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</button> <ul id="toc-Events_and_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_concerning_Somnath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_concerning_Somnath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historiography concerning Somnath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_concerning_Somnath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campaign timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_emir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_emir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>As emir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_emir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_sultan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_sultan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>As sultan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_sultan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_on_religion_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_on_religion_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>View on religion and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_on_religion_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="محمود الغزنوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمود الغزنوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_(Q%C9%99zn%C9%99vi_h%C3%B6kmdar%C4%B1)" title="Mahmud (Qəznəvi hökmdarı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mahmud (Qəznəvi hökmdarı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سولطان محمود غزنوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولطان محمود غزنوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF" title="মাহমুদ গজনভি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাহমুদ গজনভি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Махмуд Газневі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Махмуд Газневі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Махмуд Газневи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махмуд Газневи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_de_Ghazna" title="Mahmud de Ghazna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahmud de Ghazna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahm%C3%BAd_z_Ghazny" title="Mahmúd z Ghazny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahmúd z Ghazny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_af_Ghazni" title="Mahmud af Ghazni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahmud af Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_von_Ghazni" title="Mahmud von Ghazni – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahmud von Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Μαχμούντ του Γκαζνί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαχμούντ του Γκαζνί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_de_Gazni" title="Mahmud de Gazni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahmud de Gazni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_de_Gazni" title="Mahmud de Gazni – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mahmud de Gazni" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سلطان محمود غزنوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان محمود غزنوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_de_Ghazni" title="Mahmoud de Ghazni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mahmoud de Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%9D%90%EB%AC%B4%EB%93%9C_(%EA%B0%80%EC%A6%88%EB%82%98_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0)" title="마흐무드 (가즈나 왕조) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마흐무드 (가즈나 왕조)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4_%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B6%D6%87%D5%AB" title="Մահմուդ Ղազնևի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահմուդ Ղազնևի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="महमूद ग़ज़नवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महमूद ग़ज़नवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_dari_Ghazni" title="Mahmud dari Ghazni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahmud dari Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_di_Ghazna" title="Mahmud di Ghazna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mahmud di Ghazna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A2%27%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מחמוד מע'זנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחמוד מע'זנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಘಜ್ನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಘಜ್ನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მაჰმუდ ღაზნევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაჰმუდ ღაზნევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B4_%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Махмұд Ғазнауи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Махмұд Ғазнауи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Махмуд Газневи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Махмуд Газневи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudas_Gaznavietis" title="Mahmudas Gaznavietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahmudas Gaznavietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahm%C3%BAd_gaznavida_szult%C3%A1n" title="Mahmúd gaznavida szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahmúd gaznavida szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗസ്നിയിലെ മഹ്‌മൂദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗസ്നിയിലെ മഹ്‌മൂദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="गझनीचा महमूद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गझनीचा महमूद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="محمود الغزنوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمود الغزنوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="محمود غزنوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمود غزنوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_van_Ghazni" title="Mahmud van Ghazni – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahmud van Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89_(%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8A%E6%9C%9D)" title="マフムード (ガズナ朝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マフムード (ガズナ朝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_av_Ghazni" title="Mahmud av Ghazni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahmud av Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_av_Ghazni" title="Mahmud av Ghazni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mahmud av Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_G%CA%BBaznaviy" title="Mahmud Gʻaznaviy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mahmud Gʻaznaviy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਹਿਮੂਦ ਗਜ਼ਨਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਿਮੂਦ ਗਜ਼ਨਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="محمود غزنوی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمود غزنوی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="محمود غزنوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمود غزنوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_z_Ghazny" title="Mahmud z Ghazny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahmud z Ghazny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamude_de_G%C3%A1sni" title="Mamude de Gásni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamude de Gásni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Махмуд Газневи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махмуд Газневи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahmud of Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahm%C3%BAd_z_Ghazn%C3%AD" title="Mahmúd z Ghazní – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mahmúd z Ghazní" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gaznevi" title="Mahmud Gaznevi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahmud Gaznevi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Ghaznilainen" title="Mahmud Ghaznilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahmud Ghaznilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_av_Ghazni" title="Mahmud av Ghazni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahmud av Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கசினியின் மகுமூது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசினியின் மகுமூது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="గజనీ మహమూద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గజనీ మహమూద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="แมฮ์มูดแห่งแฆซนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมฮ์มูดแห่งแฆซนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Маҳмуди Ғазнавӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҳмуди Ғазнавӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gaznev%C3%AE" title="Mahmud Gaznevî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mahmud Gaznevî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltan_Mahmyt" title="Soltan Mahmyt – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Soltan Mahmyt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Махмуд Газневі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махмуд Газневі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="محمود غزنوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمود غزنوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ghazni" title="Mahmud của Ghazni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mahmud của Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_han_Ghazni" title="Mahmud han Ghazni – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mahmud han Ghazni" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%AA%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" title="加兹尼个马哈茂德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加兹尼个马哈茂德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" title="加兹尼的马哈茂德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加兹尼的马哈茂德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ghaznavid sultan from 998 to 1030</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ghazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Ghazan">Mahmud Ghazan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mahmud of Ghazni</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Yamīn-ud-Dawla</li><li>Mahmud the Idol Breaker<br />(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: محمود بت‌شکن)</li></ul></div></span></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/330px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/500px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/960px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Mahmud of Ghazni (center) receives a <a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">robe of honour</a> from Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a>. 1314 miniature in <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist">March 998 – <span class="nowrap">30 April 1030</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail of Ghazni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghazni" title="Muhammad of Ghazni">Muhammad of Ghazni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 971<br /><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>, Samanid Empire (present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1030<span style="display:none">(1030-04-30)</span> (aged 58)<br />Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Mosque and Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghazni" title="Muhammad of Ghazni">Jalal al-Dawla Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Shihab al-Dawla Masud</a></li> <li>Izz al-Dawla Abd al-Rashid</li> <li>Suleiman</li> <li>Shuja</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Yamin al-Dawla Amin al-Milla Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sebüktegin</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یمین‌ الدوله امین‌الملة ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid dynasty">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 998 – 1030</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(998)" title="Battle of Ghazni (998)">Battle of Ghazni (998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_India" title="Ghaznavid campaigns in India">Ghaznavid campaigns in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lohkot_(1015)" title="Siege of Lohkot (1015)">Siege of Lohkot (1015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Somnath" title="Sack of Somnath">Sack of Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chach" title="Battle of Chach">Battle of Chach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar (1001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_invasions_of_Kannauj" title="Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj">Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Abu al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sabuktigīn</i></span>; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as <b>Mahmud of Ghazni</b> or <b>Mahmud Ghaznavi</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">محمود غزنوی</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a>, ruling from 998 to 1030. During his reign and in medieval sources, he is usually known by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">honorific</a> title <b>Yamin al-Dawla</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">یمین‌ الدوله</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Right Hand <a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">of the State</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> proper to the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a>. </p><p>Highly <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianized</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>. He established the ground for a future <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> state in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, particularly centered on <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, a city he conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His capital of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother <a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a>. He was the first ruler to hold the title <i>Sultan</i> ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Caliphs">Abbasid Caliphs</a>. During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a> in medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a> seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote19956_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote19956-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnjum2007234_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2007234-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_background">Birth and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahmud was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>) on 2 November 971. His father, <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. Mahmud's mother was a local woman of possible Iranian descent from a landowning aristocrat family in the region of Zabulistan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199165_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199165-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is therefore known in some sources as <i>Mahmud-i Zavuli</i> ("Mahmud from Zabulistan").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, other than that he was a school-mate and foster brother of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Maymandi" title="Ahmad Maymandi">Ahmad Maymandi</a>, a Persian native of Zabulistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth1991915_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth1991915-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahmud married the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Haret_Ahmad" title="Abu'l Haret Ahmad">Abu'l Haret Ahmad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they had twin sons, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Mohammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27sud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'sud I of Ghazni">Ma'sud</a>, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud, <a href="/wiki/Maw%27dud_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maw'dud Ghaznavi">Maw'dud Ghaznavi</a>, also later became ruler of the empire. According to <i>Mirat-i-Masudi</i> ("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in the 1620s, Mahmud's sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was purportedly married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Saiyyed_Salar_Sahu" title="Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu">Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu</a>, whose son was <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Saiyyad_Salar_Masud" title="Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud">Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud's companion was a <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> slave, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ayaz" title="Malik Ayaz">Malik Ayaz</a>, about whom poems and stories have been told.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2003309-310_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2003309-310-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/300px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/450px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/600px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu 'Ali Simjuri">Abu 'Ali Simjuri</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i>, 1314</figcaption></figure> <p>In 994 Mahmud joined his father <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_II" title="Nuh II">Nuh II</a>. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu<span class="nowrap"> </span>Ali<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a> as the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may have been due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, <a href="/wiki/Alptigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alptigin">Alptigin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Bust</a>, he defeated Ismail the following year at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(998)" title="Battle of Ghazni (998)">battle of Ghazni</a> and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth199165_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth199165-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and paid homage to Amir <a href="/wiki/Mansur_II" title="Mansur II">Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then appointed <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Isfaraini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini">Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983303–304_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983303–304-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then set out west from Ghazni to take the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar region</a> followed by Bost (<a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Lashkar Gah</a>), which he transformed to a militarised city. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/330px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/500px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/960px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> in 1003 CE. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i>, 1314 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. On 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Raja Jayapala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Kabul Shahis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar</a>. In 1002 Mahmud invaded <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> and dethroned <a href="/wiki/Khalaf_ibn_Ahmad" title="Khalaf ibn Ahmad">Khalaf ibn Ahmad</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196389_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196389-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly <a href="/wiki/Fertility_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility (soil)">fertile</a> lands of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>. </p><p>Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> state first established at <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in 965 by a <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids. At this point, Jayapala attempted to exact revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a> succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chach" title="Battle of Chach">Battle of Chach</a>, he assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_the_Indian_subcontinent">Ghaznavid campaigns in the Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ghaznavid campaigns in the Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_India" title="Ghaznavid campaigns in India">Ghaznavid campaigns in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar (1001)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_invasion_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj">Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_(Majmu_al-Tawarikh,_Hafiz_i-Abru,_Herat,_1425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/330px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/495px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/660px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (<i>Majmu al-Tawarikh</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a>, Herat, 1425).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni,_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_(World_Histories)_MET_AD-37.193a_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg/495px-Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg/660px-Captured_Indian_Raja_Brought_to_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_Folio_from_a_Majma_al-Tavarikh_%28World_Histories%29_MET_AD-37.193a_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Captured Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i> brought to Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Folio from <i>Majmu al-Tavarikh</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a>, Herat, 1425.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexing</a> only the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1947162_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1947162-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Jayapala</a>, who had moved his capital to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> (modern Pakistan). Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a>. In 1005 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Bhatia (probably Bhera), and in 1006 he invaded <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, at which time Anandapala's army attacked him. The following year Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a> (who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1008–1009, Mahmud defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chach" title="Battle of Chach">Battle of Chach</a>. In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. The ruler of Kashmir <a href="/wiki/Sangramaraja" title="Sangramaraja">Sangramaraja</a> had been an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahis</a> against the Ghaznavids, and Mahmud wanted retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohibbul_Hasan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohibbul_Hasan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F.M._Hassnain_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.M._Hassnain-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antagonized by Sangramaraja's having helped Trilochanapala, Mahmud invaded Kashmir. He advanced along the <a href="/wiki/Poonch_River" title="Poonch River">Tohi river</a> valley, planning to enter Kashmir through the <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Maidan" title="Tosa Maidan">Tosamaidan</a> pass. However, his advanced was checked by the strong fort of Loharkot. After having besieged the fort for a month, Mahmud abandoned the siege and retreated, losing many of his troops on his way and almost losing his own life as well. In 1021, Mahmud again attempted to invade Kashmir, but was again not able to advance beyond the Loharkot fort. After the two failed invasion attempts, he did not attempt to invade Kashmir again.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohibbul_Hasan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohibbul_Hasan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F.M._Hassnain_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.M._Hassnain-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANU_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANU-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1018 Mahmud attacked <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala. The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_Yamini" title="Tarikh Yamini">Tarikh-e-yamini</a></i>, that Mahmud Ghaznavi destroyed a "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>, writing a "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a>. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a> fell into decline thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1021 Mahmud supported the <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> king against <a href="/wiki/Chandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandela">Chandela</a> Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him. <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> in 1025, and its ruler <a href="/wiki/Bhima_I" title="Bhima I">Bhima I</a> fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kachch</a> against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud and defeated them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud's desecration of the Somnath temple in Gujarat in 1024 CE motivated <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> to lead an army against him, however after Somnath raid, Mahmud Gazhnavi chose a more dangerous route via Sindh, to avoid facing the invading powerful armies of Bhoja, he passed through a desert, where the scarcity of food and water killed a large number of his soldiers and animals, Kitabh Zainu'l Akhbar (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1048 CE</span>) by 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi, Tabaqat-i-Akbari by <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmad" title="Nizamuddin Ahmad">Nizamuddin Ahmad</a> and Firishta's writings also mention this incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratipal_Bhatiya1970353353–354_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratipal_Bhatiya1970353353–354-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947144144–145_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947144144–145-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Christoph Baumer</a> notes that in 1026 CE, <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a> "inflicted heavy losses" on the army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a>. Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>, which he used to burn the Jats' fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumer_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Nagarkot" title="Nagarkot">Nagarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any move by the Hindus to attack the Empire; <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Nagarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinjar_Fort" title="Kalinjar Fort">Kalinjar</a> (1023)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200766_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200766-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> all submitted or were raided. It is estimated Mahmud's invasions killed over 2 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_challenges">Events and challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Events and challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins,_Veraval_Gujarat,_Exterior_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg/250px-1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg/330px-1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg/500px-1895_archive_photo_of_the_Somnath_temple_ruins%2C_Veraval_Gujarat%2C_Exterior_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> in the 19th century. Photograph by Henry Cousens</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1025 Mahmud raided <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, plundering the <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> and breaking its <i><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">jyotirlinga</a></i>. He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of <a href="/wiki/Anhilwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwara">Anhilwara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200536–37_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200536–37-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200575_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200575-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2005Chapter_3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2005Chapter_3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_concerning_Somnath">Historiography concerning Somnath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historiography concerning Somnath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Somnath" title="Sack of Somnath">Sack of Somnath</a></div><p> Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But, as is well known, Hindu sources do not give any information regarding the raids of Sultan Mahmud, so that what follows is based solely on the testimony of Muslim authors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yet in a curiously contradictory manner, the Turko-Persian narratives were accepted as historically valid and even their internal contradictions were not given much attention, largely because they approximated more closely to the current European sense of history than did the other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200514_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200514-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_challenges">Political challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant,_Persian_painting,_1306-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/330px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/495px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/660px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khanid">Kara-Khanid</a> ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i>, 1314</figcaption></figure> <p>The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> (1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a> and even sacked <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> in 1037. In 1040, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">Battle of Dandanaqan</a>, they decisively defeated Mahmud's son, <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>, resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 April 1030 Sultan Mahmud died in Ghazni at the age of 58. Sultan Mahmud had contracted <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. His <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_timeline">Campaign timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Campaign timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_emir">As emir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As emir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>994: Gains the title of Saif ad-Dawla and becomes Governor of Khorasan under service to Nuh<span class="nowrap"> </span>II of the Samanid Empire in civil strife</li> <li>995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigin's nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel Mahmud from <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>. Mahmud and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a></li> <li>997: Kara-Khanid Khanate</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_(northern_view,_composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/400px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/600px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/800px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Ghaznavid fortress of <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_Bazar" title="Lashkari Bazar">Lashkari Bazar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Lashkargah</a>, ancient Bost, southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It was founded by Mahmud of Ghazni in 998-1030 CE.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_sultan">As sultan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As sultan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>999: Khorasan, Balkh, <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> from the Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the north by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule.</li> <li>1000: <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> from Saffarid dynasty</li> <li>1001: <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>: Sultan Mahmud defeats Raja Jayapala in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar</a>; Jayapala subsequently abdicates and commits suicide.</li> <li>1002: Seistan: Is imprisoned in Khuluf</li> <li>1004: Bhatia (<a href="/wiki/Bhera" title="Bhera">Bhera</a>) is annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute.</li> <li>1005-6: Multan: Fateh Daud, the Ismaili ruler of Multan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlank200137_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlank200137-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revolts and enlists the aid of <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a>. Mahmud massacres the Ismailis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanifi196421_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanifi196421-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200568_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200568-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Multan in the course of his conquest. Anandapala is defeated at Peshawar and pursued to Sodra (<a href="/wiki/Wazirabad" title="Wazirabad">Wazirabad</a>).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Suri" title="Muhammad ibn Suri">Muhammad ibn Suri</a> are then captured by Mahmud, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region. <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a> flees to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, fort in the hills on the western border of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png/300px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png/450px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png/600px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Mahmud of Ghazni raided India as far as <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> territory.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against Nasr<span class="nowrap"> </span>I of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and recaptures Nishapur from <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Muntasir" title="Isma'il Muntasir">Isma'il Muntasir</a> of the Samanids.</li> <li>1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated.</li> <li>1008: Mahmud defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chach" title="Battle of Chach">Battle of Chach</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hazro,_Punjab" title="Hazro, Punjab">Hazro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200527-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and captures the Shahi treasury at <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra, Himachal Pradesh</a>.</li> <li>1010: Ghor; against <a href="/wiki/Amir_Suri" title="Amir Suri">Amir Suri</a></li> <li>1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood is imprisoned for life at Ghazni.</li> <li>1012-1013: Sacks <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200527-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1012: Invades <a href="/wiki/Gharchistan" title="Gharchistan">Gharchistan</a> and deposes its ruler <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Muhammad" title="Abu Nasr Muhammad">Abu Nasr Muhammad</a>.</li> <li>1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khorasan from the Abbasid Caliph. Then demands <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> as well but is rebuffed.</li> <li>1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala.</li> <li>1014: <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a> is attacked</li> <li>1015: Mahmud's army sacks Lahore, but his expedition to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> fails, due to inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200618_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200618-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1015: <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>: Marries his sister to Abul Abbas Mamun of Khwarezm, who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg/330px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg/500px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg/960px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_bilingual_dirham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Silver <i>jitals</i> of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1028 CE.<br /><i>Obverse</i> in Arabic: <i>la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam</i> "There is no God except Allah, and Muhammad is the meassenger of Allah"<br /><i>Reverse</i> in Sanskrit (<a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada script</a>): <i>avyaktam eka muhammada avatāra nrpati mahamuda</i> "There is one Invisible; Muhammad is the <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a></i>; the king is Mahmud".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1017: Kannauj, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, and Muhavun on the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march; Kannauj and Meerut submit without battle.</li> <li>1018-1020: Sacks the town of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200527-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1021: Raises <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ayaz" title="Malik Ayaz">Ayaz</a> to kingship, awarding him the throne of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li>1021: <a href="/wiki/Kalinjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinjar">Kalinjar</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King, Trilochanpaala, encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> on his return. Trilochanpala flees to <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>. First Muslim governors appointed east of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.</li> <li>1023: Lahore. He forces Kalinjar and <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> to submit and pay tribute:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008127_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008127-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala, is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time.</li> <li>1024: <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, Nehrwala, <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a>: This raid is his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> are sacked, and most of its defenders massacred.</li> <li>1025: <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a>: Mahmud sacks the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> to pieces, and the stone fragments are carted back to Ghazni, where they are incorporated into the steps of the city's new <i>Jama Masjid</i> (Friday <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>) in 1026. He places a new king on the throne in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> as a tributary. His return detours across the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> to avoid the armies of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and other allies on his return.</li> <li>1025: Marches against the <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jats</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jood_mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jood mountains (page does not exist)">Jood mountains</a> who harry his army on its return from the sack of <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a>.</li> <li>1027: <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a> from the Buyids Dynasty.</li> <li>1027: Devastates the fleet of Jats in Indus river to avenge the "heavy losses" suffered by his army in an onslaught by Jats in 1026 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumer_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur are lost to Seljuq dynasty</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="View_on_religion_and_war">View on religion and war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: View on religion and war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_Coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Mahmud_Coins.jpg/220px-Mahmud_Coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Mahmud_Coins.jpg/330px-Mahmud_Coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Mahmud_Coins.jpg/440px-Mahmud_Coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Coins of Mahmud with the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Islamic declaration of faith</a>. Obverse legend with the name of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir bi-llah</a> (in the fifth line). Reverse legend: <i>Muhammad Rasul/Allah Yamin al-Daw/la wa-Amin al-Milla/Mahmud</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs">Abbasids</a> as <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> as a matter of form, he was also granted the title <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> in recognition of his independence. </p><p>Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged a <i>jihad</i> and a raid on India every year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQassem200919_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQassem200919-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirani2007100_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirani2007100-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his quest for Jihad in India, Mahmud Ghazni not only ruined the Somnath temple and plundered its treasures but also killed every devotee present in the town. He did the same with women devotees, either killing them or kidnapped them to be later sold in the slave markets of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:74_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:74-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, were one of the components of the army with their commander called <i><a href="/wiki/Sipahsalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipahsalar">sipahsalar</a>-i-Hinduwan</i> and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Baihaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadl_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadl-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> states that there was no imposition of <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> on "non-Muslims" during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[H]is (Mahmud's) expeditions against India were not motivated by religion but by love of plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabib196577_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib196577-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book <i>History of India</i>, "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage a Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan".<sup id="cite_ref-A._V._Williams_Jackson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._V._Williams_Jackson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the seventh year of his reign, Mahmud mintage from <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> styled him as "<a href="/wiki/Idolatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatory">Mahmud <i>but-shikan</i></a>" (Mahmud the breaker of idols).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni,_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg/143px-Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg/215px-Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg/286px-Exterior_of_the_tomb_of_Mahmud_of_Ghazni%2C_painted_by_James_Atkinson_circa_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Exterior of the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, painted by James Atkinson circa 1840</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg/141px-Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg/212px-Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg/282px-Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2913" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A painting of the inside of the mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, in 1839–40.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:348px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fort,_Ghazni_gate_(photographic_restoration).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg/330px-Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg/500px-Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg/960px-Red_Fort%2C_Ghazni_gate_%28photographic_restoration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="3726" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The tomb is located in the village of Rawza (Rawdza), 4 kilometers northeast of Ghazni (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&params=33.581870_N_68.453852_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°34′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">68°27′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.581870°N 68.453852°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.581870; 68.453852</span></span></span></a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gate of the tomb was removed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1842, wrongly claiming that it belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Somnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath Temple">Somnath Temple</a>, and is now located in the <a href="/wiki/Agra_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra fort">Agra fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Ferdowsi reading the Shahnameh to Mahmud of Ghazni</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a> extended from <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in the north-east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>. Although his raids carried his forces across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, only a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule; <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties. </p><p>The booty brought back to <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Beyhaghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolfazl Beyhaghi">Abolfazl Beyhaghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni, the first centre of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni. He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by Mahmud to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>dinars. His expedition across the Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> to compose his <i>Tarikh Al-Hind</i> in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine. </p><p>The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years. The expanding <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk</a> empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The <a href="/wiki/Ghorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghorid">Ghorids</a> captured Ghazni in 1150, and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din">Mu'izz al-Din</a> (also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187. </p><p>Despite Mahmud's remarkable abilities as a military commander, he failed to consolidate his empire's conquests with subtle authority. Mahmud also lacked the genius for administration and could not build long term enduring institutions in his state during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military of Pakistan has named its <a href="/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">short-range ballistic missile</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavi_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavi Missile">Ghaznavi Missile</a> in honour of Mahmud of Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamachandran2005_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to Mahmud of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_(d._1030)_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_(1598).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_the_Ghaznavid_ruler_Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd_%28d._1030%29_from_the_genealogy_Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih_%281598%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Maḥmūd of Ghazni from the genealogy <i>Zübdet-üt Tevarih</i> (1598)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan Mahmud thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth",<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a> (administration).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931127_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931127-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that Muslims should consult each other on all issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931128-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of kings..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931128-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Mahmud had numerous spies (called <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">mushrifs</i></span>) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931144_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931144-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in the royal garden. He was often generous to them, paying unstintingly for their works according to their talent and worth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931128-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/19882">"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazna"</a>. <i>ArchNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080250/https://www.archnet.org/sites/19882">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArchNet&rft.atitle=Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd+%7C+king+of+Ghazna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archnet.org%2Fsites%2F19882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum</i></a>. D.K. Printworld. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0015-3"><bdi>978-81-246-0015-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080223/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splendour+of+Mathur%C4%81+Art+and+Museum&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0015-3&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-vVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970146_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005294_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeri2005">Meri 2005</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahmud-king-of-Ghazna">"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazni"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116205158/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahmud-king-of-Ghazna">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd+%7C+king+of+Ghazni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMahmud-king-of-Ghazna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote19956-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote19956_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathcote1995">Heathcote 1995</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2007234-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnjum2007234_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnjum2007">Anjum 2007</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199165-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199165_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1991">Bosworth 1991</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2012">Bosworth 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth1991915-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth1991915_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazimBosworth1991">Nazim & Bosworth 1991</a>, p. 915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2012b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2012b">Bosworth 2012b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1880" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, H. 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London: Asian Educational Services. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120615427" title="Special:BookSources/9788120615427"><bdi>9788120615427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+India+Or+Chapters+on+Oudh+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1880&rft.isbn=9788120615427&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVhYOnbi7zsC%26q%3Dtwenty-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2003309-310-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2003309-310_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitter2003">Ritter 2003</a>, p. 309-310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth199165-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazimBosworth199165_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazimBosworth1991">Nazim & Bosworth 1991</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983303–304-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983303–304_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1983">Bosworth 1983</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reach.ieee.org/primary-sources/medieval-catapult-illustrated/">"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh"</a>. <i>IEEE Reach</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222113053/https://reach.ieee.org/primary-sources/medieval-catapult-illustrated/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Reach&rft.atitle=Medieval+Catapult+Illustrated+in+the+Jami%27+al-Tawarikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freach.ieee.org%2Fprimary-sources%2Fmedieval-catapult-illustrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196389-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196389_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis19773-4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977">Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worcester.emuseum.com/objects/11449/an-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the">"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru"</a>. <i>worcester.emuseum.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520142236/https://worcester.emuseum.com/objects/11449/an-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worcester.emuseum.com&rft.atitle=An+Indian+Embassy+before+Sultan+Mahmud+of+Ghanzna%2C+from+the+%22Majmal+al-Tawarikh%22+of+Hafiz-e+Abru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworcester.emuseum.com%2Fobjects%2F11449%2Fan-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080320/https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1947162-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1947162_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1947">Saunders 1947</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett199974-78_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnett1999">Barnett 1999</a>, p. 74-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohibbul_Hasan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohibbul_Hasan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohibbul_Hasan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohibbul_Hasan2005" class="citation book cs1">Mohibbul Hasan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&dq=Samgr%C4%81mar%C4%81ja&pg=PA31"><i>Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31</i></a>. 31: Aakar Books. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187879497" title="Special:BookSources/9788187879497"><bdi>9788187879497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashm%C4%ABr+Under+the+Sult%C4%81ns+pp31&rft.place=31&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788187879497&rft.au=Mohibbul+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUlwmXjE9DQC%26dq%3DSamgr%25C4%2581mar%25C4%2581ja%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.M._Hassnain-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F.M._Hassnain_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F.M._Hassnain_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFF.M._Hassnain1977" class="citation book cs1">F.M. Hassnain (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hindu-kashmir/Hindu%20Kashmir%20-%20F.M.%20Hassnain%20%281%29_djvu.txt"><i>Hindu Kashmīr pp74</i></a>. 74: Light & Life Publishers. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Kashm%C4%ABr+pp74&rft.place=74&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Light+%26+Life+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.au=F.M.+Hassnain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhindu-kashmir%2FHindu%2520Kashmir%2520-%2520F.M.%2520Hassnain%2520%25281%2529_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANU-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANU_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRafiqi1972" class="citation thesis cs1">Rafiqi, Abdul Qaiyum (October 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11225/1/Rafiqi_A.Q._1972.pdf">"Chapter 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sufism in Kashmir from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (Thesis). Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024118/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11225/1/Rafiqi_A.Q._1972.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sufism+in+Kashmir+from+the+Fourteenth+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.inst=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1972-10&rft.aulast=Rafiqi&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qaiyum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F11225%2F1%2FRafiqi_A.Q._1972.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSethiSaranBhandari1951" class="citation book cs1">Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNGAAAAMAAJ"><i>The March of Indian History</i></a>. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p. 269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080704/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNGAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Indian+History&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Ranjit+Printers+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Saran%2C+Parmatma&rft.au=Bhandari%2C+D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbNGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum</i></a>. D.K. Printworld. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0015-3"><bdi>978-81-246-0015-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080223/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splendour+of+Mathur%C4%81+Art+and+Museum&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0015-3&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-vVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFirishtah2003" class="citation book cs1">Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&pg=PA60"><i>The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1994-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1994-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1994-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080706/https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Hindustan.+Vol.+1&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1994-8&rft.aulast=Firishtah&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Q%C4%81sim+Hind%C5%AB+Sh%C4%81h+Astar%C4%81b%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTyRYXtxMSEC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61190/page/n265"><i>The Jain Stupa And Other Antiquities of Mathura</i></a>. 1901. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jain+Stupa+And+Other+Antiquities+of+Mathura&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.61190%2Fpage%2Fn265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratipal_Bhatiya1970353353–354-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratipal_Bhatiya1970353353–354_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratipal_Bhatiya1970">Pratipal Bhatiya 1970</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947144144–145-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947144144–145_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947">Kavalam Madhava Panikkar 1947</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumer-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumer_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumer_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (30 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ"><i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1838609399" title="Special:BookSources/978-1838609399"><bdi>978-1838609399</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080711/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>In 1026, warriors of the Jats, the indigenous population of Sindh, inflicted heavy losses on Mahmud's army when he retreated from Somnath to Multan. Mahmud returned a year later to take revenge on the Jats, who had been stubbornly resisting forced Islamisation since the eighth century. As the contemporary writer Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+Islam+and+the+Mongols&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1838609399&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eiWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200766-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200766_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2007">Khan 2007</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLal1973" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Kishori Saran (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEVqNQAACAAJ"><i>Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India: A. D. 1000 - 1800</i></a>. Research. p. 211-217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88386-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88386-298-8"><bdi>978-0-88386-298-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122044738/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEVqNQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+of+Muslim+Population+in+Medieval+India%3A+A.+D.+1000+-+1800&rft.pages=211-217&rft.pub=Research&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-88386-298-8&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Kishori+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEVqNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. H. Qureshi et al., A Short History of Pakistan (Karachi Division (Pakistan): University of Karachi, 2000), (p.246-247)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYagnikSheth2005">Yagnik & Sheth 2005</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200536–37-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200536–37_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2005">Thapar 2005</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200575-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200575_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2005">Thapar 2005</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2005Chapter_3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2005Chapter_3_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2005">Thapar 2005</a>, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeenakshi_Jain2004" class="citation news cs1">Meenakshi Jain (21 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218044553/http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/">"Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/">the original</a> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Review+of+Romila+Thapar%27s+%22Somanatha%2C+The+Many+Voices+of+a+History%22&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=Meenakshi+Jain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindureview.com%2F2004%2F04%2F20%2Freview-romila-thapar%25C2%2592s-%25C2%2593somanatha-many-voices-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. K. Majumdar, <i>Chalukyas of Gujarat</i> (Bombay, 1956), quoted in <a href="#CITEREFThapar2005">Thapar 2005</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200514-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200514_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2005">Thapar 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWyYDwAAQBAJ"><i>Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16585-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16585-1"><bdi>978-0-691-16585-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Enlightenment%3A+Central+Asia%27s+Golden+Age+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+Tamerlane&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16585-1&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWyYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlank200137-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlank200137_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlank2001">Blank 2001</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanifi196421-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanifi196421_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanifi1964">Hanifi 1964</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200568-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200568_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2005">Daftary 2005</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080647/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206-1526%29+-+Part+One&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200527-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200527_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarua2005">Barua 2005</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200618-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200618_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2006">Chandra 2006</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080711/https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">"Ramayana and Political Imagination in India"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059648">10.2307/2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154215656">154215656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001056/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ramayana+and+Political+Imagination+in+India&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154215656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059648&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCappelletti" class="citation web cs1">Cappelletti, Sara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23004019">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The bilingual coins of Maḥmūd of Ghazna (r. 998-1030) Translating the medieval Indo-Islamic world between Arabic and Sanskrit" (Poster presented at the Workshop "Les Ghaznavides et leurs voisins: nouvelles recherches sur le monde iranien oriental" at CNRS, Ivry sur Seine, February 26th, 2016)"</a>. CNRS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526025533/https://www.academia.edu/23004019">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+bilingual+coins+of+Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd+of+Ghazna+%28r.+998-1030%29+Translating+the+medieval+Indo-Islamic+world+between+Arabic+and+Sanskrit%22+%28Poster+presented+at+the+Workshop+%22Les+Ghaznavides+et+leurs+voisins%3A+nouvelles+recherches+sur+le+monde+iranien+oriental%22+at+CNRS%2C+Ivry+sur+Seine%2C+February+26th%2C+2016%29&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.aulast=Cappelletti&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23004019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar2008" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA43"><i>Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306468-8"><bdi>978-0-14-306468-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080928/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha%3A+The+Many+Voices+of+a+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306468-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZZ8T8tZc4YC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008127-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008127_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar2008">Kumar 2008</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQassem200919-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQassem200919_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQassem2009">Qassem 2009</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirani2007100-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirani2007100_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVirani2007">Virani 2007</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:74-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:74_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadl-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fadl_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40"><i>Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History</i></a>. Verso. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844670208" title="Special:BookSources/9781844670208"><bdi>9781844670208</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195030/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha%3A+The+Many+Voices+of+a+History&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781844670208&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnBMFaGMabYC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib196577-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabib196577_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabib1965">Habib 1965</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._V._Williams_Jackson-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A._V._Williams_Jackson_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._V._Williams_Jackson" class="citation web cs1">A. V. Williams Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter02.html">"Chapter 2 – The Idol-Breaker – Mahmud of Ghazni – 997–1030 A.D."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615213337/https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+2+%E2%80%93+The+Idol-Breaker+%E2%80%93+Mahmud+of+Ghazni+%E2%80%93+997%E2%80%931030+A.D.&rft.au=A.+V.+Williams+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbritishraj%2FJackson3%2Fchapter02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndre_Wink1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Wink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Wink">Andre Wink</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC"><i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries</i></a>. BRILL. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004102361" title="Special:BookSources/9004102361"><bdi>9004102361</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511080814/https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+Conquest+%3A+11Th-13th+Centuries&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004102361&rft.au=Andre+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a relatively recent photograph see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Islam across the Oxus (Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/islam-and-asia/islam-across-the-oxus-seventh-to-seventeenth-centuries/A8C0B8A95E9A6049D6EC0B098784A287"><i>Islam and Asia: A History</i></a>. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2020. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316226803.004">10.1017/9781316226803.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10612-3"><bdi>978-1-107-10612-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238121625">238121625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+across+the+Oxus+%28Seventh+to+Seventeenth+Centuries%29&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Asia%3A+A+History&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+Asian+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238121625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316226803.004&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10612-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fislam-and-asia%2Fislam-across-the-oxus-seventh-to-seventeenth-centuries%2FA8C0B8A95E9A6049D6EC0B098784A287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Teri (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euppublishingblog.com/2021/05/03/lost-splendour-of-ghazni/">"The Lost Splendour of Ghazni"</a>. <i>Edinburgh University Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171337/https://euppublishingblog.com/2021/05/03/lost-splendour-of-ghazni/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Splendour+of+Ghazni&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Teri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuppublishingblog.com%2F2021%2F05%2F03%2Flost-splendour-of-ghazni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaznin_Gate_description,_Agra_Fort.jpg" title="File:Ghaznin Gate description, Agra Fort.jpg">Agra Fort Museum notice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Arts, Islamic". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Arts%2C+Islamic&rft.date=2006-10-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064420/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Despite his huge conquests, Mahmud could not ,consolidate them with firm hand. He lacked the genius for civil administration, and neither did his reign create any lasting institutions. There were no enduring bonds between the conqueror and the conquered in a state that was built and maintained by force alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.au=Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)</i></a>. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112938/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>He also gave patronage to literary men and poets, such as Firdausi, and carried forward the Persian renaissance which had begun with the Samanids. But he built no lasting institutions which could outlive him</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+%281206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2005-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamachandran2005_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamachandran2005">Ramachandran 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Qutaiba, Uyunu'l-Akhbar, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931127-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931127_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazim1931">Nazim 1931</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931128-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931128_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazim1931">Nazim 1931</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazim1931144-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazim1931144_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazim1931">Nazim 1931</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnjum2007" class="citation journal cs1">Anjum, Tanvir (Summer 2007). "The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Muslim+Rule+in+India%3A+Some+Historical+Disconnects+and+Missing+Links&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Tanvir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Lionel (1999). <i>Antiquities of India</i>. Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep P. (2005). <i>The State at War in South Asia</i>. University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Jonah (2001). <i>Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mullahs+on+the+mainframe%3A+Islam+and+modernity+among+the+Daudi+Bohras&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1963" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghaznavids0000unse"><i>The Ghaznavids 994–1040</i></a></span>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghaznavids+994%E2%80%931040&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghaznavids0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Edmund_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. Edmund</a> (1983). "Abu'l-Ḥasan Esfarāʾīnī". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-hasan-ali-b"><i>Archived copy</i></a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517215926/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-hasan-ali-b">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabul-hasan-ali-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a> (1991). "Mahmud bin Sebuktigin". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. <b>VI</b>. E.J.Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Mahmud+bin+Sebuktigin&rft.volume=VI&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012). "Maḥmud b. Sebüktegin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mahmud-b-sebuktegin"><i>Archived copy</i></a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517132637/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mahmud-b-sebuktegin">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pageant+of+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratipal_Bhatiya1970" class="citation book cs1">Pratipal Bhatiya (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Paramars 800 to 1305 A.D.</i></a> Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0410-2"><bdi>978-81-215-0410-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paramars+800+to+1305+A.D.&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0410-2&rft.au=Pratipal+Bhatiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5gcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-paramars-800-1305-ad-pratipal-bhatiya/page/353/mode/2up?q=ghazni">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKavalam_Madhava_Panikkar1947" class="citation book cs1">Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sv4WKBX9NkC"><i>A Survey Of Indian History</i></a>. Meridian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+Of+Indian+History&rft.pub=Meridian&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Kavalam+Madhava+Panikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Sv4WKBX9NkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65181/page/n159/mode/2up">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC"><i>Somanatha:The Many Voices of a History</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844670208" title="Special:BookSources/9781844670208"><bdi>9781844670208</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511081839/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha%3AThe+Many+Voices+of+a+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781844670208&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnBMFaGMabYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirani2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shafique_Virani" title="Shafique Virani">Virani, Shafique N.</a> (2007). <i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ismailis+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+Survival%2C+A+Search+for+Salvation&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYagnikSheth2005" class="citation cs2">Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC"><i>Shaping of Modern Gujarat</i></a>, Penguin UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184751850" title="Special:BookSources/8184751850"><bdi>8184751850</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511081830/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC">archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+of+Modern+Gujarat&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8184751850&rft.aulast=Yagnik&rft.aufirst=Achyut&rft.au=Sheth%2C+Suchitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYDviPFeoSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmud+of+Ghazni" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahmud_of_Ghazni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010207185815/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mahmud_mughals.html">UCLA website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html">Mahmud of Ghazna</a> Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud">Mahmud</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts">Ghaznavids and Ghurids</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-network.net/Rulers/mahmud-ghazni.html">Mahmud Ghazni</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php">History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/rewritinghistory.html">Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0">[1]</a> Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians._The_Muhammadan_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_Yamini" title="Tarikh Yamini">Tarikh Yamini</a>, or Kitabu-l Yami <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803221351/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITTarikhYaminiframeset.htm">of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi.</a></li></ul> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:30%; text-align:center;">Preceded by:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail of Ghazni</a></b> </td> <td style="width:40%; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></b><br />998–1030 </td> <td style="width:30%; text-align:center;">Followed by:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Mohammad Ghaznavi</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghazni" title="Muhammad of Ghazni">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawdud_of_Ghazni" title="Mawdud of Ghazni">Mawdud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_II_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud II of Ghazni">Mas'ud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Ghazna" title="Ali of Ghazna">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rashid_of_Ghazna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghrul_of_Ghazna" title="Toghrul of Ghazna">Toghrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukh-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna">Farrukh-Zad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Ghazna" title="Ibrahim of Ghazna">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_III_of_Ghazni" title="Mas'ud III of Ghazni">Mas'ud III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Shir-Zad of Ghazna">Shir-Zad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Arslan-Shah of Ghazna">Arslan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Khusrau Shah of Ghazna">Khusrau Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054919072">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77557786">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13188/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRPQwqvYJj6TgBHm9Yyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119069970">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038620">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2009330644&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl025tt65h7v0rx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272984505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/124601057">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-i-gaznevi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYagnikSheth2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coordinates\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud of Ghazni\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Ghaznavid sultans\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Noitalic\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-4fqwm","timestamp":"20250331174429","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mahmud of Ghazni","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahmud_of_Ghazni","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189271","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189271","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-13T12:55:39Z","dateModified":"2025-03-15T16:14:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg","headline":"Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire from 998 to 1030"}</script> </body> </html>