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<span>Software support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_of_the_Series/1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_of_the_Series/1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications of the Series/1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_of_the_Series/1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series/1_in_the_Marine_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series/1_in_the_Marine_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Series/1 in the Marine Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series/1_in_the_Marine_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_part_of_U.S._nuclear_weapon_command_and_control_systems" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1970s era IBM minicomputer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Series 1" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22">"IBM Series/1"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22IBM+Series%2F1%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">IBM Series/1</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/100px-IBM_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/150px-IBM_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/200px-IBM_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Seria_1_(I197805).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg/220px-IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg/330px-IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg/440px-IBM_Seria_1_%28I197805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="415" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">IBM Series/1, 1978</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">November 16, 1976<span class="noprint">; 48 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1976-11-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data">$10,000–$100,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">16-bit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">660–800 ns</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">16–128 KB</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>IBM Series/1</b> is a <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a>, introduced in 1976, that in many respects competed with other minicomputers of the time, such as the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> and similar offerings from <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>. The Series/1 was typically used to control and operate external electro-mechanical components while also allowing for primitive data storage and handling. </p><p>Although the Series/1 uses <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> character encoding internally and locally attached EBCDIC terminals, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-based remote terminals and devices could be attached via an I/O card with a <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> interface to be more compatible with competing minicomputers. IBM's own <a href="/wiki/IBM_3101" title="IBM 3101">3101</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_3101#IBM_3151" title="IBM 3101">3151</a> ASCII display terminals are examples of this. This was a departure from IBM mainframes that used 3270 terminals and coaxial attachment. </p><p>Series/1 computers were withdrawn from marketing in 1988 at or near the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_AS/400" title="IBM AS/400">IBM AS/400</a> line. </p><p>A US government asset report dated May 2016<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that an IBM Series/1 was still being used as part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_command_and_control" title="Nuclear command and control">nuclear command and control</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg/220px-IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg/330px-IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg/440px-IBM_Series1_4956_und_Arbeitsplatz_04_Btx-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>IBM Series/1 in museum; tower include 4956 processor module and 4967 module inside of IBM 4997 Rack<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, model 1 (4952, Model C),<sup id="cite_ref-IDG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> model 3 (IBM 4953) and model 5 (IBM 4955, Model F<sup id="cite_ref-IDG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) processors were provided. Later processors were the model 4 (IBM 4954) and model 6 (IBM 4956). <a href="/wiki/Don_Estridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Estridge">Don Estridge</a> had been the lead manager on the IBM Series/1 minicomputer. He reportedly had fallen out of grace when that project was ill-received.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_support">Software support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Software support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Series/1 could be ordered with or without operating system. Available were either of two mutually exclusive <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>: <a href="/wiki/Event_Driven_Executive" title="Event Driven Executive">Event Driven Executive (EDX)</a> or Realtime Programming System (RPS). Systems using EDX were primarily programmed using <a href="/wiki/Event_Driven_Executive" title="Event Driven Executive">Event Driven Language (EDL)</a>, though high level languages such as <a href="/wiki/Fortran#FORTRAN_IV" title="Fortran">FORTRAN IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> were also available. EDL delivered output in IBM machine code for <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3" title="IBM System/3">System/3</a> or <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/7" title="IBM System/7">System/7</a> and for the Series/1 by an <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a>. Although the Series/1 is underpowered by today's standards, a robust <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> operating environment (RPS) was available along with several additional high level languages for the RPS OS. The EDX operating system was originally ported from the System/7.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Series/1 was also the first computer that IBM supported for <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fiedler198310_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler198310-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systems without an operating system were intended for users needing dedicated applications that did not require the full capabilities of either OS. Applications were built using a set of standalone programs, called the Base Program Preparation Facilities, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language#Macros" title="Assembly language">macro assembler</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">link editor</a> and some basic utilities. A set of modules, called Control Program Support (CPS), was linked with the application to provide task management, data processing input/output support and initial program loading for both disks and diskettes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_of_the_Series/1"><span id="Applications_of_the_Series.2F1"></span>Applications of the Series/1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications of the Series/1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Series/1 was also widely used in manufacturing environments, including <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> assembly plants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example systems and applications included Manufacturing Information Database (MIDB), Vehicle Component Verification System (VCVS) and <a href="/wiki/ALDL" title="ALDL">Assembly Line Diagnostic Link</a> (ALDL). These systems were connected to plant floor devices and used in the realtime manufacture of vehicles. There was also a Time and Attendance (T&A) system connected to badge readers and employee turnstiles. Series/1 computers were also utilized in the early development of GM's <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Automation_Protocol" title="Manufacturing Automation Protocol">Manufacturing Automation Protocol</a> (MAP)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial applications of customized Series/1 computers included an application by <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="State Farm Insurance">State Farm</a> as an intelligent remote terminal in agents' offices. The processing unit was built into a desk. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kmart (United States)">Kmart Corporation</a> also used the Series/1 computer initially for its Kmart Information Network (KIN) which handled the store's ordering, invoicing, payroll, inventory, cash, and headquarters to store communications. A separate Series/1 computer was later added in the early phases of its <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">POS</a> roll-out networked with IBM 3683 registers. The Series/1 used for POS systems was short lived as it was quickly replaced by two IBM PC AT computers running either IBM 3683 or IBM 4683 registers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deluxe_Corporation" title="Deluxe Corporation">Deluxe Corporation</a> also used a bank of Series/1 IBM 4956 computers for each check printing facility which handled the plant's business and personal check sales orders and printing operations. Various serial peripherals were attached: <a href="/wiki/Printronix" title="Printronix">Printronix</a> bar-coding printers, <a href="/wiki/MICR" class="mw-redirect" title="MICR">MICR</a> Readers, IBM <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> Terminals. Parallel devices were also used for phototypesetting machines, plate makers and Teletype BRPE punch creating <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a>; all connecting to the IBM integrated DI/DO digital in/out card. The Series/1 was a good work horse for its day and was operational around the clock in an industrial environment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent" title="Severn Trent">Severn Trent Water Authority</a> used a number of Series/1 computers running the RPS operating system to collect and process river telemetry outstation data. It polled each outstation every 6 hours and fed data to applications running on their <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 2900">ICL 2900</a> mainframe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, the communications link between the IBM Series/1 machines and the ICL 2900 machine used the <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">ICL CO3</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protocol rather than one of the (de facto standard) IBM communication protocols. </p><p>Shared Medical Systems (SMS Corp.) in the 1980s used the Series/1 (running EDX) as a channel-attached front-end communications processor for its IBM mainframe-based MVS/CICS hospital information system. In this environment the Series/1 provided customized interfaces to diverse (and generally non-IBM) minicomputer-based hospital systems using asynchronous or binary synchronous communications then commonly found in the laboratory, pharmacy, and other departments. Where necessary, the Series/1 also provided batch connectivity to a centralized TCAM host at SMS headquarters in Malvern, PA. Finally, the Series/1 provided a cost-effective method for remote support of the distributed mainframes using inexpensive ASCII terminals and modems, or IBM PCs equipped with light pens (emulating the 3278/9 terminals). The Series/1 was selected for this application due to challenges with MVS/VTAM and the 37x5 supporting straightforward non-SNA/SDLC communications. These Series/1 systems were connected to the mainframe using the Series/1 to System/370 channel attach module, and connected to non-IBM systems using the Feature-Programmable Multi-line Controller and Adapter. </p><p>Internally, IBM used banks of Series/1 computers as communications front end systems on their IBM Information Systems commercial network although back end processing was done with <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">System/370</a> architecture computers. Also, in some IBM locations, the Series/1 was employed for building access security using ID card readers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Series/1_in_the_Marine_Corps"><span id="Series.2F1_in_the_Marine_Corps"></span>Series/1 in the Marine Corps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Series/1 in the Marine Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> was a major Series/1 customer in the late 1970s and into the early 1980s. IBM created a ruggedized, portable version with a green plastic and metal housing for field and shipboard use known as the IBM Series I Model 4110. The central processor unit boasted twin 1 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> 8 inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> drives, an 8-inch green <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a> with 25 × 80 character resolution (and seldom-used graphics capability) and 16 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> of <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> which was upgraded to 32 kilobytes in 1984. Each standard 'suite' included the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> unit, a keyboard, and a 132 column <a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">dot-matrix printer</a> with a separate cooling-fan base. This suite was transported in two green, foam-lined, waterproof, locking plastic cases; each weighing over 100 pounds loaded. Among the optional pieces of equipment was a <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">paper tape punch</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> reader. Each of these also came with its own case.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official nomenclature for this equipment was the 'Automated Data Processing Equipment for the Fleet Marine Force' (ADPE-FMF), but it was universally known as the 'Green Machine'. </p><p>The initial rollout of the equipment was on the west coast at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a> in 1981, where the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USMC_1st_Force_Service_Support_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USMC 1st Force Service Support Group (page does not exist)">1st FSSG</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Systems_Management_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Systems Management Office (page does not exist)">Information Systems Management Office</a> (ISMO) was formed to develop software and support the new equipment. ISMOs were also formed at <a href="/w/index.php?title=USMC_2nd_Force_Service_Support_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USMC 2nd Force Service Support Group (page does not exist)">2nd FSSG</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USMC_2nd_Marine_Air_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USMC 2nd Marine Air Wing (page does not exist)">2nd MAW</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Cherry_Point" title="Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point">Cherry Point</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=USMC_3rd_Force_Service_Support_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USMC 3rd Force Service Support Group (page does not exist)">3rd FSSG</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=USMC_3rd_Marine_Air_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USMC 3rd Marine Air Wing (page does not exist)">1st MAW</a> on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> and were staffed with computer programmers (MOS 4063/4066) whose responsibilities included training of end users, hardware and software troubleshooting and development of local computer applications. Systems development offices were also established at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Central_Design_and_Programming_Activity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Corps Central Design and Programming Activity (page does not exist)">Marine Corps Central Design and Programming Activities</a> (MCCDPA) at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Finance_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Corps Finance Center (page does not exist)">Marine Corps Finance Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a>, and at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Logistic_Base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Corps Logistic Base (page does not exist)">Marine Corps Logistic Base</a> <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>. These offices specialized in (respectively) financial, personnel and logistical applications. </p><p>The 'Class I' systems were classified as mainframe systems – and the Series/1 systems that provided field input to them – that were maintained at and distributed from the three CDPAs. The chief among these were JUMPS/MMS (Joint Uniform Military Pay System/Manpower Management System), SASSY (Supported Activities Supply SYstem), and MIMMS (Marine Corps Integrated Maintenance Management System). </p><p>Designed primarily as a Source Data Automation (SDA) device for the enhancement of input into 'Class I' logistics and personnel computer systems, the ADPE-FMF Series/1 provided the power of a minicomputer to the battalion/squadron commander. However, left in the hands of young Marine Corps programmers eager to explore the capabilities of their new equipment, the Series/1 soon proved to be a valuable and flexible workhorse for all manner of tasks at all organizational levels. </p><p>Dozens of 'Class II' systems were locally developed and maintained at the GSUs (General Support Units), later known as ISMOs (Information Systems Management Offices), providing undreamed-of functionality even as far as the company and deployed unit level. Systems developed included the waggishly named 'Standardized Wing Overseas Operation Passenger System' (SWOOPS – developed to generate Air Force passenger manifests from personnel databases) and 'Universal Random Integrity News Extract' (URINE – developed to provide names picked randomly from personnel databases for <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a> screening), FLEAS (FLight Evaluation Administration System). </p><p>Although a <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> was available as part of the software package sold to the Marine Corps with the Series/1, most Class I and Class II systems development was in <a href="/wiki/Event_Driven_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Event Driven Language">EDL</a>. </p><p>In the middle 1980s, the ADPE-FMF equipment was gradually phased out in favor of IBM-PC class microcomputers running off-the-shelf software and Marine Corps developed applications written in <a href="/wiki/Ada_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada programming language">Ada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_part_of_U.S._nuclear_weapon_command_and_control_systems">As part of U.S. nuclear weapon command and control systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As part of U.S. nuclear weapon command and control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png/220px-SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png/330px-SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png/440px-SAC_Automated_C2_system_GAO_16-468.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Series/1 computers used in the U.S. Air Force Strategic Automated Command and Control System as of 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2016 the United States <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> released a document that covered the need to upgrade or replace legacy computer systems within Federal Agencies. According to this document, the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Automated_Command_and_Control_System" title="Strategic Automated Command and Control System">Strategic Automated Command and Control System</a> still uses Series/1 computer to "coordinate[...] the operational functions of the United States' nuclear forces, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles, nuclear bombers, and tanker support aircraft." This system still used <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk#8.0" title="Floppy disk">8-inch floppy disks</a>, however the Department of Defense planned to update some of the technology by the end of the 2017 fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, the retirement of the 8-inch floppy drives was completed, and they were replaced by a "highly secure solid state digital storage solution" (<a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_hardware_emulator" title="Floppy disk hardware emulator">floppy disk hardware emulator</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/677436.pdf">"Federal Agencies Need to Address Aging Legacy Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report to Congressional Requesters</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICL+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+ICL+System+25&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1981-11&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fuk%2FImages%2FICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Series%2F1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdayPierce_Jr.1982" class="citation web cs1">Aday, David Russell; Pierce Jr., Merrill Lyman (June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/automateddatapro00aday/automateddatapro00aday_djvu.txt">"Automated Data Process Equipment - Fleet Marine Force"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automated+Data+Process+Equipment+-+Fleet+Marine+Force&rft.date=1982-06&rft.aulast=Aday&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rft.au=Pierce+Jr.%2C+Merrill+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fautomateddatapro00aday%2Fautomateddatapro00aday_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Series%2F1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInsinna2019" class="citation web cs1">Insinna, Valerie (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/10/17/the-us-nuclear-forces-dr-strangelove-era-messaging-system-finally-got-rid-of-its-floppy-disks/">"The US nuclear forces' Dr. Strangelove-era messaging system finally got rid of its floppy disks"</a>. <i>Defense News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+News&rft.atitle=The+US+nuclear+forces%E2%80%99+Dr.+Strangelove-era+messaging+system+finally+got+rid+of+its+floppy+disks&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Insinna&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fair%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fthe-us-nuclear-forces-dr-strangelove-era-messaging-system-finally-got-rid-of-its-floppy-disks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Series%2F1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Series/1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014033307/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV4024.html">IBM archive of Series/1 with picture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050122222814/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/robotics/robotics_3.html">IBM 7565 Manufacturing System incorporating a Series/1 (see middle of photo)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvq.com/ads/IBMSeries1.pdf">IBM Series/1 Equipment Modules brochure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/series1/">IBM Series/1 documentation on bitsavers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricomputermuseum.org/Home/equipment/ibm-series1">"IBM Series/1"</a>, <i>Large Systems Collection</i>, USA: 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_midrange_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM midrange computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_mini/midrange_computers,_workstations,_and_servers634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">mini/midrange computers</a>, workstations, and servers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1132" title="IBM 1132">1132 line printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1442" title="IBM 1442">1442 card reader/punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1500" title="IBM 1500">1500 instructional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1627" title="IBM 1627">1627 drum plotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1800_Data_Acquisition_and_Control_System" title="IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System">1800 Data Acquisition and Control System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1627" title="IBM 1627">1627 plotter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcomp" title="Calcomp">Calcomp</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_1400_series" title="IBM 1400 series">IBM 1400</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">1401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1410" title="IBM 1410">1410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1440" title="IBM 1440">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1460" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1460">1460</a></li> <li>peripherals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1402" title="IBM 1402">1402 card reader/punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1403" title="IBM 1403">1403 line printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1442" title="IBM 1442">1442 card reader/punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_7330" title="IBM 7330">7330 Magnetic Tape Unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_System" title="IBM System">IBM System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3" title="IBM System/3">System/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3X" title="IBM System/3X">System/3<i>X</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/32" title="IBM System/32">System/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/34" title="IBM System/34">System/34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/36" title="IBM System/36">System/36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">System/38</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/7" title="IBM System/7">System/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_9000" title="IBM System 9000">System 9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">System p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x" title="Lenovo System x">System x</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_iDataPlex" title="Lenovo System x">iDataPlex</a></li> <li>Predecessors: <a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_PS/2_Server" title="Lenovo System x">PS/2 Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_PC_Server" title="Lenovo System x">PC Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_Netfinity" title="Lenovo System x">Netfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_eServer" title="IBM eServer">eServer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AS/400" title="IBM AS/400">AS/400</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Advanced/36" title="IBM Advanced/36">Advanced/36</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_RS64" title="IBM RS64">RS64 microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Applications,_software,_and_concepts36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications, software, and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_Language" title="Control Language">Control Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealer_Business_System" title="Dealer Business System">Dealer Business System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Logical_Partitioning" title="Dynamic Logical Partitioning">Dynamic Logical Partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">OS/400</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_(IBM_i)" title="Object (IBM i)">object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_Development_Manager" title="Programming Development Manager">Programming Development Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Response_Engine" title="Quick Response Engine">Quick Response Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-level_store" title="Single-level store">Single-level store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_RS/6000" title="IBM RS/6000">RS/6000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">ThinkPad Power Series</a></li> <li>Predecessors: <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">RT PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Academic_System" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Academic System">Academic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3790" title="IBM 3790">3790 Communications System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8100" title="IBM 8100">8100 Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BladeCenter" title="IBM BladeCenter">BladeCenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Series/1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Also based on the System/36 <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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