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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Rodbell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 46 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتن رودبل – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن رودبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="মার্টিন রডবেল – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন রডবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Марцін Родбел – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Родбел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%B2%A8" title="마틴 로드벨 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 로드벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%91%D7%9C" title="מרטין רודבל – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין רודבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Мартин Родбелл – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартин Родбелл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Rodbell" title="Martinus Rodbell – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ როდბელი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინ როდბელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتن رودبل – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن رودبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="マーティン・ロッドベル – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・ロッドベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارٹن روڈبل – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن روڈبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Родбелл, Мартин – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родбелл, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Мартин Родбел – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Родбел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Мартін Родбелл – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Родбелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارٹن روڈبل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن روڈبل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" title="馬丁·羅德貝爾 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬丁·羅德貝爾" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Martin Rodbell</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Rodbell,_Martin_(1925-1998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/250px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/375px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/500px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Martin Rodbell<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1._desember" title="1. desember">1. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/7._desember" title="7. desember">7. desember</a></span> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> (73 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill_(Nord-Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel Hill (Nord-Carolina)">Chapel Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nord-Carolina" title="Nord-Carolina">Nord-Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a><br />grunnet sviktende <a href="/wiki/Organ" title="Organ">organer</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi">Biokjemiker</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Akademisk grad</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_doktorgrad" title="Filosofisk doktorgrad">Ph.d.</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><span class="flagg"><span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA"><img alt="USAs flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></span></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2">American Academy of Arts and Sciences<br />Det ungarske vitenskapsakademiet<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (<span title="startdato: 1987">1987</span>–) (Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2">Gairdner Foundation International-prisen (1984)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin">Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liste_over_nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin">1994</a>)<br />Lounsbery-prisen (1987)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Spesialitet</th><td colspan="2">Molekylær <a href="/wiki/Endokrinologi" title="Endokrinologi">endokrinologi</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Arbeidssted</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Fagfelt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi">Biokjemi</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forskning</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">Hormonsystemet</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Utdannelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> (1949)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dr.philos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr.philos">Dr.philos</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi">biokjemi</a> (1954)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kjent for</th><td colspan="2">G-proteiner, Signaltransduksjon</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Rodbell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" align="right" style="margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/85px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/128px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/170px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin">Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Rodbell</b> (født <a href="/wiki/1._desember" title="1. desember">1. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>, død <a href="/wiki/7._desember" title="7. desember">7. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>) var en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi">biokjemiker</a> og <a href="/wiki/Endokrinologi" title="Endokrinologi">endokrinolog</a> som var avgjørende for oppdagelsen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-protein (ikke skrevet ennå)">G-proteinet</a>. For sin oppdagelse av denne <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteintypen</a> sammen med <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> mottok han <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin">nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin</a> i <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidlig_liv_og_utdanning">Tidlig liv og utdanning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tidlig liv og utdanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tidlig liv og utdanning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin Rodbell ble født i <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> i <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>. Etter videregående utdanning i barndomsbyen begynte han på <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> i <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>. Her studerte han <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">fransk</a> eksistensiell <a href="/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur">litteratur</a>. Kun ett år inn i studietiden ble han avbrutt av den pågående <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig">andre verdenskrig</a> der han gikk inn i <a href="/wiki/USAs_forsvar" title="USAs forsvar">det amerikanske militæret</a> i <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">sjøforsvaret</a> som <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radiooperatør</a>. Etter krigen gikk han raskt tilbake til studiene ved Hopkins og han fikk en <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">bachelor i biologi</a> i <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>. Året etter, i <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> giftet han seg med Barbara Ledermann, en tidligere venn av <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a>. Med Ledermann fikk Rodbell fire barn. I <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>, som 29-åring ble han uteksaminert med en <a href="/wiki/Dr.philos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr.philos">doktorgrad</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi">biokjemi</a> ved <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">universitetet i Washington</a>. Mellom 1954 og <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a> jobbet han med en avhandling ved <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" title="University of Illinois">universitetet i Illinois</a> og i 1956 godtok Rodbell en stilling som forsker innen biokjemi ved National Heart Institute (en del av <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>). Her jobbet han som forsker inntil <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> da han ble forskningsleder for hele instituttets forskningssenter i <a href="/wiki/Nord-Carolina" title="Nord-Carolina">Nord-Carolina</a>. Her var han sjef for flere prosjekter innen ulike fagfelt helt til han gikk ut i permisjon i <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskning">Forskning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forskning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forskning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sammen med utviklingen av datateknologi fikk biologien stor hjelp i utviklingen av formler, synteseforskning og informasjonprosesser. Rodbell mente at datasystemer var nødt til å ha mye av den samme oppbygningen som menneskets kropp. Han mente at biologien kunne lære mye av å se på likhetene mellom bygging av teknologiske maskiner og biologiske <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Celler" class="mw-redirect" title="Celler">celler</a>. Mange av komponentene funnet i enkle <a href="/wiki/Kretskort" title="Kretskort">kretskort</a> kan, ifølge Rodbell, sammenlignes med de forskjellige byggesteinene i celler. Han hevdet at individuelle celler var analoge med kybernetiske systemer bestående av tre forskjellige molekylære komponenter: diskriminatorer, transduser, og forsterkere (ellers kjent som effektorer). Diskriminatoren, eller cellereseptoren, mottar informasjon fra utsiden av cellen og denne informasjonen leveres på tvers av cellemembranen. Forsterkeren forsterker disse signalene for å starte reaksjoner i cellen eller å overføre informasjon til andre celler. Mellom desember 1969 og januar 1970, mens Rodbell jobbet med en gruppe på et laboratorium som studerte effekten av hormonet <a href="/wiki/Glukagon" title="Glukagon">glukagon</a>, oppdaget gruppen at cellenivået av glukagon påvirker membranens reseptor. Dette fant de ved testing på <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">leveren</a> til <a href="/wiki/Rotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotte">rotter</a>. Rodbell oppdaget at <a href="/wiki/Adenosintrifosfat" title="Adenosintrifosfat">ATP</a> kan snu den egentlig låste handlingen med glukagon. Med en cellereseptor kunne han også fjerne glukagonene fra cellen fullstendig. Han bemerket at spor av GTP (guanosin trifosfat) kunne reversere den bindende prosessen nesten ett tusen ganger raskere enn ATP. </p><p>Rodbell utledet at GTP trolig var den aktive biologiske faktoren for den nevnte reaksjonen, og at GTP hadde vært tilstede som en urenhet i sine tidligere eksperimenter med ATP. Han fant at GTP stimulerte aktiviteten i guanin nukleotid protein (senere kalt G-protein), som i sin tur produserte dyptgripende metabolske effekter i cellen. Rodbell postulerte at aktiveringen av G-proteinet var den "andre sender" som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_W._Sutherland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl W. Sutherland (ikke skrevet ennå)">Earl W. Sutherland</a> tidligere hadde teoretisert. Rodbell beviste senere sin teori om G-proteinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobelprisen">Nobelprisen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Nobelprisen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Nobelprisen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For sin forskning og oppdagelse av G-proteinet samt dets funksjon i flere biologiske prosesser, ble Rodbell og Gilman tildelt <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin">nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin</a> i <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>. Den offisielle uttalelsen fra <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a> bemerker "their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells".<sup id="cite_ref-rodbell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22146855">@media only screen and (min-width:840px){.mw-parser-output .aligned-right{float:right;width:20em;margin:0.5em 0 2.2em 1em;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .aligned-left{float:left;width:20em;padding-left:0em;border-left:none;border-right:solid 0.3em #eee;clear:left}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .quoted{text-align:right;font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .textbox-heading{font-weight:bold;line-height:2}}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;border-left:0.4em solid green;border-right:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:first-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0.5em;border-top:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd+dd{padding-top:0.5em}</style> <blockquote class="" style=""><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/17px-Laquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/26px-Laquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/34px-Laquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span>Life, like the first blooming, emerges tantalizing to the curious: Why, How, When, Where; Interlocked questions arising from the mysterious encompassing matters quite serious. What, for example, is signal transduction? Haven't you heard, the computer chips proclaim, Surely it's all in the silicon, that's been all along their refrain. But is life really built on sand slipping and sliding down its slippery slope moving 30 degrees toward eternity, with limited scope. Enter the letter G, lucky seven in the alphabet the starting point for everything surely profound remember God, Gustav - V and VI prior crowned and now Carl Gustav, whom we gather here to celebrate. Gilman and Rodbell are delighted to communicate with receptors dancing to our tuning forks, Proclaiming all hail to the Swedish Majesties for giving us the Gustav G and to Nobel our Gratitude for the opportunity to express also our homage to Nature's use of GTP. Hail to our friends and colleagues, to our families, to this hall filled with nobility Borne on the winds of Nobelwisdom Signal Transduction which, in inciting whispers between cells, lends this evening for those still awake what surely binds us all in this most felicitous state. Tack, Tack, we say to all before it becomes too late.<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/17px-Raquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/26px-Raquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/34px-Raquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </p><div class="quoted">Martin Rodbells tale på banketten under Nobelutdelingen, 10. desember 1994<sup id="cite_ref-talen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Død"><span id="D.C3.B8d"></span>Død</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Død" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Død"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 7. desember 1998, bare fire år etter tildelingen av nobelprisen, døde Martin Rodbell bare 73 år gammel etter flere lidelser som til slutt førte til at flere organer sluttet å fungere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobelbio-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Nobel Foundation (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell-autobio.html">«The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994: Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell»</a> (på engelsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 22. oktober 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Rodbell&rft.au=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1994%3A+Alfred+G.+Gilman%2C+Martin+Rodbell&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Frodbell-autobio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodbell-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rodbell_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Nobel Foundation (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell.html">«Autobiography»</a> (på engelsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 22. oktober 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Rodbell&rft.au=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Frodbell.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talen-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talen_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Martin Rodbell (10. desember 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell-speech.html">«Banquet Speech»</a> (på engelsk). The Nobel Prizes 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 22. oktober 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Rodbell&rft.au=Martin+Rodbell&rft.btitle=Banquet+Speech&rft.date=1994-12-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prizes+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Frodbell-speech.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1994/summary/">Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin 1994</a> hos Nobelprize.org</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1994/rodbell/facts/">Martin Rodbell</a> hos Nobelprize.org i forbindelse med tildelingen av Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin 1994</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell-speech.html">Tale ved mottakelse av nobelprisen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/GG/Views/AlphaChron/alpha/">Liste over Rodbells publikasjoner etter type, Profiles in Science</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1976–2000"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1976%E2%80%932000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1976–2000 (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1976–2000"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1976–2000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin">Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1976–2000</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1976" title="Vitenskapsåret 1976">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Gaidusek" title="Carleton Gaidusek">Gajdusek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1977" title="Vitenskapsåret 1977">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_W._Schally" title="Andrzej W. Schally">Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1978" title="Vitenskapsåret 1978">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1979" title="Vitenskapsåret 1979">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allan_M._Cormack" title="Allan M. Cormack">Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1980" title="Vitenskapsåret 1980">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1981" title="Vitenskapsåret 1981">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" title="Roger W. Sperry">Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Wiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1982" title="Vitenskapsåret 1982">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sune_K._Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune K. Bergström">Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1983" title="Vitenskapsåret 1983">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1984" title="Vitenskapsåret 1984">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1985" title="Vitenskapsåret 1985">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1986" title="Vitenskapsåret 1986">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1987" title="Vitenskapsåret 1987">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1988" title="Vitenskapsåret 1988">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1989" title="Vitenskapsåret 1989">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1990" title="Vitenskapsåret 1990">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1991" title="Vitenskapsåret 1991">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1992" title="Vitenskapsåret 1992">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1993" title="Vitenskapsåret 1993">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1994" title="Vitenskapsåret 1994">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Gilman</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1995" title="Vitenskapsåret 1995">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1996" title="Vitenskapsåret 1996">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1997" title="Vitenskapsåret 1997">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1998" title="Vitenskapsåret 1998">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1999" title="Vitenskapsåret 1999">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_2000" title="Vitenskapsåret 2000">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin">Hele listen</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1901%E2%80%931925" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1901–1925">1901–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1926–1950">1926–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin 2001–2025">2001– i dag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vitenskap" title="Portal:Vitenskap">Vitenskap</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Martin_Rodbell">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Martin_Rodbell">Store Danske Encyklopædi</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Rodbell">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=646420">Prabook</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/rodbell-martin">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/martin-rodbell/">Encyclopædia Universalis</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/martin-rodbell">Nationalencyklopedin</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000015264061931">Geni</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/92474872/">VIAF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1220173169">GND</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88096650">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/0000000114952967">ISNI</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/082282587">SUDOC</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1422586">BNE</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000021244">Munzinger (iba)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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