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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arch of Augustus (Rimini)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Arch of Augustus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="it">Arco d'Augusto</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_d%27Augusto,_Rimini_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg/250px-Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg/375px-Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg/500px-Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_Rimini_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1912" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The Arch of Augustus in April 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_48eb14000f762104363705e8ac0363c8276966ba"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Arch_of_Augustus_%28Rimini%29&revid=1253782193&groups=_48eb14000f762104363705e8ac0363c8276966ba" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Arch_of_Augustus_%28Rimini%29&revid=1253782193&groups=_48eb14000f762104363705e8ac0363c8276966ba 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Gate of Saint Gaudentius</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data">Corso d'Augusto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Town or city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&params=44_03_24.83_N_12_34_16.17_E_type:landmark_region:IT">44°03′24.83″N 12°34′16.17″E / 44.0568972°N 12.5711583°E / 44.0568972; 12.5711583</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus">Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year(s) built</th><td class="infobox-data">27 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">19 metres (62 feet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>15 metres (49 feet) (width)</li><li>4.1 metres (13 feet) (depth)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Istrian_stone" title="Istrian stone">Istrian stone</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Arch of Augustus (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Arco d'Augusto, <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol language">Romagnol</a>: l’Èrc d’Augóst)<a href="#cite_note-:10-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">gate</a> set in the former <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city wall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> Built in 27 BC in honour of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, the arch marks the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> the road between Ariminum (Rimini) and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> constructed in 220 BC by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, the adjoining city walls and surrounding buildings were demolished, leaving the Arch of Augustus to stand as an isolated monument.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> The Arch of Augustus is the oldest preserved arch in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Tiberio_(Rimini)" title="Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)">Ponte di Tiberio</a>, it is one of Rimini's most-recognised symbols,<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> and is represented on the city's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> Because of the city's location at the tip of a strategically-important north–south passage by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, many armies have passed through the Arch of Augustus, leading <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Paolucci" title="Antonio Paolucci">Antonio Paolucci</a> to describe the Arch of Augustus as "the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_a_needle" title="Eye of a needle">eye of Italy's needle</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:19-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> The arch was built in 27 BC, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in honour of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, who had become the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> in the same year. It was built at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman road</a> between Ariminum (modern <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> constructed in 220 BC by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> and at the start of Ariminum's <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus maximus">decumanus maximus</a> (Corso d'Augusto).<a href="#cite_note-:132-11">[11]</a> The arch is functionally a <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> and scholars deny that it was intended as a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a> The arch's construction coincided with a restoration of the Via Flaminia and the renaming of Ariminum as Colonia Augusta Ariminensis, leading the city to be associated with Augustus, a legacy that would be consolidated with the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Tiberio_(Rimini)" title="Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)">Ponte d'Augusto</a>, completed in 21 AD, after Augustus' death, at the other end of the decumanus maximus.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232-12">[12]</a> Outside the city walls, the arch led to a two-arched bridge onto the river Aprusa (<a href="/wiki/Ausa_(river)" title="Ausa (river)">Ausa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi2322-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-14">[14]</a> which was likely Augustan in origin, and repaired in late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and in the 17th and 18th centuries;<a href="#cite_note-:20-15">[15]</a> it was expanded in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a> The buildings near the arch were among the most elegantly-decorated of Ariminum.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi2322-13">[13]</a> The arch likely replaced an earlier gate about which little is known.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> The earlier gate would have been buried in thick <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> At its inauguration, the Arch of Augustus was flanked on either side by square defensive <a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">guard towers</a> built at the time of Ariminum's foundation in 268 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223223-16">[16]</a> Excavations in the 1980s recovered coins suggesting that the earliest yellow <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> walls surrounding the arch dated to the 3rd century BC. In the 3rd century AD, the sandstone walls were supplanted by stone walls fitted with <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> arches. In the final phase of construction, sometime between the 3rd and 7th centuries, the original towers were replaced with seven-sided stone towers. These towers had a brick centre, composed of stone chippings mixed with <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, and an outer stone casing.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> They are popularly attributed to the redesign of the city's urban fortifications under emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, and likely reached the height of the arch before being raised in later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223223-16">[16]</a> From at least the third century, defensive gates were built immediately in front of and behind the Arch of Augustus. A 1541 report preparing the city for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>'s visit describes "two arches, one side by side, very ancient and built of large stones, and without much artistry". The fortified gates were likely demolished around the time of the visit, as part of an effort to remove ancient structures that obstructed the view of the Arch of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi-17">[17]</a> Its foundations are believed to be buried and rediscoverable by excavation.<a href="#cite_note-:20-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_(Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto)_MET_DP827970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg/220px-Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg/330px-Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg/440px-Plate_17-_The_Arch_of_Rimini_built_by_Augustus_%28Arco_di_Rimino_fabbricato_da_Augusto%29_MET_DP827970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>A print of the Arch of Augustus by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1748</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bavarian Code (page does not exist)">Bavarian Code</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_Bavaro" class="extiw" title="it:Codice Bavaro">it</a>], a codex containing the church of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>'s investitures between the 8th and 10th centuries, the Arch of Augustus is called the Gate of Saint Gaudentius,<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Gaudentius_of_Rimini" title="Gaudentius of Rimini">Gaudentius of Rimini</a>, who was buried in a necropolis outside the city's walls.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a> Following the erection of new outer walls under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, the arch's military function declined from the mid-13th century.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223223-16">[16]</a> A medieval gate was built outside the Arch of Augustus, known as the Porta Romana (or the Gate of Saint Genesio or Saint Bartolo).<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> The Porta Romana was destroyed after being seriously damaged by an earthquake in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Clementini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Clementini (page does not exist)">Cesare Clementini</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Clementini" class="extiw" title="it:Cesare Clementini">it</a>], after briefly recapturing the city, <a href="/wiki/Pandolfo_IV_Malatesta" title="Pandolfo IV Malatesta">Pandolfo IV Malatesta</a> tried "to cut down the superb Arch of Augustus" during his retreat from Rimini in January 1528, when the arrival of troops from the Papal States under the command of <a href="/wiki/Odet_of_Foix,_Viscount_of_Lautrec" title="Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec">Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec</a>, marked the definitive end of Rimini's Malatestan rule.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg/220px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg/330px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg/440px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>The Arch of Augustus in a 1937 photograph, before the isolation works, with the <a href="/wiki/Ausa_(river)" title="Ausa (river)">Ausa</a> river and the <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossing</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rimini%E2%80%93Novafeltria_railway" title="Rimini–Novafeltria railway">Rimini–Novafeltria railway</a> in front of it</figcaption></figure> On 9 January 1846, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Tonini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Tonini (page does not exist)">Luigi Tonini</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Tonini" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Tonini">it</a>] led a series of archaeological excavations at the base of the arch's flanking towers. The excavations confirmed that the Arch of Augustus was inserted amid existing city walls.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> Restoration work in 1912 restored the inscription on the arch's <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> The arch was damaged in the <a href="/wiki/1916_Rimini_earthquakes" title="1916 Rimini earthquakes">1916 Rimini earthquakes</a>; some <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a> fell in both the 16 May and 17 August earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-22">[22]</a> Between 1916 and 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Rimini%E2%80%93Novafeltria_railway" title="Rimini–Novafeltria railway">Rimini–Novafeltria railway</a> passed in front of the arch, adjacent to the Ausa;<a href="#cite_note-:33-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a> the railway crossed the Via Flaminia through an incongruous <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-23">[23]</a> As well as passengers, the railway transported <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulphur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-25">[25]</a> For its proximity to pedestrians and road vehicles in Rimini's city centre, the railway was considered structurally dangerous and impractical.<a href="#cite_note-:42-26">[26]</a> Between 1937 and 1939,<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> the buildings adjacent to the arch were demolished.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> By this time, the area around the arch was known as "one of the oldest, dirtiest, and unhealthy neighbourhoods of the city", with poor sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, Italy's <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">fascist</a> dictator, donated 500,000 lire towards the works.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-27">[27]</a> On the afternoon of 13 August 1936,<a href="#cite_note-:25-27">[27]</a> Mussolini symbolically struck the first blow of the works with a <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a> The isolation works were envisaged as part of the creation of an "imperial road" between the city centre and the new <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Romeo_Neri" title="Stadio Romeo Neri">Stadio Romeo Neri</a> (Viale Silvio Pellico), and representing it as a triumphal arch served the political and ideological propaganda of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> as successors to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-28">[28]</a> The cost was 1.05 million lire, of a total of 10.3 million lire for the neighbourhood's redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-:18-5">[5]</a> Though the isolation works were intended to highlight the arch's monumental nature,<a href="#cite_note-:19-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223223-16">[16]</a> it facilitated its treatment by Rimini's urban city planners as a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">traffic island</a> in later decades.<a href="#cite_note-:19-10">[10]</a> The isolation works included the demolition of the flanking towers,<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> which were already in a state of advanced deterioration. Only some casing of the eastern tower remains visible today.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> The isolation works revealed that the arch was attached to the city walls on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg/220px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg/330px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg/440px-Arco_d%27Augusto_Rimini_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Arch of Augustus after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Battle of Rimini</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1944</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Battle of Rimini</a>, the Arch of Augustus narrowly avoided destruction by the retreating German forces:<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Marshal Willi Trageser of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="2nd Parachute Division (Germany)">2nd Parachute Division</a> defied orders from Lieutenant Kenneth Renberg to blow up the monument to slow down the advancing <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-31">[31]</a> Trageser said after the war:<a href="#cite_note-:14-32">[32]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I personally gave the order not to blow up the arch, taking full responsibility for it. It seemed absurd to me to destroy a historical monument of this kind to achieve no result, given that the arch was isolated in the middle of a square and, therefore, traffic could have continued perfectly well, both to the right and left of the monument itself.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marshal Willi Trageser</cite></div></blockquote> It was through the Arch of Augustus that the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Greek_Mountain_Brigade" title="3rd Greek Mountain Brigade">3rd Greek Mountain Brigade</a> entered Rimini on the morning of 21 September.<a href="#cite_note-:6-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-31">[31]</a> After Rimini's liberation, the Arch of Augustus faced further threats of demolition: firstly, by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> technicians, who wanted to use the arch's stones to repave destroyed roads;<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a> and secondly, by a company of engineers from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a> who mistook the Arch of Augustus for Rimini's <a href="/wiki/Porta_Montanara,_Rimini" title="Porta Montanara, Rimini">Porta Montanara</a>, which they were ordered to destroy to allow vehicles to pass through the city.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[29]</a> After the story of Trageser's work in saving the monument, it was reconstructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amedeo_Montemaggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amedeo Montemaggi (page does not exist)">Amedeo Montemaggi</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Montemaggi" class="extiw" title="it:Amedeo Montemaggi">it</a>],<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222222-33">[33]</a> Trageser's widow was welcomed by Rimini's municipal government at an event in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-:14-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222222-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_(Arco_di_Augusto)._Fortepan_75060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg/220px-Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg/330px-Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg/440px-Augustus_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_diadal%C3%ADve_%28Arco_di_Augusto%29._Fortepan_75060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6770" data-file-height="5911" /></a><figcaption>The Arch of Augustus as a traffic island, 1972</figcaption></figure> Until the 1950s, the arch was accessible to vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:17-28">[28]</a> In 1972, the Ausa's diversion into the <a href="/wiki/Marecchia" title="Marecchia">Marecchia</a> was completed, allowing the redevelopment of its former riverbed in front of the Arch of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-:22-34">[34]</a> The Roman bridge was replaced with an underpass,<a href="#cite_note-:20-15">[15]</a> and the arch became the centre of a traffic island.<a href="#cite_note-:19-10">[10]</a> From 1997,<a href="#cite_note-:17-28">[28]</a> the car parks surrounding the arch were redeveloped into green spaces and urban gardens.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The arch and surrounding area were the subject of redevelopment works in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Beginning on 10 October 2022,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> a restoration project eliminated weeds on the arch and applied a protective anti-<a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> coating on the lower parts. The restoration cost €40,000, three-quarters of which came from the archaeological superintendency for the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ravenna" title="Province of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC-Cesena" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlì-Cesena">Forlì-Cesena</a>, and the remaining quarter of which came from Rimini's municipal government.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The restoration was completed on 28 November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png/220px-Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png/330px-Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png/440px-Rimini_arco_di_Augusto_02.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The inside face, August 2021</figcaption></figure> The arch measures 19 metres (62 feet) in height and 15 metres (49 feet) in width.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> Its external covering is in <a href="/wiki/Istrian_stone" title="Istrian stone">Istrian stone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> while its centre is composed of rocks, stones, and pebbles bound with <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> The arch's base and opening are <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a> in design, contrasting with the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic architecture">late Hellenistic</a> design of the upper decorations. The fushion of these designs may have epitomised the transition of power from the Roman Senate who commissioned the arch to the emperor whom the arch glorifies.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> Despite its elaborate decorations, scholars deny that it was built as a triumphal arch,<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> and its isolation as a monument in the late 1930s was motivated by the political and ideological motivations of the fascist government.<a href="#cite_note-:17-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_and_keystone">Opening and keystone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opening and keystone">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG/220px-Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG/330px-Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG/440px-Il_TORO_e_le_formelle_scolpite_dell%27ARCO_d%27AUGUSTO_di_RIMINI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Keystone bull, and underside of the <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>, September 2015</figcaption></figure> The arch's opening <a href="/wiki/Span_(engineering)" title="Span (engineering)">spans</a> 8.84 metres (29.0 feet) across. It is 10.4 metres (34 feet) in height, with a depth of 4.1 metres (13 feet).<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The arch's <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> on each side holds a projecting <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>'s mouth. While it is often interpreted to represent the strength and power of Rome,<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> the bull is uncommon among symbols of ancient Rome. Alternative hypotheses propose that the bull represents the rule of man over nature, one of several Roman legions connected to Augustus,<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> a purificatory rite symbolising the gate's sacredness,<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222-41">[41]</a> or an early symbol of Ariminum as a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-27">[27]</a> Another hypothesis suggests that it represents <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, protector of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, whom Augustus defeated.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> The arch's large size would have made inserted doors impractical, symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>, a period of relative peace and order inaugurated by Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232-12">[12]</a> The symbolism would have been particularly important given Rimini's proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a>, infamous for the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">crossing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, which precipiated <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> In a local <a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a>, someone undertaking a senseless and impossible ambition is said to want to make a door in the arch (e vliva fé la porta ma l'Èrc),<a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> but whether the arch ever had a door inserted is contested among local historians.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columns_and_pediment">Columns and pediment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Columns and pediment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum,_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC,_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives,_Rimini,_Italy_(19760809900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819760809900%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819760809900%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819760809900%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Upper parts, June 2015</figcaption></figure> The arch's opening is flanked by two <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged columns</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> shafts and <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> capitals.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Clipeus" title="Clipeus">clipei</a> (shields) in the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> between the column and opening depict Roman divinities.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> On the arch's outside face, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> is represented on the right with a bolt of lightning and eagle,<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222-41">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> on the left with a lyre and raven.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222-41">[41]</a> Facing the city, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> is represented on the right with a trident and dolphin,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232-12">[12]</a> and a final goddess – variously interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a> – is represented on the left with a sword and trophy.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232-12">[12]</a> Ariminum had a well-documented cult of Apollo, while Neptune recalled the city's maritime importance.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232-12">[12]</a> The four divinities recall the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a> (the disputed goddess), <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> (Neptune), <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> (Apollo), and <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> (Jupiter), thereby manifesting Augustus' political power over nature and religion.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> Above the opening, there is a rather low triangular <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-43">[43]</a> The pediment does not extend to cover the tops of the columns,<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> but is "poised uneasily between them".<a href="#cite_note-:23-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> feature projections whose undersides are decorated with engravings and sculptures of flowers and plants, a <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battlement">Battlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_di_augusto,_rimini,_esterno_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG/250px-Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG/375px-Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG/500px-Arco_di_augusto%2C_rimini%2C_esterno_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the battlement and the inscription, September 2013</figcaption></figure>Originally, the arch would have been surmounted by an <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, above the attic would have been a statue of Augustus,<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> likely on horseback or driving a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222-41">[41]</a> Two artworks have been hypothesised as part of the statue: a foot of white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> that Abbot Giovanni Battista Gervasoni Angelini said was found near the battlement, which passed into the collections of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bianchi_(physician)" title="Giovanni Bianchi (physician)">Giovanni Bianchi</a>; and a horse's head, which shows signs of gilded bridles, indicating a possible chariot.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> An alternative hypothesis by local historian Danilo Re proposes that the arch was topped by the <a href="/wiki/Gilt_Bronzes_from_Cartoceto_di_Pergola" title="Gilt Bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola">Cartoceto Bronzes</a>, an ensemble of ancient Roman gilt bronzes discovered in 1946 near <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">Pergola</a>, along the Via Flaminia, which Re suggests may have represented Caesar, Augustus, <a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Augustus' mother</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Augustus' grandmother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> The merlons above the arch, with their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> form,<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> were added in the late medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-40">[40]</a> The oldest extant merlons likely date to the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscription">Inscription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inscription">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Detail of the inscription on the battlement of the Arch of Augustus </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscription<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS IMPERATORI CAESARI DIVI IVLI FILIO AVGVSTO IMPERATORI SEPTEM CONSOLI SEPTEM DESIGNATO OCTAVOM VIA FLAMINIA ET RELIQVEIS CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIAE VIEIS ET AVCTORITATE EIVS MVNITEIS</blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> The <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">Senate and People of Rome</a> [dedicated this arch] to <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>, son of the divine <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius</a>, Imperator seven times, <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> seven times and consul-elect for an eighth time, on account of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">via Flaminia</a> and the other very distinguished roads of Italy having been repaired by his <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a>.</blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_and_legacy">Depictions and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depictions and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Rossini,_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto,_1836_(Ravenna,_Biblioteca_Classense).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG/249px-Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="249" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG/375px-Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG/499px-Luigi_Rossini%2C_L%27Arco_d%27Augusto%2C_1836_%28Ravenna%2C_Biblioteca_Classense%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossini" title="Luigi Rossini">Luigi Rossini</a>'s sketch of the Arch of Augustus (1836) unusually depicted the buildings neighbouring the arch, which other artists typically omitted in favour of the ancient city walls.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi222223-45">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> The Arch of Augustus has often been drawn alongside the Ponte di Tiberio,<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi222223-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi23222222322-46">[46]</a> with which it is represented on Rimini's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> The arch was well known in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> and it likely influenced the never-completed façade of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Malatestiano" title="Tempio Malatestiano">Tempio Malatestiano</a>, designed in 1450 by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi2322-13">[13]</a> Some scholars contend that the <a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte</a> shares architectural references with the arch.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223223-16">[16]</a> Among the oldest artistic depictions of the arch is a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a>, of contested authenticity, which records the late-medieval Ghibelline merlons.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-barbaresi2322222232-47">[47]</a> A cross-shape inside the arch may indicate a double door.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> While Tonini dated the seal to the beginning of the tenth century, Gaetano Battaglini suggested that it dates to the 13th century for its familiarity with seals of neighbouring cities.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi2322222232-47">[47]</a> In 1526, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a> drew a sketch of the arch for an inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, who had acquired Rimini.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi232222223222-48">[48]</a> Other notable depictions of the arch include those of <a href="/wiki/Florent_Fid%C3%A8le_Constant_Bourgeois" title="Florent Fidèle Constant Bourgeois">Florent Fidèle Constant Bourgeois</a> in 1806, <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Barbot" title="Prosper Barbot">Prosper Barbot</a> in 1821, and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossini" title="Luigi Rossini">Luigi Rossini</a> in 1836. Classical depictions present the arch's outside face, and typically omitted any adjacent houses in favour of the ancient city walls. 18th-century engravings often included an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> that was located near the arch inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-barbaresi222223-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arco_di_Augusto_(Rimini)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arco di Augusto (Rimini)">Arco di Augusto (Rimini)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arch of Augustus (disambiguation)">Arch of Augustus (disambiguation)</a> for other such arches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">List of Roman triumphal arches</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:10-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuratori2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Muratori, Ivano Aurelio (6 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivio.chiamamicitta.it/chja-fat-e-stronz-durland/">"Ch'jà fat e' Strónz d'Urland?"</a> [Who made the turd of Roland?]. Chiamamicitta (in Romagnol). Retrieved 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chiamamicitta&rft.atitle=Ch%27j%C3%A0+fat+e%27+Str%C3%B3nz+d%27Urland%3F&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Muratori&rft.aufirst=Ivano+Aurelio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivio.chiamamicitta.it%2Fchja-fat-e-stronz-durland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Augustus+%28Rimini%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavro2015" class="citation book cs1">Favro, Diane (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeE4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"Arch of Augustus, Rimini"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Thomson_de_Grummond" title="Nancy Thomson de Grummond">de Grummond, Nancy Thomson</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26854-2"><bdi>978-1-134-26854-2</bdi></a>. 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January–February 2016 (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rimini Rotary Club</a>: 11–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ariminum&rft.atitle=La+controporta+per+rafforzare+le+difese&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Valdameri&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotaryrimini.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2Fariminum-gennaio-febbraio-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Augustus+%28Rimini%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotecagambalunga.it/news/la-gambalunga-racconta-san-gaudenzio-patrono-di-rimini">"La Gambalunga racconta: San Gaudenzio patrono di Rimini"</a> [Gambalunga tells: Saint Gaudentius, patron saint of Rimini]. <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Civica_Gambalunga" title="Biblioteca Civica Gambalunga">Biblioteca Civica Gambalunga</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Civica+Gambalunga&rft.atitle=La+Gambalunga+racconta%3A+San+Gaudenzio+patrono+di+Rimini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotecagambalunga.it%2Fnews%2Fla-gambalunga-racconta-san-gaudenzio-patrono-di-rimini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Augustus+%28Rimini%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiamamicitta.it/27-maggio-359-limperatore-costanzo-ii-convoca-il-concilio-di-rimini-2/">"27 maggio 359 - L'imperatore Costanzo II convoca il Concilio di Rimini"</a> [27 May 359 – Emperor Constantius II convenes the Council of Rimini]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 26 May 2023. 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March–April 2014 (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rimini Rotary Club</a>: 36. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ariminum&rft.atitle=Danneggiato+da+Pandolfaccio&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Montemaggi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotaryrimini.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2Far_67_Ariminum-marzo-aprile-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Augustus+%28Rimini%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelucca2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delucca, Oreste (27 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiamamicitta.it/1916-atto-secondo-la-catastrofe-ferragosto/">"1916 atto secondo: la catastrofe di Ferragosto"</a> [1916 second act: the August 15th catastrophe]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 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Ariminum. March–April 2014 (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rimini Rotary Club</a>: 44–46. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ariminum&rft.atitle=I+primi+disegni+del+monumento&rft.pages=44-46&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Zavatta&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotaryrimini.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2Far_67_Ariminum-marzo-aprile-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArch+of+Augustus+%28Rimini%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · Imperator Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Bellum Batonianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia">leges Juliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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