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title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-整体形态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#整体形态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>整体形态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-整体形态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内部组织结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内部组织结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>内部组织结构</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-内部组织结构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关内部组织结构子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-内部组织结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-表皮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表皮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>表皮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表皮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叶肉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叶肉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>叶肉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叶肉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-维管束" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#维管束"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>维管束</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-维管束-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-单叶与复叶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#单叶与复叶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>单叶与复叶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-单叶与复叶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叶序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叶序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>叶序</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-叶序-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关叶序子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-叶序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>对生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轮生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轮生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>轮生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轮生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-互生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#互生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>互生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-互生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叢生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叢生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>叢生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叢生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-簇生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簇生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>簇生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簇生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>功能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化适应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化适应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>演化适应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化适应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生长发育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生长发育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>生长发育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生长发育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叶色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叶色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>叶色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叶色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">葉</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。149种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaar" title="Blaar – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatt_(Pflanze)" title="Blatt (Pflanze) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blatt (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuella" title="Fuella – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fuella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93af" title="Lēaf – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēaf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ورقة نبات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورقة نبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="পাত – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueya" title="Fueya – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fueya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laphi" title="Laphi – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Laphi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarpaq" title="Yarpaq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarpaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82" title="یارپاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یارپاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Япраҡ – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япраҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladdl" title="Bladdl – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bladdl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laps" title="Laps – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Laps" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon" title="Dahon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dahon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun" title="Dun – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Dun" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ліст – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Лісьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лісьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পাতা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ལོ་མ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deil" title="Deil – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fulla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%8Fh-ni%C5%8Fh" title="Niŏh-niŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niŏh-niŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ГӀа – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="گەڵا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Foglia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Çулçă – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deilen" title="Deilen – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deilen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad_(plantedel)" title="Blad (plantedel) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blad (plantedel)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatt_(Pflanze)" title="Blatt (Pflanze) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blatt (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81opjeno" title="Łopjeno – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Łopjeno" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Φύλλο (βοτανική) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φύλλο (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leaf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoja" title="Hoja – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hoja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leht" title="Leht – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosto" title="Hosto – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hosto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="برگ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehti_(kasvitiede)" title="Lehti (kasvitiede) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehti (kasvitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuille" title="Feuille – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feuille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4lye" title="Fôlye – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fôlye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleer_(Plaanten)" title="Bleer (Plaanten) – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bleer (Plaanten)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%AAd_(plant)" title="Blêd (plant) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blêd (plant)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilleog" title="Duilleog – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duilleog" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilleag" title="Duilleag – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duilleag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folla" title="Folla – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togue" title="Togue – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Togue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duillag" title="Duillag – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Duillag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%CC%8Dp-%C3%A9" title="Ya̍p-é – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ya̍p-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94" title="עלה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="पत्ती – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्ती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81opjeno" title="Łopjeno – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Łopjeno" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8y" title="Fèy – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%C3%A9l_(botanika)" title="Levél (botanika) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levél (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87" title="Տերև – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տերև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauf" title="Lauf – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lauf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%AD%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%95%88%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᑭᕈᐊᕈᖅ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑭᕈᐊᕈᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="葉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhong" title="Godhong – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Godhong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფოთოლი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოთოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iferr" title="Iferr – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iferr" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Hayʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hayʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikyo" title="Kikyo – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kikyo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulung" title="Bulung – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bulung" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Жапырақ – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಲೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잎" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel" title="Pel – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жалбырак – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жалбырак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium" title="Folium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Folium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat_(Planz)" title="Blat (Planz) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blat (Planz)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2ia" title="Fòia – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fòia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%A1s%C3%A1_(nzet%C3%A9)" title="Nkásá (nzeté) – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkásá (nzeté)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapas" title="Lapas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lapas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapas" title="Lapas – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lapas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravina_(zavamaniry)" title="Ravina (zavamaniry) – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ravina (zavamaniry)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau" title="Rau – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rau" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Лист (ботаника) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лист (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2" title="ഇല – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पान – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B8%D0%BB%D3%B9%D1%88%D1%82%D3%93%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ӹлӹштӓш (ботаника) – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ӹлӹштӓш (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF" title="ولگ – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhuatl" title="Izhuatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Izhuatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronna" title="Fronna – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fronna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="पात – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauv" title="Lauv – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lauv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielle" title="Fielle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fielle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%A8lha" title="Fuèlha – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fuèlha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baala" title="Baala – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੱਤਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Liść – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liść" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="پتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="پاڼه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha" title="Folha – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Folha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphi" title="Raphi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunz%C4%83" title="Frunză – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frunză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2ndz%C3%A2" title="Frândzâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frândzâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Сэбирдэх – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэбирдэх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogghia" title="Fogghia – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fogghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leaf" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86" title="پن – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85" title="කොළ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොළ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leaf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(botanika)" title="List (botanika) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="List (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizha" title="Shizha – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shizha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleen" title="Caleen – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caleen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjethja" title="Gjethja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjethja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani" title="Jani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இலை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/abaw" title="abaw – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="abaw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಇರೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పత్రము – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పత్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Барг – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89" title="ใบไม้ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใบไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon_(halaman)" title="Dahon (halaman) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dahon (halaman)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak" title="Yaprak – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaprak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasaw" title="Wasaw – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Wasaw" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="يوپۇرماق – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يوپۇرماق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Листок – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Листок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پتى – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پتى" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barg" title="Barg – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foja" title="Foja – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Foja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1" title="Lá – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foye" title="Foye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon" title="Dahon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dahon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6" title="叶 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98" title="בלאט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ew%C3%A9" title="Ewé – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ewé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaw" title="Mbaw – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hio%CC%8Dh-%C3%A1" title="Hio̍h-á – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hio̍h-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是植物器官。关于中文姓氏，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="葉姓">葉姓</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>叶子</b>」重定向至此。關於其他用法，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="葉子 (消歧義)">葉子 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Varieties_(15_sp)_reduced.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png/250px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png/330px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png/500px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29_reduced.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>叶的多样性</figcaption></figure> <p><b>叶</b>（英文：leaf，foliage）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a>的主要营养器官之一，侧边发育自植物的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B6%E5%8E%9F%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叶原基（页面不存在）">叶原基</a>，其形状、大小、颜色、质地和着生方式高度多样，但大多具有较扁平的整体形态，且一般正背两面（即近轴面和远轴面）在颜色、被毛程度、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a>数量、表皮蜡质层等方面呈现不同程度的分化。 </p><p>地上叶通常为植物进行<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></b>的主要場所。叶的表皮常具备可进行气体交换的<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a></b>，使光合作用的关键原料（二氧化碳）得以进入细胞。叶细胞内部通常含有丰富的<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a></b>，即可吸收、转化阳光中<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="光能">光能</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="色素体">色素体</a>，致使许多物种的叶呈绿色，但部分物种或呈现特定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82" class="mw-redirect" title="变异">变异</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表型">表型</a>的个体（如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斑叶变异" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="variegation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%91%E5%8F%B6%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斑叶变异（页面不存在）">斑叶变异</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/variegation" class="extiw" title="en:variegation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">variegation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）的叶绿素含量较低或缺失。部分物种的叶并不进行光合作用，而是退化为极简单的形态或呈现出针对特定功能的结构生理特化，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%BC" title="木贼">木贼</a>鳞片状的筒鞘、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E8%8C%8E" title="鳞茎">鳞茎</a>位于地下包裹分生组织的鳞叶、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="仙人掌科">仙人掌</a>的刺等。 </p><p>各大分类群（演化支）中植物的叶分别由不同的起源<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>而来。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>、现生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%95%A8%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="真蕨类">真蕨类</a>植物的叶具有相对复杂的叶脉，被统称为<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大型叶（页面不存在）">大型叶</a></b>，这三大类植物也因此被称作<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="真叶植物">真叶植物</a>；真蕨类和种子植物的大型叶又分别演化自不同的起源<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%A1%9E" title="石松類">石松类</a>植物的叶仅具单根叶脉，被称作<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小型叶（页面不存在）">小型叶</a></b>（microphyll）或石松叶（lycophyll），其演化起源不同于大型叶。小型叶和大型叶在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化发育</a>和结构上都是“茎的外延”，因而部分观点认为两者均属于狭义上的叶。 </p><p>部分<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苔藓类（页面不存在）">苔藓类</a>（非维管植物）也具有形态和功能类似叶、可疏导水分和进行光合作用的器官，但因其并不具备真正意义上、相对复杂高效的水分传导组织（即由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E9%83%A8" title="木质部">木质部</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A7%E7%9A%AE%E9%83%A8" title="韧皮部">韧皮部</a>构成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">维管组织</a>），被称作<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%91%89" title="假葉">假叶</a>（phyllid）或<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" title="葉狀體">叶状体</a>（thalloid）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="整体形态"><span id=".E6.95.B4.E4.BD.93.E5.BD.A2.E6.80.81"></span>整体形态</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：整体形态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf,_Bud,_and_Stem_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/240px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/360px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/480px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>单叶外形示意图：1.叶顶（叶端、叶尖），2.中肋（主脉），3.侧脉（支脉），4.叶片（叶身），5.叶缘，7.腋芽，8.枝或茎。未标示：6.叶柄，9.叶基（在叶片与叶柄交界处），10.托叶，11.叶枕，12.叶腋</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>的完全叶包含三部分：叶片（叶身）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E6%9F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="叶柄">叶柄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E8%91%89" title="托葉">托叶</a>。 </p> <ul><li><b>叶片</b>（叶身）指的是完全叶上主体结构，常为扁平、延展的形态且富含叶绿素，其形态及内部构造一般为吸收阳光而特化，并通过分布于其表皮上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a>进行气体交换、调节植物体内水分和温度。对于有正背分化的扁平叶，朝上的一面被称作近轴面，朝下的一面称为远轴面。</li> <li><b>叶柄</b>是连接叶片与茎节的部分。</li> <li><b>托叶</b>着生于叶柄基部两侧或叶腋处，功能常为保护幼叶。</li></ul> <p>部分类群还具有其它额外的叶性结构，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E5%BD%A2%E7%A7%91" title="伞形科">伞形科</a>的许多成员的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%96#莖的分支與節" class="mw-redirect" title="莖">茎节</a>基部附近有一圈抱茎的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E9%9E%98" title="葉鞘">叶鞘</a>，叶从叶鞘内长出。部分单子叶植物的叶鞘和叶之间还具有称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%88%8C" title="叶舌">叶舌</a>的结构，多见于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a>。 </p><p>叶整体、叶缘、叶背、被毛、叶柄、腺体、托叶等结构的有无和形态都可能作为鉴定植物所属科、属、种等分类阶元的重要特征。以托叶为例，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%8C%E8%B1%86" title="豌豆">豌豆</a>有着大的叶片状托叶，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E6%A7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="洋槐">洋槐</a>的托叶则是针形，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A8%B1%E8%8A%B1" title="山樱花">山櫻花</a>的托葉為羽狀，许多<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%A7%91" title="桑科">桑科</a>物种的托叶极细小或早落，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B0%E7%A7%91" title="木兰科">木兰科</a>的成员则普遍不具托叶。 </p><p>部分类群所处的自然生态环境或生长模式较为特殊，演化出了极特化的叶，与常见的基本叶形态结构差别较大，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%A7%91" title="葡萄科">葡萄科</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E9%A1%BB" title="卷须">卷须</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="仙人掌科">仙人掌科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA#葉刺" title="刺">叶刺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E7%AC%BC%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%9E#形态特征" title="猪笼草属">猪笼草属</a>的捕虫笼等。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9F%8F%E9%96%80" title="松柏門">松柏门</a>的成员大多具有细长的针状叶，但大部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E7%A7%91" title="柏科">柏科</a>和部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89%E6%9D%BE%E7%A7%91" title="罗汉松科">罗汉松科</a>则有着扁平、三角形鳞片状的叶。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%9D%89%E7%A7%91" title="南洋杉科">南洋杉科</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89%E6%9D%BE%E7%A7%91" title="罗汉松科">罗汉松科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%9F%8F%E5%B1%AC" title="竹柏屬">竹柏属</a>则有着较为宽阔的扁平叶。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="内部组织结构"><span id=".E5.86.85.E9.83.A8.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>内部组织结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：内部组织结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg/560px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="560" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg/840px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg/1120px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>叶组织结构</figcaption></figure> <p>成熟叶身的横切面可见三种主要结构：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="表皮 (植物)">表皮組織</a>（即上、下<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="表皮 (植物)">表皮</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="基本组织 (植物)">基本组织</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%85%E6%A0%8F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="栅栏组织">柵欄組織</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海綿組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spongy tissue"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海綿組織（页面不存在）">海綿組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongy_tissue" class="extiw" title="en:Spongy tissue"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spongy tissue</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>），及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">維管組織</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="表皮"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E7.9A.AE"></span>表皮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：表皮"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>表皮组织覆盖着叶的最外层，由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铺列细胞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pavement cells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%BA%E5%88%97%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铺列细胞（页面不存在）">铺列细胞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_cells" class="extiw" title="en:Pavement cells"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pavement cells</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="毛状体">毛状体</a>细胞、组成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a>的细胞（护卫细胞和助细胞）等多种细胞类型紧密排列而成。表皮组织的表面通常还有一层水无法透过的蜡质<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%A8%E5%B1%82" title="植物角质层">角质层</a>。 </p><p>气孔是植物调节水分循环及温度的重要结构，陆上生长的植物类群之<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a>多分布于叶的下表面。叶无明显正背（近远轴面）分化的类群（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%88%E5%8F%B6" title="针叶">针叶</a>）则整周都分布有稀疏的气孔。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="叶肉"><span id=".E5.8F.B6.E8.82.89"></span>叶肉</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：叶肉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E5%A3%81%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="薄壁组织">薄壁组织</a>是叶的最主要组织，也称叶肉细胞，其内含有叶绿体，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>的主要场所。根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="碳固定">碳固定</a>类型的不同（<a href="/wiki/C3%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="C3类二氧化碳固定">C3</a>，<a href="/wiki/C4%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="C4类二氧化碳固定">C4</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%A4%A9%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="景天酸代謝">景天酸代謝</a>），薄壁组织的排列也不一样。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="维管束"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E7.AE.A1.E6.9D.9F"></span>维管束</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：维管束"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F" title="维管束">维管束</a></div> <p>叶的叶脉由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="維管束">維管束</a>组成，每一束均由两种不同疏导细胞聚集而成：<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A7%E7%9A%AE%E9%83%A8" title="韧皮部">韧皮部</a></b>主要负责将叶 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>所得的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>向不能光合作用或能力弱的<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>输送。同时，叶的水分也需要维管束内的<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E9%83%A8" title="木质部">木质部</a></b>从根部等吸收水分和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="無機鹽">无机盐</a>的器官运输、供应到其它部位。致密薄壁组织所组成的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维管束鞘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vascular bundle#Bundle-sheath cells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F%E9%9E%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维管束鞘（页面不存在）">维管束鞘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle#Bundle-sheath_cells" class="extiw" title="en:Vascular bundle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vascular bundle#Bundle-sheath cells</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9A%E8%A7%92%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="厚角組織">厚角組織</a>可以保护维管束，并支撑叶片，使之能伸展接受阳光。观察叶片表面，可以发现叶脉的走向在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="单子叶植物">单子叶植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="双子叶植物">双子叶植物</a>是有所区别的。 </p><p>在单子叶植物中，叶脉多为平衡走向，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a>植物。 </p><p>而双子叶植物的叶脉是网状分布，正中通常有一主脉，然后向两边逐级分支。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="单叶与复叶"><span id=".E5.8D.95.E5.8F.B6.E4.B8.8E.E5.A4.8D.E5.8F.B6"></span>单叶与复叶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：单叶与复叶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單葉（页面不存在）">單葉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="複葉">複葉</a></div> <p>每片叶上只有一片叶片的被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8F%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单叶（页面不存在）">单叶</a>。典型具有单叶的植物有：<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%96%E9%BA%BB" title="蓖麻">蓖麻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果">苹果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%93%9C" title="南瓜">南瓜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E6%97%A5%E8%91%B5" title="向日葵">向日葵</a>。 </p><p>相对的，每片叶上有两片或以上的叶片的被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%B6" title="复叶">复叶</a>。如复叶的每片<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="小葉">小叶</a>都具有叶柄与主<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E6%9F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="叶柄">叶柄</a>相连，这些叶柄则成为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%B6%E6%9F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小叶柄（页面不存在）">小叶柄</a>。如果没有小叶柄，则小叶会直接着生在主叶柄上。如<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="落花生">落花生</a>的叶柄上具有4小叶，和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%B6%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三叶橡胶（页面不存在）">三叶橡胶</a>则如其名，有三片小叶。而复叶按小叶的排列可分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E7%8B%80%E8%A4%87%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="羽狀複葉">羽状复叶</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%8C%E7%8B%80%E8%A4%87%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="掌狀複葉">掌状复叶</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%87%BA%E8%A4%87%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="三出複葉">三出复叶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%BA%AB%E8%A4%87%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="單身複葉">单身复叶</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%AC%A2" title="合欢">合欢</a>的叶是典型的羽状复叶。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a>的则是掌状复叶。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="叶序"><span id=".E5.8F.B6.E5.BA.8F"></span>叶序</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：叶序"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>叶序指的是叶在茎上的着生次序。叶序是判断植物种类的重要手段。在下图，显示出了植物叶序的三种基本类型：对生，轮生和互生。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83131740">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1. 對生 2. 互生（二列狀） 3. 輪生"><img alt="1. 對生 2. 互生（二列狀） 3. 輪生" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg/180px-Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg/270px-Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg/360px-Phyllotaxis_3_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1. 對生 2. 互生（二列狀） 3. 輪生</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="十字對生"><img alt="十字對生" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png/129px-Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png/194px-Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Meyers_b2_s1013_b2.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">十字對生</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="對生"><img alt="對生" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png/180px-Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png/270px-Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Meyers_b2_s1013_b3.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">對生</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulistnienie_(Phyllotaxys_alternate).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="螺旋狀互生（旋生）"><img alt="螺旋狀互生（旋生）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg/112px-Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg/169px-Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg/225px-Ulistnienie_%28Phyllotaxys_alternate%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">螺旋狀互生（旋生）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="多叶芦荟（Aloe polyphylla）的螺旋狀互生（旋生）葉序"><img alt="多叶芦荟（Aloe polyphylla）的螺旋狀互生（旋生）葉序" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg/180px-Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg/270px-Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg/360px-Aloe_polyphylla_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%8F%B6%E8%8A%A6%E8%8D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="多叶芦荟">多叶芦荟</a>（<i>Aloe polyphylla</i>）的螺旋狀互生（旋生）葉序</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="北美腹水草（Veronicastrum virginicum）的輪生葉序"><img alt="北美腹水草（Veronicastrum virginicum）的輪生葉序" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg/120px-Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg/179px-Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg/239px-Veronicastrum_virg_album_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E8%85%B9%E6%B0%B4%E8%8D%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美腹水草（页面不存在）">北美腹水草</a>（<i>Veronicastrum virginicum</i>）的輪生葉序</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对生"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E7.94.9F"></span>对生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：对生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_SKD_TKO_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E5%8D%97_Tseung_Kwan_O_South_Promenade_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%BF%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Waterfront_Park_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_green_flora_n_trees_September_2022_Px3_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HK_SKD_TKO_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E5%8D%97_Tseung_Kwan_O_South_Promenade_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%BF%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Waterfront_Park_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_green_flora_n_trees_September_2022_Px3_03.jpg/120px-HK_SKD_TKO_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E5%8D%97_Tseung_Kwan_O_South_Promenade_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%BF%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Waterfront_Park_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_green_flora_n_trees_September_2022_Px3_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HK_SKD_TKO_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E5%8D%97_Tseung_Kwan_O_South_Promenade_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%BF%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Waterfront_Park_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_green_flora_n_trees_September_2022_Px3_03.jpg/250px-HK_SKD_TKO_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E5%8D%97_Tseung_Kwan_O_South_Promenade_%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E6%BE%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%BF%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Waterfront_Park_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_green_flora_n_trees_September_2022_Px3_03.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>對生葉</figcaption></figure> <p>指的是每莖节上着生两片叶，两者间差180°。若上下两节的树叶又呈90°错开，避免重叠，從而盡量利用光能，此種方式又稱為“十字對生”。典型长有对生叶的植物：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%A6%99%E5%B1%AC" title="丁香屬">丁香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E8%BF%AD%E9%A6%99" title="迷迭香">迷迭香</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E8%8D%B7" title="薄荷">薄荷</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="轮生"><span id=".E8.BD.AE.E7.94.9F"></span>轮生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：轮生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>指的是每茎节上着生三片叶或更多，排列呈<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E7%94%9F" title="轮生">轮状</a>。典型的植物有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%BE%E7%AB%B9%E6%A1%83%E7%A7%91" title="夾竹桃科">夹竹桃科</a>的多種植物，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9" title="黑板樹">黑板樹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E6%9E%9D%E9%BB%83%E8%9F%AC" title="軟枝黃蟬">軟枝黃蟬</a>。有着轮生叶的植物，上下两节的叶通常会成45°错开，同样是为了每片叶都有更多机会接触阳光。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="互生"><span id=".E4.BA.92.E7.94.9F"></span>互生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：互生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>指的是每茎节上僅着生一片叶片。从整株植物看，叶片排列可能呈螺旋状、二列狀或是三列狀。螺旋狀排列是葉片依特定角度，順著枝軸排列，又名“旋生”，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E7%A7%91" title="樟科">樟科</a>植物；二列狀則是相隔二葉相對而生(不在同一節上)，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%B6%E5%B0%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鳶尾科">鳶尾科</a>的植物；三列狀則是排列成三個方向(各節的葉軸夾120度角)，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%A7%91" title="莎草科">莎草科</a>的植物。以任意一茎节的叶为起点，沿茎而上，找到在同一竖直线上的另一块叶。这两片叶之间的距离称为“叶周”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="叢生"><span id=".E5.8F.A2.E7.94.9F"></span>叢生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：叢生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>節間極短，使得多片互生葉密集生長，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%96%E4%BB%81%E6%A8%B9" title="欖仁樹">欖仁樹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E6%A2%94" class="mw-redirect" title="緬梔">緬梔</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="簇生"><span id=".E7.B0.87.E7.94.9F"></span>簇生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：簇生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>节间极短，而多叶从一着生处密集成束簇状生出，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9D%BE" title="雪松">雪松</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%9D%8F" title="银杏">银杏</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="功能"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：功能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般来说，葉的主要功能是进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%95%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸散作用">蒸散作用</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="演化适应"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E9.80.82.E5.BA.94"></span>演化适应</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：演化适应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>部分类群的叶因其自然分布环境中的特殊生态因素而演化出了非常规的形态结构，这类叶常被称作变态叶，被认为具有特化的适应性功能。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多肉植物">多肉植物</a>的叶肥厚多汁，能够贮藏更多水分和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%A4%A9%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="景天酸代謝">景天酸代谢</a>途径所产生的酸。</li> <li>由叶上<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="腺体">腺体</a>分泌的芳香油、毒素和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B4%A0" title="信息素">信息素</a>可防御植食动物（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%89%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="桉屬">桉属</a>）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="仙人掌科">仙人掌科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA" title="刺">刺</a>是一种经历<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="程序性细胞死亡">程序性细胞死亡</a>后高度简化的叶，不具备功能性的维管组织、气孔、叶绿体等基本的叶特征，是一种可以有效减少水分<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E8%85%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸腾">蒸腾</a>的特化，其尖锐的形态也可以抵御植食性动物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="食肉植物">食肉植物</a>的叶主要为捕捉小型动物（常为昆虫）而特化，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%85%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="茅膏菜">茅膏菜</a>的叶密布分泌粘液的腺体，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E8%A0%85%E8%8D%89" title="捕蠅草">捕蝇草</a>的叶特化为可应激闭合的捕虫夹。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%9E%E7%89%87" title="苞片">苞片</a>在一些不育性花器官（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%A3" title="花瓣">花瓣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BC%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="萼片">萼片</a>）高度简化、细小的类群中，可起到吸引<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉">传粉</a>动物、保护能育器官（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E8%95%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="雌蕊">雌蕊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a>）等功能。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%9F%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="大戟属">大戟属</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%93%81%E7%BA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="一品红">一品红</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8D%97%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91" title="天南星科">天南星科</a>（佛焰苞片）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%BC%E7%A7%91" title="蓼科">蓼科</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%BB%84" title="塔黄">塔黄</a>）、菊科等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生长发育"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E9.95.BF.E5.8F.91.E8.82.B2"></span>生长发育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：生长发育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>叶是一种侧生器官，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="原基">原基</a>起始于茎顶端<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="分生组织">分生组织</a>的周边区。叶原基刚起始时是一团性质相近的细胞，尽管从形态上难以与顶端分生组织周边区的其他细胞相区别，但细胞内已有变化：在随着生长素局部浓度升高，将顶端分生组织维持在未分化状态的KNOXI<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="基因家族">家族</a>成员的表现会被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%9D%9C%E9%BB%98" title="基因靜默">沉默</a>，而叶原基发育的相关基因会开始表达，随着细胞的快速分裂，原基中的细胞数目增加，同时叶原基开始建立分裂和分化的方向性（称作“极性”）。 </p><p>随着生长的继续，细胞分裂和细胞伸长过程不会均匀地发生在整个叶体中，而只发生在分生组织（或分裂）活性区内。这些区域是否活跃、何时活跃以及活跃程度如何都由基因决定，从而使叶发育为成体阶段呈现出的形态。 </p><p>叶的寿命通常是有限的，只有极少数物种的叶能在植物的整个生命周期中持续存在（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B2%81%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="百岁兰">百岁兰</a>）。一年生植物的叶会随着植物体的死亡而死亡；多年生植物的叶可大致分为常绿型（存续至少两个生长季）和落叶型（只存续一个生长季）。 </p><p>叶即将脱落时，叶柄基部分裂出数层扁小的薄壁细胞，称为离区。在离区范围内，一部分薄壁细胞的胞间层黏液化而分解，或者初生壁解体，形成离层，叶便在此处脱落。在离层下方的细胞木栓化，可覆盖叶子脱落后形成的断痕，同时与茎的木栓层相连，继续保护植物体。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="叶色"><span id=".E5.8F.B6.E8.89.B2"></span>叶色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：叶色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_leaves_(pantone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg/220px-Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg/330px-Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg/440px-Autumn_leaves_%28pantone%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>各种颜色的叶子</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%8F%B6" title="秋叶">秋叶</a></div> <p>叶子的颜色是叶子中各种<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="色素">色素</a>的综合体现。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="高等植物">高等植物</a>中主要含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素">叶绿素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E8%83%A1%E8%90%9D%E5%8D%9C%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="类胡萝卜素">类胡萝卜素</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E9%9D%92%E7%B4%A0" title="花青素">花青素</a>，它们的比例和对光的选择性吸收形成了叶子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2" title="颜色">颜色</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Corvez, Adèle; Barriel, Véronique; Dubuisson, Jean-Yves. Diversity and evolution of the megaphyll in Euphyllophytes: Phylogenetic hypotheses and the problem of foliar organ definition. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2012-09, <b>11</b> (6): 403–418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2012.05.003"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.05.003</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%89&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+evolution+of+the+megaphyll+in+Euphyllophytes%3A+Phylogenetic+hypotheses+and+the+problem+of+foliar+organ+definition&rft.au=Barriel%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Dubuisson%2C+Jean-Yves&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le&rft.aulast=Corvez&rft.date=2012-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Palevol&rft.pages=403-418&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2012.05.003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">束越新，《颜色光学基础理论》，山东科学技术出版社，1981，505-509</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210142124/http://www.lifesciences.ynu.edu.cn/wljc/zwx/content/Botany1/leaf/leaf6.htm">植物形态与解剖 </a></i></li> <li><i>die Skript von Formkenntnissen der Pflanzen, Martin Dickmann, Universität Bremen</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33971" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q33971"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> 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colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:植物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:植物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:植物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="植物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學史（页面不存在）">植物學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學大綱（页面不存在）">植物學大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of botany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物學分支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Branches of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學分支（页面不存在）">分支學科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:Branches of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Branches of botany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="考古植物學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archaeobotany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古植物學（页面不存在）">考古植物學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeobotany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archaeobotany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天體植物學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Astrobotany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天體植物學（页面不存在）">天體植物學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotany" class="extiw" title="en:Astrobotany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Astrobotany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E5%AD%A6" title="苔藓学">苔藓学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="樹木學">樹木學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="民族植物學">民族植物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学">古植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="藻类学">藻类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="植物化学">植物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="植物地理学">植物地理学</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地植物學勘探" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geobotanical prospecting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8B%98%E6%8E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地植物學勘探（页面不存在）">地植物學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" class="extiw" title="en:Geobotanical prospecting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geobotanical prospecting</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="植物解剖學">植物解剖學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="植物生态学">植物生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物病理學">植物病理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">植物類群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始质体生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="非維管植物">非维管植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="蕨類植物">蕨類植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="植物解剖學">植物解剖學</a><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物形態學">形態學</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物形態學術語表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of plant morphology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物形態學術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of plant morphology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of plant morphology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="植物细胞学">植物细胞学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成膜體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phragmoplast"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E8%86%9C%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成膜體（页面不存在）">成膜體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast" class="extiw" title="en:Phragmoplast"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phragmoplast</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">色素體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%B5%B2" title="原生質絲">原生質絲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液胞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">組織</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A0%93%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E5%B1%A4" title="木栓形成層">木栓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="基本组织 (植物)">基本組織</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葉肉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leaf#Mesophyll"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89%E8%82%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葉肉（页面不存在）">葉肉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" class="extiw" title="en:Leaf"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leaf#Mesophyll</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="分生组织">分生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="贮藏器官">贮藏器官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">维管组织</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F" title="维管束">维管束</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%">營養器官</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E8%8C%8E" title="鳞茎">鳞茎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%A0%B9" title="假根">假根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%8C%8E" title="根茎">根茎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot" title="Shoot">地上部</a>〔<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%BD" title="芽">芽</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">葉</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="低出葉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cataphyll"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E5%87%BA%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低出葉（页面不存在）">低出葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphyll" class="extiw" title="en:Cataphyll"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cataphyll</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E6%9F%84" title="葉柄">葉柄</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無柄花葉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sessility (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%9F%84%E8%8A%B1%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無柄花葉（页面不存在）">無柄花葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Sessility (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sessility (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>〕</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生殖形態學">生殖器官</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B8%E5%8D%B5%E5%99%A8" title="頸卵器">頸卵器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊群</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="退化雄蕊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Staminode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="退化雄蕊（页面不存在）">退化雄蕊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode" class="extiw" title="en:Staminode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Staminode</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="絨氈層" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tapetum (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%A8%E6%B0%88%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絨氈層（页面不存在）">絨氈層</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Tapetum (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tapetum (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="花被卷叠式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aestivation (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB%E5%8D%B7%E5%8F%A0%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花被卷叠式（页面不存在）">花被卷叠式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Aestivation (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aestivation (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ABC模型">花朵發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花图式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="花式">花程式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="花對稱性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Floral symmetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花對稱性（页面不存在）">花對稱性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_symmetry" class="extiw" title="en:Floral symmetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Floral symmetry</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E7%94%9F" title="轮生">轮生</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a><span class="nowrap">〔<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="果實解剖學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fruit anatomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果實解剖學（页面不存在）">果實解剖學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="extiw" title="en:Fruit anatomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fruit anatomy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E6%9E%9C" title="浆果">浆果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="蒴果">蒴果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%9A%E6%9E%9C" title="坚果">坚果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E6%A0%B8" title="果核">果核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90" title="種子">種子</a><span class="nowrap">（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="种子传播">種子傳播</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E4%B9%B3" title="胚乳">胚乳</a>）〕</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" title="配子體">配子體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="合蕊柱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Column (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E8%95%8A%E6%9F%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合蕊柱（页面不存在）">合蕊柱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Column (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Column (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%99%A8" title="雌花器">雌蕊群</a><span class="nowrap">〔<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%88%BF" title="子房">子房</a></span><span class="nowrap">（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="子房室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Locule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%90%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="子房室（页面不存在）">子房室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule" class="extiw" title="en:Locule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Locule</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E7%8F%A0" title="胚珠">胚珠</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B1%E9%A0%AD_(%E8%8A%B1)" title="柱頭 (花)">柱頭</a>〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E4%B8%9D%E6%89%98" title="被丝托">被丝托</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序">花序</a><span class="nowrap">（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%9E%E7%89%87" title="苞片">苞片</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%A2%97" title="花梗">花梗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%8A%B6%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="总状花序">总状花序</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="繖形花序">繖形花序</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB" title="花被">花被</a><span class="nowrap">（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB%E7%89%87" title="花被片">花被片</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%A3" title="花瓣">花瓣</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%90%BC" title="花萼">花萼</a>）</span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物胚胎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Embryo#Plant_embryos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物胚胎（页面不存在）">植物胚胎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" class="extiw" title="en:Embryo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Embryo#Plant_embryos</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="花托" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Receptacle (botany)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E6%89%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花托（页面不存在）">花托</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Receptacle (botany)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Receptacle (botany)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孢子葉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sporophyll"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢子葉（页面不存在）">孢子葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll" class="extiw" title="en:Sporophyll"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sporophyll</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="孢子体">孢子体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%">表層構造</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%A8%E5%B1%82" title="植物角质层">植物角质层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%A0%9F%E8%B3%AA" title="表皮蠟質">表皮蠟質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="表皮 (植物)">表皮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜">花蜜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA" title="刺">刺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="毛状体">毛状体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a><br />和相關物質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%89%E5%B1%A4" title="糊粉層">糊粉層</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bulk movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集流（页面不存在）">集流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Bulk movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bulk movement</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物营养学">植物營養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素">叶绿素</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物黑色素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phytomelanin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物黑色素（页面不存在）">植物黑色素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomelanin" class="extiw" title="en:Phytomelanin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phytomelanin</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="植物激素">植物激素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%B6%B2" title="樹液">樹液</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E8%85%BE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="蒸腾作用">蒸腾作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A8%E5%A3%93" title="膨壓">膨壓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">植物生長<br />和習性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-disambig" title="习性">植物習性</a>〔<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="墊狀植物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cushion plant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%8A%E7%8B%80%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墊狀植物（页面不存在）">墊狀植物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion_plant" class="extiw" title="en:Cushion plant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cushion plant</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E5%BA%A7%E7%8B%80%E8%91%89%E5%8F%A2" title="蓮座狀葉叢">蓮座狀植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="灌木">灌木</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="匍匐灌木" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostrate shrub"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%8D%E5%8C%90%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匍匐灌木（页面不存在）">匍匐灌木</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" class="extiw" title="en:Prostrate shrub"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostrate shrub</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="亚灌木">亚灌木</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多肉植物">多肉植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91" title="树">树</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%AA%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC" title="木質藤本">木質藤本</a>）〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草本植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="木本植物">木本植物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次生生长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Secondary growth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次生生长（页面不存在）">次生生長</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth" class="extiw" title="en:Secondary growth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Secondary growth</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="植物繁殖">繁殖</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plant evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化（页面不存在）">演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Plant evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plant evolution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="植物生态学">生態學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="世代交替">世代交替</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="双受精">双受精</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物演化發育生物學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化發育生物學（页面不存在）">植物演化發育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Plant evolutionary developmental biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plant evolutionary developmental biology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物演化史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary history of plants"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化史（页面不存在）">植物演化史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of plants"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary history of plants</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物演化時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of plant evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化時間軸（页面不存在）">時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of plant evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of plant evolution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="植物相">植物区系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%8A%BD" title="发芽">发芽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉">授粉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89" title="人工授粉">人工授粉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="授粉者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pollinator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="授粉者（页面不存在）">授粉者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator" class="extiw" title="en:Pollinator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pollinator</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89%E7%AE%A1" title="花粉管">花粉管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉">自花授粉</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A" title="孢子囊">孢子囊</a><span class="nowrap">〔<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小孢子囊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microsporangia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小孢子囊（页面不存在）">小孢子囊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporangia" class="extiw" title="en:Microsporangia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microsporangia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></span><span class="nowrap">（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小孢子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microspore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小孢子（页面不存在）">小孢子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspore" class="extiw" title="en:Microspore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microspore</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A" title="孢子囊">大孢子囊</a><span class="nowrap">（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大孢子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Megaspore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大孢子（页面不存在）">大孢子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaspore" class="extiw" title="en:Megaspore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Megaspore</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>〕</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">命名和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">分類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物分类学">植物分类学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Botanical nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物命名法（页面不存在）">植物命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Botanical nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Botanical nomenclature</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="植物學名">植物學名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="正確名稱">正確名稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%BC%95%E8%AF%81" title="植物学作者引证">作者引證</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E3%80%81%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%92%8C%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84" title="国际藻类、真菌和植物命名法规">國際藻類、真菌和植物命名法规</a>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際栽培植物命名法規" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際栽培植物命名法規（页面不存在）">國際栽培植物命名法規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" class="extiw" title="en:International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="栽培植物分類學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultivated plant taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="栽培植物分類學（页面不存在）">栽培植物分類學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Cultivated plant taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultivated plant taxonomy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span class="nowrap">〔<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柑橘分類學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Citrus taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%91%E6%A9%98%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柑橘分類學（页面不存在）">柑橘分類學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Citrus taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Citrus taxonomy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="栽培植物">栽培植物</a><span class="nowrap">（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">栽培品种</a></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="品種群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultivar group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="品種群（页面不存在）">品種群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar_group" class="extiw" title="en:Cultivar group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultivar group</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Grex (園藝學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grex (horticulture)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grex_(%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grex (園藝學)（页面不存在）">Grex</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" class="extiw" title="en:Grex (horticulture)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grex (horticulture)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）〕</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="植物系統學史">植物系統學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%99%E6%9C%AC%E9%A4%A8" title="植物標本館">植物標本館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際植物分類學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際植物分類學會（页面不存在）">國際植物分類學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:International Association for Plant Taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分類系統列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of systems of plant taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分類系統列表（页面不存在）">植物分類系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of systems of plant taxonomy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">經營管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="农学">農藝學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="花卉栽培" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Floriculture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花卉栽培（页面不存在）">花卉栽培</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Floriculture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Floriculture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺">园艺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">相關列表<br />和條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物學術語表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of botanical terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學術語表（页面不存在）">植物學術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of botanical terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of botanical terms</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物命名人列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of botanists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物命名人列表（页面不存在）">植物命名人列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists" class="extiw" title="en:List of botanists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of botanists</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="按命名人縮寫排列的植物命名人列表 (W–Z)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(W%E2%80%93Z)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按命名人縮寫排列的植物命名人列表 (W–Z)（页面不存在）">按命名人縮寫排列的植物命名人列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" class="extiw" title="en:List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="植物考察">植物考察</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/16px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/24px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/32px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:植物">主題</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="WikiProject:植物">專題</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:植物學">維基分類</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Botany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Botany">維基共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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