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The shock had a [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.4 and a [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli Intensity]] of X (''Extreme''). Devastation occurred in a {{cvt|20,000|km2}} area, causing extensive damage in several cities. A large aftershock also added to the destruction. Between 35,000 and 50,000 people died in the earthquake; another 60,000–105,000 were injured. ==Tectonic setting== [[List of earthquakes in Iran|Iran is one of the most seismically active regions in the world]]. Northwestern Iran, lies within northern part of the complex zone of [[continental collision|collision]] between the [[Arabian plate]] and [[Eurasian plate]]. The Arabian plate is moving northwards relative to the Eurasian plate and the dominant style of faulting in the western Alborz Mountains involves movement on major [[thrust fault]]s, combined with subordinate left-lateral strike-slip faulting.<ref name="Ajorlou_etal_2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Ajorlou |first1=N. |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=J. |last3=Mousavi |first3=Z. |last4=Ghods |first4=A. |last5=Masoumi |first5=Z. |date=2021 |title=Characterizing Near-Field Surface Deformation in the 1990 Rudbar Earthquake (Iran) using Optical Image Correlation |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |volume=22 |issue=6 |doi=10.1029/2021GC009704|doi-access=free |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03454844/file/Geochem%20Geophys%20Geosyst%20-%202021%20-%20Ajorlou%20-%20Characterizing%20Near%25u2010Field%20Surface%20Deformation%20in%20the%201990%20Rudbar%20Earthquake%20.pdf }}</ref> ==Earthquake== The [[focal mechanism]] of the earthquake indicate that the event corresponded with left-lateral strike-slip faulting with an epicenter in [[Gilan province]]. Surface rupture of about {{cvt|80|km}} was observed along three segments of the previously unknown [[Rudbar Fault]]. Displacements estimated in the field gave an average of 60&nbsp;cm left lateral motion combined with 95&nbsp;cm of vertical motion, much lower than would be estimated from the observed magnitude. Optical correlation techniques using [[SPOT (satellite)|SPOT satellite]] imagery and aerial photographs have given estimates of 220&nbsp;cm left lateral movement, better matching the magnitude and suggesting that a significant proportion of the displacement may have occurred off the main fault strand.<ref name="Ajorlou_etal_2021"/> On 22 July 1983, a {{M|w}} [[1983 Charazeh earthquake|5.5 earthquake]] struck [[Mazandaran province]], killing 30 people. That earthquake although situated just southwest of the 1990 earthquake's epicenter, is unlikely a [[foreshock]] to the 1990 event. The [[Coulomb stress transfer]] from the 1983 source fault to the 1990 earthquake source fault was insufficient. Stress modelling showed the 1983 earthquake had decreased crustal stress in the epicenter area of the 1990 earthquake rather than increasing it.<ref name="Sarkarinejad15">{{cite journal |last1=Sarkarinejad |first1=Khalil |last2=Ansari |first2=Shoja |title=Did the 1983 Charazeh earthquake trigger the destructive 1990 Rudbar earthquake? |journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences |date=2015 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=309–319 |doi=10.1007/s00531-014-1072-z|bibcode=2015IJEaS.104..309S |s2cid=128759564 }}</ref> ==Damage and casualties== [[File:1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake shakemap.jpg|lang=en|thumb|250px|[[Strong ground motion]] map]] Widespread damage occurred to the northwest of the capital city of [[Tehran]], including the cities of [[Rudbar]] and [[Manjil]]. The total area of devastation was measured to be {{cvt|20,000|km2}}.<ref>[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/earthquake-devastates-iran This day. 1990 earthquake devastates Iran] history.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601015105/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/earthquake-devastates-iran |date=1 June 2023 }}</ref> The [[National Geophysical Data Center]] estimated that $8 billion in damage occurred in the affected area. Other earthquake catalogs presented estimates of the loss of life in the range of 35,000–50,000, with a further 60,000–105,000 that were injured and 400,000 rendered homeless. The earthquake struck 30 minutes after midnight when most people were sleeping in their basic mud dwellings, a major factor contributing to the high death toll. The morning after the mainshock, a 6.5 magnitude aftershock hit the city of [[Rasht]], causing a [[dam]] to break and creating a large flood and landslide, flooding and wiping out huge swaths of farmland. Other landslides also made many roads unusable, with one landslide next to Rudbar moving up to 20 million cubic meters of land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/earthquake-devastates-iran|title=Earthquake devastates Iran &#124; June 21, 1990|website=HISTORY|access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> There were at least 223 landslides recorded within a {{cvt|11.3|km2}} area with a total volume of {{cvt|380,000,000|m3}}.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/s10064-021-02106-8|title=Statistical analyses of landslide size and spatial distribution triggered by 1990 Rudbar-Manjil (Mw 7.3) earthquake, northern Iran: revised inventory, and controlling factors|year=2021 |journal= Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=80 |pages= 3381–3403 |last1= Vanani |first1=Ali Asghar Ghaedi |first2= Gholamreza |last2=Shoaei |first3=Mehdi |last3=Zare |issue=4 |bibcode=2021BuEGE..80.3381G |s2cid=231682696 }}</ref> The earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in the densely populated region of the [[Alborz mountains]].<ref name=Berberian_&_Walker>{{cite journal | last1=Berberian | first1=Manuel | last2=Walker | first2=Richard | title=The Rudbār Mw 7.3 earthquake of 1990 June 20; seismotectonics, coseismic and geomorphic displacements, and historic earthquakes of the western 'High-Alborz', Iran | journal=Geophysical Journal International| volume=182 | issue=3 |year=2010| doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04705.x | pages=1577–1602| bibcode=2010GeoJI.182.1577B | doi-access=free }}</ref> Damage was extreme in the cities of [[Manjil]], and [[Rudbar]]; [[Khalkhal, Iran|Khalkhal]] and [[Nowshahr]] also recorded significant damage. In [[Tehran]], the damage was slight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=6&day=20&submit=View+Date|title=Today in Earthquake History|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=30 September 2023}}</ref> [[Soil liquefaction]] also caused extensive damage in an area of about {{cvt|80|km}} to the northeast of the earthquake's epicenter, ruining irrigation canals, pipelines, and splitting pavements apart. Water wells were also filled with boiled sand.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Nateghi | first=F. | title=June 20, 1990 Earthquake of Northern Iran: An Overview | journal=International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics | date=20 June 1990 | url=https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/02icrageesd/session12/7/ | access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> In some of the smaller, hard-to-reach towns in the [[Alborz mountains]], there were no survivors and no house was left standing.<ref>https://historycollection.com/today-history-earthquake-killed-thousands-iran-1990/|This Day in History; An Earthquake Killed Thousands in Iran (1990)</ref> Most buildings destroyed were [[unreinforced masonry building]]s, or UMBs, buildings made out of unsupported brick, cinderblock or other masonry elements which will collapse during strong earthquakes like the Iran earthquake.<ref>https://www.buffalo.edu/mceer/catalog.host.html/content/shared/www/mceer/publications/NCEER-90-0017.detail.html|Reconnaissance Report on the Northern Iran Earthquake of June 21, 1990</ref> ==Tsunami== The earthquake was accompanied by a small, localized [[tsunami]] in the [[Caspian Sea]]. The waves were reported to reach 2 meters (6.5&nbsp;ft) and inundated up to 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) inland. Presumably, an underwater landslide contributed to the notable tsunami, taking place on the steep shores of the continental shelf in the area. Although there were no reported casualties or severe damage in the wake of the tsunami, it reaffirmed the existence of a tsunami in the Caspian Sea and suggested that an underwater landslide that could be caused by an earthquake near the area could cause a life-threatening and potent tsunami.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/201/2/621/573760?login=false|Field survey and modelling of the Caspian Sea tsunami of 1990 June 20</ref> ==Aftermath and relief efforts== The earthquake took place as Iran was recovering from the [[Iran-Iraq war]] that ended just two years prior. Due to anti-American sentiment in Iran at the time, with the earthquake taking place just 10 years after the [[Iranian Revolution]], Iranians initially did not want to accept help from the [[United States]] and other western countries, but they were not in a position to launch an extensive relief effort on their own.<ref>{{cite news| title=Earthquake shakes Iran's view of its enemies| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=2 July 1990| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/07/02/earthquake-shakes-irans-view-of-its-enemies/d4573bc9-6f7d-40f0-84f8-5eb6cecdeb8f/| access-date=30 September 2023| archive-date=11 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/07/02/earthquake-shakes-irans-view-of-its-enemies/d4573bc9-6f7d-40f0-84f8-5eb6cecdeb8f/| url-status=dead}}</ref> The Iranian government and the governments that responded to the earthquake issued over 2,900 tents for the unhoused and camps for hundreds of thousands of people affected by the disaster. 170,000 blankets were also sent in to protect Iranians from the cold.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historycollection.com/today-history-earthquake-killed-thousands-iran-1990/ | title=This Day in History; an Earthquake Killed Thousands in Iran (1990) }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/iran-earthquake-jun-1990-undro-situation-reports-1-14|title=Medical supplies and equipment sent to Iranian earthquake survivors |publisher=ReliefWeb |author= UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs |accessdate=1 October 2023 |date=21 June 1990}}</ref> An unusual outbreak of [[acute renal failure]] (ARF) occurred in the aftermath of the earthquake, with the number of victims needing dialysis support rising to 156, with a mortality rate of 14 percent. Patients with ARF were more severely injured and usually had [[nerve damage]], elevated muscle enzymes, and abnormal urinalysis.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140215/|title=Acute renal failure in earthquake victims in Iran: epidemiology and management|year=1994 |journal= Quarterly Journal of Medicine |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages= 35–40 |first1= M. R. |last1=Atef|first2=I. |last2=Nadjatfi |first3=B. |last3=Boroumand |first4=A. |last4=Rastegar|pmid=8140215 }}</ref> ==Use in media== Acclaimed Iranian director [[Abbas Kiarostami]] has fictionally incorporated the earthquake and its effects on northern Iran into multiple films of his. In ''[[And Life Goes On]]'' (1992), a director and his son search for child actors from a previous Kiarostami film; ''[[Where Is the Friend's Home?]]'' (1986), which was shot in a city that, by the time of the second film's production, is recovering from the earthquake. Kiarostami's next film ''Through the Olive Trees'' (1994) follows a film crew as they shoot scenes from ''[[Life, and Nothing More...]]''; in one of these scenes a man discusses his marriage having taken place a day after the earthquake. Critics and scholars often refer to these three films as the [[Koker trilogy]], and rank them among the director's finest works.<ref>http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/abbas-kiarostami/kiarostami_rural_space_and_place/|Days in the Country: Representations of Rural Space and Place in Abbas Kiarostami’s Life and Nothing More, Through the Olive Trees and The Wind Will Carry Us</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Iran}} * [[List of earthquakes in 1990]] * [[List of earthquakes in Iran]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|date=19 January 2015|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 2.0}}</ref> <ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref> }} '''Sources''' {{refbegin}} * {{citation|title=The Rudbar-Tarom earthquake of 20 June 1990 in NW Persia: Preliminary field and seismological observations, and its tectonic significance|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/82/4/1726.abstract|first1=M.|last1=Berberian|authorlink=Ma.nuel Berberian|first2=M.|last2=Qorashi|first3=J. A.|last3=Jackson|first4=K.|last4=Priestley|first5=T.|last5=Wallace|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|year=1992|volume=82|number=4|pages=1726–1755}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * {{citation|title=The Rudbar Mw 7.3 earthquake of 1990 June 20; seismotectonics, coseismic and geomorphic displacements, and historic earthquakes of the western 'High-Alborz', Iran|url=http://www.iris.edu/data/reports/1990/90-013/IRAN.1990eq.report.pdf|first1=M.|last1=Berberian|first2=R.|last2=Walker|year=2010|journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]]|volume=182|number=3|pages=1577–1602|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04705.x|bibcode=2010GeoJI.182.1577B|doi-access=free}} * {{citation|last1=Redmond|first1=A. D.|last2=Watson|first2=S.|last3=Nightingale|first3=P.|title=The South Manchester Accident Rescue Team and the Earthquake in Iran, June 1990|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|year=1991|volume=302|issue=6791|pages=1521–1523|doi=10.1136/bmj.302.6791.1521|pmid=1855026|pmc=1670205|jstor=29712007}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0004arq#general_summary 7.4 – northern Iran] – [[United States Geological Survey]] * {{EQ-isc-link|366754}} {{Earthquakes in 1990}} {{Earthquakes in Iran}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1990 Manjil-Rudbar earthquake}} [[Category:1990 earthquakes|Man]] [[Category:Earthquakes in Iran]] [[Category:1990 in Iran|Earthquake]] [[Category:June 1990 events in Iran]] [[Category:History of Gilan]] [[Category:1990 disasters in Iran]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span 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