activities with those of other programs.<a href="#cite_note-April2015StateOptions-64">[63]</a></blockquote> Some areas of differences among states include: when and how frequently SNAP recipients must report household circumstances; on whether the state agency acts on all reported changes or only some changes; whether the state uses a simplified method for determining the cost of doing business in cases where an applicant is self-employed; and whether legally obligated <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a> payments made to non-household members are counted as an income exclusion rather than a deduction.<a href="#cite_note-April2015StateOptions-64">[63]</a> State agencies also have an option to call their program SNAP; whether to continue to refer to their program under its former name, the Food Stamp Program; or whether to choose an alternate name.<a href="#cite_note-April2015StateOptions-64">[63]</a> Among the 50 states plus the District of Columbia, 32 call their program SNAP; five continue to call the program the Food Stamp Program; and 16 have adopted their own name.<a href="#cite_note-April2015StateOptions-64">[63]</a> For example, California calls its SNAP implementation "<a href="/wiki/CalFresh" title="CalFresh">CalFresh</a>", while Arizona calls its program "Nutrition Assistance".<a href="#cite_note-April2015StateOptions-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_and_counties_with_highest_use_of_SNAP_per_capita">States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita">edit</a>]</div> According to January 2015 figures reported by the Census Bureau and USDA and compiled by USA Today, the states and district with the most food stamp recipients per capita are:<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>% of population receiving SNAP benefits </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>19% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to June 2009 figures reported by the state agencies, the USDA, and Census Bureau, and compiled by the New York Times, the individual counties with the highest levels of SNAP usage were: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>County (or equivalent) </th> <th>% of population receiving SNAP benefits </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kusilvak_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska">Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska</a> </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Owsley_County,_Kentucky" title="Owsley County, Kentucky">Owsley County, Kentucky</a> </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_County,_South_Dakota" title="Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota">Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota</a> </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot County, Missouri</a> </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Todd_County,_South_Dakota" title="Todd County, South Dakota">Todd County, South Dakota</a> </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_County,_North_Dakota" title="Sioux County, North Dakota">Sioux County, North Dakota</a> </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin County, Missouri</a> </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Carroll Parish, Louisiana">East Carroll Parish, Louisiana</a> </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Mississippi" title="Humphreys County, Mississippi">Humphreys County, Mississippi</a> </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_County,_Kentucky" title="Wolfe County, Kentucky">Wolfe County, Kentucky</a> </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry County, Alabama</a> </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Arkansas" title="Phillips County, Arkansas">Phillips County, Arkansas</a> </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolette_County,_North_Dakota" title="Rolette County, North Dakota">Rolette County, North Dakota</a> </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley County, Missouri</a> </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziebach_County,_South_Dakota" title="Ziebach County, South Dakota">Ziebach County, South Dakota</a> </td> <td>39% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">recession of 2008</a>, SNAP participation hit an all-time high. Arguing in support for SNAP, the Food Research and Action Center argued that "putting more resources quickly into the hands of the people most likely to turn around and spend it can both boost the economy and cushion the hardships on vulnerable people who face a constant struggle against <a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">hunger.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Researchers have found that every $1 that is spent from SNAP results in $1.73 of economic activity. In California, the cost-benefit ratio is even higher: for every $1 spent from SNAP between $3.67 to $8.34 is saved in health care costs.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBPP-69">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> also rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most cost-effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy.<a href="#cite_note-CBPP-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participants">Participants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Participants">edit</a>]</div> A summary statistical report indicated that an average of 44.2 million people used the program in FY 2016, down from 45.8 million in 2015 and below the 2013 peak of 47.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-summary-70">[69]</a> SNAP is able to support 75% of those eligible for the program. Nearly 72 percent of SNAP participants are in families with children; more than one-quarter of participants are in households with seniors or people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-CBPP_Overview-71">[70]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 15% of the U.S. population receive food assistance, and more than 20% in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Washington, D.C., was the highest share of the population to receive food assistance at over 23%.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-20130812-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNAP_Program_Participants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SNAP_Program_Participants.png/220px-SNAP_Program_Participants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SNAP_Program_Participants.png/330px-SNAP_Program_Participants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SNAP_Program_Participants.png/440px-SNAP_Program_Participants.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Average number of persons participating in the SNAP, 2000–2016. The number of participants increased due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, peaking in 2013, and has since fallen.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (based on a study of data gathered in Fiscal Year 2010), statistics for the food stamp program are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-usdafaq-73">[72]</a> <ul><li>49% of all participant households have children (17 or younger), and 55% of those are single-parent households.</li> <li>15% of all participant households have elderly (age 60 or over) members.</li> <li>20% of all participant households have non-elderly disabled members.</li> <li>The average gross monthly income per food stamp household is $731; The average net income is $336.</li> <li>37% of participants are White, 22% are African-American, 10% are Hispanic, 2% are Asian, 4% are Native American, and 19% are of unknown race or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-usdafaq-73">[72]</a></li></ul> Based on income and family structure, SNAP does not target specific racial and ethnic groups. As a result, SNAP benefits reach a broad range of disadvantaged households; yet, minority households report food insecurity at a rate more than twice that of White households.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png/220px-SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png/330px-SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png/440px-SNAP_Benefits_Paid_2005-2012.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Total program costs from 2000 to 2016. The amount increased sharply after 2008 due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, and has fallen since 2013 as the economy recovers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNAP_benefits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SNAP_benefits.png/220px-SNAP_benefits.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SNAP_benefits.png/330px-SNAP_benefits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SNAP_benefits.png/440px-SNAP_benefits.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>SNAP benefits cost since the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Amounts paid to program beneficiaries rose from $28.6 billion in 2005 to $76 billion in 2013, falling back to $66.6 billion by 2016.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This increase was due to the high unemployment rate (leading to higher SNAP participation) and the increased benefit per person with the passing of <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">ARRA</a>. SNAP average monthly benefits increased from $96.18 per person to $133.08 per person. Other program costs, which include the Federal share of State administrative expenses, Nutrition Education, and Employment and Training, amounted to roughly $3.7 million in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FNS-5">[5]</a> There were cuts into the program's budget introduced in 2014 that were estimated to save $8.6 billion over 10 years. Some of the states are looking for measures within the states to balance the cuts, so they would not affect the recipients of the federal aid program.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2021 study, the staggered decade-long rollout of the American Food Stamp Program led to greater support for Democrats: "Overall, I find that Democrats—at the center of the program's enacting coalition—gained votes when the program was implemented locally, apparently through mobilization of new supporters rather than the conversion of political opponents."<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> A 2018 study found that toddlers and preschoolers in households with access to food stamps had better health outcomes at ages 6–16 than similar children who did not have access to food stamps.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> A 2019 study found, "higher participation in SNAP is associated with lower overall and male suicide rates. Increasing SNAP participation by one standard deviation (4.5% of the state population) during the study period could have saved the lives of approximately 31,600 people overall and 24,800 men."<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brain_health_and_aging">Brain health and aging</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Brain health and aging">edit</a>]</div> A 2022 study showed that users of the program aged 50 and above had slower memory loss, or "about 2 fewer years of <a href="/wiki/Brain_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain aging">cognitive aging</a> over a 10-year period compared with non-users", despite the program having nearly no conditions for the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthiness</a> of the food products purchased with the <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupons</a> (or coupon-credits).<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obesity_prevalence_amongst_youth">Obesity prevalence amongst youth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Obesity prevalence amongst youth">edit</a>]</div> Although SNAP has had positive impacts on reducing food insecurity, the nutrition options offered by the program do not consistently meet dietary guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> A study conducted in 2023 showed that participating children in particular perform poorly on health indicators compared with income-eligible and higher income nonparticipants.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_security_and_insecurity">Food security and insecurity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Food security and insecurity">edit</a>]</div> Low income participants along with SNAP participants spend similar amount on food. Yet, SNAP participants continue to experience greater food insecurity than non participants. This is believed to be a reflection of the welfare of individuals who take the time to apply for SNAP benefits rather than the shortcomings of SNAP. Households facing the greatest hardships are the most likely to bear the burden of applying for program benefits.<a href="#cite_note-:13-86">[85]</a> Therefore, SNAP participants tend to be, on average, less food secure than other low-income nonparticipants.<a href="#cite_note-:13-86">[85]</a> SNAP has been seen to provide around $1.40 less in terms of benefits than individuals need. Thus SNAP participants need to visit food banks, food parcels, food distribution sites, etc. in order to get the enough nutritious food.<a href="#cite_note-:32-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">Self-selection</a> by more food-needy households into SNAP makes it difficult to observe positive effects on <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> from survey data, but data such as average income can be compared.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> SNAP allows individuals to go to grocery stores and buy what foods are needed with their EBT cards. However, simply receiving food is not enough, since many individuals do not know which foods are most nutritious, nor how to prepare and cook those foods.<a href="#cite_note-:03-89">[88]</a> Crime A 2019 study in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy found that a lifetime food stamp ban (as implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">1996 Welfare reform</a>) for convicted drug felons led to greater recidivism.<a href="#cite_note-:3-90">[89]</a> The study found that this applied in particular for financially motivated crimes, which the authors said suggested "that the cut in benefits causes ex-convicts to return to crime to make up for the lost transfer income."<a href="#cite_note-:3-90">[89]</a> A 2021 study found that the availability of food stamps during early childhood substantially reduced the likelihood of a criminal conviction in young adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-:9-91">[90]</a> The study concluded that the social benefits of food stamps were substantial enough to outweigh the costs of the program.<a href="#cite_note-:9-91">[90]</a> Poverty Because SNAP is a means-tested entitlement program, participation rates are closely related to the number of individuals living in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in a given period. In periods of economic <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>, SNAP enrollment tends to increase and in periods of prosperity, SNAP participation tends to be lower. Unemployment is therefore also related to SNAP participation. However, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">ERS</a> data shows that poverty and SNAP participation levels have continued to rise following the 2008 recession, even though unemployment rates have leveled off. Poverty levels are the strongest correlates for program participation. SNAP benefits [have led] to greater expenditures in healthcare, childcare, education and housing.<a href="#cite_note-:43-92">[91]</a> Low wages and unstable working conditions have also impacted the ability to pay for transportation costs, which is needed for access to grocery stores and supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-:43-92">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNAPpovertyunemployed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SNAPpovertyunemployed.png/220px-SNAPpovertyunemployed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SNAPpovertyunemployed.png/330px-SNAPpovertyunemployed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/SNAPpovertyunemployed.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>SNAP is closely related to poverty and unemployment.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_maintenance">Income maintenance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Income maintenance">edit</a>]</div> The purpose of the Food Stamp Program as laid out in its implementation was to assist low-income households in obtaining adequate and nutritious diets. According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Rossi" title="Peter H. Rossi">Peter H. Rossi</a>, a sociologist whose work involved evaluation of social programs, "the program rests on the assumption that households with restricted incomes may skimp on food purchases and live on diets that are inadequate in quantity and quality, or, alternatively skimp on other necessities to maintain an adequate diet".<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[92]</a> Food stamps, as many like Rossi, MacDonald, and Eisinger contend, are used not only for increasing food but also as income maintenance. Income maintenance is money that households are able to spend on other things because they no longer have to spend it on food. According to various studies shown by Rossi, because of income maintenance only about $0.17–$0.47 more is being spent on food for every food stamp dollar than was spent prior to individuals receiving food stamps.<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_quality">Diet quality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Diet quality">edit</a>]</div> Healthy and nutritious foods, such as raw produce, fish, and grains, on average cost much more than less nutritious, processed food options on a daily basis. As a result, maintaining a healthy diet is elusive and nearly impossible for low-income families. Many low income areas have fewer grocery stores and within those, poorer quality foods.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> CalFresh can help expand family's budgets so they can afford healthy, nourishing foods. Studies are inconclusive as to whether SNAP has a direct effect on the nutritional quality of food choices made by participants. Unlike other federal programs that provide food subsidies, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_for_Women,_Infants_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children</a> (WIC), SNAP does not have nutritional standards for purchases. Critics of the program suggest that this lack of structure represents a missed opportunity for public health advancement and cost containment. In April 2013, the USDA research body, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS), published a study that examined diet quality in SNAP participants compared to low-income nonparticipants. The study revealed a difference in diet quality between SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants, finding that SNAP participants score slightly lower on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) than nonparticipants. The study also concluded that SNAP increases the likelihood that participants will consume whole fruit by 23 percentage points. However, the analysis also suggests that SNAP participation decreases participants' intake of dark green and orange vegetables by a modest amount.<a href="#cite_note-ERS_Study_DietQuality-95">[94]</a> A 2016 study found no evidence that SNAP increased expenditures on tobacco by beneficiaries.<a href="#cite_note-SciDir_journal-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroeconomic_effect">Macroeconomic effect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Macroeconomic effect">edit</a>]</div> The USDA's <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> explains: "SNAP is a <a href="/wiki/Procyclical_and_countercyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Procyclical and countercyclical">counter-cyclical</a> government assistance program—it provides assistance to more low-income households during an economic downturn or recession and to fewer households during an economic expansion. The rise in SNAP participation during an economic downturn results in greater SNAP expenditures which, in turn, stimulate the economy."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> gave a statement regarding SNAP benefits: "Every dollar of SNAP benefits generates $1.84 in the economy in terms of economic activity."<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Vilsack's estimate was based on a 2002 USDA study which found that "ultimately, the additional $5 billion of FSP (Food Stamp Program) expenditures triggered an increase in total economic activity (production, sales, and value of shipments) of $9.2 billion and an increase in jobs of 82,100", or $1.84 stimulus for every dollar spent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> A January 2008 report by <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Analytics" title="Moody's Analytics">Moody's Analytics</a> chief economist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zandi" title="Mark Zandi">Mark Zandi</a> analyzed measures of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act of 2008</a> and found that in a weak economy, every $1 in SNAP expenditures generates $1.73 in real GDP increase, making it the most effective stimulus among all the provisions of the act, including both tax cuts and spending increases.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A 2010 report by Kenneth Hanson published by the USDA's Economic Research Service estimated that a $1 billion increase in SNAP expenditures increases economic activity (GDP) by $1.79 billion (i.e., the GDP <a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">multiplier</a> is 1.79).<a href="#cite_note-Hanson-102">[101]</a> The same report also estimated that the "preferred jobs impact ... are the 8,900 full-time equivalent jobs plus self-employed or the 9,800 full-time and part-time jobs plus self-employed from $1 billion of SNAP benefits."<a href="#cite_note-Hanson-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_economic_effects">Local economic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Local economic effects">edit</a>]</div> In March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reported that one-third of <a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket, Rhode Island</a>'s population used food stamps, putting local merchants on a "boom or bust" cycle each month when <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Benefit_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Benefit Transfer">EBT payments</a> were deposited. The Post stated that "a federal program that began as a last resort for a few million hungry people has grown into an economic lifeline for entire towns."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> And this growth "has been especially swift in once-prosperous places hit by the housing bust".<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In addition to local town merchants, national retailers are starting to take in an increasing large percentage of SNAP benefits. For example, "<a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> estimates it takes in about 18% of total U.S. outlays on food stamps."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraud_and_abuse">Fraud and abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Fraud and abuse">edit</a>]</div> In March 2012, the USDA published its fifth report in a series of periodic analyses to estimate the extent of trafficking in SNAP; that is, selling or otherwise converting SNAP benefits for cash payouts. Although trafficking does not directly increase costs to the Federal Government, it diverts benefits from their intended purpose of helping low-income families access a nutritious diet. Also trafficking may indirectly increase costs by encouraging participants to stay in the program longer than intended, or by incentivizing new participants seeking to profit from trafficking. The FNS aggressively acts to control trafficking by using SNAP purchase data to identify suspicious transaction patterns, conducting undercover investigations, and collaborating with other investigative agencies.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Trafficking diverted an estimated one cent of each SNAP dollar ($330 million annually) from SNAP benefits between 2006 and 2008. Trafficking has declined over time from nearly 4 percent in the 1990s. About 8.2 percent of all stores trafficked from 2006 to 2008 compared to the 10.5 percent of SNAP authorized stores involved in trafficking in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[108]</a> A variety of store characteristics and settings were related to the level of trafficking. Although large stores accounted for 87.3 percent of all SNAP redemptions, they only accounted for about 5.4 percent of trafficking redemptions. Trafficking was much less likely to occur among publicly owned than privately owned stores and was much less likely among stores in areas with less poverty rather than more. The total annual value of trafficked benefits increased at about the same rate as overall program growth. The current estimate of total SNAP dollars trafficked is higher than observed in the previous 2002–2005 period. This increase is consistent, however, with the almost 37 percent growths in average annual SNAP benefits from the 2002–2005 study periods to the most recent one. The methodology used to generate these estimates has known limitations. However, given variable data and resources, it is the most practical approach available to FNS. Further improvements to SNAP trafficking estimates would require new resources to assess the prevalence of trafficking among a random sample of stores.<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[109]</a> The USDA report released in August 2013 says the dollar value of trafficking increased to 1.3 percent, up from 1 percent in the USDA's 2006–2008 survey,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[108]</a> and "About 18 percent of those stores classified as convenience stores or small groceries were estimated to have trafficked. For larger stores (supermarkets and large groceries), only 0.32 percent were estimated to have trafficked. In terms of redemptions, about 17 percent of small groceries redemptions and 14 percent of convenience store redemptions were estimated to have been trafficked. This compares with a rate of 0.2 percent for large stores."<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[109]</a> The USDA, in December 2011, announced new policies to attempt to curb waste, fraud, and abuse. These changes will include stiffer penalties for retailers who are caught participating in illegal or fraudulent activities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> "The department is proposing increasing penalties for retailers and providing states with access to large federal databases they would be required to use to verify information from applicants. SNAP benefit fraud, generally in the form of store employees buying EBT cards from recipients is widespread in urban areas, with one in seven corner stores engaging in such behavior, according to a recent government estimate. There are in excess of 200,000 stores, and we have 100 agents spread across the country. Some do undercover work, but the principal way we track fraud is through analyzing electronic transactions" for suspicious patterns, <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Agriculture_for_Food,_Nutrition,_and_Consumer_Services" title="Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services">USDA Under Secretary</a> Kevin Concannon told <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Also, states will be given additional guidance that will help develop a tighter policy for those seeking to effectively investigate fraud and clarifying the definition of trafficking. The State of Utah developed a system called "eFind" to monitor, evaluate and cross-examine qualifying and reporting data of recipients assets. Utah's eFind system is a "back end", web-based system that gathers, filters, and organizes information from various federal, state, and local databases. The data in eFind is used to help state eligibility workers determine applicants' eligibility for public assistance programs, including Medicaid, CHIP, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and child care assistance.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> When information is changed in one database, the reported changes become available to other departments utilizing the system. This system was developed with federal funds and it is available to other states free of charge. The USDA only reports direct fraud and trafficking in benefits, which was officially estimated at $858 million in 2012. The <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> reports that there was another $2.2 billion in erroneous payouts in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:4-114">[113]</a> Cato also reported that the erroneous payout rate dropped significantly from 5.6 percent in 2007 to 3.8 percent in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:4-114">[113]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a>, at a 2009 count, there was a payment error rate of 4.36% of SNAP benefits down from 9.86% in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-gao2010-115">[114]</a> A 2003 analysis found that two-thirds of all improper payments were the fault of the caseworker, not the participant.<a href="#cite_note-gao2010-115">[114]</a> There are also instances of fraud involving exchange of SNAP benefits for cash and/or for items not eligible for purchase with EBT cards.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 2011, the Michigan program raised eligibility requirements for full-time college students, to save taxpayer money and to end student use of monthly SNAP benefits.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_dumping/container_deposit_cashing_fraud">Water dumping/container deposit cashing fraud</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Water dumping/container deposit cashing fraud">edit</a>]</div> In February 2013, the USDA expanded the definition of benefits trafficking to include indirect exchanges and "water dumping".<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The USDA defines water dumping as "purchase of beverages in containers with returnable deposits for the sole purpose of discarding the contents and returning the containers to obtain cash refund deposits"<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Trafficking is the most egregious program violation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In Maine, incidents of recycling fraud have occurred in the past where individuals once committed fraud by using their EBT cards to buy canned or bottled beverages (requiring a deposit to be paid at the point of purchase for each beverage container), dump the contents out so the empty beverage container could be returned for deposit redemption, and thereby, allowed these individuals to eventually purchase non-EBT authorized products with cash from the beverage container deposits.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In January 2011, Maine state prosecutors requested local law enforcement agencies to send reports of "water dumping" to welfare fraud prosecutor in the state attorney general's office.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In January 2016, a Maine woman, Linda Goodman, who purchased $125 in bottled water, dumping them and redeeming containers for cash to purchase alcohol, was charged with welfare fraud and pleaded no contest to SNAP trafficking. She was fined and suspended from SNAP eligibility for one year.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pop_Train">Pop Train</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Pop Train">edit</a>]</div> Similarly, Pop Train is a <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scheme</a> of using SNAP <a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">card</a> <a href="/wiki/Welfare_benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare benefits">benefits</a> to purchase <a href="/wiki/Soda_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda pop">soda</a> and then re-selling the soda to turn a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_SNAP_in_healthy_diets">Role of SNAP in healthy diets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Role of SNAP in healthy diets">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthy_Incentives_Pilot">Healthy Incentives Pilot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Healthy Incentives Pilot">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Food,_Conservation,_and_Energy_Act_of_2008" title="Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008">2008 Farm Bill</a> authorized $20 million to be spent on pilot projects to determine whether incentives provided to SNAP recipients at the point-of-sale would increase the purchase of fruits, vegetables, or other healthful foods.<a href="#cite_note-:2-129">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg/220px-20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg/330px-20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg/440px-20120708-OSEC-LSC-0139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>Baltimore's Farmers Market helping the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program by providing them with fresh vegetables and fruits</figcaption></figure>Fifteen states expressed interest in having the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) program and, ultimately, five states submitted applications to be considered for HIP. <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County, Massachusetts</a> was selected as the Healthy Incentives Pilot site. HIP operated between November 2011 and December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:2-129">[128]</a> The Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance (DTA) was the state agency responsible for SNAP. DTA recruited retailers to take part in HIP and sell more produce, planned for the EBT system change with the state EBT vendor, and hired six new staff members dedicated to HIP. DTA provided FNS with monthly reports, data collection and evaluation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_(SNAP).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg/220px-USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg/330px-USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg/440px-USDA_is_working_hard_to_expand_access_to_farmers%E2%80%99_markets_for_those_participating_in_the_Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program_%28SNAP%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>USDA is working to expand access to farmers' markets for those participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).</figcaption></figure> HIP offered select SNAP recipients a 30% subsidy on produce, which was credited to the participant's EBT card. Out of approximately 55,000 SNAP households in Hampden County, 7,500 households participated in HIP. Under HIP, produce is defined as fresh, frozen, canned, or dried fruits and vegetables that do not have any <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added sugar</a>, salt, fat, or oil. On average, people in the HIP program ate about a quarter cup (26 percent) more fruits and vegetables per day than SNAP recipients who did not receive the incentives.<a href="#cite_note-hip-result-blog-130">[129]</a> HIP participants were more likely to have fruits and vegetables available at home during the pilot. If the program were implemented nationwide, the estimated cost would be approximately $90 million over five years.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_to_restrict_"junk_food"_or_"luxury_items"">Proposals to restrict "junk food" or "luxury items"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Proposals to restrict "junk food" or "luxury items"">edit</a>]</div> Periodically, proposals have been raised to restrict SNAP benefits from being used to purchase various categories or types of food which have been criticized as "junk food" or "luxury items". However, Congress and the Department of Agriculture have repeatedly rejected such proposals on both administrative burden and personal freedom grounds. The Food and Nutrition Service noted in 2007 that no federal standards exist to determine which foods should be considered "healthy" or not, that "vegetables, fruits, grain products, meat and meat alternatives account for nearly three-quarters of the money value of food used by food stamp households" and that "food stamp recipients are no more likely to consume soft drinks than are higher-income individuals, and are less likely to consume sweets and salty snacks."<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Thomas Farley and Russell Sykes argued that the USDA should reconsider the possibility of restricting "junk food" purchases with SNAP in order to encourage healthy eating, along with incentivizing the purchase of healthy items through a credit or rebate program that makes foods such as fresh vegetables and meats cheaper. They also noted that many urban food stores do a poor job of stocking healthy foods and instead favor high-profit processed items.<a href="#cite_note-NYTSykesFarley-133">[132]</a> Some data suggests that it would benefit public health by making <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">sugar-sweetened beverages</a> ineligible to purchase with SNAP benefits. SNAP households use about 10% of their food budgets on sugar-sweetened beverages. Removing eligibility for sugar-sweetened beverages could result in a 2.4% reduction in obesity prevalence, 1.7% reduction in type II diabetes prevalence, and elimination of 52,000 deaths from stroke and heart attack over the course of ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Bleich-25">[25]</a> The soda and broader food industries have received criticism for lobbying against reforms that would exclude "junk food" including soda from purchase with SNAP funds.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The original implementation of food stamps was intended to help working farmers earn fair wages. The passing of the Food Stamp Act of 1964 that eliminated the surplus produce clause for blue stamps helped to boost the market for processed food retailers.<a href="#cite_note-moran-10">[10]</a> After 1964, when the program grew more expensive and economic effects of the Depression and world wars were forgotten, Congress introduced more intense eligibility standards for the program in an attempt to mitigate costs that went towards helping those in need. Through the 1970s and 1980s many communities made claims that federal safety net and private charities were failing to meet the needs of poor individuals who needed greater resources and access to food.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> By 1994, SNAP's program enrollment seemed to see growth once more, with an enrollment of 27 million people. By 1996, President Clinton's Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act restricted eligibility even further, reinforced even stronger working requirements, restricted given benefits, and increased penalties for non-compliance.<a href="#cite_note-MN-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_v._Moreno" title="Department of Agriculture v. Moreno">Department of Agriculture v. Moreno</a>, 413 U.S. 528 (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Conservation,_and_Energy_Act_of_2008" title="Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008">Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008</a> (2008 Farm Bill)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_stamp_challenge" title="Food stamp challenge">Food stamp challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Card" title="Lone Star Card">Lone Star Card</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Benefit_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Benefit Transfer">Electronic Benefit Transfer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyng_v._Castillo" title="Lyng v. Castillo">Lyng v. Castillo</a>, 477 U.S. 635 (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Supplemental_Nutrition_Program_for_Women,_Infants_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children">Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children</a> (WIC)</li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_policy" title="Food policy">Food policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social programs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Gross monthly income is the amount made each month before deductions (e.g., taxes, insurance, pensions, etc), while net monthly income is the amount after such deductions. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap">Nutrition Assistance Program Home Page</a>, U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> (official website), March 3, 2011 (last revised). Accessed March 4, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Econofact-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econofact_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econofact_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econofact_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econofact.org/snap-benefits-and-the-government-shutdown">"SNAP Benefits and the Government Shutdown"</a>. 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Retrieved February 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coke+and+Pepsi+Give+Millions+to+Public+Health%2C+Then+Lobby+Against+It&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Anahad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F10%2Fwell%2Feat%2Fcoke-and-pepsi-give-millions-to-public-health-then-lobby-against-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupplemental+Nutrition+Assistance+Program" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestle1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nestle, Marion (1992). "Hunger in the United States: rationale, methods, and policy implications of state hunger surveys". Department of Nutrition, Food, and Management by the Department of Health Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nutrition%2C+Food%2C+and+Management+by+the+Department+of+Health+Education&rft.atitle=Hunger+in+the+United+States%3A+rationale%2C+methods%2C+and+policy+implications+of+state+hunger+surveys&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nestle&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupplemental+Nutrition+Assistance+Program" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Eisinger, Peter K. Toward an end to hunger in America. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1998.</li> <li>Gundersen, Craig; LeBlanc, Michael; Kuhn, Betsey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424011041/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer-agricultural-economic-report/aer773.aspx">"The Changing Food Assistance Landscape: The Food Stamp Program in a Post-Welfare Reform Environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, Agricultural Economics Report No. (AER773) 36 pp, March 1999</li> <li>MacDonald, Maurice. Food, Stamps, and Income Maintenance. New York: Academic Pres, Inc, 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/indicators02/appa-fsp.htm">"2002 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Appendix A: Program Data: Food Stamp Program"</a> <ul><li>Article based on the USDA Web publication: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040621033107/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/rules/Legislation/history.htm">A Short History of the Food Stamp Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/archive/foodstamp-video.htm">History of the Food Stamp Program</a> video from <a href="/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" title="Center on Budget and Policy Priorities">Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10331/uslm/COMPS-10331.xml">Food and Nutrition Act of 2008</a> as amended (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10331/pdf/COMPS-10331.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-10331/">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-C">7 CFR parts 271–292</a> regulations in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529223729/http://frac.org/initiatives/snapfood-stamp-challenges/">SNAP/Food Stamp Challenges</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324234823/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2016/march/food-stamp-fraud/">Food Stamp Fraud - Supermarket Owner Imprisoned for Multi-Million-Dollar Scam</a> (<a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service" title="National Agricultural Statistics Service">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a></li> <li>Office of the Chief Scientist</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Agriculture_for_Marketing_and_Regulatory_Programs" title="Under Secretary of Agriculture for Marketing and Regulatory Programs">Under Secretary of Agriculture for Marketing and Regulatory Programs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Service" title="Agricultural Marketing Service">Agricultural Marketing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm Production and Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commodity_Credit_Corporation" title="Commodity Credit Corporation">Commodity Credit Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_Management_Agency" title="Risk Management Agency">Risk Management Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Crop_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Crop Insurance Corporation">Federal Crop Insurance Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a></li> <li>Farm Production and Conservation Business Center</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Office of the Chief Financial Officer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Finance_Center" title="National Finance Center">National Finance Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Reports directly to the Secretary of Agriculture </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Contemporary_social_welfare_programs_in_the_United_States233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contemporary_social_welfare_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contemporary_social_welfare_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary_social_welfare_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contemporary_social_welfare_programs_in_the_United_States233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">social welfare programs in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transfer payments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance for Needy Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">Social Security Disability Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment insurance in the United States">Unemployment insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public housing in the United States">Public housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_(housing)" title="Section 8 (housing)">Section 8 (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_and_Indian_Housing" title="Office of Public and Indian Housing">Office of Public and Indian Housing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Supplemental_Food_Program" title="Commodity Supplemental Food Program">Commodity Supplemental Food Program</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIC_program" title="WIC program">WIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_Adult_Care_Food_Program" title="Child and Adult Care Food Program">Child and Adult Care Food Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_Assistance_for_Puerto_Rico" title="Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico">Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meal programs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Breakfast_Program" title="School Breakfast Program">School Breakfast Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Market_Nutrition_Program_/_Senior_Farmers%27_Market_Nutrition_Program" title="Farmers' Market Nutrition Program / Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program">Farmers' Market Nutrition Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Food_Service_Program" title="Summer Food Service Program">Summer Food Service Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Milk_Program" title="Special Milk Program">Special Milk Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_Assistance_Grants" title="Nutrition Assistance Grants">Nutrition Assistance Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced-price_meal" title="Reduced-price meal">Reduced-price meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Distribution_Program_on_Indian_Reservations" title="Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations">Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supplemental_Educational_Opportunity_Grant" title="Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant">Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" title="Children's Health Insurance Program">Children's Health Insurance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grants & subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block_Grant" title="Community Development Block Grant">Community Development Block Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Services_Block_Grant" title="Community Services Block Grant">Community Services Block Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care_and_development_block_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Child care and development block grant">Child care and development block grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOME_Investment_Partnerships_Program" title="HOME Investment Partnerships Program">HOME Investment Partnerships Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_trust_fund" title="Housing trust fund">Housing trust fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_self-help_housing" title="Mutual self-help housing">Mutual self-help housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_502_loans" title="Section 502 loans">Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeighborWorks_America" title="NeighborWorks America">NeighborWorks America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Partnership_Bank" title="Urban Partnership Bank">Urban Partnership Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE_VI" title="HOPE VI">HOPE VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_National_Mortgage_Association" title="Government National Mortgage Association">Government National Mortgage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHA_insured_loan" title="FHA insured loan">FHA insured loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUD_Neighborhood_Networks" title="HUD Neighborhood Networks">HUD Neighborhood Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_community" title="Renewal community">Renewal community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment_zone" title="Empowerment zone">Empowerment zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outreach_and_Assistance_for_Socially_Disadvantaged_Farmers_and_Ranchers" title="Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers">Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-Income_Home_Energy_Assistance_Program" title="Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program">Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Service_Fund" title="Universal Service Fund">Lifeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State & territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_California" title="Welfare in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_York" title="Welfare in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Welfare in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lyndon_B._Johnson1144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template talk:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lyndon_B._Johnson1144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="USS Lyndon B. Johnson">USS Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Black Jack</a> (state funeral riderless horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)">Daisy advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)">LBJ (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War">Path to War (2002 film)</a></li> <li>All the Way (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)">LBJ (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556318#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata694" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556318#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata694" 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144647044">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009120735">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007448132905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637260">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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