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</li> <li id="toc-Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Siberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datoria_and_Evenimentul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datoria_and_Evenimentul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Datoria and Evenimentul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datoria_and_Evenimentul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Poporanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Poporanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Birth of Poporanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Poporanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_National_Liberal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_National_Liberal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Early National Liberal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_National_Liberal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1905 Russian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viața_Românească" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viața_Românească"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Viața Românească </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viața_Românească-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1907_Revolt_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1907_Revolt_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1907 Revolt and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1907_Revolt_and_aftermath-sublist" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Romanian volleyball player, see <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Sterea_(volleyball)" title="Constantin Sterea (volleyball)">Constantin Sterea (volleyball)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Constantin Stere</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CStere.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CStere.jpeg/180px-CStere.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CStere.jpeg/270px-CStere.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CStere.jpeg/360px-CStere.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1506" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Stere in 1895</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1865-06-01)June 1, 1865 <a href="/wiki/Horodi%C8%99te,_Dondu%C8%99eni" title="Horodiște, Dondușeni">Horodiște</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 26, 1936(1936-06-26) (aged 71) <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnaya Volya (organization)">Narodnaya Volya</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Stere" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere">Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Константин Егорович Стере, Konstantin Yegorovich Stere or Константин Георгиевич Стере, Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere; also known under his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> Șărcăleanu; June 1, 1865 – June 26, 1936) was a Romanian writer, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, politician, ideologue of the <a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanist</a> trend, and, in March 1906, co-founder (together with <a href="/wiki/Garabet_Ibr%C4%83ileanu" title="Garabet Ibrăileanu">Garabet Ibrăileanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bujor" title="Paul Bujor">Paul Bujor</a> — the latter was afterwards replaced by the physician <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Cantacuzino" title="Ioan Cantacuzino">Ioan Cantacuzino</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literary magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Viața Românească">Viața Românească</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> One of the central figures of the Bessarabian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> at the time, Stere was a key actor during the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a> in 1918, and is associated with its legacy. Constantin Stere was professor of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Iaşi">University of Iaşi</a>, serving as its <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> between 1913 and 1916. He is also remembered for his partly <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">autobiographical novel</a> În preajma revoluției (literal translation: "On the Eve of the Revolution" — in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Horodi%C8%99te,_Dondu%C8%99eni" title="Horodiște, Dondușeni">Horodiște</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soroca_County_(Romania)" title="Soroca County (Romania)">Soroca County</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> to a family of <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> origins<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ciripc%C4%83u" title="Ciripcău">Ciripcău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> — which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> at the time. Stere was one of the three sons of a couple of Russian citizens: Gheorghe or Iorgu Stere (known as Yegor Stepanovich Stere, Егор Степанович Стере in Russian), an <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">ethnic Greek</a> landowner<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> whose family was originally from <a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County" title="Botoșani County">Botoșani County</a> in the Romanian part of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and Pulcheria (Пулкерия), a member of the impoverished gentry in Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He spent most of his early years, until the age of eight, in Ciripcău, where the family <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor</a> was located.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Around 1874, he graduated from a <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> private school where classes were taught German, and entered the school for <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">dvoryane</a> in the city, where he became close friends with Alexandru Grosu and Lev Matveyevich Kogan-Bernstein (who were the basis for the characters Sașa Lungu and Moise Roitman in Stere's novel).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It was also around this time that he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinist</a> ideas (notably reading the works of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Chernyshevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Chernyshevsky">Nikolai Chernyshevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lavrovich_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lavrovich Lavrov">Peter Lavrovich Lavrov</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Stere later indicated that, before the late 1870s, he could not spell the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet</a>, which had just been adopted over the border (see <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>), and had to rely on a few books <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggled</a> into Bessarabia for getting a sense of <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> While still students, Stere and Kogan-Bernstein engaged in revolutionary politics as <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">Narodniks</a>, initiating a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspirative</a> "self-instruction" cell of six inside their school.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The group was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnaya Volya (organization)">Narodnaya Volya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and Stere was responsible for multiplying and distributing locally the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> issued by the latter after it had assassinated <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This was also the first moment when Stere declared his opposition to a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democratic</a> program, a Narodnik-inspired objection which would later form one of the tenets of his doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He was first arrested in late 1883, after <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> units decapitated the Bessarabian wing of the Narodnaya Volya.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Detained in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> (during which time he read intensely),<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Stere was frequently visited by Maria Grosu, the sister of Alexandru, who had fallen in love with him — a Narodnik and a <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>, she asked Stere for a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">marriage of convenience</a> that was meant to help her become free from parental tutelage (according to the laws of the Russian Empire, unmarried women were under their father's protection).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Stere agreed, and they were married in the prison <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> (1885).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberia">Siberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siberia">edit</a>]</div> In 1885, he was <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">deported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, serving a three-year term.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Briefly kept in <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a> prison awaiting transport further east, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a> in the custody of two <a href="/wiki/Special_Corps_of_Gendarmes" title="Special Corps of Gendarmes">gendarmes</a> (October).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was joined there by Maria, who gave birth to their son Roman in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Moving to <a href="/wiki/Turinsk" title="Turinsk">Turinsk</a>, the Steres joined a group of revolutionaries in internal exile; Constantin Stere agreed to print copies of a Narodnik magazine, using a <a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">hectograph</a>, and was exposed during a raid by authorities.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He was swiftly taken to <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>, then shipped down the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh</a> to the place where it met the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a>; he traveled to the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharkala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharkala (page does not exist)">Sharkala</a> (the northernmost part of Siberia he ever reached) in a <a href="/wiki/Khanty_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty people">Khanty</a> canoe,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and was then settled in <a href="/wiki/Beryozovsky_District,_Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Beryozovsky District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Beryozovsky District</a>, only to be arrested again and sent back to Tobolsk in the autumn of 1888.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He was tried for his activities in Turinsk, based on evidence collected by the Okhrana.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> While in prison, Stere, who was beginning to distance himself from socialism and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>, argued in front of authorities that mention of his change in attitude was supposed to be kept by the court when passing the verdict. At the time, a physician who examined him noted that he had suffered a <a href="/wiki/Mental_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>, and had him moved to a prison hospital.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to most accounts, he had attempted suicide (a gesture caused by either the death of one of his brothers, who had himself committed suicide,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> or by news that the Narodnik leader <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Lev Tikhomirov</a> had become a supporter of the political establishment).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In hospital, Stere stated that: <blockquote>"Quite a while ago have I begun to remove myself from the influence of political exiles and their tradition. Recent times, filled with major hardships for me, I have decided firmly and sincerely to break with these traditions, as well as with all things «illegal» in my past."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></blockquote> Instead, he became familiar with <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantian philosophy</a>, expanding on his interest in <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a> (which he was reading in Beryozovsky District).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It was at this time that Stere began writing.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In March 1889, the court decided to extend his term of exile by three more years, and relocated him to the village of Serginsk, near <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk" title="Minusinsk">Minusinsk</a>. He much later claimed that, while passing through the prison of <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> leader — this is unlikely, as Lenin passed through the city several years after Stere.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> His other claim to have met and befriended <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, future head of state of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> (and, at the time, a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>), was confirmed by Piłsudski himself in 1927 (Stere's novel, În preajma revoluției, included Piłsudski as a character, under the name Stadnicki).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datoria_and_Evenimentul">Datoria and Evenimentul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Datoria and Evenimentul">edit</a>]</div> In late 1891 or early 1892, having been set free, Stere returned to Bessarabia, and eventually sought political refuge inside Romania, crossing the border clandestinely.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ia%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Iași">University of Iași</a> (under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Missir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Missir (page does not exist)">Petre Missir</a>, while carrying on as a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> activist and quickly becoming an influential figure among the youth of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, the inspiration behind a left-leaning student society that engaged in a virulent polemic with the nationalist youth,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and an acquaintance of socialist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garabet_Ibr%C4%83ileanu" title="Garabet Ibrăileanu">Garabet Ibrăileanu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_N%C4%83dejde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Nădejde (page does not exist)">Ioan Nădejde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_N%C4%83dejde" title="Sofia Nădejde">Sofia Nădejde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Mille" title="Constantin Mille">Constantin Mille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Speran%C8%9Bia" title="Theodor Speranția">Theodor Speranția</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Mor%C8%9Bun" title="Vasile Morțun">Vasile Morțun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_L._Lupu" title="Nicolae L. Lupu">Nicolae L. Lupu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Later, a controversy erupted over Stere's academic credentials, as it was never consistently proven that he had passed his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">baccalaureate</a> between being arrested and applying for law school.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Stere's break with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> led him to attempt persuading the newly created <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party">Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party</a> (PSDMR) to amend its <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>-focused policies,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and, in 1893, to found the student society Datoria ("The Duty"), which preserved the Narodnik focus on educating peasants.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He and his followers nevertheless continued to rely much of their thesis on Marxist concepts,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> coupled with an interest taken in the <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist socialist</a> way advocated by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> After debuting as a journalist for the liberal-inspired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evenimentul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evenimentul (page does not exist)">Evenimentul</a> in 1893 (and engaging in public debates with the socialist press),<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Stere also sent substantial contribution to <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a>, a tribune of various left-wing trends that was being published in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bacalba%C8%99a" title="Anton Bacalbașa">Anton Bacalbașa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Later in 1893, he took part in founding Evenimentul Literar, the literary supplement of Evenimentul.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He joined in the socialists Bacalbașa and Ibrăileanu in a cultural polemic with the poet <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vlahu%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Alexandru Vlahuță">Alexandru Vlahuță</a> and his magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viea%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vieața (page does not exist)">Vieața</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Vlahuță, who had sided with Dobrogeanu-Gherea during the latter's conflict with <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> nonetheless clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftists</a> over the issue of "<a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">art for art's sake</a>", arguing that the interest his adversaries took in <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didacticism</a> was harming literature.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This exchange of replies soon involved the former socialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Dioghenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Dioghenide (page does not exist)">Eduard Dioghenide</a>, who attacked Evenimentul Literar with <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a> language, contending that Stere was "an employee of the little kikes" and had "lost his soul to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jews</a>".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> At the time, Stere's activity with Datoria also came under attack from various student societies — most of them associates of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservative Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> During the late 1890s, he had begun making use of the Șărcăleanu alias in his polemic articles,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> which became a particular topic of dispute after his confrontation with Dioghenide (who first speculated that Stere was the author of Șărcăleanu's articles).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Dioghenide's supporters, editors of the newspaper Naționalul, consequently pressured Stere to indicate who Șărcăleanu was ("We wish to know him, does he wear <a href="/wiki/Payot" title="Payot">sidelocks</a> or is he a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaisized</a> Romanian?").<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Similar calls were voiced by Vieața, who alleged that Stere himself was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">Russian Jew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Winning the support of several Conservative politicians, Stere successfully applied for Romanian citizenship in February 1895, obtaining <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> through a special law, as "a Romanian from Bessarabia".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1897, Stere obtained a <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensure</a> with a thesis on <a href="/wiki/Juristic_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Juristic person">legal entity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, one which drew criticism from the influential Conservative-inspired group <a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a>, on the assumption that it had been partly inspired by Marx.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At the time, he also published an incomplete series of philosophical essays centered on the works of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> After graduation, Stere, who was by then the father of four, lived for a while in <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, and afterwards joined the <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">Bar association</a> in Iași as a practicing lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> During the period, he met and befriended the influential writer <a href="/wiki/Ion_Luca_Caragiale" title="Ion Luca Caragiale">Ion Luca Caragiale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Poporanism">Birth of Poporanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth of Poporanism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></div> By 1898, Stere, who had continued to acquire influence with Iași-based socialists, became involved in disputes over the future of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party">Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party</a> (PSDMR) and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Mor%C8%9Bun" title="Vasile Morțun">Vasile Morțun</a>'s call for a merger with the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a> (PNL) — Morțun's camp, which also included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_G._Radovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru G. Radovici (page does not exist)">Alexandru G. Radovici</a>, became known in time as "the generous ones" (generoșii). According to <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Titel_Petrescu" title="Constantin Titel Petrescu">Constantin Titel Petrescu</a>, Stere, despite his own polemics with Dobrogeanu-Gherea, sided with the latter and against Morțun ("Even Stere [...] declared himself against moving to the Liberals").<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Nevertheless, during merger talks between the "generous ones" and the left-wing of the National Liberals, Stere was approached by the latter's <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a>; Brătianu and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gh._M%C3%A2rzescu" title="Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu">Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu</a>, who were gathering supporters at a time when the PNL cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a> looked set to lose the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1899_Romanian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1899 Romanian general election (page does not exist)">general elections of 1899</a> to a strong coalition of Conservatives and former Liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Petre_S._Aurelian" title="Petre S. Aurelian">Petre S. Aurelian</a>, proposed to Stere that he become a city councilor in Iași, and he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> During the period, he split with Evenimentul, as the paper became close to Liberal splinter groups and virulently criticized the contacts between the PNL and former PSDMR affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Eventually, Stere entered the PNL as a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>, supporting an original tactic that blended a Narodnik focus on the peasantry with a weariness towards <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This was the origin of <a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a>, a theory expanded upon in his influential 1908 essay Poporanism sau social-democrație?, "Poporanism or <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a>?" (Stere coined the original term in 1894, viewing it the best translation of the word Narodnik).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In essence, Poporanism ceased to view socialism as a goal in countries such as Romania. Stere noted that the group to be defined as industrial <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> accounted for ca. 1% of the total number of taxpayers (around 1907),<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and argued instead for a "peasant state", which was to encourage and preserve small <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> plots as the basis for economic development. Citing the example of Denmark (see <a href="/wiki/Danish_cooperative_movement" title="Danish cooperative movement">Danish cooperative movement</a>), he also proposed that <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> industries were to be created in the rural sphere, and that initiative agriculture could also rely in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">cooperative farms</a>:<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <blockquote>"The essential role of peasant cooperatives resides in that they, while keeping the small-scale peasant holdings intact, award them the possibility to make use of all the advantages of large-scale production."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></blockquote> Despite its name, Stere understood the "peasant state" not as an actual <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the peasantry, but as an immediate move from the census <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal one</a>, intended to accurately reflect the country's social realities (see <a href="/wiki/1866_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1866 Constitution of Romania">1866 Constitution of Romania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In an 1898 speech, he also stressed a loyalty for the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a> at the time).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Stere notably rejected <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>'s support for capitalization in agriculture, arguing that it was neither necessary nor practical.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> He was not, however, opposed to <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, and invested trust in the role of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> as militants and activists,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> as well as building on <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a>'s theory that agrarian economies were facing new and special conditions (as opposed to those that bore the mark of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Stere observed changes occurring in the developed world at the turn of the 19th century, and concluded that industrialization of backward countries was also being blocked by <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and the prosperity it had brought to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He argued that a new form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> was being created at a larger, non-national, scale; he deemed it "vagabond capital", and viewed in it the source for the lack of accuracy in Marxist <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">predictions over proletarian alienation</a> (as it appeared that, in developed countries, the proletariat was growing wealthier).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This was also the start of a polemic between him and the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>. Although the two shared skepticism over the possibility of early socialist success in Romania (agreeing with <a href="/wiki/Titu_Maiorescu" title="Titu Maiorescu">Titu Maiorescu</a>'s verdict that it was one of the "forms without substance", and thus an ill-suited effect of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Boatcă,_p.15-74">[74]</a> Dobrogeanu-Gherea argued that Stere's program of basing Romania's economy on cooperatives and small-scale agricultural holdings could only lead to endemic <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">underdevelopment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_National_Liberal_politics">Early National Liberal politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early National Liberal politics">edit</a>]</div> As a city councilor in 1899, Stere soon found himself in an unusual position after <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Interior_and_Administrative_Reform_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Interior and Administrative Reform (Romania)">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Pherekyde" title="Mihail Pherekyde">Mihail Pherekyde</a> ordered a clampdown on the surviving PSDMR.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> This came after the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservative</a> opposition voiced allegations that socialist clubs in the countryside were inciting laborers to revolt (an accusation which threatened to decrease the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a> cabinet).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> As all former PSDMR members in the PNL came under scrutiny, he was himself the target of attacks in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>, and notably criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Constitutional Party</a>'s Titu Maiorescu for allegedly using his position to "disturb the elementary order; [...] leading to the only place it could lead: peasant rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> He lost his position in March 1899, following Sturdza's fall from power over a scandal involving relations between Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Consequently, he welcomed the remaining "generous ones" inside the PNL as the PSDMR was dissolved (April 1899); those socialists who remained independent continued to consider Stere the main instigator of the move.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> At the time, he relied on what he interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a>'s promise that a PNL cabinet was going to enforce both <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and hoped to exercise an influence on the party's Left.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> With Pherekyde, <a href="/wiki/Petre_Poni" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Poni">Petre Poni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_Stelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma Stelian (page does not exist)">Toma Stelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret">Spiru Haret</a>, Stere was soon involved in public protests against the successive Conservative cabinets of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Petre P. Carp</a> — provoked by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallier_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallier Affair (page does not exist)">Hallier Affair</a> — involving a French firm which used its government connections to regain a <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> contract in the port of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, although it had failed to respect its obligations<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> —, and the "Law on <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>" (or "law on <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">țuica</a>") — which established <a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">homebrewing</a> tax, engendering violence in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Following a conflict between Cantacuzino and Carp, which caused the latter's cabinet to be invalidated with assistance from Conservative parliamentarians (February 1901) Sturdza returned to power triumphantly.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1901_Romanian_general_election" title="1901 Romanian general election">1901 suffrage</a>, he was first elected to <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Chamber</a> for the 3rd Electoral College in Iaşi.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Stere largely owed his 1901 appointment as Deputy Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ia%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Iași">University of Iași</a> to his political connections: falling short of legal requirements, he asked Brătianu and Spiru Haret to make an exception in his case<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> (in order to avoid breaking the law which prevented state employees from being elected deputies, he asked not to receive a salary for his first course).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> After he became a full Professor, his assistant at the department was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Da%C5%9Fcovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Daşcovici (page does not exist)">Nicolae Daşcovici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Stere sided with Brătianu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Lasc%C4%83r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Lascăr (page does not exist)">Vasile Lascăr</a> in 1904, at a time when the two confronted Sturdza and resigned from their government offices, provoking the cabinet's fall (and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino's reinstatement as Premier).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905_Russian_Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1905 Russian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> In his later years, Stere argued that he had foreseen Japan's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and the string of social problems Russia experienced, and that he had sent the General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a> a memorandum on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1905)">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, Stere and a group of his followers returned to Bessarabia in order to encourage local Romanian sentiment during elections for the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State Duma of the Russian Empire">State Duma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvos</a> — according to Stere, the group had the tacit approval of the Conservative government.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In parallel, Stere represented the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> zemstvo as a lawyer in a civil lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> They arrived at a time of conflict, when <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> activity was gaining momentum and peasant pressures in the countryside were meeting with resistance from <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Purishkevich" title="Vladimir Purishkevich">Vladimir Purishkevich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Krushevan" title="Pavel Krushevan">Pavel Krushevan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Initially, Stere doubled as a correspondent for PNL <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> newspapers, signing them as C. Șercăleano.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> He issued a magazine (<a href="/wiki/Basarabia_(newspaper)" title="Basarabia (newspaper)">Basarabia</a>) of which he was editor (together with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Ion Inculeț</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Incule%C8%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Inculeț (page does not exist)">Teodor Inculeț</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Ion Pelivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Mateevici" title="Alexei Mateevici">Alexei Mateevici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a>), attempting to profit from the political gains in Russia by calling for both in-depth social reforms and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>; their influence waned after <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> politicians made electoral gains and, as the new administration, confiscated most of the magazine's issues (leading to its <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> in 1907).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Stere himself first returned to Romania in early 1906, and immediately left on a trip to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, where he met with the poet and activist <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, as well as with other prominent ethnic Romanians, becoming in time an unofficial envoy of the PNL in the region.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His involvement in the zemstvo trial became the topic of a scandal, after the institution accused Stere of having failed to fulfill his obligations as a lawyer, and called on him to return the fees he had received.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viața_Românească">Viața Românească</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Viața Românească">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Viața Românească">Viața Românească</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I._Botez,_C._Stere,_G._Ibraileanu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg/300px-I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg/450px-I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg/600px-I._Botez%2C_C._Stere%2C_G._Ibraileanu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Ion Botez, Constantin Stere and <a href="/wiki/Garabet_Ibr%C4%83ileanu" title="Garabet Ibrăileanu">Garabet Ibrăileanu</a></figcaption></figure> In its first editorial (1906), <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Viața Românească">Viața Românească</a> (a magazine which Stere had planned during his return to Bessarabia)<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> summarized the cultural guidelines of the Poporanist trend, ones which Stere had first theorized in 1899 articles for Evenimentul Literar:<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <blockquote>"A 'national' culture with specific characteristics will only be born when the large, truly <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>, popular masses will partake in creating and assessing cultural values — <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Romania">literature</a>, ways of living — and this will only be possible when, through culture, enlarged political participation and economical uplifting, the peasantry will be awarded a social value in proportion with its numerical, economical, moral and national values, when we shall be one people, when all the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> shall be of the same people [...]."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></blockquote> Stere distanced himself from the competing and equally peasant-focused trend of <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83n%C4%83torul" title="Sămănătorul">Sămănătorul</a>, which aimed to preserve the peasant way of life in front of modernization rather than enforce the peasant economy advocated by Poporanism.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He was notably involved in polemics with Sămănătorul's <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>. As he later admitted, he attempted to divert attention from the Șărcăleanu alias by making use of another one, P. Nicanor & Co. (used before and after him by various Viața Românească contributors to the magazine's closing column), and by writing an article in which he claimed Stere and Șărcăleanu were not one and the same, thus maintaining the relative ambiguity until the early 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1907_Revolt_and_aftermath">1907 Revolt and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1907 Revolt and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> Alongside other followers of Brătianu (including <a href="/wiki/Garabet_Ibr%C4%83ileanu" title="Garabet Ibrăileanu">Garabet Ibrăileanu</a>), Stere began campaigning in favor of dismissing the Conservative cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino</a>, at a time when the latter also faced <a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Take Ionescu</a>'s dissidence.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This coincided with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 Peasants' Revolt</a>, which managed to bring down the cabinet after Ionescu agreed to support the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a>'s return to power, as a means to ensure a response to the troubles.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Like many other "generous ones", Stere was integrated in the new administration, and became a <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(Romania)" title="Prefect (Romania)">prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_County" title="Iași County">Iași County</a>; instead of calling in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a> to pacify the area, he interfered in landowner-peasant relations to ensure better conditions for the latter, thus causing alarm in the Conservative camp.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Although no violent reprisal against the rebels was recorded in his prefecture,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> his association with the repressive cabinet was the topic of criticism from many of his former allies, most notably <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bujor" title="Paul Bujor">Paul Bujor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Mille" title="Constantin Mille">Constantin Mille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Together with his deputy prefect <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gh._M%C3%A2rzescu" title="Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu">Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu</a>, Stere resigned his position in April and was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Kernbach" title="Gheorghe Kernbach">Gheorghe Kernbach</a>, preparing to run in the <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_general_election" title="1907 Romanian general election">legislative election of that year</a> — for the 2nd Electoral College in Iași; he won the seat in late May.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In early June, Premier Sturdza appointed Stere, alongside Take Ionescu, <a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Petre P. Carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca" title="Ion G. Duca">Ion G. Duca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Djuvara" title="Alexandru Djuvara">Alexandru Djuvara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Alim%C4%83ni%C8%99teanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Alimănișteanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Alimănișteanu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Radovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Radovici (page does not exist)">Ion</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_G._Radovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru G. Radovici (page does not exist)">Alexandru G. Radovici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a>, and 24 other parliamentarians, to a Committee charged with settling the agricultural issue; ultimately dissolved later in the same month, the Committee did not achieve any clear result, and Stere's radical proposals were repeatedly ignored by his own party.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> During the same period, a conflict erupted between Stere and the independent <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a> politician <a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a>, who had been one of his opponents in the election; after making use of the word "trivial" in reference to Stere's attitudes, Cuza was sued by the latter, and refused a challenge to face him in a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> (an additional aspect of the scandal was the accusation that Stere had purposely failed students who supported Cuza's policies).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Following the creation of Take Ionescu's <a href="/wiki/Conservative-Democratic_Party" title="Conservative-Democratic Party">Conservative-Democratic Party</a> (PCD), the PNL launched accusations that the new group was financed by the leaseholder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochi_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mochi Fischer (page does not exist)">Mochi Fischer</a> (whose property in <a href="/wiki/Fl%C4%83m%C3%A2nzi" title="Flămânzi">Flămânzi</a> had seen the outbreak of the 1907 revolt); in reaction, the PCD newspaper Opinia, representing the views of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C4%83d%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Alexandru Bădărău">Alexandru Bădărău</a>, accused Stere of having failed to protect the interests of his clients in the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a> — Stere challenged the article's author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Lasc%C4%83r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Lascăr (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Lascăr</a>, former mayor of Iași, to a duel on <a href="/wiki/Copou_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Copou Hill">Copou Hill</a>, during which Lascăr was defeated and injured (March 11, 1908).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Calling for an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> in respect to peasant rebels, Stere was initially silent on the new legislation (which, without questioning traditional landed property, allowed room for <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">communal</a> ownership), and was mostly absent from Chamber sessions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> He nevertheless authored several studies in which he condemned the state of affairs in Romanian agriculture, concluding one of them with a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verdict, paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Latifundia perdidere Romaniam ("The great estates have ruined Romania").<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> He expressed full support for the newly established agricultural bank, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_Rural%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa Rurală (page does not exist)">Casa Rurală</a>, at a time when the project for its creation was voted in Parliament (February 1908).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_clashes_with_the_PNL">First clashes with the PNL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First clashes with the PNL">edit</a>]</div> After again siding with Brătianu during the inner-party conflict with Sturdza — culminating in Brătianu's arrival to power after the premier fell victim to a nervous disease —, Stere replaced <a href="/wiki/Petre_Poni" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Poni">Petre Poni</a> at the head of the Liberal club in Iași (June 1908), and soon came to be opposed by Mârzescu over his promotion of former socialists to party offices.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Following the PCD's rise to the detriment of the PNL, Stere was able to enlist his party's support for his vision of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reform</a> (with a single electoral college, and idea also promoted by Take Ionescu), and reported on it in Parliament, being criticized by the Conservative opposition on the basis of suspicions that he was still promoting socialist ideals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> By mid-1909, he was the target of a campaign in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evenimentul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evenimentul (page does not exist)">Evenimentul</a>, which had by then turned Conservative, being again accused of having profited from the zemstvo in Bessarabia without providing the required services.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> At the time, Stere and Ibrăileanu began mentioning the Poporanist or "democratic peasantist" trend as a small but representative faction of the PNL.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Such attitudes caused further tensions inside his party: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sanielevici" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Sanielevici">Henri Sanielevici</a>, himself a former socialist National Liberal, commented that "[Stere] seeks to strengthen himself through and inside the Liberal Party and break with it only when he will become strong enough";<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> at a time when Brătianu was thought to be considering Stere for a cabinet position, the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> section of the PNL expressed its opposition and took steps to marginalize him (a catalysis for this attitude was the clash between the PNL and <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Muncitoare" title="România Muncitoare">România Muncitoare</a> affiliates, caused by the expulsion of the socialist activist <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, together with promises made by Brătianu that his party would not push for <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Largely absent from the political scene during 1909-1910, Constantin Stere nevertheless aided the PNL, fallen from power in December 1910, to reach an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative-Democratic_Party" title="Conservative-Democratic Party">Conservative-Democrats</a> over opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Petre P. Carp</a> cabinet, by improving his relations with <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C4%83d%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Alexandru Bădărău">Alexandru Bădărău</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In his 1910 Neo-<a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> (A Social and Economic Study of Our Land Issue), Dobrogeanu-Gherea viewed the relation between left-leaning cultural circles in Romania and Stere's Narodnik focus as conjectural, and made mention of competing trends inside Poporanism: <blockquote>"[There is] the Poporanism established in this country around 15 years after [the Narodnik original] and from the very same source. Lacking the rigorous method of Marxism, [...] Poporanism appears to have being against Social Democracy as its sole attribute [...]. [There is also] our national, Romanian, Poporanism, as it has originated from the different and real circumstances of our country. [It] is more practical than theoretical, and does not in fact have its own theory. Mr. Stere's effort to award it one was not at all successful. But this Poporanism has its own views and attitudes and — what's more important — its own <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>. And to this real praxis, influencing the real course of things in this country, all kinds of Poporanists have associated themselves in one way or another, including those who are under the influence of Russian [Narodnik ideas]. But even this national Poporanism is far, very far from being uniform. This can even be seen in those multiple groupings composing it, [...] which many times quarrel with one another."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></blockquote> The apparent heterogeneous character of Poporanism was also criticized by others, who noted that its discourse also featured <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-Boatcă,_p.15-74">[74]</a> Nevertheless, PSDMR members other than Dobrogeanu-Gherea tended to refer to Viața Românească as "engaged in Sterist politics".<a href="#cite_note-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei-123">[123]</a> Constantin Stere had a moderate reaction to the publishing of Neo-Serfdom, briefly criticizing the arguments it brought against Poporanist politics (with Dobrogeanu-Gherea's renewed message that socialism was possible in backward countries); additional replies to the thesis came from Stere's disciple, the engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Profiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Profiri (page does not exist)">Nicolae Profiri</a> (among others who engaged in the debate was Dobrogeanu-Gherea's son, the future <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Around 1912, while visiting <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, Stere began a long extra-marital relationship with Ana Radovici, the widow of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Radovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Radovici (page does not exist)">Ion Radovici</a> (the latter had committed suicide in 1909).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> No longer elected to the Chamber in the <a href="/wiki/1912_Romanian_general_election" title="1912 Romanian general election">1912 suffrage</a>, he returned to his chair at the Iași University.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> During the electoral campaign, reelected leader of the Liberal club, he was again attacked by Evenimentul, and, having taken part in denouncing <a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a> for <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, clashed with his supporters (who briefly occupied the PNL headquarters in Iași in May).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> In 1916, Stere strongly supported Romania's alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, arguing in favor of a policy focused on Bessarabia's recovery and against what he saw as Russian <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a><a href="#cite_note-Zbuchea-128">[128]</a> - ultimately, this led him to split with the pro-<a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> PNL upon the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zbuchea-128">[128]</a> The socialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_N%C4%83dejde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Nădejde (page does not exist)">Ioan Nădejde</a> commented on the fact that Stere had become rivals with members of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party">Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party</a> who had joined the PNL in 1899, and especially with their leader <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Mor%C8%9Bun" title="Vasile Morțun">Vasile Morțun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei-123">[123]</a> He joined his voice to a diverse <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> opposition which also included the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservative Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Petre P. Carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman" title="Alexandru Marghiloman">Alexandru Marghiloman</a>, the left-leaning writers <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Tudor Arghezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_D._P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Dimitrie D. Pătrășcanu">Dimitrie D. Pătrășcanu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gala_Galaction" title="Gala Galaction">Gala Galaction</a>, as well as the revolutionary socialist <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">occupation of Bucharest</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, Stere remained in the city, in contrast with the mass the Bucharesters who followed the Romanian authorities' refuge to Iași. With financial support from <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a>, he began publishing his Lumina, a newspaper that was nevertheless, according to its editor, "supportive of the Romanian point of view"<a href="#cite_note-Stere,_in_Coman,_p.19-130">[130]</a> and thus subject to <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> ("a German [censorship], for [views on] external politics [...] and for internal politics [the one] exercised by Petre P. Carp's men, who cut out my articles on <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">expropriation</a> [that is, <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>").<a href="#cite_note-Stere,_in_Coman,_p.19-130">[130]</a> In late March 1918, he represented the <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman" title="Alexandru Marghiloman">Alexandru Marghiloman</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, during the time after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolutions</a> when Bessarabia had proclaimed itself a <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a> — he was charged with assisting Ion Inculeț in proposing a union of Bessarabia and Romania in <a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a>, the republic's legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> After prolonged debates, the vote was carried in favor of union on March 27 (see <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>). With the change in fortunes brought by the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Armistice with Germany</a>, Stere was charged with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and imprisoned; never facing trial, he was eventually set free.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_Peasants'_Party">Creation of the Peasants' Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Creation of the Peasants' Party">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1910s, he became discreetly involved in the movement that led to the creation of the Bessarabian Peasants' Party (founded and led by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Ion Inculeț</a>). In late 1918, most of it merged into <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a> (PȚ), of which he and Halippa became high-ranking members<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> (Inculeț disagreed with the political union, and led a smaller party that eventually merged into the PNL).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Stere caused a scandal after running and winning elections for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Chamber of Deputies of Romania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soroca" title="Soroca">Soroca</a> (1921, under the <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a> government), when all parties joined <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> in opposition to his appointment in office (Iorga considered Stere's anti-Entente past to be equivalent with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Fears of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> appeal in Bessarabia led to widespread allegations that the former socialist Stere was "Bolshevizing" the region.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Speaking from the non-<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> Left, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_N%C4%83dejde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Nădejde (page does not exist)">Ioan Nădejde</a> expressed concerns that Stere was radicalizing his message: <blockquote>"[...] Stere aims to scrape together a socialist party, allied with the Peasants' Party, against all other social classes, and thus follows a policy out of which, in the end, we could only get Bolshevism."<a href="#cite_note-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei-123">[123]</a></blockquote> In 1919, Stere had shown his awareness of that he and his party were being criticised by various political groups claiming Marxist orthodoxy, <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> included. Stating again his belief in the fragile and minority position of industrial proletarians in the landscape of Romanian economy of the period, he indicated that the latter class was destined to adapt its demands to the interests of the peasantry: <blockquote>"[...] for a country such as Romania, it is obvious that the urban <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>' fate is literally in the hands of the rural working class. [...] In these conditions, would it not be an act of suicide from the industrial working class of Romania if it were to adopt a hostile attitude toward the peasantry? And: it is obvious that, no matter what the political and social doctrine preached by the urban proletariat, it would become hostile toward the peasantry if it wanted to impose upon it a form of economic structuring rejected by the peasantry, such as, for one, the immediate and violent <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">socialization</a> of peasant agriculture. A socialist worker expresses, in the pages of [a socialist journal], the fear that the Peasants' Party of Romania will follow the example of the peasant parties in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> [that is, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Agrarian_National_Union" title="Bulgarian Agrarian National Union">Bulgarian Agrarian National Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Party (Serbia)">Serbian Peasant Party</a>], who, once in power, are said to have oppressed the workers. But can this serve as an argument against the solidarity in interests of the workers in villages and cities? In these murky times, we have also assisted to the spectacle of bloody repression, by a socialist government [formed by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>], of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">workers' movements in Germany</a>. Does this mean that there is a real conflict of interests between those elements of the German proletariat that are being led by the orthodox Social Democracy, and the elements that follow the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Party</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandal_and_dissidence">Scandal and dissidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scandal and dissidence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellu_130222_85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bellu_130222_85.jpg/220px-Bellu_130222_85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bellu_130222_85.jpg/330px-Bellu_130222_85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bellu_130222_85.jpg/440px-Bellu_130222_85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Grave at <a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Stere's position in his party's leadership prevented it from entering a close union with the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a> (PNR) in 1924, as the PNR's leaders resented his anti-Entente past.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Two years later, however, he was admitted as one of the leaders of the newly created <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>, a fusion of the two groups that was partly aided by the attack of National Liberal agents on <a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a> and the government's refusal to punish the guilty.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Stere was the author of a legislation which aimed at providing for a degree of administrative decentralization and local initiative in government, passed in 1929 by the <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> executive.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> He soon clashed with the more <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> politicians who had been members of the PNR. In March 1930, the mention of his name during a public celebration provoked a number of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a> generals to leave in protest; immediately after, the National Liberal group around <a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a> began attacking Stere's party for harbouring him, and for causing a split between Army and political establishment.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cihoschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Cihoschi (page does not exist)">Henry Cihoschi</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_National_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Romanian Ministers of National Defense (page does not exist)">Minister of Defense</a>, was publicly criticized in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">parliament</a> for not siding with his subordinates, and had to resign on April 4; Maniu appeared to support Stere's ousting.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In reply, Stere again expressed his view that Romania's government had been wrong in 1916,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and left to create the minor <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Stere" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere">Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere</a> (not to be confused with the one created later by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_L._Lupu" title="Nicolae L. Lupu">Nicolae L. Lupu</a>), which he led into a union with <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Iunian" title="Grigore Iunian">Grigore Iunian</a>'s Radical Peasants' Party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif/250px-Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif/330px-Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Stamp_of_Moldova_304.gif 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>1995 stamp</figcaption></figure> Despite his dissidence, Stere's ideas remained highly influential inside the National Peasants' Party, and constituted a major influence on the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Madgearu" title="Virgil Madgearu">Virgil Madgearu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Poporanism, alongside Marxism itself, was a contributing factor in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti" title="Dimitrie Gusti">Dimitrie Gusti</a>'s original theories on <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Stere's original ideas on economic development and Marxist topics were subject to <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">censorship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>; although works on him were published after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s rule, they generally avoided presenting and quoting his writings.<a href="#cite_note-Boatcă,_p.23-146">[146]</a> Described as a "<a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>" until the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-Boatcă,_p.23-146">[146]</a> he was considered by revised official <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> to have taken a "<a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> position".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> granted posthumous membership to Constantin Stere.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> În preajma revoluției first appeared in eight volumes between 1932 and 1936, when it met with popular and critical success, although this was largely due to the fact that its author was cloaked in legend. The Communist regime banned the work for its duration, considering it unpublishable, even after Ceaușescu steered a course away from Soviet tutelage. The book was published between 1990 and 1991 at Chișinău, while Stere's biographer <a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Zigu Ornea</a> put out another edition in 1991-1993. Both editions of the somewhat problematic 2331-page text were flawed, and in 2010, the Iași-based literary historian Victor Durnea began publishing a critical, annotated edition of Stere's works, starting with the novel. The manuscripts no longer exist, Stere's archive in his country house at <a href="/wiki/Bucov" title="Bucov">Bucov</a> having mysteriously disappeared after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, so that Durnea's interventions were limited to introducing uniformity into the available text, eliminating arbitrary decisions both by Stere and his editors, and replacing obsolete terms and punctuation that resulted from the author's culturally Russian outlook.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2020, a bust was unveiled in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rezina_District" title="Rezina District">Rezina</a> (Moldova). The author is Moldovan sculptor Veaceslav Jiglitski.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Stere, "Cum am devenit...", p.13 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Nădejde, in Gorovei; Ornea, Vol.I, p.212 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoszkowskiKofman2016" class="citation book cs1">Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnKlDAAAQBAJ">Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</a>. Routledge. p. 3728. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47593-4"><bdi>978-1-317-47593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=3728&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47593-4&rft.aulast=Roszkowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Kofman%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnKlDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantin+Stere" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.23-25 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.26-28 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.27-29, 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.36-37 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.37-41 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.44-45 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.46-48 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hitchins, p.82; Ornea, p.48-49 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.50 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.56-59 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.60-61 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.61-67 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.74-75 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.75-76 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.80-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.87-88 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.90-93 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.93-94 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.93-96 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.96-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.98 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.103 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.104-106 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Stere, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.98-99 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.106-108 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.108 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.111-112 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.113 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.126-143 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.156-160 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.147-149, 150-153, 156, 194, 238-241 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.52-55 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.172, 180-185, 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.161-165 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Boatcă, p.18; Ionescu </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Boatcă, p.15; Ornea, Vol.I, p.122-123 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.165-175 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.173 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.183-188 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.190-197, 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.193 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.193-197 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Dioghenide, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.199, 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.198 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.187-188 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.199-202 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Naționalul, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.202 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.210 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.211-214 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.218; 225-236 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.220-223 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.237-238 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.241 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Petrescu, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.244 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.245-248 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.248-250 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Boia, p.109-110; Boatcă, p.15; Hitchins, p.83, 85; Ionescu; Ornea, Vol.I, p.172, 175-180, 190-191, 297-298; Stahl </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.175, 433-438 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Boatcă, p.15; Ornea, Vol.I, p.436-437, 446-447 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hitchins, p.84-85; Ornea, Vol.I, p.437-438; Stahl </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Stere, in Stahl </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Boatcă, p.15; Ionescu </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Ornea, Vol I, p.251 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Ionescu; Love; Stahl </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Ionescu </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Boatcă, p.17 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Boatcă, p.18-19 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Boatcă, p.19-20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatcă,_p.15-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boatcă,_p.15_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boatcă,_p.15_74-1">b</a> Boatcă, p.15 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Dobrogeanu-Gherea; Hitchins, p.87 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.257 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.257-265 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Maiorescu, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.266 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.267 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.268-270 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.245, 282-283, 301, 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.283-284 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.285-286 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.289-290 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.290-296 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.312-317 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.317-319 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.54 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.306-312 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.339-340 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.342 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.338, 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.345-346 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.345 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Hitchins, p.251-252; Ornea, Vol.I, p.348-355 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.384-385 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.432-433, 451-452 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.347, 355-357 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.190-193 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Viața Românească">Viața Românească</a>, in Niculae et al., p.64 (italics as used in the original) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Hitchins, p.84-85; Ornea, Vol.I, p.387-388 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Stere, "Cum am devenit...", p.14-15 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.400 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.401-404 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.404-412, 414-417 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.412 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.413-414 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.418-423, 465 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.429, 441-443 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.430-431 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.451-453 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.442-446, 450-451 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.446-447 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.448-450 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.460-471, 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.471-475 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.494-510 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.489-490 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Sanilevici, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.513 (Sanielevici's italics) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.511-520 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.529-533, 554-557 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Dobrogeanu-Gherea </li> <li id="cite_note-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nădejde,_in_Gorovei_123-2">c</a> Nădejde, in Gorovei </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.533-543 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.548-551 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.551-553 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Ornea, Vol.I, p.553-558 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbuchea-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zbuchea_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbuchea_128-1">b</a> Zbuchea </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Boia, p.256; Zbuchea </li> <li id="cite_note-Stere,_in_Coman,_p.19-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stere,_in_Coman,_p.19_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stere,_in_Coman,_p.19_130-1">b</a> Stere, in Coman, p.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Hitchins, p.278; Zbuchea </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Slabey Roucek, p.85 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Slabey Roucek, p.85-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Niculae et al., p.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Scurtu </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Slabey Roucek, p.86 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Stere, in Niculae et al., p.93 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Niculae et al., p.13; Scurtu </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Slabey Rocek, p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Hitchins, p.409 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Coman, p.20-21 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Coman, p.20, 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Coman, p.19; Zbuchea </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Coman, p.23; Ornea, Vol.I, p.438; Hitchins, p.320-321, 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Vulcănescu </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatcă,_p.23-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boatcă,_p.23_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boatcă,_p.23_146-1">b</a> Boatcă, p.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Coman, p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acad.ro/membri_ar/pag_membri_pm.htm">Membrii post-mortem al Academiei Române</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> site; retrieved April 8, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Voncu </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monumentum.md/proiecte/orhei/inaugurarea-bustului-lui-constantin-stere-in-rezina-om-politic-jurist-si-scriitor-eminet-al-neamului-romanesc/">"Bustul lui Constantin Stere din Rezina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bustul+lui+Constantin+Stere+din+Rezina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentum.md%2Fproiecte%2Forhei%2Finaugurarea-bustului-lui-constantin-stere-in-rezina-om-politic-jurist-si-scriitor-eminet-al-neamului-romanesc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantin+Stere" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a>, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001</li> <li>Manuela Boatcă, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921055317/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol11/number1/pdf/jwsr-v11n1-boatca.pdf">"Peripheral Solutions to Peripheral Development: The Case of Early 20th Century Romania" (PDF file)</a>, in Journal of World Systems Research, XI, 1, July 2005, p. 3-26</li> <li>Ion Coman, "Un pretext, un şantaj, o mostră a politicianismului burghez: cazul Stere" ("A Pretext, a Blackmail, a Sample of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> Petty Politics: the Stere Case"), in <a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a>, June 1972</li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Neoiob%C4%83gia:Curente_de_idei_%C5%9Fi_opinii_%C3%AEn_leg%C4%83tur%C4%83_cu_neoiob%C4%83gia">Neoiobăgia: Curente de idei și opinii în legătură cu neoiobăgia ("Neo-Serfdom: Schools of Thought and Opinions Dealing with Neo-Serfdom")</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gorovei" title="Arthur Gorovei">Arthur Gorovei</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011102458/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2003/current2/mi41.htm">"Între socialiști, la Iași" ("Among the Socialists, in Iași")</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Keith Hitchins</a>, România, 1866-1947, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford University Press, USA, 1994)</li> <li>(in Romanian) Alexandra Ionescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122203835/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/Sociologie/ionescu/7.htm">Chipuri ale binelui comun. Două tentative românești de conciliere între morală și politică ("Faces of the Common Good. Two Romanian Attempts to Reconcile Morals and Politics")</a></li> <li>Joseph L. Love, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40141990000100006&lng=en&nrm=">Theorizing underdevelopment: Latin America and Romania, 1860-1950</a></li> <li>Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>, Bucharest, 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Zigu Ornea</a>, Viața lui C. Stere, Vol. I, <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Cartea Românească">Cartea Românească</a>, Bucharest, 1989; Vol. II, Cartea Românească, 1991</li> <li>(in Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050219/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current3/mi24.htm">"Prăbușirea unui mit" ("A Myth's Crumbling")</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a></li> <li>Joseph Slabey Roucek, Contemporary Roumania and Her Problems, Ayer Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>, 1971</li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Henri_H._Stahl" title="Henri H. Stahl">Henri H. Stahl</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404103321/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/Sociologie/henri/11.htm">Gânditori și curente de istorie socială românească ("Thinkers and Trends in Romanian Social History"), Cap.IX, "Curentele antigheriste" ("Anti-Dobrogeanu-Gherea Trends")</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) Răzvan Voncu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romlit.ro/lungul_drum_al_recuperarii_lui_c._stere">"Lungul drum al recuperării lui C. Stere"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001229/http://www.romlit.ro/lungul_drum_al_recuperarii_lui_c._stere">Archived</a> 2014-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in România Literară, Nr. 32/2010</li> <li>Constantin Stere, "Cum am devenit director al Vieții Romînești [sic]" ("How I Became an Editor of <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Viața Românească">Viața Românească</a>"), in Viața Românească, 1&2/XXV, January–February 1933</li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vulc%C4%83nescu" title="Mircea Vulcănescu">Mircea Vulcănescu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.euroweb.ro/vulcan/gusti14.htm">Școala sociologică a lui Dimitrie Gusti. IX: Semnificația generală a învățământului gustian ("The Sociology School of Dimitrie Gusti. IX: The General Significance of Gusti's Teaching")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509203336/http://biblioteca.euroweb.ro/vulcan/gusti14.htm">Archived</a> 2007-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) Gheorghe Zbuchea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914065210/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/ideologie/15.htm">Despre problema basarabeană în politica externă a României în anii 1912-1916 ("On the Bessarabian Issue in Romania's External Policy in the Years 1912-1916"</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Corobca" title="Liliana Corobca">Liliana Corobca</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121161626/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/filologie/lil/2.htm">Personajul în romanul românesc interbelic ("Characters in the Interwar Romanian Novel"): 2.0. Lecturile personajului (approx. "What Characters Read")</a> (includes an analysis of Vania Răutu and Smaragda Theodorovna, protagonists of În preajma revoluției)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Template:Moldavian Democratic Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Template talk:Moldavian Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moldavian Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moldavian_Democratic_Republic124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Moldavian_Party" title="National Moldavian Party">National Moldavian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_election" title="1917 Sfatul Țării election">1917 Sfatul Țării election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_Palace" title="Sfatul Țării Palace">Sfatul Țării Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan_Cabinet" title="Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet">Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu_Cabinet" title="Daniel Ciugureanu Cabinet">Daniel Ciugureanu Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Cazacu_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Cazacu Cabinet">Petru Cazacu Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumcherod" title="Rumcherod">Rumcherod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Romanian military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bosie-Codreanu" title="Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu">Bosie-Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanoil_Catelli" title="Emanoil Catelli">Catelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Cazacu" title="Petru Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Ciobanu" title="Ștefan Ciobanu">Ciobanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Ciugureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Cojocaru" title="Teodor Cojocaru">Cojocaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cristi" title="Vladimir Cristi">Cristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan" title="Pantelimon Erhan">Erhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veniamin_I._Grinfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veniamin I. Grinfeld (page does not exist)">Grinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofil_Ioncu" title="Teofil Ioncu">Ioncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea" title="Gherman Pântea">Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Pelivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savenco" title="Mihail Savenco">Savenco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Alexandri" title="Nicolae Alexandri">Alexandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Alistar" title="Elena Alistar">Alistar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Almendinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Almendinger (page does not exist)">Almendinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Balmez" title="Ștefan Balmez">Balmez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Baltag%C4%83" title="Alexandru Baltagă">Baltagă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Teodor Bârcă">Teodor Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodosie_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Teodosie Bârcă">Teodosie Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">V. Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Z._Bazhbeuk-Melikov" title="Pyotr Z. Bazhbeuk-Melikov">Bazhbeuk-Melikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Bivol" title="Constantin Bivol">Bivol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaharia_Boc%C8%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaharia Bocșan (page does not exist)">Bocșan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bodescu" title="Vladimir Bodescu">Bodescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogos" title="Vladimir Bogos">Bogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bosie-Codreanu" title="Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu">Bosie-Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Botnarciuc" title="Ștefan Botnarciuc">Botnarciuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Brinici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Brinici (page does not exist)">Brinici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Buciu%C8%99can" title="Gavril Buciușcan">Buciușcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatie_Budi%C8%99teanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatie Budișteanu">Budișteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Budnicenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikita Budnicenko (page does not exist)">Budnicenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilarion_Buiuc" title="Ilarion Buiuc">Buiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodosie_Bujni%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodosie Bujniță (page does not exist)">Bujniță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buruian%C4%83" title="Gheorghe Buruiană">Buruiană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Buzdugan" title="Ion Buzdugan">Buzdugan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghi_Cara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghi Cara (page does not exist)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Caraiman" title="Anton Caraiman">Caraiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_C%C4%83r%C4%83u%C8%99" title="Dimitrie Cărăuș">Cărăuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Cazacliu" title="Grigore Cazacliu">G. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Cazacliu" title="Ion Cazacliu">I. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cazacliu" title="Vladimir Cazacliu">V. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Ceornega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Ceornega (page does not exist)">Ceornega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Beanu" title="Nicolae Cernăuțeanu">Cernăuțeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cernov" title="Nicolae Cernov">Cernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Checerul_Cu%C8%99" title="Nicolae Checerul Cuș">Checerul Cuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasie_Chiriac" title="Afanasie Chiriac">Chiriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chiorescu" title="Vladimir Chiorescu">Chiorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokop_Chumachenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokop Chumachenko (page does not exist)">Chumachenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Cijevschi" title="Vasile Cijevschi">Cijevschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Cior%C4%83scu" title="Vasile Ciorăscu">Ciorăscu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciornei" title="Nicolae Ciornei">Ciornei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Ciugureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Coc%C3%A2rl%C4%83" title="Pavel Cocârlă">Cocârlă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Codreanu_(politician)" title="Ion Codreanu (politician)">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Corobceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Corobceanu (page does not exist)">Corobceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Costin" title="Ion Costin">Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofil_Cotoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofil Cotoros (page does not exist)">Cotoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Covali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Covali (page does not exist)">Covali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(politician)" title="Ion Creangă (politician)">Creangă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Crihan" title="Anton Crihan">Crihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cristi" title="Vladimir Cristi">Cristi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Culcev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Culcev (page does not exist)">Culcev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Culeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Culeva (page does not exist)">Culeva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Curdinovschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Curdinovschi (page does not exist)">Curdinovschi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragomir_Diaconovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragomir Diaconovici (page does not exist)">Diaconovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serghei_Donico-Iord%C4%83chescu" title="Serghei Donico-Iordăchescu">Donico-Iordăchescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Dragomir" title="Dimitrie Dragomir">Dragomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Dron" title="Dumitru Dron">Dron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dudchievicz" title="Felix Dudchievicz">Dudchievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Dumitra%C8%99cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Dumitrașcu (page does not exist)">Dumitrașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Epure" title="Boris Epure">Epure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan" title="Pantelimon Erhan">Erhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Gafencu" title="Vasile Gafencu">Gafencu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_G%C4%83in%C4%83" title="Andrei Găină">Găină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simion_Gale%C8%9Bchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simion Galețchi">Galețchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Ghenzul" title="Vasile Ghenzul">Ghenzul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isac_Gherman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isac Gherman (page does not exist)">Gherman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandr_Grekulov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandr Grekulov (page does not exist)">Grekulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_Grinfeld" title="Nadejda Grinfeld">Grinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Groap%C4%83" title="Alexandru Groapă">Groapă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grosu" title="Nicolae Grosu">Grosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Halippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Harbuz" title="Ion Harbuz">Harbuz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Harea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Harea (page does not exist)">Harea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Her%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Herța (page does not exist)">I. Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Her%C8%9Ba" title="Teodor Herța">T. Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Holban_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Holban (politician) (page does not exist)">Holban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ignatiuc" title="Ion Ignatiuc">Ignatiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Inculeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofil_Ioncu" title="Teofil Ioncu">Ioncu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Iurcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Iurcu (page does not exist)">Iurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Kenigschatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Kenigschatz (page does not exist)">Kenigschatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Kiriloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Kiriloff (page does not exist)">Kiriloff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Krivorukov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Krivorukov (page does not exist)">Krivorukov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Krupensky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Krupensky (page does not exist)">Krupensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttman_Landau" title="Guttman Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_La%C8%99cu" title="Vasile Lașcu">Lașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Lichtmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Lichtmann (page does not exist)">Lichtmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lineff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Lineff (page does not exist)">Lineff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Loesch" title="Alexander Loesch">Loesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Macule%C8%9Bchi" title="Mihail Maculețchi">Maculețchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitru_Maldor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitru Maldor (page does not exist)">Maldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Nicolae Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_M%C3%A2ndrescu" title="Vasile Mândrescu">Mândrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Mani%C8%9Bchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Manițchi (page does not exist)">Manițchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitru_Marchitan" title="Dimitru Marchitan">Marchitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mare" title="Gheorghe Mare">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_M%C3%A2rza" title="Dumitru Mârza">Mârza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Minciun%C4%83" title="Mihail Minciună">Minciună</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krste_Misirkov" title="Krste Misirkov">Misirkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Moldovan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Moldovan (page does not exist)">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Moraru" title="Alexandru Moraru">Al. Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolie_Moraru" title="Anatolie Moraru">An. Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamfir_Munteanu" title="Zamfir Munteanu">Munteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacob_Nagorniak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iacob Nagorniak (page does not exist)">Nagorniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N%C4%83stase" title="Gheorghe Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Neaga" title="Teodor Neaga">Neaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Nichitiuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Nichitiuc (page does not exist)">Nichitiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Novakov" title="Anton Novakov">Novakov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkadi_Osmolovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkadi Osmolovski (page does not exist)">Osmolovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Osoianu" title="Constantin Osoianu">Osoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efimie_Palii" title="Efimie Palii">Palii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Pan%C8%9B%C3%A2r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Panțâr (page does not exist)">Panțâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea" title="Gherman Pântea">Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pasc%C4%83lu%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Pascăluță">Pascăluță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Pelivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Picior-Mare" title="Petru Picior-Mare">Picior-Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Poliatenciuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Poliatenciuk (page does not exist)">Poliatenciuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Ponomarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Ponomarev (page does not exist)">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Popa_(1910s_politician)" title="Ion Popa (1910s politician)">Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Prahni%C8%9Bchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Prahnițchi (page does not exist)">Prahnițchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Rudiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Rudiev (page does not exist)">Rudiev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Rugin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Rugină (page does not exist)">Rugină</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_S%C3%A2rbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Sârbu (page does not exist)">Sârbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savenco" title="Mihail Savenco">Savenco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calistrat_Savciuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calistrat Savciuc (page does not exist)">Savciuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiril_Sberea" title="Chiril Sberea">Sberea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Scobioal%C4%83" title="Andrei Scobioală">Scobioală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Secar%C4%83" title="Nicolae Secară">Secară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timofei_Silistaru" title="Timofei Silistaru">Silistaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_V._Sinadino" title="Pantelimon V. Sinadino">Sinadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elefterie_Sinicliu" title="Elefterie Sinicliu">Sinicliu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moise_Slutski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moise Slutski (page does not exist)">Slutski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Soltuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Soltuz">Soltuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiril_Spinei" title="Chiril Spinei">Spinei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Stanevici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Stanevici (page does not exist)">Stanevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Starenki" title="Mihail Starenki">Starenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Stavrii" title="Gheorghe Stavrii">Stavrii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendel_Steinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendel Steinberg (page does not exist)">Steinberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Stroescu" title="Vasile Stroescu">Stroescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacov_Sucevan" title="Iacov Sucevan">Sucevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Suruceanu" title="Nicolae Suruceanu">N. Suruceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Suruceanu" title="Teodor Suruceanu">T. Suruceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_%C8%9Aan%C8%9Bu" title="Vasile Țanțu">Țanțu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Tcepciu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Tcepciu (page does not exist)">Tcepciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Topciu" title="Dumitru Topciu">Topciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tsyganko" title="Vladimir Tsyganko">Tsyganko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Tudor" title="Gheorghe Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Tudose" title="Ion Tudose">Tudose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_%C8%9Aurcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Țurcan (page does not exist)">Al. Țurcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonida_%C8%9Aurcan" title="Leonida Țurcan">L. Țurcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Turcuman" title="Grigore Turcuman">Turcuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Uncu" title="Teodor Uncu">Uncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Valu%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Valuță">Valuță</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eftimie_Vizitiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eftimie Vizitiu (page does not exist)">Vizitiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalie_Zubac" title="Vitalie Zubac">Zubac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Ilie Cătărău">Cătărău</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergiu_Victor_Cujb%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergiu Victor Cujbă (page does not exist)">Cujbă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iustin_Fr%C4%83%C8%9Biman" title="Iustin Frățiman">Frățiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Her%C8%9Ba" title="Vladimir Herța">V. Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolie_Popa" title="Anatolie Popa">Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Alexander Schmidt (politician)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slonim" title="Mark Slonim">Slonim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2044" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2044" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025879#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000033677940">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49316594">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/273996/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXJFqdddYCkJQvGTHHmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118996703">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90682515">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13570896z">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12433123d">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13570896z">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12433123d">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017965785&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1316314">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131449508">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=97722">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535647205606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007455699905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118996703.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052638219">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&oldid=1262603896">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stere&oldid=1262603896</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_of_Greek_descent" title="Category:Romanian people of Greek descent">Romanian people of Greek descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_of_Moldovan_descent" title="Category:Romanian people of 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