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class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content" style="max-width:570px"> <h1 class="has-text-align-left has-color-bg-color has-text-color has-larger-font-size wp-block-heading">A World of Viruses</h1> </div></div></div></div> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull has-background mb-0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <p class="has-large-font-size">Viruses All Around Us</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size">What comes to mind when you hear the word “virus”?聽Perhaps the common cold, a cold sore, or maybe even a聽global pandemic, such as the one we are living in now,聽caused by a coronavirus that may have originated in bats.聽</p> <p>In fact, viruses are ever-present in the living world, infecting,聽affecting, and interacting with all organisms, from the minuscule to the聽gigantic, and can be found in every ecosystem on the planet.聽They are as ubiquitous and essential to our lives as the air we聽breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. But what,聽exactly, are they? Are they alive? What do they do, and how聽do they do it?</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Small, but Mighty</p> <p>Viruses are the smallest of all microbes. It would take 500 million rhinoviruses, the virus known to cause the common cold, to cover the head of a pin. They exist by hijacking the cellular machinery of another living thing in order to reproduce. An individual virus known as a virion does this by injecting its genetic material, packets of nucleic acids known as RNA and/or DNA, into a host cell. They then replicate within, and ultimately explode out of, the cell in the form of new virions ready to infect other cells. These minuscule microbes can pack a powerful punch, infecting us with an array of diseases from chicken pox to AIDS. <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://vimeo.com/227174435" target="_blank">To see how a virus enters a host cell, check out this animation.</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="835" src="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-celltext-ill-1024x835.jpg" alt="Five stages of how a virus infects a host cell." class="wp-image-1618" srcset="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-celltext-ill-1024x835.jpg 1024w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-celltext-ill-300x245.jpg 300w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-celltext-ill-768x626.jpg 768w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-celltext-ill.jpg 1225w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> </div></div> <p style="font-size:35px">Viruses are Everywhere</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Viruses do not only infect humans. They are, in fact, ever present in our world, occupying nearly all organisms, and found in virtually every type of habitat, even in the air we breathe and the deepest depths of the ocean. They are also ancient, predating some of the earliest forms of life. Scientists believe they are at least as old as the first cells, which emerged around 4 billion years ago, but viruses could be even older, existing in the precellular world as self-replicating entities that subsequently evolved into forms that parasitize other cells.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-style-card" style="grid-template-columns:auto 52%"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC-1024x724.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1619 size-full" srcset="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC-300x212.jpg 300w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC-768x543.jpg 768w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Corona_virus_Covid-19_FC.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Coronavirus</p> <p>COVID-19 is the disease caused by the new coronavirus, seen below, an airborne virus that emerged in China in December 2019, and subsequently led to the global pandemic of 2020. Harvard Medical School created an online learning module on how the human body reacts to viruses like Covid-19. <a href="https://onlinelearning.hms.harvard.edu/hmx/immunity/">You can find it here.</a></p> </div></div> <p style="font-size:35px">Are Viruses Alive?</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Viruses occupy a space on the tree of life that blurs the聽line between existence and nonexistence. Life is generally聽defined as an organism that can live and reproduce聽autonomously using its own energy-producing biological聽mechanisms. </p> <p>Viruses, on the other hand, are essentially聽parasites that, in order to multiply, must harness a host cell鈥檚聽replication mechanisms. Because they are unable to do any聽of this on their own, some argue that they are not among the聽living. However, other scientists suggest that because viruses聽are made up of the same building blocks of life, DNA and聽RNA, they verge on life. It鈥檚 an ongoing debate that has聽remained largely unresolved in the scientific community for聽the last 100 years.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="858" src="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill-1024x858.jpg" alt="Four types of viruses." class="wp-image-1622 size-full" srcset="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill-1024x858.jpg 1024w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill-300x251.jpg 300w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill-768x644.jpg 768w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill-1536x1287.jpg 1536w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/10/Viruses-Exhibit-Spotlight-V-types-ill.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Viral Shapes</p> <p>Viruses come in many different shapes and sizes, but all are made of two essential components: a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid. Packaged together, a single virion comes in four different shapes: helical, polyhedral, spherical, and complex.</p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p style="font-size:35px">Viral Assemblies</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size">How can you fight something you can鈥檛 see? Viruses like聽influenza spread so effectively, and as a result can be聽so deadly, because of their ability to spontaneously self-assemble in large numbers. </p> <p>Researchers at the Harvard John聽A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences have聽engineered a new way to observe and track viruses as they聽assemble. This new method may spot weaknesses in viruses聽that drug makers can exploit to design drugs that prevent聽viruses from assembling in the first place.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lIE98Z0SHR0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> <p></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading">Studying the Invisible</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>Virus are extremely tiny, even tinier than bacteria, so how do scientists study them? Hannah Gavin, a microbiologist at Harvard, shows us how she does just that in this video.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sWM8vRLSRtg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="font-size:35px">Viral Alliances</h2> <p class="has-medium-font-size">Though viruses are most often associated with illness, they聽can be a friend as well as a foe. Scientists have learned to聽manipulate their unique characteristics as a scientific tool.</p> <p>Bacteriophages are types of viruses that attack bacteria by聽attaching to bacterial cells and injecting their genetic material聽into them. Harnessed correctly, this can stop a bacterial聽infection in its tracks. In this way, phage therapy has been聽used to treat bacterial infections in humans by injecting the聽bacteria causing the infection with bacteriophages that聽essentially stop it from spreading. Similarly, viruses may聽ultimately save the American Chestnut, an iconic tree species聽nearly wiped out by a bacterial infection called Chestnut聽Blight. Scientists have figured out a way to supercharge聽a virus that attacks the Blight, preventing infection from聽spreading throughout the tree.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920-1024x683.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-1930 size-full" srcset="https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://hmsc.harvard.edu/files/2022/11/sweet-chestnut-5562089_1920.jpeg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <h2 class="has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading">American Chestnut</h2> <p>The American Chestnut, once considered one of the most important forest trees in North America, was nearly wiped out by Chestnut Blight in the first half of the twentieth century, but may recover with the help of viruses.</p> </div></div> </div> </article> </main>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="wrapper has-background has-footer-main-bg-color-background-color" id="wrapper-footer"> <div id="footer-content"> <div class="container" id="footer-block"> <div class="wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" 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