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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_of_the_Nanda_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_of_the_Nanda_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Overthrow of the Nanda Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_of_the_Nanda_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandragupta_Maurya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandragupta_Maurya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chandragupta Maurya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandragupta_Maurya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bindusara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bindusara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bindusara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bindusara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashoka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashoka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ashoka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashoka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shunga_coup_(185_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunga_coup_(185_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Shunga coup (185 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunga_coup_(185_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Indo-Greek_Kingdom_(180_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Indo-Greek_Kingdom_(180_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Indo-Greek_Kingdom_(180_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_of_core_areas_and_trade_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_of_core_areas_and_trade_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Network of core areas and trade routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_of_core_areas_and_trade_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchical_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchical_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Monarchical ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchical_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureaucracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaucracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bureaucracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaucracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architectural remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Natural history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contacts_with_the_Hellenistic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contacts_with_the_Hellenistic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Contacts with the Hellenistic world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contacts_with_the_Hellenistic_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contacts with the Hellenistic world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contacts_with_the_Hellenistic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Foundation of the Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest_of_the_Northwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest_of_the_Northwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Reconquest of the Northwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquest_of_the_Northwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_alliance_with_Seleucus_(305_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_alliance_with_Seleucus_(305_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_alliance_with_Seleucus_(305_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Marriage alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_of_presents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_of_presents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Exchange of presents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_of_presents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_population_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_population_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Greek population in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_population_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_missions_to_the_West_(c._250_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_missions_to_the_West_(c._250_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_missions_to_the_West_(c._250_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subhagasena_and_Antiochos_III_(206_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subhagasena_and_Antiochos_III_(206_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Subhagasena and Antiochos III (206 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subhagasena_and_Antiochos_III_(206_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree_and_List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_and_List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Family tree and List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_and_List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Maurya Empire: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya" title="Maurya – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maurya" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मौर्य वंश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मौर्य वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الماورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الماورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Maurya" title="Imperiu Maurya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Maurya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मौर्य साम्राज्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauriya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Mauriya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mauriya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="موریا ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موریا ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মৌর্য সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌর্য সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Maurya Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maurya Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Маурьялар империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маурьялар империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Імперыя Маур’яў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Маур’яў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मौर्य साम्राज्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Маурийска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маурийска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_M%C3%A0uria" title="Imperi Màuria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Màuria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Маурьясен империйӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маурьясен империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurjovsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Maurjovská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maurjovská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya-Reich" title="Maurya-Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maurya-Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Μαουρύα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Μαουρύα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Maurya" title="Imperio Maurya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio Maurya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%ADrja_imperio" title="Maŭrja imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŭrja imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Inperioa" title="Maurya Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maurya Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری مائوریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری مائوریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_maurya" title="Empire maurya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire maurya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મૌર્ય સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મૌર્ય સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="마우리아 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마우리아 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մաուրյաների պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաուրյաների պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मौर्य राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मौर्य राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurijsko_Carstvo" title="Maurijsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maurijsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Maurya" title="Kekaisaran Maurya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Maurya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya-veldi%C3%B0" title="Maurya-veldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maurya-veldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Maurya" title="Impero Maurya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Maurya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה המאורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה המאורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೌರ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೌರ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაურიების იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაურიების იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="मौर्य साम्राज़ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज़" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Maurya" title="Milki ya Maurya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Maurya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Маурьялар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маурьялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurju_imp%C4%93rija" title="Maurju impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maurju impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurj%C5%B3_imperija" title="Maurjų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maurjų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Maurian" title="Impero Maurian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Maurian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurja_Birodalom" title="Maurja Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maurja Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मौर्य साम्राज्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മൗര്യസാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗര്യസാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मौर्य साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაურიეფიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაურიეფიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مائوریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مائوریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Maurya" title="Empayar Maurya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Maurya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryadynastie" title="Mauryadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mauryadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मौर्य साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मौर्य साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मौर्य राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मौर्य राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E6%9C%9D" title="マウリヤ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マウリヤ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryariket" title="Mauryariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mauryariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya" title="Maurya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maurya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Maurya" title="Empèri Maurya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Maurya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_imperiyasi" title="Maurya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maurya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਮੌਰੀਆ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਰੀਆ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="موریا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موریا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="موريا سلطنت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موريا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Maurj%C3%B3w" title="Dynastia Maurjów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Maurjów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_M%C3%A1uria" title="Império Máuria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Máuria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Maurya" title="Dinastia Maurya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Maurya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Империя Маурьев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Маурьев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मौर्यसाम्राज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मौर्यसाम्राज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maurya Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="موريا سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موريا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ماوریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ماوریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мауријско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мауријско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurijska_Monarhija" title="Maurijska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maurijska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya-valtakunta" title="Maurya-valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maurya-valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryariket" title="Mauryariket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mauryariket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Maurya" title="Imperyo ng Maurya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyo ng Maurya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மௌரியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மௌரியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_imperi%C3%A4se" title="Maurya imperiäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Maurya imperiäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మౌర్య సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మౌర్య సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์โมริยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์โมริยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Maurya İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maurya İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%27%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Імперія Маур'їв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперія Маур'їв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="موریا سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موریا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Maurya" title="Đế quốc Maurya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Maurya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Maurya" title="Imperyo Maurya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Maurya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孔雀王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孔雀王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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diff-side-deleted"><div><ref group=lower-alpha name="ceded_territory">Ceded territory: [[Seleucus I]] ceded the Indian territories of [[Gedrosia]] west of the Indus, [[Paropamisadae]] (or [[Gandhara]]), and the territories of [[Arachosia]] (modern Kandahar, Afghanistan) ({{harvnb|Tarn|1922|p=100}}, {{harvnb|Kosmin|2014|p=33}}): </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div><ref group=lower-alpha name="ceded_territory">Ceded territory: [[Seleucus I]] ceded the Indian territories of [[Gedrosia]] west of the Indus, [[Paropamisadae]] (or [[Gandhara]]), and the territories of [[Arachosia]] (modern Kandahar, Afghanistan) ({{harvnb|Tarn|1922|p=100}}, {{harvnb|Kosmin|2014|p=33}}): </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Tarn (1922), ''The Greeks In Bactria And India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta p.100], <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">refering</del> to Eratosthenes, who states (in Tarn words) that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median [[Hydaspes]] (probably the Purali) and the Indus."</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* Tarn (1922), ''The Greeks In Bactria And India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta p.100], <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">referring</ins> to Eratosthenes, who states (in Tarn words) that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median [[Hydaspes]] (probably the Purali) and the Indus."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{harvtxt|Kosmin|2014|p=33}}: "Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat."</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{harvtxt|Kosmin|2014|p=33}}: "Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 508:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 508:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>:* Plate XIV.1a-c, p.145 [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 p.145].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>:* Plate XIV.1a-c, p.145 [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 p.145].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The western borders in these maps are based on a maximum interpretation of the [[Seleucid–Mauryan War#Ceded territories|Peace treary between Seleucid and Chandragupta]] of 303 BCE. This maximum interpretation has been disputed for over a century; see Tarn (1922), ''The Greeks In Bactria And India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta p.100]: "Extravagant ideas have been put forard as to what Seleucus did cede." Tarn, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">refering</del> to Eratosthenes, states that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median [[Hydaspes]] (probably the Purali) and the Indus."</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The western borders in these maps are based on a maximum interpretation of the [[Seleucid–Mauryan War#Ceded territories|Peace treary between Seleucid and Chandragupta]] of 303 BCE. This maximum interpretation has been disputed for over a century; see Tarn (1922), ''The Greeks In Bactria And India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta p.100]: "Extravagant ideas have been put forard as to what Seleucus did cede." Tarn, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">referring</ins> to Eratosthenes, states that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median [[Hydaspes]] (probably the Purali) and the Indus."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 17:02, 23 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Indian empire (322–185 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mori_Kingdom" title="Mori Kingdom">Mori Kingdom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Indian surname, see <a href="/wiki/Maurya_(surname)" title="Maurya (surname)">Maurya (surname)</a>. For the Indian 2004 film, see <a href="/wiki/Maurya_(film)" title="Maurya (film)">Maurya (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moriya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Moriya (disambiguation)">Moriya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Maurya Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">322 BCE – 185 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Core territories of the Maurya Empire conceptualized as a network model.[a]"><img alt="Core territories of the Maurya Empire conceptualized as a network model.[a]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png/250px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png/375px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png/500px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Core territories of the Maurya Empire conceptualized as a network model.<sup id="cite_ref-map_network_model_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional depiction of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka as a solid mass of Maurya-controlled territory.[b][c]"><img alt="Traditional depiction of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka as a solid mass of Maurya-controlled territory.[b][c]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/250px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/375px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/500px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Traditional depiction of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka as a solid mass of Maurya-controlled territory.<sup id="cite_ref-map_solid_mass_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_solid_mass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceded_territory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a><br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (literary and academic), <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a> (vernacular)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brahmanism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brahmanism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198199_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198199-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jainism_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jainism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2020255-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ajivikism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2020255-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ajivikism_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajivikism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek polytheism">Greek polytheism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> (northwest)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991149_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991149-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari2007188-189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2007188-189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maurya_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maurya Emperors">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 322–298 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 298–272 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 268–232 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 232–224 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha_Maurya" title="Dasharatha Maurya">Dasharatha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 224–215 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 215–202 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shalishuka" title="Shalishuka">Shalishuka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 202–195 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devavarman_(Maurya)" title="Devavarman (Maurya)">Devavarman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 195–187 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shatadhanvan" title="Shatadhanvan">Shatadhanvan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 187–185 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Maurya" title="Brihadratha Maurya">Brihadratha</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nanda-Mauryan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda-Mauryan War">Nanda-Mauryan War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">322 BCE </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Assassination of Brihadratha by <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 185 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">261 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979132_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979132-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(low-end estimate of peak area)</th><td class="infobox-data">3,400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,300,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">250 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Turchin223_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(high-end estimate of peak area)</th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,900,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">Karshapana</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Parada kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surparaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Surparaka">Surparaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra (region)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andhras" title="Andhras">Andhras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga (historical region)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)">Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom_(Mauryan_era)" title="Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)">Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/300px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/400px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper Currency History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and Technology History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Inventions and Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Naval History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maurya Empire</b> was a geographically extensive <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> historical power in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> in 322 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources for the written records of the Mauryan times are the <i>Arthashastra</i>, a work first discovered in the early 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and previously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Kautilya</a>, but now thought to be composed by multiple authors in the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partial records of the lost history of <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> in Roman texts of several centuries later;<sup id="cite_ref-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, which were first read in the modern era by <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> after he had deciphered the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi script">Kharoshthi</a> scripts in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-michon-2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michon-2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through military conquests and diplomatic treaties, Chandragupta extended his <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> as far westward as Afghanistan below the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> and as far south as the northern <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ludden2013-lead-6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludden2013-lead-6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, beyond the core Magadha area, the prevailing levels of technology and infrastructure limited how deeply his rule could penetrate society.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2018-lead-1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018-lead-1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rule of Chandragupta's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (ca. 268–232 BCE), the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">subcontinent</a> excepting the deep south.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mauryan capital (what is today <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>) was located in Magadha; the other core regions were <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> in the northwest; <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwa Plateau">Malwa Plateau</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(region)" title="Kalinga (region)">Kalinga</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> coast; and the <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>-rich lower <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the core regions, the empire's geographical extent was dependent on the loyalty of military commanders who controlled the armed cities scattered within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004xii,_448_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004xii,_448-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1990384_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1990384-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_network_model_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mauryan economy was helped by the earlier rise of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>—creeds that promoted nonviolence, proscribed ostentation, or superfluous sacrifices and rituals, and reduced the costs of economic transactions; by coinage that increased economic accommodation in the region; and by the use of writing, which might have boosted more intricate business dealings. Despite profitable settled agriculture in the fertile eastern Gangetic plain, these factors helped maritime and river-borne trade, which were essential for acquiring <a href="/wiki/Consumption_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumption goods">goods for consumption</a> as well as metals of high economic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy-2012-lead-1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-2012-lead-1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote movement and trade, the Maurya dynasty built roads, most prominently a chiefly winter-time road—the Uttarapath—which connected eastern Afghanistan to their capital <a href="/wiki/Patliputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Patliputra">Patliputra</a> during the time of year when the water levels in the intersecting rivers were low and they could be easily <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">forded</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iori-numen-2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iori-numen-2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other roads connected the Ganges basin to Arabian Sea coast in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>-rich mines in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of South Asia during the Mauryan period has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire's period of dominion was marked by exceptional creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions and produced texts,<sup id="cite_ref-Ludden2013-lead-4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludden2013-lead-4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also by the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Caste_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste in India">caste</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a>, and the declining rights of women in the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan speaking</a> regions of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a> in which Ashoka's troops visited much violence on the region, he embraced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and promoted its tenets in edicts scattered around South Asia, most commonly in clusters along the well-traveled road networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-map_network_model_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sponsored Buddhist missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Sri Lanka</a>, northwest India, and Central Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200467_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200467-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which played a salient role in Buddhism becoming a world religion, and himself a figure of world history.<sup id="cite_ref-imperial-gazetteer-india-v2-lead-1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imperial-gazetteer-india-v2-lead-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ashoka's edicts forbade both the killing of wild animals and the destruction of forests, he is seen by some modern environmental historians as an early embodiment of that ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-elverskog-2020-lead-1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elverskog-2020-lead-1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fisher-2018-lead-3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-2018-lead-3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> (NBPW). The <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">State Emblem of the Republic of India</a>, and the 24-pointed <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel of Dharma">Wheel of Dharma</a> on the capital's drum-shaped <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a>, is the central feature of India's national flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Vajpeyi-2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vajpeyi-2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvīpa</a></div> <p>The name "Maurya" does not occur in <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Ashoka's inscriptions</a>, or the contemporary Greek accounts such as <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Megasthenes)" title="Indica (Megasthenes)">Indica</a></i>, but it is attested by the following sources:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_rock_inscription_of_Rudradaman" title="Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman">Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman</a> (c. 150 CE) prefixes "Maurya" to the names Chandragupta and Ashoka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (c. 4th century CE or earlier) use Maurya as a dynastic appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Buddhist texts state that Chandragupta belonged to the "<a href="/wiki/Moriya_(tribe)" title="Moriya (tribe)">Moriya</a>" clan of the Shakyas, the tribe to which <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Jain texts state that Chandragupta was the son of an imperial superintendent of peacocks (<i>mayura-poshaka</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Tamil Sangam literature</a> also designate them as '<span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">moriyar</i></span>' and mention them after the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nandas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala</a> inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">North Mysore</a>) of 12th century AD chronologically mention Maurya as one of the dynasties which ruled the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to some scholars, Kharavela's <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> (2nd-1st century BC) mentions era of Maurya Empire as Muriya Kala (Mauryan era),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this reading is disputed: other scholars—such as epigraphist <a href="/wiki/D._C._Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. C. Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a>—read the phrase as mukhiya-kala ("the principal art").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Buddhist tradition, the ancestors of the Maurya kings had settled in a region where peacocks (<i>mora</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>) were abundant. Therefore, they came to be known as "Moriyas", literally meaning, "belonging to the place of peacocks". According to another Buddhist account, these ancestors built a city called Moriya-nagara ("Peacock-city"), which was so called, because it was built with the "bricks coloured like peacocks' necks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynasty's connection to the peacocks, as mentioned in the Buddhist and Jain traditions, seems to be corroborated by archaeological evidence. For example, peacock figures are found on the <a href="/wiki/Lauria_Nandangarh#Pillar_of_Ashoka" title="Lauria Nandangarh">Ashoka pillar at Nandangarh</a> and several sculptures on the Great Stupa of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. Based on this evidence, modern scholars theorize that the peacock may have been the dynasty's emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some later authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Dhundhiraja_of_Svamimalai" title="Dhundhiraja of Svamimalai">Dhundhi-raja</a> (an 18th-century commentator on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i> and an annotator of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>), state that the word "Maurya" is derived from Mura and the mother of the first Maurya emperor. However, the Puranas themselves make no mention of Mura and do not talk of any relation between the Nanda and the Maurya dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhundiraja's derivation of the word seems to be his own invention: according to the Sanskrit rules, the derivative of the feminine name Mura (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Murā) would be "Maureya"; the term "Maurya" can only be derived from the masculine "Mura".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19668_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19668-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <p>The primary sources for the written records of the Mauryan times are the <i>Arthashastra</i>, a work previously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Kautilya</a>, but now thought to be composed by multiple authors in the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partial records of the lost history of <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> in Roman texts of several centuries later;<sup id="cite_ref-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, which were first read in the modern era by <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> after he had deciphered the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi script">Kharoshthi</a> scripts in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-michon-2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michon-2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanda_Empire,_c.325_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/220px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/330px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/440px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Possible extent of Nanda Empire c.325 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200469_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200469-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1992145_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1992145-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the Maurya Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> ruled the Ganges basin and some adjacent territories. The Nanda Empire was a large, militaristic, and economically powerful empire due to conquering the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">mahajanapadas</a>. According to several legends, Chanakya travelled to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>, the capital of the Nanda Empire where Chanakya worked for the Nandas as a <a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya">minister</a>. However, Chanakya was insulted by the King <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a> when he informed them of Alexander's invasion. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Namita20082_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namita20082-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had to flee in order to save his life and went to <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, a notable center of learning, to work as a teacher. On one of his travels, Chanakya witnessed some young men playing a rural game practicing a pitched battle. One of the boys was none other than Chandragupta. Chanakya was impressed by the young Chandragupta and saw imperial qualities in him as someone fit to rule. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg/220px-Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg/330px-Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg/440px-Joppen_Alexander%27s_Empire_326BC_ivory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s empire in 326 BCE. The routes taken to South Asia and the return from South Asia to Babylon by land and sea are shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was leading his Indian campaigns and ventured into Punjab. His army mutinied at the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a> and refused to advance farther eastward when confronted by another army. Alexander returned to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and re-deployed most of his troops west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. Soon after Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, his empire fragmented into independent kingdoms ruled by his generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201431_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201431-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"India, after the death of Alexander, had shaken off the yoke of servitude from its neck and put his governors to death. The author of this liberation was Sandrocottus." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Justin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196631_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196631-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Maurya Empire was established in the Magadha region under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya and his mentor Chanakya. Chandragupta was taken to Taxila by Chanakya and was tutored about statecraft and governing. Requiring an army Chandragupta recruited and annexed local <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">military republics</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a> that had resisted Alexander's Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek historians <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onesictrius" class="mw-redirect" title="Onesictrius">Onesictrius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Cassandreia" title="Aristobulus of Cassandreia">Aristobolus</a> have provided a valuable source of information about Chandragupta and the Mauryan empire.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta Maurya's ancestry is shrouded in mystery and controversy. On one hand, a number of ancient Indian accounts, such as the drama <i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i> (<i>Signet ring of Rakshasa</i> – <i>Rakshasa</i> was the prime minister of Magadha) by <a href="/wiki/Vishakhadatta" title="Vishakhadatta">Vishakhadatta</a>, describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. A kshatriya clan known as the Mauryas are referred to in the earliest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81na_Sutta" title="Mahāparinibbāna Sutta">Mahāparinibbāna Sutta</a>. However, any conclusions are hard to make without further historical evidence. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as "Sandrokottos". As a young man he is said to have met Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chanakya is said to have met the Nanda king, angered him, and made a narrow escape.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow_of_the_Nanda_Empire">Overthrow of the Nanda Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/220px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/330px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/440px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, capital of the Mauryas. Ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a>, discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Bulandi_Bagh" title="Bulandi Bagh">Bulandi Bagh</a> site of Pataliputra, 4th–3rd c. BCE.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nanda-Mauryan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda-Mauryan War">Nanda-Mauryan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a></div> <p>Historically reliable details of Chandragupta's campaign against <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> are unavailable and legends written centuries later are inconsistent. Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu texts claim <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a>, which, with <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s counsel, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a> conquered Nanda Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013362–364_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013362–364-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen189526–32_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen189526–32-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008272_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008272-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital <b>Pataliputra</b>. In contrast to the easy victory in Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198828–33_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198828–33-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen189526–32_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen189526–32-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist <i>Mahavamsa Tika</i> and Jain <i>Parishishtaparvan</i> records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemacandra1998175–188_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemacandra1998175–188-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a> accepted defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera2002383_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera2002383-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833–34_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833–34-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest was fictionalised in <i>Mudrarakshasa</i> play, it contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a> suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Radha Kumud Mukherjee</a> similarly considers Mudrakshasa play without historical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These legends state that the Nanda emperor was defeated, deposed and exiled by some accounts, while Buddhist accounts claim he was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198834_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198834-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the defeat of Dhana Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201262_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201262-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandragupta_Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg/220px-EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg/330px-EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg/440px-EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander_with_ceded_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Alexander's eastern Satrapies, with territories ceded by the seleucid Empire in 303 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarn1922100_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarn1922100-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_conquest_of_Greek_satrapies" title="Mauryan conquest of Greek satrapies">Mauryan conquest of Greek satrapies east of Indus (317-313 BCE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war (305-303 BCE)</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">death of Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BCE, Chandragupta led a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">series of campaigns</a> to take <a href="/wiki/Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapies">satrapies</a> in the Indus Valley and northwest India.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Alexander's remaining forces were routed, returning westwards, Seleucus I Nicator fought to defend these territories. Not many details of the campaigns are known from ancient sources. Seleucus was defeated and retreated into the mountainous region of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-kistler_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kistler-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two rulers concluded a peace treaty in 303 BCE, including a marital alliance. According to Grant, under its terms, Seleucus Nicator ceded the Hindu Kush, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and parts of Afghanistan to Chandragupta Maurya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201050_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201050-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kosmin, "Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapamisadae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapamisadae">Parapamisadae</a>, and the eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a>, and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> and Aria as far as Herat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceded_territory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seleucus I received the 500 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> kings at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsus" title="Battle of Ipsus">Battle of Ipsus</a> in 301 BCE. Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks, such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(ambassador)" title="Dionysius (ambassador)">Dionysius</a> resided at the Mauryan court.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Megasthenes in particular was a notable Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201438_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201438-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i>Indika</i> is a major literary source for information about the Mauryan Empire. According to <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, ambassador Megasthenes (c. 350 – c. 290 BCE) lived in Arachosia and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megasthenes' description of Mauryan society as freedom-loving gave Seleucus a means to avoid invasion, however, underlying Seleucus' decision was the improbability of success. In later years, Seleucus' successors maintained diplomatic relations with the Empire based on similar accounts from returning travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta established a strong centralised state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with an administration at Pataliputra, which, according to Megasthenes, was "surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers". <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentioning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iran">Persia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architecture of the city seems to have had many similarities with Persian cities of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta's son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. The famous <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Mamulanar" title="Mamulanar">Mamulanar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> described how areas south of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> which comprised <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> was invaded by the Mauryan Army using troops from Karnataka. Mamulanar states that <a href="/wiki/Vatuka" title="Vatuka">Vadugar</a> (people who resided in Andhra-Karnataka regions immediately to the north of Tamil Nadu) formed the vanguard of the Mauryan Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had a Greek ambassador at his court, named <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201432_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201432-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Chandragupta Maurya subdued all of India, and Justin also observed that Chandragupta Maurya was "in possession of India". These accounts are corroborated by Tamil Sangam literature which mentions about Mauryan invasion with their south Indian allies and defeat of their rivals at Podiyil hill in <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli district</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta renounced his throne and followed Jain teacher <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–40_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–40-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201060_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201060-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have lived as an ascetic at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> for several years before fasting to death, as per the Jain practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">sallekhana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bindusara">Bindusara</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_(8486583162).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg/220px-I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg/330px-I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg/440px-I42_1karshapana_Maurya_Bindusara_MACW4165_1ar_%288486583162%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2691" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A silver coin of 1 <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">karshapana</a> of the Maurya empire, period of <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> Maurya about 297–272 BC, workshop of Pataliputra. <b>Obv:</b> Symbols with a sun. <b>Rev:</b> Symbol. <b>Dimensions:</b> 14 × 11 mm. <b>Weight:</b> 3.4 g.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bindusara was born to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. This is attested by several sources, including the various <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasachariar1974lxxxvii_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasachariar1974lxxxvii-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is attested by the Buddhist texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i> ("Bindusaro"); the Jain texts such as <i>Parishishta-Parvan</i>; as well as the Hindu texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> ("Vindusara").<sup id="cite_ref-VAS_Asoka_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAS_Asoka-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 12th century Jain writer <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Parishishta-Parvan</a></i>, the name of Bindusara's mother was <a href="/wiki/Durdhara" title="Durdhara">Durdhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosalind_1993_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosalind_1993-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Greek sources also mention him by the name "Amitrochates" or its variations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003108_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003108-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a> estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bindusara, just 22 years old, inherited a large empire that consisted of what is now, Northern, Central and Eastern parts of India along with parts of Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a>. Bindusara extended this empire to the southern part of India, as far as what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. He brought sixteen states under the Mauryan Empire and thus conquered almost all of the Indian peninsula (he is said to have conquered the 'land between the two seas' – the peninsular region between the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>). Bindusara did not conquer the friendly <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Tamil kingdoms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Cholas</a>, ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Ilamcetcenni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamcetcenni">Ilamcetcenni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a>. Apart from these southern states, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> (modern Odisha) was the only kingdom in India that did not form part of Bindusara's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971167_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1971167-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later conquered by his son <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who served as the <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avantirastra" title="Avantirastra">Avantirastra</a> during his father's reign, which highlights the importance of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bindusara's life has not been documented as well as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka. Chanakya continued to serve as prime minister during his reign. According to the medieval Tibetan scholar Taranatha who visited India, Chanakya helped Bindusara "to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and thus to become absolute master of the territory between the eastern and western oceans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his rule, the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> revolted twice. The reason for the first revolt was the maladministration of <a href="/wiki/Susima" title="Susima">Susima</a>, his eldest son. The reason for the second revolt is unknown, but Bindusara could not suppress it in his lifetime. It was crushed by Ashoka after Bindusara's death.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_legends_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_legends-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Hellenic world. <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a> was the ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a> at Bindusara's court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> states that the king of Palibothra (<a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, the Mauryan capital) welcomed a Greek author, <a href="/wiki/Iambulus" title="Iambulus">Iambulus</a>. This king is usually identified as Bindusara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Philadelphus</a> sent an envoy named <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(ambassador)" title="Dionysius (ambassador)">Dionysius</a> to India.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sailendra Nath Sen, this appears to have happened during Bindusara's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike his father Chandragupta (who at a later stage converted to <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>), Bindusara believed in the <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a> religion. Bindusara's guru Pingalavatsa (Janasana) was a Brahmin<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Ajivika religion. Bindusara's wife, Empress <a href="/wiki/Shubhadrangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shubhadrangi">Subhadrangi</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also of the Ajivika religion from <a href="/wiki/Champapuri" title="Champapuri">Champa</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_district" title="Bhagalpur district">Bhagalpur district</a>). Bindusara is credited with giving several grants to Brahmin monasteries (<i>Brahmana-bhatto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a> believes that he died around 274 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273–272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his son <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> became the emperor in 269–268 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i>, Bindusara reigned for 28 years.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i>, which names Chandragupta's successor as "Bhadrasara", states that he ruled for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HHW_Vishnu_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHW_Vishnu-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashoka">Ashoka</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><b>Various depictions of the maximum territorial extent of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka</b></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png/172px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png/258px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png/344px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Depiction based on Kulke & Rothermund, arguing that large parts of the interior of South Asia were actually not controlled by the Maurya Empire<sup id="cite_ref-map_network_model_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/172px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/258px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/344px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Traditional depiction, based on Ashoka's rock edicts, and a maximum interpretation of territories ceded by the Seleucid Empire in 303 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceded_territory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_solid_mass_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_solid_mass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/220px-Sarnath_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/330px-Sarnath_capital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/440px-Sarnath_capital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>. c. 250 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali,_Bihar,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/220px-Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/330px-Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/440px-Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption> Ashoka pillar at <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG/220px-6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG/330px-6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG/440px-6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of the 6th Pillar <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edict of Ashoka</a> (238 BCE), in <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a>, sandstone, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a young prince, Ashoka (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 272–232</span> BCE) was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Taxila. As emperor he was ambitious and aggressive, re-asserting the Empire's superiority in southern and western India. But it was his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> (262–261 BCE) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life. Ashoka used Kalinga to project power over a large region by building a fortification there and securing it as a possession.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ashoka's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and citizen militias, an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare, including over 10,000 of Imperial Mauryan soldiers. Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war. When he personally witnessed the devastation, Ashoka began feeling remorse. Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism, and renounced war and violence. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries. He also propagated his own <i><a href="/wiki/Ashoka%27s_policy_of_Dhamma" title="Ashoka's policy of Dhamma">dhamma</a>.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ashoka implemented principles of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> by banning hunting and violent sports activity and abolishing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in ancient India">slave trade</a>. While he maintained a large and powerful army, to keep the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country. Over 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, set in stone, are found throughout the Subcontinent. Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra (<a href="/wiki/Nellore_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellore District">Nellore District</a>), Ashoka's edicts state his policies and accomplishments. Although predominantly written in Prakrit, two of them were written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and one in both Greek and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a> as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. They also attest to Ashoka's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic world</a> at the time such as <i>Amtiyoko</i> (<a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a>), <i>Tulamaya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II</a>), <i>Amtikini</i> (<a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonos II</a>), <i>Maka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a>) and <i>Alikasudaro</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II of Epirus</a>) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Edicts also accurately locate their territory "600 yojanas away" (1 yojana being about 7 miles), corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4,000 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <p>Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker emperors. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha_Maurya" title="Dasharatha Maurya">Dasharatha Maurya</a>, who was Ashoka's grandson. None of Ashoka's sons could ascend to the throne after him. <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, his firstborn, became a Buddhist monk. <a href="/wiki/Kunala" title="Kunala">Kunala Maurya</a> was blinded and hence couldn't ascend to the throne; and <a href="/wiki/Tivala" title="Tivala">Tivala</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Karuvaki" title="Karuvaki">Karuvaki</a>, died even earlier than Ashoka. Little is known about another son, <a href="/wiki/Jalauka" title="Jalauka">Jalauka</a>. </p><p>The empire lost many territories under Dasharatha, which were later reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a>, Kunala's son. Post Samprati, the Mauryas slowly lost many territories. In 180 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Maurya" title="Brihadratha Maurya">Brihadratha Maurya</a>, was killed by his <a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a> in a military parade without any heir. Hence, the great Maurya Empire finally ended, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>. </p><p>Reasons advanced for the decline include the succession of weak emperors after Ashoka Maurya, the partition of the empire into two, the growing independence of some areas within the empire, such as that ruled by <a href="/wiki/Sophagasenus" title="Sophagasenus">Sophagasenus</a>, a top-heavy administration where authority was entirely in the hands of a few persons, an absence of any national consciousness,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pure scale of the empire making it unwieldy, and invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian Empire">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri</a>, have argued that Ashoka's pacifism undermined the "military backbone" of the Maurya empire. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>, have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been "grossly exaggerated".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2012131,_143_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2012131,_143-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shunga_coup_(185_BCE)"><span id="Shunga_coup_.28185_BCE.29"></span>Shunga coup (185 BCE)</h4></div> <p>Buddhist records such as the <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a> write that the assassination of Brihadratha and the rise of the Shunga empire led to a wave of religious persecution for <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Marshall">Sir John Marshall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions, although later Shunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism. Other historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lamotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lamotte">Etienne Lamotte</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others, have argued that archaeological evidence in favour of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking, and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_the_Indo-Greek_Kingdom_(180_BCE)"><span id="Establishment_of_the_Indo-Greek_Kingdom_.28180_BCE.29"></span>Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Demetrius I's invasion of India">Demetrius I's invasion of India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_200_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/300px-World_in_200_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/450px-World_in_200_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/600px-World_in_200_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world in 200 BC showing the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, the Maurya Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> (Kushans)</figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of the Mauryas left the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> capitalized on the breakup, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a>, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>. However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahanas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, named <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, and Gujarat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <p>Megasthenes mentions military command consisting of six boards of five members each, (i) <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="History of the Indian Navy">Navy</a> (ii) <a href="/wiki/Military_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Military transport">Military transport</a> (iii) <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> (iv) <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catapults" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapults">Catapults</a> (v) <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">Chariot divisions</a> and (vi) <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">Elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryaStatuettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MauryaStatuettes.jpg/220px-MauryaStatuettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MauryaStatuettes.jpg/330px-MauryaStatuettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MauryaStatuettes.jpg/440px-MauryaStatuettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Statuettes of the Mauryan era</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3></div> <p>Ashoka's empire consisted of five parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magadha, with the imperial capital at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, and several former mahajanapadas next to it formed the center, which was directly ruled by the emperor's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other territories were divided into four provinces, ruled by princes who served as governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four provincial capitals are <a href="/wiki/Tosali" title="Tosali">Tosali</a> (in the east), <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> (in the west), <a href="/wiki/Suvarnagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvarnagiri">Suvarnagiri</a> (in the south), and <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> (in the northwest). The head of the provincial administration was the <a href="/wiki/Kumar_(title)" title="Kumar (title)"><i>Kumar</i></a> (prince), who governed the provinces as emperor's representative. The <i>kumara</i> was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya"><i>mahamatyas</i></a> (great ministers) and council of ministers. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his <i>Mantriparishad</i> (Council of Ministers).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Mauryans established a well developed coin minting system. Coins were mostly made of silver and copper. Certain gold coins were in circulation as well. The coins were widely used for trade and commerce<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999160_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999160-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_of_core_areas_and_trade_routes">Network of core areas and trade routes</h3></div> <p>Monica Smith notes that historiography has tended to view ancient states as vast territories, whereas they are better understood as networks of centers of power, a model that also applies to the Maurya Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulke and Rothermunf agree with her approach, noting that Ashoka's inscriptions reveal a regional pattern, demarcating the five parts of the empire, whereas the major rock edicts have only been found in the frontier provinces, but are absent in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions and rock edicts are entirely absent in large parts of the territories supposedly under control of the empire, which means that "large parts of present Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh as well as Kerala and Tamil Nadu were not actually included in the Maurya empire."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlling the main trade routes was essential for the empire, as they were threatened by undefeated tribes inhabiting large parts of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_network_model_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchical_ownership">Monarchical ownership</h3></div> <p>Under the Mauryan system there was no private ownership of land as all land was owned by the emperor to whom tribute was paid by the laboring class. In return the emperor supplied the laborers with agricultural products, animals, seeds, tools, public infrastructure, and stored food in reserve for times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of the empire has also been described as "a socialized monarchy", "a sort of state socialism", and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> accounts of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> describe the intricate municipal system formed by Maurya empire to govern its cities. A city counsel made up of thirty commissioners was divided into six committees or boards which governed the city. The first board fixed wages and looked after provided goods, second board made arrangement for foreign dignitaries, tourists and businessmen, third board made records and registrations, fourth looked after manufactured goods and sale of commodities, fifth board regulated trade, issued licenses and checked weights and measurements, sixth board collected sales taxes. Some cities such as Taxila had autonomy to issue their own coins. The city counsel had officers who looked after public welfare such as maintenance of roads, public buildings, markets, hospitals, educational institutions etc.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official head of the village was <i>Gramika</i> and in towns and cities was <i>Nagarika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city counsel also had some magisterial powers. The taking of census was regular process in the Mauryan administration. The village heads (<i>Gramika</i>) and mayors (<i>Nagarika</i>) were responsible enumerating different classes of people in the Mauryan empire such as traders, agriculturists, smiths, potters, carpenters etc. and also cattle, mostly for taxation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="ToI is not a reliable source for history; also see Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 287#Times of India RFC (January 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These vocations consolidated as castes, a feature of Indian society that continues to influence the Indian politics till today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</h3></div> <p>Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003107_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003107-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vast <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.Even though large parts were under the control of Mauryan empire the spread of information and imperial messages was limited since many parts were inaccessible and were situated far away from capital of empire.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg/170px-MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg/255px-MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg/340px-MauryanStatuette2ndCenturyBCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Maurya statuette, 2nd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the first time in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity. The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms, many small armies, powerful regional chieftains, and internecine warfare, gave way to a disciplined central authority. Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a centrally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the <i>Arthashastra</i>. Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India, and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants, farmers and traders. The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits, regional private armies, and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. Although regimental in revenue collection, Mauryas also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity, while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to new-found political unity and internal peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid-Maurya_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid-Maurya treaty">Indo-Greek friendship treaty</a>, and during Ashoka's reign, an international network of trade expanded. The <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan, became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India. Trade also extended through the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> into Southeast Asia. India's exports included silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works. The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many ways, the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> of several centuries later. Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities. These existed purely for private commerce and developed before the Mauryan Empire itself.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="1" style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;"><b>Maurya Empire coinage</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins."><img alt="Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/200px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/300px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/400px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanCoin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]"><img alt="Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/331px-MauryanCoin.JPG" decoding="async" width="221" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/497px-MauryanCoin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/662px-MauryanCoin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]"><img alt="Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg/277px-Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg/415px-Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg/553px-Mauryan_coin_with_arched_hill_symbol_on_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]"><img alt="Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/267px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/400px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/534px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[119]"><img alt="Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg/310px-Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg/464px-Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg/619px-Mauryan_Empire._temp._Salisuka_or_later._Circa_207-194_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mauryan Empire, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Salisuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisuka">Salisuka</a> or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a> was an important religion throughout the period of the empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brahmanism_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brahmanism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mauryans were rooted in the non-Vedic Magadha realm, and favored <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198199_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198199-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jainism_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jainism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2020255-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ajivikism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2020255-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ajivikism_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajivikism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmanism, which had developed in the conquered <a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> realm, lost its privileges, which threatened its very existence, and pressured it to transform itself into a "socio-political ideology" which eventually became influential far beyond the confines of its original homeland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bronkhorst_Brahmanical_transformation_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst_Brahmanical_transformation-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> in which Brahmanical ideology, local traditions, and elements from the sramana-traditions, were synthesized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg/220px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg/330px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg/440px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Bhadrabahu Cave, <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> where <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a> is said to have died</figcaption></figure> <p>While according to Greek traveller <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, Chandragupta Maurya sponsored Brahmanical rituals and sacrifices,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India19602_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India19602-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to a Jain text from the 12th century, Chandragupta Maurya followed <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> after retiring, when he renounced his throne and material possessions to join a wandering group of <a href="/wiki/Jain_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain monk">Jain monks</a> and in his last days, he observed the rigorous but self-purifying Jain ritual of <a href="/wiki/Santhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhara">santhara</a> (fast unto death), at <a href="/wiki/Shravana_Belgola" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravana Belgola">Shravana Belgola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200464–65_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200464–65-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201060_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201060-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is also possible that "they are talking about his great grandson."<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, patronized Jainism. Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monks like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhastin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhastin (page does not exist)">Suhastin</a> and he is said to have built 125,000 <a href="/wiki/Derasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Derasar">derasars</a> across India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010142_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010142-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them are still found in the towns of Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain, and Palitana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also said that just like Ashoka, Samprati sent messengers and preachers to Greece, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> for the spread of Jainism, but, to date, no evidence has been found to support this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010199_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010199-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sanchi2.jpg/220px-Sanchi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sanchi2.jpg/330px-Sanchi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sanchi2.jpg/440px-Sanchi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, which contained the relics of Buddha, at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> complex was originally built by the Maurya Empire, but the balustrade around it is <a href="/wiki/Sunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunga">Sunga</a>, and the decorative gateways are from the later <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxila1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Taxila1.jpg/220px-Taxila1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Taxila1.jpg/330px-Taxila1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Taxila1.jpg/440px-Taxila1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmarajika">Dharmarajika</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, modern Pakistan, is also thought to have been established by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Buddhist texts <i><a href="/wiki/Samantapasadika" title="Samantapasadika">Samantapasadika</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i> suggest that Bindusara followed Brahmanism, calling him a "<i>Brahmana bhatto</i>" ("devotee of the Brahmins").<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_2001_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_2001-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>, the centre of the empire, was also the birthplace of Buddhism. In later life Ashoka followed Buddhism; following the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a>, he renounced expansionism and aggression, and the harsher injunctions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> on the use of force, intensive policing, and ruthless measures for tax collection and against rebels. Ashoka sent a mission led by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Sri Lanka</a>, whose king <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Tissa</a> was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, Greece and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>, and commissioned the construction of monasteries and schools, as well as the publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India, such as <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a>, and he increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a>. Ashoka helped convene the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Councils">Third Buddhist Council</a> of India's and South Asia's Buddhist orders near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <p>The population of South Asia during the Mauryan period has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4b_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4b-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tim Dyson, the period of the Mauryan Empire saw the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan people</a> who had settled in the Gangetic plain, increasingly meeting tribal people who were incorporated into their evolving caste-system, and the declining rights of women in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan speaking</a> regions of India, though "these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent."<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3b_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3b-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_remains">Architectural remains</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Mauryan art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barabar_Caves_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barabar_Caves_2.JPG/260px-Barabar_Caves_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barabar_Caves_2.JPG/390px-Barabar_Caves_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barabar_Caves_2.JPG/520px-Barabar_Caves_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Mauryan architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Barabar Caves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi_Cave" title="Lomas Rishi Cave">Lomas Rishi Cave</a>. 3rd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest monument of this period, executed in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, was the old palace at Paliputra, modern <a href="/wiki/Kumhrar" title="Kumhrar">Kumhrar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>. Excavations have unearthed the remains of the palace, which is thought to have been a group of several buildings, the most important of which was an immense pillared hall supported on a high substratum of timbers. The pillars were set in regular rows, thus dividing the hall into a number of smaller square bays. The number of columns is 80, each about 7 meters high. According to the eyewitness account of <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, the palace was chiefly constructed of timber, and was considered to exceed in splendour and magnificence the palaces of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>, its gilded pillars being adorned with golden vines and silver birds. The buildings stood in an extensive park studded with fish ponds and furnished with a great variety of ornamental trees and shrubs.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kauṭilya's <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> also gives the method of palace construction from this period. Later fragments of stone pillars, including one nearly complete, with their round tapering shafts and smooth polish, indicate that Ashoka was responsible for the construction of the stone columns which replaced the earlier wooden ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/220px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/330px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg/440px-Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, 6 meters in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side. Chakpat, near <a href="/wiki/Chakdara" title="Chakdara">Chakdara</a>. Probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Ashokan period, stonework was of a highly diversified order and comprised lofty free-standing pillars, railings of <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a>, lion thrones and other colossal figures. The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time that even small fragments of stone art were given a high lustrous polish resembling fine enamel. This period marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a>. Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a>, which were large domes and bearing symbols of Buddha. The most important ones are located at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhgaya">Bodhgaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a>. The most widespread examples of Mauryan architecture are the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashoka pillars</a> and carved edicts of Ashoka, often exquisitely decorated, with more than 40 spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The peacock was a dynastic symbol of Mauryans, as depicted by Ashoka's pillars at Nandangarh and Sanchi Stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;"><b>Maurya structures and decorations at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a><br />(3rd century BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/250px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/375px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/500px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><br />Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryas</a>. </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway)."><img alt="Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG/199px-Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG/299px-Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG/398px-Ashokan_Pillar_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4361.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashokan Pillar</a> in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 314px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 312px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_pillar_remains_near_Southern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway."><img alt="Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Ashoka_pillar_remains_near_Southern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="312" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar and its inscription (the "Schism Edict") upon discovery."><img alt="Pillar and its inscription (the "Schism Edict") upon discovery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg/221px-Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg/332px-Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg/443px-Sanchi_Ashoka_pillar_with_schism_edit_in_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillar and its inscription (the "Schism Edict") upon discovery.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The capital nowadays.[136]"><img alt="The capital nowadays.[136]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg/181px-Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg/272px-Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg/363px-Sanchi_capital_right_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="3518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The capital nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg/220px-Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg/330px-Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg/440px-Patna_Yakshas_and_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>The two <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a>, possibly 3rd century BCE, found in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>. The two <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> inscriptions starting with <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gupta_ashoka_y.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gupta_ashoka_y.svg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gupta_ashoka_y.svg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_khe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="427" /></a></span>... (<i>Yakhe...</i> for "Yaksha...") are <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">paleographically</a> of a later date, circa 2nd century CE <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The protection of animals in India was advocated by the time of the Maurya dynasty; being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, their denizens, and fauna in general is of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as resources. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">battle-elephants</a>; these played a role in the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s former generals. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch, tame and train wild elephants than to raise them. <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the <i>Protector of the Elephant Forests</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IWH4_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWH4-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Office of the Chief Elephant Forester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain. The slaying of an elephant is punishable by death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers for skins. Elsewhere the <i>Protector of Animals</i> also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">forest tribes</a> with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or <i>aranyaca</i> to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire.<sup id="cite_ref-IWH5_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWH5-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign, he brought about significant changes in his style of governance, which included providing protection to fauna, and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was the first ruler in history<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> to advocate <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a> measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The edicts proclaim that many followed the emperor's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states:<sup id="cite_ref-IWH5_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWH5-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our king killed very few animals.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edict on Fifth Pillar</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' (coins) fine for poaching deer in imperial hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests.<sup id="cite_ref-IWH5_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWH5-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contacts_with_the_Hellenistic_world">Contacts with the Hellenistic world</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanRingstone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MauryanRingstone.JPG/220px-MauryanRingstone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MauryanRingstone.JPG/330px-MauryanRingstone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MauryanRingstone.JPG/440px-MauryanRingstone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Mauryan ringstone, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. 3rd Century BCE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Empire">Foundation of the Empire</h3></div> <p>Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, probably around <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> in the northwest:<sup id="cite_ref-RM16_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM16-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> 62-4<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RM16_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM16-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconquest_of_the_Northwest">Reconquest of the Northwest</h3></div> <p>Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as "Prefects" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>India, after the death of Alexander, had assassinated his prefects, as if shaking the burden of servitude. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos, but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory, since, after taking the throne, he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> XV.4.12–13<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Later, as he was preparing war against the prefects of Alexander, a huge wild elephant went to him and took him on his back as if tame, and he became a remarkable fighter and war leader. Having thus acquired royal power, Sandracottos possessed India at the time Seleucos was preparing future glory.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justin XV.4.19<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_alliance_with_Seleucus_(305_BCE)"><span id="Conflict_and_alliance_with_Seleucus_.28305_BCE.29"></span>Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png/220px-Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png/330px-Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png/440px-Hellenistic_world_and_Maurya_Empire_281_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the north western border of Maurya Empire, including its various neighboring states.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>, the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of the Asian portion of Alexander's former empire, conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (<a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered into a confrontation with Emperor Chandragupta: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Always lying in wait for the neighbouring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, "The Syrian Wars" 55<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Though no accounts of the conflict remain, it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed to conquer any territory, and in fact was forced to surrender much that was already his. Regardless, Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE, Seleucus, according to Strabo, ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta, including eastern Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_alliance">Marriage alliance</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/170px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/255px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/340px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Figure of a foreigner, found in <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a probable member of the West Asian <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> elite in the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plains</a> during the Mauryan period.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_122_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_122-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_318_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_318-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Chandragupta and <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> concluded a peace treaty and a marriage alliance in 303 BCE. Chandragupta received vast territories and in a return gave Seleucus 500 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003105_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003105-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a military asset which would play a decisive role at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsus" title="Battle of Ipsus">Battle of Ipsus</a> in 301 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201437_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201437-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, to Chandragupta, and later <a href="/wiki/Deimakos" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimakos">Deimakos</a> to his son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a>, at the Mauryan court at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihar_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar state">Bihar</a>). Later, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> and contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, is also recorded by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> as having sent an ambassador named <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(ambassador)" title="Dionysius (ambassador)">Dionysius</a> to the Mauryan court.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, modern-day Afghanistan, and the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> province of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, are known as far as <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in southern Afghanistan. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He (Seleucus) crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, The Syrian Wars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html">55</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After having made a treaty with him (Sandrakotos) and put in order the Orient situation, Seleucos went to war against <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Junianus_Justinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junianus Justinus">Junianus Justinus</a>, <i>Historiarum Philippicarum, libri XLIV</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030902205057/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/trad15.html">XV.4.15</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The treaty on "<a href="/wiki/Epigamia" title="Epigamia">Epigamia</a>" implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level, although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people, or both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exchange_of_presents">Exchange of presents</h4></div> <p>Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiacs</a> to Seleucus:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus_of_Naucratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeus of Naucratis">Athenaeus of Naucratis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="The deipnosophists">The deipnosophists</a></i>, Book I, chapter 32<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>His son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> 'Amitraghata' (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged presents with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really, as <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> says, "There's really nothing nicer than dried figs"), that even Amitrochates, the king of the Indians, wrote to <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus</a>, entreating him (it is <a href="/wiki/Hegesander_(historian)" title="Hegesander (historian)">Hegesander</a> who tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine, and some dried figs, and a <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophist</a>; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer, "The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i> XIV.67<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_population_in_India">Greek population in India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/220px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/330px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/440px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Edict_of_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandahar Edict of Ashoka">Kandahar Edict of Ashoka</a>, a bilingual edict (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>) by king Ashoka, from <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> Museum. (See image description page for translation.)</figcaption></figure> <p>An influential and large Greek population was present in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule, possibly remnants of Alexander's conquests in the Indus Valley region. In the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Rock Edicts of Ashoka</a>, some of them inscribed in Greek, Ashoka states that the Greeks within his dominion were converted to Buddhism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here in the king's dominion among the <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the <a href="/wiki/Andhras" title="Andhras">Andhras</a> and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">(Rock Edict Number 13</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now, in times past (officers) called <a href="/wiki/Mahamatras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamatras">Mahamatras</a> of morality did not exist before. Mahdmatras of morality were appointed by me (when I had been) anointed thirteen years. These are occupied with all sects in establishing morality, in promoting morality, and for the welfare and happiness of those who are devoted to morality (even) among the <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharas">Gandharas</a>, and whatever other western borderers (of mine there are).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(<a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts" title="Major Rock Edicts">Rock Edict Number 5</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek, and a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic, has been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms. In this Edict, Ashoka uses the word <a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a>") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous "<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>" of his other Edicts written in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ten years (of reign) having been completed, King Piodasses (Ashoka) made known (the doctrine of) Piety (<i>εὐσέβεια</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a>) to men; and from this moment he has made men more pious, and everything thrives throughout the whole world. And the king abstains from (killing) living beings, and other men and those who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting. And if some (were) intemperate, they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power; and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and more happily. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Trans. by G.P. Carratelli <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103235517/http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/mauryans.htm">[1]</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_missions_to_the_West_(c._250_BCE)"><span id="Buddhist_missions_to_the_West_.28c._250_BCE.29"></span>Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE)</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka.[161]"><img alt="The distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka.[161]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/166px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/249px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg/332px-AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka."><img alt="Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/195px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/293px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/390px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to Major Rock Edict No. 13 of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).[162][163]"><img alt="Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to Major Rock Edict No. 13 of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).[162][163]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/200px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/300px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/400px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to <a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts" title="Major Rock Edicts">Major Rock Edict No. 13</a> of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201457_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201457-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ME368_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME368-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Also, in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism, although no Western historical record of this event remains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The conquest by <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred <a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">yojanas</a> (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochos</a> rules, beyond there where the four kings named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_Gonatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus Gonatas">Antigonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander</a> rule, likewise in the south among the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Sri Lanka</a>). </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ashoka also encouraged the development of <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>, for men and animals, in their territories: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's [Ashoka's] domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the <a href="/wiki/Velir" title="Velir">Satiyaputras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Keralaputras</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a> and where the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochos</a> rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">2nd Rock Edict</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the spread of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a>, are described in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> sources as leading Greek ("<a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a>") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, XII<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subhagasena_and_Antiochos_III_(206_BCE)"><span id="Subhagasena_and_Antiochos_III_.28206_BCE.29"></span>Subhagasena and Antiochos III (206 BCE)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sophagasenus" title="Sophagasenus">Sophagasenus</a> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan">Mauryan</a> ruler of the 3rd century BCE, described in ancient Greek sources, and named Subhagasena or Subhashasena in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>. His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty, as a descendant of Pradyumna. He may have been a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kunala" title="Kunala">Kunala</a>, the son of Ashoka. He ruled an area south of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, possibly in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiochos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochos III">Antiochos III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> king, after having made peace with <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving <a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Cyzicus" title="Androsthenes of Cyzicus">Androsthenes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories</a>, 11.39<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <ul><li>322 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya <a href="/wiki/Nanda-Mauryan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda-Mauryan War">conquers the Nanda Empire</a>, founding Maurya dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>317–316 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent.</li> <li>305–303 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya gains territory by <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">defeating the Seleucid Empire</a>.</li> <li>298–269 BCE: Reign of Bindusara, Chandragupta's son. He conquers parts of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, southern India.</li> <li>269–232 BCE: The Mauryan Empire reaches its height under Ashoka, Chandragupta's grandson.</li> <li>261 BCE: Ashoka <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">conquers the Kingdom of Kalinga</a>.</li> <li>250 BCE: Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bearing inscriptions.</li> <li>184 BCE: The empire collapses when Brihadratha, the last emperor, is killed by <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a>, a Mauryan general and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_and_List_of_rulers">Family tree and List of rulers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maurya_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maurya Emperors">List of Maurya Emperors</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriya_(tribe)" title="Moriya (tribe)">Moriya Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-map_network_model-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-map_network_model_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_network_model_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_network_model_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_network_model_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_network_model_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Network-model map" shows the Mauryan Empire as a network of core cities and regios, connected by communication and trade routes, surrounding areas (autonomous tribes; forests and (Thar-)desert) with little connection to this network. The network-model has been explained and used by several authors, also with regard to the mauryan Empire. <ul><li>Archaeologist <a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith (2005)</a> explains the basic difference between traditional maps and network-model maps: "With broad lines and dark shading, the cartographic depictions of ancient states and empires convey the impression of comprehensive political entities having firm boundaries and uniform territorial control. These depictions oversimplify the complexities of early state growth, as well as overstating the capacity of central governments to control large territories. Archaeological and textual evidence suggests that ancient states are better understood through network models rather than boundedterritory models."</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith (2005</a>, pp. 842–844) explains the network-model with regard to the Maurya Empire, including several maps with possible networks;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/smith/2005SmithNetworksTerritories.pdf#page=13">Map 2005</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Historians <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Dietmar Rothermund</a> depict the Maury Empire with several "autonomous and free tribes" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-india_202106/page/363/mode/2up?view=theater">legenda</a>):</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund (2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA69">69-70</a>) for map and explanation;</li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg/330px-Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg/440px-Map_of_Mauryan_realms_in_Kulke_and_Rothermund%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Kulke and Rothermund (2016)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><ul><li>Kulke and Rothermund (1998), <i>A History of India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-india_202106/page/363/mode/2up?view=theater">map p.364</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTalbot1994">Talbot (1994)</a> states about their book: "Kulke's discussion of the Mauryan empire is noteworthy for its questioning of earlier assertions regarding the huge territorial extent and high level of centralization in this state [...] <i>A History of India</i> is a great advance on its similarly titled predecessor published by Penguin. It is the best single volume on Indian history currently available in paperback—let us hope that A History of India remains in print for a good long time."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Archeologist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allchin" title="Raymond Allchin">F. R. Allchin</a>: <a href="#CITEREFAllchin1995">Allchin (1995</a>, p. 208)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofear0000allc/page/208/mode/2up?view=theater">Fig 10.5. Map of probable provincial groupings of the Mauryan empire, with cities graded according to their size (p. 208)</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Archaeologist Carla Sinopoli:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2006">Sinopoli (2006</a>, pp. 324, 349) Figure 15.1 page 330, "The Mauryan empire: major sites and possible territorial boundaries (after Sinopoli 2001b)";</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4954193/20110301042242109-libre.pdf?1391737113=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DEast_Asian_plant_domestication.pdf&Expires=1731515076&Signature=WxzofsmML0AXhWk2FNihVdeQCnzn35mN~TSDuM7w9sb10MfL~NkY5dZ-FkYMXfEJFRvTB~LGcbCgBGpd0CcU0OCvT6aO3NhXpDFRX5Wnhv15Tzxc3pXBtoUW-UjaCQaOIY2eP~p69equkpXqnAuqXeDJRK8McxYEkMDbE9~hSu1r-HUwCfTzj6h9ynDzpPSyDXBiCEnYWAUrJSldwrmrSMXZJ5yBNnAHIFbQy7pEv33du-EnB3vvohdJWZd94PF0TVDWf-xhyTYXWy90SOBaWYIqva8mGiT1r3I5ipMYf9SDf~cnLkHFqyQUWVP5wqNTs0INAI6nZ14pgtlRKTjbpg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=347">Map, p. 330</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Archeologist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Coningham" title="Robin Coningham">Robin Coningham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Young_(archaeologist)" title="Ruth Young (archaeologist)">Ruth Young</a>, following Monica Smith (2005), explicitly present the Mauryan Empire as such a network; see <a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young (2015</a>, pp. 451–466) for their explanation;</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>see <a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young (2015</a>, p. 453) for their map.</li> <li>direct link <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA453">Map 2008</a>;</li> <li>Coningham and Young refer to historian <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> for an explanation of this approach. <a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young (2015</a>, p. 452): "Romila Thapar again returned to the study of Asokan edits and noted the presence of three distinct "areas of isolation" within the empire – in the lower Indus plain, the eastern part of Central India, and the far south, but commented that, elsewhere, the Mauryans established routes between emerging centres of exchange (Thapar 1996: 287). Thapar also drew attention to the notable absence of "northern artefacts" in central Karnataka despire the "heavy cluster of inscriptions in the area", further commenting that such phenomena "requires us to view the possible divergences in the relations between the Mauryan administration and the local people of a region" (ibid: 288). Revising her earlier models, Thapar has now suggested that the empire comprised relationships of control between three very different spheres, the metropolitan state, the core areas of previously established <i>Janapadas</i> and <i>Mahajanapadas</i> and, finally, the peripheral regions of "lineage-based societies" which "would be relatively liberated from the control of the metropolitan state" (ibid. 318)."</li> <li>Coningham and Young also refer to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a>, who further explains this approach. <a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young (2015</a>, p. 454): "Such models are close to the model advocated by Stanley Tambiah with his concept of the 'galactic polity' (1976). Although based on later Mediaeval Thai polities, Tambiah recognised the presence of concentric ring or centre-periphery model in which the capital and arena of direct control was surrounded by a circle of provinces ruled by centrally appointed governors and princes with an outermost ring of "more or less independent 'tributary' polities" (1976: 112) Moreover, Tambiah predictied a highly fluid relationship between these units suggesting that "we have before us a galactic picture of a central planet surrounded by differentiated satellites, which are more or less 'autonomous' entities, held in orbit and within the sphere of influence of the centre. Now if we introduce at the margin other similar competing central principalities and their satellites, we shall be able to appreciate the logic of a system that is a hierarchy of central points continually subject to the dynamics of pulsation and changing spheres of influence" (ibid: 113)."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Historians <a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Burton Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Arnold_(historian)" title="David Arnold (historian)">David Arnold</a> also endorse the idea of "core regions." <a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold (2010</a>, p. 74): "In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable; at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples."</li> <li>Historian <a href="#CITEREFLudden2013">Ludden (2013</a>, pp. 29–30) compares the Mauryan Empire with a spider: "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled [...] Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya’s <i>Arthasastra</i> indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old <i>Magadha</i>, where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most <i>janapadas</i>, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left."</li> <li>Historical demographer <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson (2018</a>, pp. 16–17) mentions "the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent": "Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-map_solid_mass-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-map_solid_mass_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_solid_mass_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen-India-250BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Joppen-India-250BC.jpg/220px-Joppen-India-250BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Joppen-India-250BC.jpg/330px-Joppen-India-250BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Joppen-India-250BC.jpg/440px-Joppen-India-250BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption>Joppen-map (1907)</figcaption></figure> For a long time, the Maurya Empire has been conceptualized as a solid mass of territory controlled by the Mauryas; see for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso00jopprich/page/n83/mode/1up">Charles Joppen (1907)</a>, or the following authors "to illustrate the historical perspective that Mauryas controlled all of the interior land (in contrast to some scholars who are now conceptualizing an interior "holes" at the tribal/forest/desert parts)" (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Avantiputra7#Update_map_as_per_en-wiki_caption.">comment by Avantiputra7</a>, who created a 'maximum solid-mass' map): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Arthur Smith</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith (1920</a>, pp. 104–106)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1950">Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Datta (1950</a>, p. 104)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Schwartzberg" title="Joseph E. Schwartzberg">Joseph E. Schwartzberg</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1992">Schwartzberg (1992)</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Plate III.B.4b, p.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=055">p.18</a>;</li> <li>Plate XIV.1a-c, p.145 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182">p.145</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The western borders in these maps are based on a maximum interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_War#Ceded_territories" title="Seleucid–Mauryan War">Peace treary between Seleucid and Chandragupta</a> of 303 BCE. This maximum interpretation has been disputed for over a century; see Tarn (1922), <i>The Greeks In Bactria And India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta">p.100</a>: "Extravagant ideas have been put forard as to what Seleucus did cede." Tarn, referring to Eratosthenes, states that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median <a href="/wiki/Hydaspes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydaspes">Hydaspes</a> (probably the Purali) and the Indus." </p><p>Further note: ancient Aria was at modern-day Herat, not the Sistan basin of the Helmand River. </p><p>Other maps showing the maximum extent, including the ceded Seleucid territories, by: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445/page/n421/mode/1up">Archeological Survey Of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2/page/29/mode/1up">Geoffrey Parker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipsatlasofwo0000unse_u6t7/page/46/mode/1up">Patrick K. O'Brien</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldhist0000danz/page/44/mode/1up">Gerald Danzer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe/page/121/mode/1up">Robert W. Strayer and Eric Nelson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/page/n284/mode/1up">Vincent Arthur Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up">Ian Barnes</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ceded_territory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceded_territory_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceded territory: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> ceded the Indian territories of <a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a> west of the Indus, <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>), and the territories of <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> (modern Kandahar, Afghanistan) (<a href="#CITEREFTarn1922">Tarn 1922</a>, p. 100, <a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 33): <ul><li>Tarn (1922), <i>The Greeks In Bactria And India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n117/mode/2up?q=chandragupta">p.100</a>, referring to Eratosthenes, who states (in Tarn words) that: "Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median <a href="/wiki/Hydaspes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydaspes">Hydaspes</a> (probably the Purali) and the Indus."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin (2014</a>, p. 33): "Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat."</li></ul> The acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>) is disputed. According to Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee (1996), p.594, it "has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars [...] on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo [...] and a statement by Pliny." According to <a href="#CITEREFJohn_D_Grainger2014">John D Grainger (2014</a>, p. 109), "Seleucus "must [...] have held Aria", and furthermore, his "son <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochos</a> was active there fifteen years later".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brahmanism-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brahmanism_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brahmanism_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">While <a href="#CITEREFNath_Sen1999">Nath Sen (1999</a>, p. 164, (215) 217) states (p.164) "During the Mauryan period Brahmanism was an important religion" (Nath Sen distinguishes Brahmanism from Hinduism; p. (215) 217: [At the time of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> (ca. 380-415 CE) of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>] [...] [i]n place of the old sacrificial Brahmanism, Hinduism had appeared"). Others strongly disagree: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFThapar1960">Thapar (1960)</a>: "...the Mauryas did not conform to the accepted religion of most royal families of the time, Brahmanism."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst (2011)</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>"We know that Aśoka’s personal leanings were toward Buddhism, and tradition testifies to the fact that all the other rulers of the Maurya empire had strong links with Jainism, sometimes Ajivikism, but never with Brahmanism. A persistent tradition maintains that Candragupta was a Jaina."</li> <li>"The picture that is slowly gaining ground in modern research is that the establishment of the Maurya empire spelt disaster for traditional Brahmanism. Brahmins in earlier days performed rituals at the courts of kings in the Brahmanical heartland. This Brahmanical heartland was conquered by rulers from Pāṭaliputra, who had no respect for Brahmanical rituals and needed no Brahmins at their courts."</li> <li>"the region of Magadha had not been brahmanized at the time of Candragupta."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2020">Bronkhorst (2020</a>, p. 68): "The brahmanized regions of north-western India were now governed by rulers who had no sympathy for Brahmins or their sacrificial culture, and whose natural sympathies lay with the religions of Greater Magadha, primarily Jainism, Jivikism, and Buddhism."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFOmvedt2003">Omvedt (2003</a>, p. 119) "Magadha was considered by Brahmanic literature to be a <i>mleccha</i> (barbarian) land where Vedic sacrifices and Brahmanic rituals were not performed.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jainism-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jainism_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jainism_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jainism: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith1981">Smith (1981</a>, p. 99): "the only direct evidence throwing light [...] is that of Jain tradition [...] it may be that he [Chandragupta] embraced Jainism towards the end of his reign [...] after much consideration I am inclined to accept the main facts as affirmed by tradition [...] no alternative account exists."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2009">Dalrymple (2009)</a>: "It was here, in the third century BC, that the first Emperor of India, Chandragupta Maurya, embraced the Jain religion and died through a self-imposed fast to the death."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Buddhism-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhism: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2020">Bronkhorst (2020</a>, p. 68): "The brahmanized regions of north-western India were now governed by rulers who had no sympathy for Brahmins or their sacrificial culture, and whose natural sympathies lay with the religions of Greater Magadha, primarily Jainism, Jivikism, and Buddhism."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ajivikism-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajivikism_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajivikism_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajivikism: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2020">Bronkhorst (2020</a>, p. 68): "The brahmanized regions of north-western India were now governed by rulers who had no sympathy for Brahmins or their sacrificial culture, and whose natural sympathies lay with the religions of Greater Magadha, primarily Jainism, Jivikism, and Buddhism."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson (2018</a>, pp. 16–17): "Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arthasastra_dating-composite_authorship_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">the <i>Arthashastra</i>, a work previously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Kautilya</a>, but now thought to be composed by multiple authors in the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHansen2012">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 47: "in the <i>Arthashastra</i>. This text, while it may be based on earlier texts, dates to the second to fourth centuries CE. Attributed to Kautilya, the <i>Arthashastra</i> is a prescriptive text packed full of instructions about how to govern."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSingh2021">Singh 2021</a>, p. Chapter 1: "Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a brilliant treatise on statecraft which discusses how a king can acquire, maintain, and enhance his power. At one time, it was thought to belong to the Maurya period, but recent research suggests a later period of composition, between c. 50 and 300 CE."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSingh2017">Singh 2017</a>, p. 98: "Patrick Olivelle has suggested that while the prehistory of the work may go back to the mid-first century BCE, the first major redacton was composed between circa 50 and 125 CE, and the second one between circa 175 and 300 CE. In view of the continuing debate over its age, it is best to treat the <i>Arthashatra</i> as a text whose composition ranged over several centuries, before and after the turn of the millennium. ... When I refer to "Kautilya," I use the name as a short-hand for the various authors (including , probably, one named Kautilya) who must have contributed to creating the text that has come down to us."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2013">Olivelle 2013</a>, p. 25: "<i>Date</i>: Given its compositional history outlined above, the very question regarding <i>the date</i> or <i>the author</i> of the Arthaśastra becomes moot. We have to instead seek <i>dates</i> and <i>authors</i> in the plural. (p. 29) Given that the composition of the AŚ proper begins with this recension, we can conclude, with some confidence that Kautilya composed his treatise sometime between 50 and 125 C.E. (p. 30) If we allow at least a few decades for this new edition of the AŚ to reach a wider audience and to gain renown, then we can place the upper limit, the <i>terminus ante quem</i>, of the Śastric Redaction to around 300 C.E. or perhaps a bit earlier. This we should not be too far off the mark in dating the redaction to 175–300 C.E. (p. 31) <i>Authorship</i> Just as with the dates, with regard to authorship we also have to speak in the plural; the AŚ as we have it has multiple authors corresponding ot the three phases of its composition. Beyond that, we should also inquire about the early history of its reception, especially the ascription of the <i>AŚ</i> to Canakya and to Visnugupta."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young 2015</a>, p. 451: "However, there are issues with a number of the key sources recording the Mauryan world as exemplified by the work of Thomas Trautmann, who undertook a statistical analysis of the Arthashastra and concluded that it had not been written by a single author but that it comprised sections from a number of sources and authors. Stating that parts included those of "previous teachers whose works, in condensed form perhaps were bound into a single work by a compiler who divided the work into chapters, added the terminal verses, composed the first and last chapters", Trautmann concluded that "[w]e can say with confidence that Kautilya cannot have been the author of the Arthashastra as a whole" (1971: 174-175). Attributed by Trautmann to a date of the second century CE (1971: 177), Basham commented in Trautmann's preface that "No a historian the results may appear at first destructive. But the edifice which successive generations of Indian historians have built rests on very shaky foundations" (Basham 1971: xi)."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bronkhorst_Brahmanical_transformation-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst_Brahmanical_transformation_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst (2011)</a>: <ul><li>This incorporation into a larger empire, first presumably by the Nandas, then by the Mauryas, took away all the respect and privileges that Brahmins had so far enjoyed, and might have meant the disappearance of Brahmins as a distinct group of people. The reason [110] why this did not happen is that Brahmanism reinvented itself. Deprived of their earlier privileges, Brahmins made an effort to find new ways to make themselves indispensable for rulers, and to gain the respect of others."</li> <li>"It [118] was because of the Maurya empire that Brahmanism had to reinvent itself. It was because of that empire that Brahmanism transformed itself from a ritual tradition linked to local rulers in a relatively restricted part of India into a socio-political ideology that succeeded in imposing itself on vast parts of South and Southeast Asia, together covering an area larger than the Roman empire ever had."</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath_Sen1999164,_(215)_217_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath_Sen1999">Nath Sen 1999</a>, p. 164, (215) 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198199-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198199_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198199_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1981">Smith 1981</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2009">Dalrymple 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay198185-86_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay1981">Keay 1981</a>, p. 85-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst202068_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2020">Bronkhorst 2020</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2020255-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2020255_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2020">Long 2020</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991149-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991149_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2007188-189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari2007188-189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvari2007">Avari 2007</a>, p. 188-189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979132-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979132_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaagepera1979">Taagepera 1979</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turchin223-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turchin223_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 223. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">the original</a> on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold (2010</a>, p. 73): "... another source that enjoyed high standing as a description of the early Mauryan state was the Arthashastra, a treatise on power discovered in the early twentieth century." <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coningham-young-p451-megasthenes_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young 2015</a>, p. 451: "The records and descriptions of Megasthenes may be subject to similar questioning and may be dismissed as primary sources. Indeed, they are partial records which have survived in a fragmentary form through the Roman compilations many centuries later, such as that of Arrian in the third century CE (Kalota 1978)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michon-2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michon-2015_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michon-2015_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichon2015" class="citation book cs1">Michon, Daniel (2015). <i>Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India</i>. Archaeology and Religion in South Asia series. London, New York, and New Delhi: Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82252-8"><bdi>978-1-138-82252-8</bdi></a>. <q>Prinsep was also responsible for deciphering two ancient Indian scripts, Brahmı and Kharoshthı, the latter being essential in the unravelling of Punjab's political history in the early historic period. He also was the first to read, with a proper understanding of their import, the Asokan inscriptions of the 3rd century BCE, which opened the door to further understanding of the Mauryan Empire in the northwest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Religion+in+Early+Northwest+India&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+and+New+Delhi&rft.series=Archaeology+and+Religion+in+South+Asia+series&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82252-8&rft.aulast=Michon&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludden2013-lead-6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludden2013-lead-6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2013">Ludden (2013</a>, p. 47): "IMPERIAL BHARAT The Mauryas defined an ancient territory called Bharat. Marching along old trade routes, the empire acquired the geometrical shape of a tall triangle with a broad base, with its apex in Magadha. One long northern leg ran west up the Ganga, across Punjab, into the Hindu Kush; and one long leg ran south-west from Pataliputra, up the Son river valley, down the Narmada River into Berar, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. The broad base spanned Punjab, the Indus, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and western Maharashtra. The northwestern frontier revolved around Gandhara and Kashmir; the south-western frontier around Nasika, now Nasik, in Maharashtra. North of Kashmir and west of the Khyber Pass, Greek dynasties held sway. South of Nasika, the Mauryan presence consisted primarily of diplomatic missions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018-lead-1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018-lead-1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher (2018</a>, p. 72): "Chandragupta’s many military and diplomatic conquests extended his overlordship further than any previous Indian ruler: from Afghanistan to Bengal and from the Himalayas down into the northern Deccan. But his administration lacked the technology and infrastructure to penetrate very deeply into society outside of Magadha."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold (2010</a>, p. 73): "In 305 BCE one of his successors attempted a reinvasion but was so fiercely resisted that he was forced to conclude a treaty with Chandragupta that accepted the latter’s sovereignty south of the Hindu Kush range." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004xii,_448-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004xii,_448_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. xii, 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1990384-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1990384_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar1990">Thapar 1990</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-2012-lead-1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy-2012-lead-1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2012a">Roy (2012a</a>, p. 28): "This period is noted for three important changes. One change was the rise of religions that advocated nonviolence, thereby reducing sacrifices and expensive rituals. The emphasis on a frugal lifestyle and peaceful neighborly relations suited the mercantile temperament. Not surprisingly, merchants were the principal sponsors of these religions. Settlement sites have been found in the middle-Ganges plains for this earliest period of known commerce that indicate the presence of long-distance trade. A second change was the introduction of coinage in the sixth century BCE, which promoted regional monetary integration. The third change was the increasing use of writing, which may have indirectly helped long-distance and complex economic transactions.5 This process of change was centered in the eastern Gangetic plains, where settled agriculture had given rise to powerful landed communities yet where access to the sea and to river-borne trade remained the principal means of procuring precious metals and consumption goods. States, therefore, chose to sponsor merchants and the religion of the merchants, Buddhism. The Mauryan Empire revealed a combination of all of these elements: commerce, religion, agriculture, and coinage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iori-numen-2023-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iori-numen-2023_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIori2023" class="citation journal cs1">Iori, Elisa (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/70/2-3/article-p184_4.xml?language=en">"Releasing Urban Religion beyond the City Wall: The Spatial Capital of Early Buddhist Monasticism in NW South Asia"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>70</b> (2–3): 184–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-20231691">10.1163/15685276-20231691</a>. <q>At the end of the farming year when the land was free of crops (end of October–April) and the water level low, it was the time for maintenance activities (e.g., clearing of wells and water infrastructure) and the time when manpower could be invested in other production and building activities both in rural and urban contexts. But above all, this was the time for movement and trade. The uttarāpatha, that is the main road linking eastern Afghanistan to India through the cities of Kabul, Charsadda, and Taxila down to Patna, is indeed a winter road typically used when local rivers (Kabul, Indus, and the rivers of Punjab) are at their lowest levels, so that they can be easily forded (Olivieri 2020: 645–646).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Releasing+Urban+Religion+beyond+the+City+Wall%3A+The+Spatial+Capital+of+Early+Buddhist+Monasticism+in+NW+South+Asia&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=184-219&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-20231691&rft.aulast=Iori&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnu%2F70%2F2-3%2Farticle-p184_4.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold (2010</a>, p. 73): "Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. 24 Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 BCE) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludden2013-lead-4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludden2013-lead-4_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2013">Ludden (2013</a>, pp. 28–29): "A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. 19 Quote: "Accordingly, as tribal societies were encountered by the expanding Indo-Aryan societies, so the evolving caste system provided a framework within which—invariably at a low level—tribal people could be placed. For example, by the time of the Mauryan Empire (c.320–230 bce) the caste system was quite well established and the Aranyachará (i.e. forest people) were grouped with the most despised castes. ... The evolution of Indo-Aryan society in the centuries before c.200 bce not only saw increased segregation with respect to caste, it also seems to have seen increased differentiation with respect to gender. ... Therefore, by the time of the Mauryan Empire the position of women in mainstream Indo-Aryan society seems to have deteriorated. Customs such as child marriage and dowry were becoming entrenched; and a young woman's purpose in life was to provide sons for the male lineage into which she married. To quote the Arthashāstra: 'wives are there for having sons'. Practices such as female infanticide and the neglect of young girls were possibly also developing at this time, especially among higher caste people. Further, due to the increasingly hierarchical nature of the society, marriage was possibly becoming an even more crucial institution for childbearing and the formalization of relationships between groups. In turn, this may have contributed to the growth of increasingly instrumental attitudes towards women and girls (who moved home at marriage). It is important to note that, in all likelihood, these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent—such as those in the south, and tribal communities inhabiting the forested hill and plateau areas of central and eastern India. That said, these deleterious features have continued to blight Indo-Aryan speaking areas of the subcontinent until the present day."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold (2010</a>, p. 73): "In the newer view, Ashoka’s edicts trace out this spacious commercial domain as a gigantic zone of Ashoka’s moral authority. Ashoka had his Buddhist-inspired moralizing edicts inscribed on distinctive pillars or upon prominent rocks where people passed or congregated. They traced a set of trade routes along which commodities passed to and from the Mauryan heartland in the eastern Gangetic plain. ... Along these same roads went Ashoka. Having become a lay Buddhist, he embarked on a year-long pilgrimage to all the sacred sites of his new faith;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200467-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200467_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imperial-gazetteer-india-v2-lead-1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imperial-gazetteer-india-v2-lead-1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLRZSmrH6NMC&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India: The Indian Empire, Volume 2, Historical</i></a>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India%3A+The+Indian+Empire%2C+Volume+2%2C+Historical&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLRZSmrH6NMC%26pg%3DPA285%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> "By his efforts Buddhism, which had hitherto been merely local sects in the valley of the Ganges, was transformed into one of the great religions of the world. ... This is Asoka's claim to be remembered; this is which makes his reign an epoch, not only in the history of India, but in that of the world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elverskog-2020-lead-1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elverskog-2020-lead-1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElverskog2020" class="citation book cs1">Elverskog, Johan (2020). <i>The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5183-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5183-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-5183-8</bdi></a>. <q>The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha%27s+Footprint%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+Asia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8&rft.aulast=Elverskog&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-2018-lead-3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fisher-2018-lead-3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher (2018</a>, p. 72): "Following the Buddha’s message, he banned Brahminic Vedic animal sacrifices in his capital (although he evidently lacked the administrative control to stop them outside of it). Overall, Ashoka’s edicts proclaim his compassion for animals, perhaps motivated by an environmental ethic (in addition to his revenue or administrative goals). Consequently, today many environmentalists evoke Ashoka as an ancient Indian exemplar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vajpeyi-2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vajpeyi-2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajpeyi2012" class="citation book cs1">Vajpeyi, Ananya (2012). <i>Righteous Republic: The Political Foundations of Modern India</i>. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04895-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04895-9"><bdi>978-0-674-04895-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Republic%3A+The+Political+Foundations+of+Modern+India&rft.place=Cambridge+MA+and+London&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04895-9&rft.aulast=Vajpeyi&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004">Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2008-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&q=mokur+sangam+poem&pg=PA385"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131716779" title="Special:BookSources/9788131716779"><bdi>9788131716779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131716779&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmokur%2Bsangam%2Bpoem%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941">"Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+Of+Mysore+1886+To+1903&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.107941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp"><i>Epigraphia Indica Vol.20</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India. 1920. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp/page/n106">80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Vol.20&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepigrahiaindicav014769mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._C._Sircar1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._C._Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. C. Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a> (1968). "The Satavahanas and the Chedis". In <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1SgAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of Imperial Unity</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Satavahanas+and+the+Chedis&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Imperial+Unity&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1968&rft.au=D.+C.+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1SgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196615_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19668-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19668_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200469-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200469_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1992145-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1992145_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1992">Schwartzberg 1992</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namita20082-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Namita20082_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugandhi2008" class="citation book cs1">Sugandhi, Namita Sanjay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdULPF4gNYC&pg=PA88"><i>Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan</i></a>. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549744412" title="Special:BookSources/9780549744412"><bdi>9780549744412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Patterns+of+History%3A+Rethinking+Mauryan+Imperial+Interaction+in+the+Southern+Deccan&rft.pages=88-89&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549744412&rft.aulast=Sugandhi&rft.aufirst=Namita+Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bdULPF4gNYC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201431-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201431_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196631-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196631_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath_sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maurya+dynasty+sen"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Nath+sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dmaurya%2Bdynasty%2Bsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath_sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maurya+dynasty+sen"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Nath+sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dmaurya%2Bdynasty%2Bsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">:"Androcottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth." <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> 62-3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243&layout=&loc=62.1">Plutarch 62-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230118/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243&layout=&loc=62.1">Archived</a> 28 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">:"He was of humble Indian to a change of rule." Justin XV.4.15 "Fuit hic humili quidem genere natus, sed ad regni potestatem maiestate numinis inpulsus. Quippe cum procacitate sua Nandrum regem offendisset, interfici a rege iussus salutem pedum ceieritate quaesierat. (Ex qua fatigatione cum somno captus iaceret, leo ingentis formae ad dormientem accessit sudoremque profluentem lingua ei detersit expergefactumque blande reliquit. Hoc prodigio primum ad spem regni inpulsus) contractis latronibus Indos ad nouitatem regni sollicitauit." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201051124/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte15.html">Justin XV.4.15</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013362–364-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013362–364_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2013">Thapar 2013</a>, pp. 362–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen189526–32-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen189526–32_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen189526–32_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1895">Sen 1895</a>, pp. 26–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008272-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008272_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008">Upinder Singh 2008</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198828–33-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198828–33_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerji1988">Mookerji 1988</a>, pp. 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemacandra1998175–188-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemacandra1998175–188_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemacandra1998">Hemacandra 1998</a>, pp. 175–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerji1988">Mookerji 1988</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera2002383-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera2002383_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera2002">Malalasekera 2002</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833–34-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198833–34_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerji1988">Mookerji 1988</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p.26-27 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA27"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804050"><bdi>9788120804050</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023139/https://books.google.fr/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9788120804050&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198834-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198834_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerji1988">Mookerji 1988</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201262-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201262_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2012">Roy 2012</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarn1922100-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarn1922100_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarn1922">Tarn 1922</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEvN6XwWTk8C&pg=PA252"><i>From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313309426" title="Special:BookSources/0313309426"><bdi>0313309426</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Polis+to+Empire%2C+the+Ancient+World%2C+C.+800+B.C.-A.D.+500&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0313309426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJEvN6XwWTk8C%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kistler-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kistler_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistler2007" class="citation book cs1">Kistler, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA64"><i>War Elephants</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803260047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803260047"><bdi>978-0803260047</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Elephants&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0803260047&rft.aulast=Kistler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5RHK4Ol15QC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201050-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201050_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2010">Grant 2010</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFs2016" class="citation book cs1">s, deepak (25 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5NRDQAAQBAJ&q=Megasthenes%2C+Deimakos+and+Dionysius&pg=PA89"><i>Indian civilization</i></a>. deepak shinde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+civilization&rft.pub=deepak+shinde&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=s&rft.aufirst=deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5NRDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DMegasthenes%252C%2BDeimakos%2Band%2BDionysius%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201438-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201438_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book5a.asp">"Book 5"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri"><i>Anabasis</i></a>. <q>Megasthenes lived with <a href="/wiki/Sibyrtius" title="Sibyrtius">Sibyrtius</a>, satrap of Arachosia, and often speaks of his visiting <a href="/wiki/Sandracottus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandracottus">Sandracottus</a>, the king of the Indians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+5&rft.btitle=Anabasis&rft.au=Arrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsfor.org%2Falexander%2Farrian%2Fbook5a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>'s city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of <a href="/wiki/Ectabana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectabana">Ectabana</a> is to be compared with them. ... In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept." <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <i>Characteristics of animals</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/L449AelianCharacteristicsOfAnimalsIII1217">book XIII, Chapter 18</a>, also quoted in <i>The Cambridge History of India</i>, Volume 1, p411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romila Thapar (1961), <i>Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas</i>, Volume 5, p.129, Oxford University Press. "The architectural closeness of certain buildings in Achaemenid Iran and Mauryan India have raised much comment. The royal palace at Pataliputra is the most striking example and has been compared with the palaces at Susa, Ecbatana, and Persepolis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2008331_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008">Upinder Singh 2008</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201432-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201432_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1998" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&q=nanda+empire+extension&pg=PA157"><i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i></a>. M.D. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330832" title="Special:BookSources/9788175330832"><bdi>9788175330832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Civilization+and+Culture&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788175330832&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Suhas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKItocaxbibUC%26q%3Dnanda%2Bempire%2Bextension%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1993" class="citation book cs1">Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LA91rqvCB2EC&q=podiyil+hill+maurya&pg=PA58"><i>The Mauryan Polity</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810235" title="Special:BookSources/9788120810235"><bdi>9788120810235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mauryan+Polity&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788120810235&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=V.+R.+Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLA91rqvCB2EC%26q%3Dpodiyil%2Bhill%2Bmaurya%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–40-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–40_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201060-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201060_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201060_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, pp. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomila_Thapar2004178_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomila_Thapar2004">Romila Thapar 2004</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196639–41_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasachariar1974lxxxvii-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasachariar1974lxxxvii_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrinivasachariar1974">Srinivasachariar 1974</a>, p. lxxxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAS_Asoka-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAS_Asoka_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Arthur_Smith1920" class="citation book cs1">Vincent Arthur Smith (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala#page/18/mode/2up"><i>Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120613034" title="Special:BookSources/9788120613034"><bdi>9788120613034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asoka%2C+the+Buddhist+emperor+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=9788120613034&rft.au=Vincent+Arthur+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fasokabuddhistemp00smitiala%23page%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendralal_Mitra1878" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajendralal_Mitra" title="Rajendralal Mitra">Rajendralal Mitra</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10">"On the Early Life of Asoka"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. Asiatic Society of Bengal: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=On+the+Early+Life+of+Asoka&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Rajendralal+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlQOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosalind_1993-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosalind_1993_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotilal_Banarsidass1993" class="citation book cs1">Motilal Banarsidass (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po9tUNX0SYAC&pg=PA204">"The Minister Cāṇakya, from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Granoff" title="Phyllis Granoff">Phyllis Granoff</a> (ed.). <i>The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature</i>. Translated by Rosalind Lefeber. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 204–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120811508" title="Special:BookSources/9788120811508"><bdi>9788120811508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Minister+C%C4%81%E1%B9%87akya%2C+from+the+Pari%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3taparvan+of+Hemacandra&rft.btitle=The+Clever+Adulteress+and+Other+Stories%3A+A+Treasury+of+Jaina+Literature&rft.pages=204-206&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788120811508&rft.au=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo9tUNX0SYAC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201435_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003108-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003108_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003">Alain Daniélou 2003</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1971167-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971167_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar1971">Sircar 1971</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Woodthorpe_Tarn2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Woodthorpe_Tarn" title="William Woodthorpe Tarn">William Woodthorpe Tarn</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA152"><i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108009416" title="Special:BookSources/9781108009416"><bdi>9781108009416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108009416&rft.au=William+Woodthorpe+Tarn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HeJS3nE9cAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji_Radhakumud1962" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA8"><i>Asoka</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0582-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0582-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510200953/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asoka&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0582-8&rft.au=Mookerji+Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXyftdtE1ygC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou2003109_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003">Alain Daniélou 2003</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_legends-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_legends_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugène_Burnouf1911" class="citation book cs1">Eugène Burnouf (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/legendsofindianb00burn#page/20/mode/2up"><i>Legends of Indian Buddhism</i></a>. New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Eug%C3%A8ne+Burnouf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flegendsofindianb00burn%23page%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._N._Sen1999142_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS._N._Sen1999">S. N. Sen 1999</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Three Greek ambassadors are known by name: Megasthenes, ambassador to Chandragupta; Deimachus, ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta's</a> son Bindusara; and Dyonisius, whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka, Bindusara's son", McEvilley, p.367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>India, the Ancient Past</i>, Burjor Avari, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Llewellyn Basham, <i>History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion</i>, pp. 138, 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anukul Chandra Banerjee, <i>Buddhism in comparative light</i>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa, <i>Ashoka and his inscriptions</i>, Volume 1, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashi_Nath_Upadhyaya1997" class="citation book cs1">Kashi Nath Upadhyaya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBbznHuPrTYC&pg=PA33"><i>Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120808805" title="Special:BookSources/9788120808805"><bdi>9788120808805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhism+and+the+Bhagavadgita&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120808805&rft.au=Kashi+Nath+Upadhyaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBbznHuPrTYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HHW_Vishnu-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HHW_Vishnu_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzedward_Hall1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fitzedward_Hall" title="Fitzedward Hall">Fitzedward Hall</a>, ed. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0943AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188"><i>The Vishnu Purana</i></a>. Vol. IV. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">H. H. Wilson</a>. Trübner & Co. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0943AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinErdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995). <i>The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+Historic+South+Asia%3A+The+Emergence+of+Cities+and+States&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft.au=Erdosy%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, 13th Rock Edict, translation S. Dhammika.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2012" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-chapter-7"><i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i></a>. Oxford Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077244.003.0031">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.003.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198077244" title="Special:BookSources/9780198077244"><bdi>9780198077244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mauryas&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077244.003.0031&rft.isbn=9780198077244&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077244.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198077244-chapter-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2012131,_143-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2012131,_143_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2012">Singh 2012</a>, p. 131, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir John Marshall (1990), "A Guide to Sanchi", Eastern Book House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85204-32-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85204-32-2">81-85204-32-2</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Lamotte, <i>History of Indian Buddhism</i>, Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-la-Neuve 1988 (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romila Thapar (1960), <i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangle1986" class="citation book cs1">Kangle, R. P. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzxwTS0-nbUC&q=megasthenes+navy&pg=PA66"><i>A Study</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0041-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0041-0&rft.aulast=Kangle&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzxwTS0-nbUC%26q%3Dmegasthenes%2Bnavy%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200468_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999160-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999160_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200470_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoesche200367–70_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoesche2003">Boesche 2003</a>, p. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=pataliputra+local+government+system&pg=SL1-PA262"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26q%3Dpataliputra%2Blocal%2Bgovernment%2Bsystem%26pg%3DSL1-PA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain_Singh_Kalota1978" class="citation book cs1">Narain Singh Kalota (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172447"><i>India As Described By Megasthenes</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+As+Described+By+Megasthenes&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Narain+Singh+Kalota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.172447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-the-politics-behind-the-caste-census-in-bihar/articleshow/96916420.cms">"Explained: History and politics of caste census in Bihar | India News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+History+and+politics+of+caste+census+in+Bihar+%26%23124%3B+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fexplained-the-politics-behind-the-caste-census-in-bihar%2Farticleshow%2F96916420.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_A2006" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel A, Richard (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&pg=PA301"><i>The Ancient World :Volume 1 of Soldiers' lives through history</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313333484" title="Special:BookSources/9780313333484"><bdi>9780313333484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World+%3AVolume+1+of+Soldiers%27+lives+through+history&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.isbn=9780313333484&rft.aulast=Gabriel+A&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHscIwvtkq2UC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003107-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003107_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._C._Majumdar2003">R. C. Majumdar 2003</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Herman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history"><i>History of India</i></a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415329200" title="Special:BookSources/9780415329200"><bdi>9780415329200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415329200&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC%26q%3Dindia%2B%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=796464"><i>The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000202/https://ssrn.com/abstract=796464">Archived</a> 4 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=304898">CNG Coins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827130159/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=304898">Archived</a> 27 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal_bhargava1996" class="citation book cs1">Lal bhargava, Purushottam (1996). <i>Chandragupta Maurya A Gem of Indian History</i>. D.K Printworld. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124600566" title="Special:BookSources/9788124600566"><bdi>9788124600566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+A+Gem+of+Indian+History&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=D.K+Printworld&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788124600566&rft.aulast=Lal+bhargava&rft.aufirst=Purushottam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India19602-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India19602_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarRaychauduhuriDatta1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/H._C._Raychaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="H. C. Raychaudhuri">Raychauduhuri, H. C.</a>; Datta, Kalikinkar (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ"><i>An Advanced History of India</i></a>, London: Macmillan & Company Ltd; New York: St Martin's Press, <q>If the Jaina tradition is to be believed, Chandragupta was converted to the religion of Mahavira. He is said to have abdicated his throne and passed his last days at Sravana Belgola in Mysore. Greek evidence, however, suggests that the first Maurya did not give up the performance of Brahmanical sacrificial rites and was far from following the Jaina creed of <i>Ahimsa</i> or non-injury to animals. He took delight in hunting, a practice that was continued by his son and alluded to by his grandson in his eighth Rock Edict. It is, however, possible that in his last days he showed some predilection for Jainism ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Company+Ltd%3B+New+York%3A+St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Raychauduhuri%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Datta%2C+Kalikinkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyIWMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Madhulika (2001). <i>Fire Worship in Ancient India</i>. Publication scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186782576" title="Special:BookSources/9788186782576"><bdi>9788186782576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Worship+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Publication+scheme&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788186782576&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Madhulika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200464–65-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200464–65_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). <i>Chandragupta Maurya and his times</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 40–50. <q>There is also no evidence to prove the fact taken for granted without the need of any argument or demonstration by all Jain writers that Chandragupta ever became a convert to their religion after abdication. It is possible they are talking about his great grandson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+his+times&rft.pages=40-50&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010142-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010142_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Cort2010">John Cort 2010</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010199-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Cort2010199_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Cort2010">John Cort 2010</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTukol" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._K._Tukol" title="T. K. Tukol">Tukol, T. K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/south.htm"><i>Jainism in South India</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191052/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/south.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+in+South+India&rft.aulast=Tukol&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~pluralsm%2Faffiliates%2Fjainism%2Farticle%2Fsouth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH_2001-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMH_2001_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Haldhar2001" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Haldhar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOkQAQAAIAAJ"><i>Buddhism in India and Sri Lanka (c. 300 BC to C. 600 AD)</i></a>. Om. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186867532" title="Special:BookSources/9788186867532"><bdi>9788186867532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+India+and+Sri+Lanka+%28c.+300+BC+to+C.+600+AD%29&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Om&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788186867532&rft.au=S.+M.+Haldhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOkQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeni_Madhab_Barua1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Beni Madhab Barua</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79w9AAAAMAAJ"><i>Asoka and His Inscriptions</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asoka+and+His+Inscriptions&rft.pages=171&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Beni+Madhab+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79w9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press), 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4b-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4b_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. 24 Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 bce) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3b-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018-lead-maurya-3b_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique", p23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique", p22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Described in Marshall <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798">p.25-28 Ashoka pillar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaprasad1919" class="citation book cs1">Ramaprasad, Chanda (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532716"><i>Indian Antiquary A Journal Of Oriental Research Vol.48</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532716/page/n296">25</a>-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Antiquary+A+Journal+Of+Oriental+Research+Vol.48&rft.pages=25-28&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Ramaprasad&rft.aufirst=Chanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.532716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2012" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Charles (2012). <i>Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor</i>. London: Hachette Digital. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-408-70388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-408-70388-5"><bdi>978-1-408-70388-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka%3A+The+Search+for+India%27s+Lost+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-408-70388-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWH4-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWH4_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWH5-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IWH5_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IWH5_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IWH5_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM16-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM16_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM16_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radhakumud</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA16"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804050"><bdi>9788120804050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9788120804050&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0243&redirect=true">"Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Alexander%2C+chapter+1%2C+section+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"(Transitum deinde in Indiam fecit), quae post mortem Alexandri, ueluti ceruicibus iugo seruitutis excusso, praefectos eius occiderat. Auctor libertatis Sandrocottus fuerat, sed titulum libertatis post uictoriam in seruitutem uerterat; 14 siquidem occupato regno populum quem ab externa dominatione uindicauerat ipse seruitio premebat." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420013859/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/trad15.html">Justin XV.4.12–13</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Molienti deinde bellum aduersus praefectos Alexandri elephantus ferus infinitae magnitudinis ultro se obtulit et ueluti domita mansuetudine eum tergo excepit duxque belli et proeliator insignis fuit. Sic adquisito regno Sandrocottus ea tempestate, qua Seleucus futurae magnitudinis fundamenta iaciebat, Indiam possidebat." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420013859/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/trad15.html">Justin XV.4.19</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius.org-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html">"Appian, The Syrian Wars 11"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154609/https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appian%2C+The+Syrian+Wars+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fap-ark%2Fappian%2Fappian_syriaca_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachhofer1929" class="citation book cs1">Bachhofer, Ludwig (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/early-indian-sculpture-vol-i"><i>Early Indian Sculpture Vol. I</i></a>. Paris: The Pegasus Press. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Indian+Sculpture+Vol.+I&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=The+Pegasus+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Bachhofer&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Frarebooks%2Fearly-indian-sculpture-vol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_122-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_122_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 122: About the <a href="/wiki/Masarh_lion" title="Masarh lion">Masarh lion</a>: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Gupta, Swarajya Prakash</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan</i></a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3"><bdi>978-0-391-02172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Indian+Art%3A+A+Detailed+Study+of+the+Formative+Period+of+Indian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Third+and+Second+Centuries+B.C.%2C+Mauryan+and+Late+Mauryan&rft.pages=88%2C+122&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02172-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarajya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lDqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_318-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_318_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gupta <a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" title="File:Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg">this is</a> a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are nonIndian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap ( Bachhofer, Vol . I, Pl . 13 ), they are due to the presence of the foreigners their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art styles." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Gupta, Swarajya Prakash</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan</i></a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3"><bdi>978-0-391-02172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Indian+Art%3A+A+Detailed+Study+of+the+Formative+Period+of+Indian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Third+and+Second+Centuries+B.C.%2C+Mauryan+and+Late+Mauryan&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02172-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarajya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lDqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35434/page/n101/mode/2up"><i>Annual Report 1907-08</i></a>. 1911. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+1907-08&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.35434%2Fpage%2Fn101%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003105-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar2003105_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._C._Majumdar2003">R. C. Majumdar 2003</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient India, (Kachroo, p.196)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i> (Hunter, p.167)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The evolution of man and society</i> (Darlington, p.223)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. W. Tarn (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita", <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> <b>60</b>, p. 84–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201437-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201437_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.%2BNat.%2B6.21">"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, H. T. Riley)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21">the original</a> on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+The+Natural+History+%28eds.+John+Bostock%2C+H.+T.+Riley%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DPlin.%2BNat.%2B6.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent A. Smith</a> (1998). <i>Ashoka</i>. Asian Educational Services. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1303-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1303-1">81-206-1303-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eugene_Clark" title="Walter Eugene Clark">Walter Eugene Clark</a> (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", <i>Classical Philology</i> <b>14</b> (4), pp. 297–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature000701860036&isize=M&pview=hide">"Problem while searching in The Literature Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313151642/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature000701860036&isize=M&pview=hide">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problem+while+searching+in+The+Literature+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FLiterature%2FLiterature-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DLiterature000701860036%26isize%3DM%26pview%3Dhide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=goto&id=Literature.AthV3&isize=M&page=1044">"The Literature Collection: The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus (volume III): Book XIV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011201316/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=goto&id=Literature.AthV3&isize=M&page=1044">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Literature+Collection%3A+The+deipnosophists%2C+or%2C+Banquet+of+the+learned+of+Athen%C3%A6us+%28volume+III%29%3A+Book+XIV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FLiterature%2FLiterature-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DLiterature.AthV3%26isize%3DM%26page%3D1044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reference: "India: The Ancient Past" p.113, Burjor Avari, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35615-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35615-6">0-415-35615-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin201457-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201457_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ME368-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ME368_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Mc Evilly "The shape of ancient thought", Allworth Press, New York, 2002, p.368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mahavamsa</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html">chapter XII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905050433/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307194743/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.39">"No document found"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/invalidquery.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234:book=11:chapter=39">the original</a> on 7 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=No+document+found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Finvalidquery.jsp%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._C._Ahir1998" class="citation book cs1">D. C. Ahir (1998). <i>Buddhism in North India and Pakistan</i>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+North+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1998&rft.au=D.+C.+Ahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchin1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allchin" title="Raymond Allchin">Allchin, F. R.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofear0000allc/page/208/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Mauryan State and Empire"</a>. In Allchin, F. R. (ed.). <i>The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mauryan+State+and+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+Historic+South+Asia%3A+The+Emergence+of+Cities+and+States&rft.pages=183-221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologyofear0000allc%2Fpage%2F208%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2007" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123134054/"><i>India, the Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415356156" title="Special:BookSources/0415356156"><bdi>0415356156</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1e2V_4Um10C">the original</a> on 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+the+Ancient+Past%3A+A+History+of+the+Indian+Sub-continent+from+C.+7000+BC+to+AD+1200&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0415356156&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1e2V_4Um10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn Basham</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-cYAAAAIAAJ"><i>History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion</i></a>. foreword by L. D. Barnett (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Luzac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+doctrines+of+the+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikas%3A+a+vanished+Indian+religion&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Luzac&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn+Basham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-cYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoesche2003" class="citation book cs1">Boesche, Roger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K85NA7Rg67wC&pg=PA670"><i>The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0607-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Great+Political+Realist%3A+Kautilya+and+His+Arthashastra&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0607-5&rft.aulast=Boesche&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK85NA7Rg67wC%26pg%3DPA670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary; Grenet, F. 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BRILL. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29391-5"><bdi>978-90-04-29391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Zoroastrianism+under+Macedonian+and+Roman+Rule&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29391-5&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Grenet%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuh5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011). "Candragupta Maurya and his importance for Indian history". <i>Indologica Taurinensia 37 (2011 [2014]), 107-121</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indologica+Taurinensia+37+%282011+%5B2014%5D%29%2C+107-121&rft.atitle=Candragupta+Maurya+and+his+importance+for+Indian+history&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxT0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">"Historical Context of early Asceticism"</a>. In Flood, Gavin (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873350-8"><bdi>978-0-19-873350-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Context+of+early+Asceticism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Hinduism%3A+Hindu+Practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873350-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxT0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cort2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John Cort</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC"><i>Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538502-1&rft.au=John+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConinghamYoung2015" class="citation cs2">Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA453"><i>The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41898-7"><bdi>978-1-316-41898-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+South+Asia%3A+From+the+Indus+to+Asoka%2C+c.6500+BCE%E2%80%93200+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-41898-7&rft.aulast=Coningham&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Young%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaJrCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2009" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William (7 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc2IVc6obeAC&pg=PT21"><i>Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0341-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0341-7"><bdi>978-1-4088-0341-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Lives%3A+In+Search+of+the+Sacred+in+Modern+India&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-0341-7&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc2IVc6obeAC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Michael (2018). <i>An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</i>. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316276044">10.1017/9781316276044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316276044" title="Special:BookSources/9781316276044"><bdi>9781316276044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge+and+London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316276044&rft.isbn=9781316276044&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D_Grainger2014" class="citation book cs1">John D Grainger (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TXKAgAAQBAJ"><i>Seleukos Nikator (Routledge Revivals): Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80098-9"><bdi>978-1-317-80098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seleukos+Nikator+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+Constructing+a+Hellenistic+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-80098-9&rft.au=John+D+Grainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TXKAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2010" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R. G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk/page/n5/mode/2up?q=chandragupta"><i>Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders</i></a>. DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-7341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-7341-3"><bdi>978-0-7566-7341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders%3A+History%27s+Greatest+Military+Leaders&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-7341-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dchandragupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004" class="citation book cs1">Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ"><i>Mauryan India</i></a>. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8"><bdi>978-81-85229-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauryan+India&rft.series=A+People%27s+History+of+India&rft.pub=Aligarh+Historians+Society+%2F+Tulika+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85229-92-8&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft.au=Vivekanand+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUvGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2012" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2012). <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515931-8&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemacandra1998" class="citation cs2">Hemacandra (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC"><i>The Lives of the Jain Elders</i></a>, translated by R.C.C. Fynes, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6"><bdi>978-0-19-283227-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Jain+Elders&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283227-6&rft.au=Hemacandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquNpKVqABGMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1991" class="citation book cs1">Kailash Chand Jain (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0805-8&rft.au=Kailash+Chand+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-TxcO9dfrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay1981" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT174"><i>India: A History</i></a>. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-9550-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IquM4BrJ4YC%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John Keay (2000). <i>India, a History</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Kosmin, Paul J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0"><bdi>978-0-674-72882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Elephant+Kings%3A+Space%2C+Territory%2C+and+Ideology+in+Seleucid+Empire&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72882-0&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UWdAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <i>A History of India</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15481-2"><bdi>0-415-15481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-15481-2&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Long, Jeffery D.</a> (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWXRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255"><i>Historical Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2294-5"><bdi>978-1-5381-2294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2294-5&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWXRDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2013" class="citation cs2">Ludden, David (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>India and South Asia: A Short History</i></a>, Oneworld Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-108-6"><bdi>978-1-78074-108-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-108-6&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbFHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1950" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, R. 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Majumdar</a> (2003) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8"><bdi>81-208-0436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-208-0436-8&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalalasekera2002" class="citation cs2">Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Buddhism: Acala</i></a>, Government of Ceylon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Buddhism%3A+Acala&rft.pub=Government+of+Ceylon&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Malalasekera&rft.aufirst=Gunapala+Piyasena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">R. K. Mookerji</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA3"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0405-0&rft.au=R.+K.+Mookerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radha Kumud</a> (1988) [first published in 1966], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and his times</i></a> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3"><bdi>81-208-0433-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+his+times&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radha+Kumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Nath Sen, Sailendra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maurya+dynasty+sen"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 164, (215) 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=164%2C+%28215%29+217&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Nath+Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dmaurya%2Bdynasty%2Bsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (2013). <i>King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthaśastra</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5"><bdi>978-0-19-989182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%2C+Governance%2C+and+Law+in+Ancient+India%3A+Kautilya%27s+Artha%C5%9Bastra&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989182-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmvedt2003" class="citation book cs1">Omvedt, Gail (18 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C&pg=PT70"><i>Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9664-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-9664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+India%3A+Challenging+Brahmanism+and+Caste&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9664-4&rft.aulast=Omvedt&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSF8b5hbyP0C%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H. C. 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Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+in+the+Age+of+the+Nandas&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Nandas+and+Mauryas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0466-1&rft.au=H.+C.+Raychaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoAwor58utYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._C._RaychaudhuriB._N._Mukherjee1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H_C_Raychaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="H C Raychaudhuri">H. C. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dmaurya%2Bdynasty%2Bsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._N._Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">S. N. Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. 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Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802841" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802841"><bdi>9788120802841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9788120802841&rft.aulast=Srinivasachariar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dVRvVyHaiQC%26pg%3DPR87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burton Stein (1998). <i>A History of India</i> (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinArnold2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Arnold_(historian)" title="David Arnold (historian)">Arnold, David</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA74"><i>A History of India</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.au=Arnold%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC%26pg%3DGBS.PA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_History" title="Social Science History">Social Science History</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3/4): 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1994" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/604988">"Reviewed Work: <i>A History of India</i> by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>114</b> (1): 126–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604988">10.2307/604988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604988">604988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+A+History+of+India+by+Hermann+Kulke%2C+Dietmar+Rothermund&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-127&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604988%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F604988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <pre><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn1922" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, W. W. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.125997%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> </pre> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1960" class="citation journal cs1">Thapar, Romila (1960). "Aśoka and Buddhism". <i>Past & Present, Nov., 1960, No. 18 (Nov., 1960), Pp. 43-51</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present%2C+Nov.%2C+1960%2C+No.+18+%28Nov.%2C+1960%29%2C+Pp.+43-51&rft.atitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+Buddhism&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (1990). <i>A History of India, Volume 1</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013835-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013835-8"><bdi>0-14-013835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-013835-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar2004" class="citation book cs1">Romila Thapar (2004) [first published by Penguin in 2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC"><i>Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+A.D.+1300&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24225-8&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5irrXX0apQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Past Before Us</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72651-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+Before+Us&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72651-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daei9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Trautmann, Thomas R.</a> (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text</i></a>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kau%E1%B9%ADilya+and+the+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra%3A+a+statistical+investigation+of+the+authorship+and+evolution+of+the+text&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3iDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a><br />Maurya Empire </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurya+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" title="Chamoli district">Chamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district" title="Pauri Garhwal district">Pauri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag_district" title="Rudraprayag district">Rudraprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehri_Garhwal_district" title="Tehri Garhwal district">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttarakhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttarakhand by population">Major<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldwani" title="Haldwani">Haldwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand" title="Rudrapur, Uttarakhand">Rudrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotdwar" title="Kotdwar">Kotdwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar,_Nainital" title="Ramnagar, Nainital">Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tehri" title="New Tehri">New Tehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri" title="Pauri">Pauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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title="India--History--Maurya dynasty, ca. 322 B.C.-ca. 185 B.C."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064910">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543460905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurya_Empire&oldid=1259147640">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurya_Empire&oldid=1259147640</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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