CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>William McIntosh - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"806fc754-a9d4-42f7-976e-5cb0f00cdde9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"William_McIntosh","wgTitle":"William McIntosh","wgCurRevisionId":1253145814,"wgRevisionId":1253145814,"wgArticleId":2336416,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Subscription required using via","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses","Articles with hCards","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024","Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles needing additional references from April 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages with login required references or sources","1770s births","1825 deaths","Innkeepers","Native American leaders","Muscogee slave owners","Native Americans of the Seminole Wars","American people of Scottish descent","Murdered Native American people","People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state)","Deaths by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state)","1825 murders in the United States","Native American people from Georgia (U.S. state)","People of the Creek War"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"William_McIntosh","wgRelevantArticleId":2336416,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q437314","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1502"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1001"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="William McIntosh - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-William_McIntosh rootpage-William_McIntosh skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=William+McIntosh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=William+McIntosh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=William+McIntosh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=William+McIntosh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_Creek_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Creek_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Role in Creek War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Creek_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Seminole_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Seminole_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Seminole War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Seminole_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_a_centralized_Muscogee_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_a_centralized_Muscogee_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Formation of a centralized Muscogee government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_a_centralized_Muscogee_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annuities_and_African_importation_case_of_1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annuities_and_African_importation_case_of_1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Annuities and African importation case of 1820</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annuities_and_African_importation_case_of_1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(February_1825)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(February_1825)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Treaty of Indian Springs (February 1825)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(February_1825)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William McIntosh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B4" title="ويليام مكينتوش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام مكينتوش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William McIntosh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William McIntosh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William McIntosh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="ويليام مكينتوش (زعيم قبيله من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام مكينتوش (زعيم قبيله من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William McIntosh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q437314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:William_McIntosh" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/William_McIntosh" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/William_McIntosh" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&oldid=1253145814" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=William_McIntosh&id=1253145814&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilliam_McIntosh"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilliam_McIntosh"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=William_McIntosh&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_McIntosh" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q437314" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muscogee chief from Georgia (c. 1775–1825)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William McIntosh (disambiguation)">William McIntosh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William McIntosh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="mus">Tustunnuggee Hutke</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh,_a_Creek_chief_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3394" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>William McIntosh</i> (1838), painting by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William</div><br />c. 1775<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Coweta, Muscogee Creek Nation (present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, U.S.)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 30, 1825<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Georgia" title="Carroll County, Georgia">Carroll County, Georgia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Execution</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Carroll County, Georgia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Chief, military commander, planter, businessman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) Eliza Hawkins<br /> (2) Susannah Ree (or Roe, Rowe, or Coe)<br /> (3) Peggy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chilly_McIntosh" title="Chilly McIntosh">Chilly McIntosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_McIntosh_Hawkins_Hagerty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty">Rebecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._N._McIntosh" title="D. N. McIntosh">D. N. McIntosh</a> (notables)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McGillivray" title="Alexander McGillivray">Alexander McGillivray</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William McIntosh</b> (c. 1775 – April 30, 1825),<sup id="cite_ref-Hoxie_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoxie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Tustunnuggee Hutke</b> (White Warrior), was one of the most prominent chiefs of the Muscogee <a href="/wiki/Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Nation">Creek Nation</a> between the turn of the 19th-century and his execution in 1825. He was a chief of <a href="/wiki/Coweta_(tribal_town)" title="Coweta (tribal town)">Coweta</a> tribal town and commander of a mounted police force. He became a large-scale planter, built and managed a successful inn, and operated a commercial ferry business. </p><p>Early European-American historians attributed McIntosh's achievements and influence to his mixed-race Scottish ancestry. Since the late 20th century, historians have argued much of McIntosh's political influence stemmed more from his Muscogee upbringing and cultural standing, particularly his mother's prominent Wind Clan in the Muscogee <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system, and to other aspects of Muscogee culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdue2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because McIntosh led a group that negotiated and signed the Treaty of Indian Springs in February 1825, which ceded much of remaining Muscogee lands to the United States in violation of Muscogee law, for the first time the Muscogee Creek National Council ordered that a Muscogee be executed for crimes against the Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sentenced him and other signatories to death. McIntosh was executed by his long-time political nemesis <a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a> and a large force of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_Menders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law Menders (page does not exist)">Law Menders</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in late April 1825. Two other signatories were executed. McIntosh's son Chilly was shot at but escaped unharmed. Menawa signed a treaty in 1826 that was very similar in both language and benefits, but one which the Muscogee Creek National Council had agreed to and was therefore considered a legitimate treaty according to contemporary Muscogee law. </p><p>The majority of Chief McIntosh's descendants migrated to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> before 1831, when the U.S. federal government began forcibly removing tribes west in the Trail of Tears. Two of Chief McIntosh's sons, Chilly and Daniel, served as <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> officers during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Daughter Kate and her family became pre-statehood pioneers of the Florida Panhandle. Daughters Rebecca and Delilah moved to East Texas with their husbands and developed plantations there. <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_McIntosh_Hawkins_Hagerty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty">Rebecca</a> married again after her first husband died young, and by 1860 was the wealthiest woman in Texas, owning three plantations with a total of 12,800 acres and 120 enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-steger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lib_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/William_McIntosh" title="Special:EditPage/William McIntosh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+McIntosh%22">"William McIntosh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+McIntosh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+McIntosh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+McIntosh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+McIntosh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+McIntosh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Tustunnuggee Hutke</i> (or "White Warrior") was born in the Lower Creek Town of Coweta in present-day Georgia to Scottish-American soldier William McIntosh and to Senoya (also spelled <i>Senoia</i> and <i>Senoy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hoxie_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoxie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a Muscogee member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wind_Clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wind Clan (page does not exist)">Wind Clan</a>. As the Muscogee had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> kinship system, through which property and hereditary positions were passed, his mother's status determined that of White Warrior. </p><p>The boy was also named after his father, who was connected to a prominent <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> family. Captain McIntosh, a <a href="/wiki/Loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist">Loyalist</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, had worked with the Muscogee to recruit them as military allies to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Electricscotland.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electricscotland.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senior McIntosh's mother was Margaret "Mary" McGillivray, believed to have been a sister of the Scot <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_McGillivray" title="Lachlan McGillivray">Lachlan McGillivray</a>, a wealthy fur trader and planter in Georgia. After the Revolutionary War, Captain McIntosh moved from the frontier to <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> to settle. There, he married a paternal cousin, Barbara McIntosh.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McIntosh gained his status and place among the Muscogee from his mother's clan. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Benjamin Hawkins">Benjamin Hawkins</a>, first appointed as United States <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> in the Southeast and then as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the territory south of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, lived among the Muscogee and <a href="/wiki/Choctaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaws">Choctaws</a>, and knew them well. He commented in letters to President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> that Muscogee women were matriarchs and had control of children "when connected with a white man."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkins further observed that even wealthy traders were nearly as "inattentive" to their <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> children as "the Indians". What he did not understand about the Muscogee culture was that the children had a closer relationship with their mother's eldest brother than with their biological father, because of the importance of the clan structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdue2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McIntosh was considered a skilled orator and politician. He became a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Planter_(American_South)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planter (American South)">planter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slaveholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaveholder">slaveholder</a>; and he was influential in both Muscogee and European-American society.<sup id="cite_ref-Electricscotland.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electricscotland.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his cousins was <a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">George Troup</a>, who became governor of Georgia when McIntosh was a prominent chief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Whites sometimes mistakenly assumed that McIntosh had centralized authority over the Muscogee, but he was only one among numerous chiefs, and the central power became the Muscogee Creek National Council, especially after it adopted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_1818&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code of 1818 (page does not exist)">Code of 1818</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For generations, Muscogee chiefs had approved their daughters' marriages to fur traders in order to strengthen their alliances and trading power with the wealthy Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdue2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through both his mother and father, McIntosh was related to numerous other influential Muscogee chiefs, most of whom were mixed-race, of Muscogee mothers and white fathers, who were valued as husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McGillivray" title="Alexander McGillivray">Alexander McGillivray</a> (1750–1793), the son of <a href="/wiki/Sehoy_II" title="Sehoy II">Sehoy II</a>, a Wind Clan mother, and <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_McGillivray" title="Lachlan McGillivray">Lachlan McGillivray</a>; and <a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1824), also born to the Wind Clan. Both McIntosh and Weatherford became well-established as Muscogee chiefs and wealthy planters, but Weatherford was aligned with the traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a> of the Upper Towns in the period of the Creek Wars. The Red Sticks were allied with the British and so he and McIntosh, who was with the Lower Towns and allied with the Americans, were opposed to each other during the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chief McIntosh's first wife was Eliza Hawkins, although she has often erroneously been conflated with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grierson" title="Elizabeth Grierson">Elizabeth Grierson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27, 233">: 27, 233 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve_1932-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 314">: 314 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19, 21">: 19, 21 </span></sup> Married around McIntosh's twenty-fifth birthday,<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_1988-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> he and Eliza's marriage produced five children: Chillicothe (aka "<a href="/wiki/Chilly_McIntosh" title="Chilly McIntosh">Chilly</a>"), Jane, Kate, Sallie, and Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> Their first-born was a son, named Chilly McIntosh (1800–1895), born near Georgia, in <a href="/wiki/Coweta_(tribal_town)" title="Coweta (tribal town)">Coweta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve_1932-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 320">: 320 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monaghan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaghan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter Jane married Samuel Hawkins, Kate married William Cousins, and their daughter Sallie's husband was George McLish.<sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve_1932-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 324">: 324 </span></sup> Around the end of the Creek War, McIntosh took a second wife, Susannah Ree (also shown as Roe/Rowe, or Coe), whose heritage is variously given as Cherokee, and full-blooded Muscogee.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hagerty_Papers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerty_Papers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_1988-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> McIntosh and Susannah had four children: <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_McIntosh_Hawkins_Hagerty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty">Rebecca</a>, Catherine Hettie, Delilah, and <a href="/wiki/D._N._McIntosh" title="D. N. McIntosh">Daniel</a>, known as D.N.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagerty_Papers_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerty_Papers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> As a highly successful soldier and businessman, McIntosh's elevated social/tribal status allowed him to take a third wife, a woman named Peggy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_1988-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Records conflict as to whether Peggy and McIntosh had three additional children or no children.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_1988-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>Following his death in April 1825, Chief McIntosh's widow Eliza, younger half-brother Roley, and all but one of the chief's children would voluntarily relocate to “Indian Territory” in Eastern Oklahoma between 1826 and 1830 (prior to later federal government-forced removals via the Trail of Tears starting in 1831). Second eldest daughter Kate would remain behind after marrying a full-blooded Muscogee named William Cousins (1800–1876), the grandson of George Cousins (chief of the Eufaula tribe within the Muscogee Confederacy), in August 1825 in Cusseta, Georgia. The young couple remained with Billy's extended tribal kinsmen in Clayton (Barbour County), Alabama until September 1842, when they began traveling by wagon train with three other Muscogee families bound for Oklahoma. A broken wagon wheel unexpectedly delayed their travels near Laurel Hill, Florida <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/grayson/1077">[1]</a>. Kate and Billy found their new Northwestern Florida Panhandle surroundings akin to their native homelands and decided to stay—ultimately settling in modern-day Mossy Head in <a href="/wiki/Walton_County,_Florida" title="Walton County, Florida">Walton County, Florida</a>, as a pre-statehood Florida pioneer family. As for the rest of the McIntosh Family, once settled in Oklahoma, Chilly and his younger half-brother Daniel McIntosh would both serve as officers with the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War – with Chilly rising to the rank of Colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-skinner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/William_McIntosh" title="Special:EditPage/William McIntosh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+McIntosh%22">"William McIntosh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+McIntosh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+McIntosh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+McIntosh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+McIntosh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+McIntosh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chief McIntosh as a leader adopted certain elements of European-American culture. He was interested in introducing American education among the Muscogee, adopted the use of chattel slavery on his plantations, and played a role in centralizing the Muscogee Creek National Council over the years. As a successful merchant and gentleman farmer, he owned more than one hundred black slaves and two plantations where he grew cotton and raised livestock. He also operated two ferries, an inn, and a tavern.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He used his influence to improve a Creek trail connecting the Upper and Lower Towns, that ran from <a href="/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama" title="Talladega, Alabama">Talladega, Alabama</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</a>. He owned two plantations, <i>Lockchau Talofau</i> ("Acorn Bluff") in present-day Carroll County, and Indian Springs, in present-day Butts County <sup id="cite_ref-gaenc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaenc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plantation of Acorn Bluff was at the eastern terminus of the McIntosh Road, where the chief developed a ferry operation across the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Creek" title="Acorn Creek">Acorn Creek</a>, a tributary of the Chattahoochee located adjacent to the McIntosh estate, is named after the plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-Names_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He owned numerous black slaves to cultivate cotton as a commodity crop on his plantations. He also built a resort hotel at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_State_Park" title="Indian Springs State Park">Indian Springs</a>, hoping to attract more travelers along the improved road. Parts of this route are still referred to as the <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_Road" title="McIntosh Road">McIntosh Road</a>, or the McIntosh Trail. It passes through several northern counties in Alabama and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muscogee struggled with internal tensions after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, as debates surfaced over the increasing adoption of European-American culture. The Lower Towns, which comprised the majority of the population, were adopting some elements of European-American culture and lived more closely in relation to white settlers on the Georgia frontier. Many educated their children in English. Some prominent Muscogee sent their sons to eastern universities for their education, and some adopted Christianity; as well as forms of European dress and houses, hence they qualified as one of the "civilized tribes". They expanded their farms, and many of the Muscogee elite became planters, purchasing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved African-Americans</a> to work on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> in a manner similar to their European-American neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Creek_War">Role in Creek War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in Creek War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal Muscogee tensions resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> (1813–1814), when tensions between the Lower Creeks and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a> of the Upper Towns erupted into open conflict. McIntosh and other Lower Creeks allied with United States forces against the Red Sticks after 1813, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The Red Sticks were allied with the British, as both wanted to limit <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American expansion</a> in the Southeast. McIntosh fought in support of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and state militias in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a>, marking the defeat in 1814 of the Red Sticks and the end of the Creek War.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McIntosh was appointed a brigadier general of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a> by then-Major General Jackson and enjoyed the full emoluments, such as pay and allowances for subsistence, forage and servants, as officers of the same flag officer rank in the United States Army.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muscogee were forced to cede lands to the United States in the early 1800s. Maps mark the strips that were ceded over the years. McIntosh played a role in negotiations and cessions of 1805, 1814 (21 million acres after the Creek War), 1818 and 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his role in completing the cession in 1821, American agents awarded McIntosh 1,000 acres of land at Indian Springs and 640 acres on the <a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_River" title="Ocmulgee River">Ocmulgee River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaenc_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaenc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the wars, European-American settlers were increasingly migrating to the interior of the Southeast from the coastal areas and encroached on the territories of the Muscogee and other Southeastern tribes. Cultivation of short-staple cotton, which did well in these areas, was made profitable by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> in the 1790s, which mechanized processing of the cotton. Lands were developed in the piedmont areas for large cotton plantations, stimulating a demand for African-American slaves that resulted in the forcible migration of more than one million slaves to the Deep South in the domestic trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Seminole_War">First Seminole War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Seminole War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remnants of Muscogee Confederacy and <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a>, as well as other American Indian tribes plus <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive enslaved people</a>) had migrated to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> during the late 18th century when they formed a new tribe, known as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>. Enslaved African-Americans from Georgia also escaped and took refuge in Spanish Florida, where the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a> offered them freedom and land in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the War of 1812, the British withdrew and turned over the fort they constructed at <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a> on the lower <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a> to newly freed African-Americans in the area. It was occupied by about 300 African-American men, women, and children, 20 renegade <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, and a few Seminole warriors, led by an African-American former Colonial Marine named Garçon. Among the African-Americans were members of the disbanded British <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Corps of Colonial Marines</a>. Georgia slaveholders and the U.S. Army called it the "<a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a>," and worried that the autonomy of the blacks would encourage their own slaves to escape or rebel. McIntosh fought with the United States in the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a> and helped capture the fort. When the Americans shot a heated cannonball into the fort, it struck the magazine and set off a huge explosion. Most of the people within the fort died immediately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_a_centralized_Muscogee_government">Formation of a centralized Muscogee government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation of a centralized Muscogee government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chief McIntosh was actively involved in collaborating with chiefs from the Upper and Lower Towns (then primarily located in Alabama and Georgia, respectively) through the Muscogee Creek National Council in developing a centralized government that borrowed from Anglo-American traditions. They formulated laws in the Code of 1818, which protected communal tribal property and established a police force known as the Law Defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to protect their remaining lands, the National Council, including McIntosh, had passed legislation in 1824 making it a capital crime to alienate communal land.<sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annuities_and_African_importation_case_of_1820">Annuities and African importation case of 1820</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annuities and African importation case of 1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other prominent chiefs, McIntosh worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Benjamin Hawkins">Benjamin Hawkins</a>, the U.S. Indian Supervisor in the Southeast for two decades until 1816. Hawkins was instrumental in gaining Muscogee cessions of land through that period, but he also supported McIntosh's efforts to bring European-American education to the territory by welcoming missionaries who set up schools. </p><p>After President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> came to office, in November 1817 his administration appointed <a href="/wiki/David_Brydie_Mitchell" title="David Brydie Mitchell">David Brydie Mitchell</a> as the U.S. Indian Agent to the Muscogee Creek Nation. Mitchell had formerly been the governor of Georgia (1809–1813) (1815–1817), as well as holding other posts in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Creek War, the people suffered from the disruption. The U.S. provided food and supplies as part of the annuities for the land cessions, especially the 21 million acres the Muscogee were forced to cede following the war. Mitchell and McIntosh were suspected of controlling some of the distribution of food and annuities for their own benefit in this period, increasing McIntosh's power among the Muscogee.<sup id="cite_ref-gaenc_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaenc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Mitchell was implicated in the African importation case, in which illegal African slaves were held at the Creek Agency on their sovereign land, for sale in the Mississippi Territory. This was tried in Admiralty Court as <i>Miguel de Castro v. Ninety-five African Negros</i> (1819–1820) because it violated U.S. law, effective 1808, to end the international African slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privateer "Commodore" Aury had taken the Africans as a prize from a Spanish ship bound for <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a>, where Spain continued slavery. He transported them to <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island" title="Amelia Island">Amelia Island</a> off Florida. William Bowen bought 110 slaves for $25,000 and had them taken to the Indian agency in the Muscogee Creek Nation in two batches: in December 1817 and January 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell appeared to be primarily responsible for keeping the Africans at the Muscogee agency, which was considered outside U.S. territory as it was within the Muscogee Creek Nation. This was prior to the expected sale of the slaves in the Mississippi Territory, then including Alabama. Too many people learned about the presence of the Africans, and Mitchell was prosecuted over the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Monroe replaced Mitchell in 1821 with <a href="/wiki/John_Crowell_(Alabama_politician)" title="John Crowell (Alabama politician)">John Crowell</a>, who had previously served as an Alabama Congressman. That year, the Muscogee agreed to another land cession in order to raise money for needed food and supplies, as conditions were still difficult for them.<sup id="cite_ref-gaenc_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaenc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(February_1825)"><span id="Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_.28February_1825.29"></span>Treaty of Indian Springs (February 1825)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaty of Indian Springs (February 1825)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg/280px-19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg/420px-19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg/560px-19-15-248-mcintosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="4396" /></a><figcaption>Exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_State_Park" title="Indian Springs State Park">Indian Springs State Park</a> Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Under pressure from the United States and the state of Georgia, Chief McIntosh and some Muscogee chiefs had ceded land in 1821. The National Muscogee Creek Council at that time considered execution of McIntosh for this breach of law but did not proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States' growing European population, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, put pressure on the federal government to take more Indian land. The federal government continued to try to persuade or force the Muscogee and other <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> tribes to cede the remainder of their lands in exchange for payments and land west of the Mississippi River in what was called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day Oklahoma and Arkansas.) </p><p>On February 12, 1825, McIntosh and eight other chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(1825)" title="Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)">Treaty of Indian Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chiefs included Samuel and Benjamin Hawkins, mixed-race Muscogee sons of Stephen Hawkins,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> who was also of mixed race; however, McIntosh was the only chief who was a member of the Muscogee Creek National Council.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers had both been educated at Princeton. Samuel had married McIntosh's daughter Jane, and Benjamin would later marry his daughter Rebecca.<sup id="cite_ref-lib_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The treaty ceded all the remaining Muscogee land in Georgia (the Upper and Lower Towns) plus 3,000,000 acres in Alabama to the United States in exchange for $200,000 and annuities to be paid to the Muscogee nation. Another $200,000 was paid directly to McIntosh. The fifth article of the treaty stipulated that McIntosh receive payment for lands he was previously granted in 1821. Historians continue to argue over whether McIntosh ceded the land for personal gain, or because he believed removal was inevitable, and he was trying to achieve some security for the Muscogee Creek Nation. Historians like Michael Green believe that McIntosh sold away the tribe's birthright and future, describing the treaty as </p><blockquote><p>Fraudulent by the standards of any society, concluded in violation of the expressed orders of both interested governments, riddled with bribery, chicanery, and deceit, the treaty illegally acquired for Georgia and Alabama, through the offices of the United States, an enormous amount of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As soon as the Muscogee Creek National Council learned of this, they protested to Washington, but the U.S. Senate had already ratified the treaty. Initially Washington officials tried to carry it out. Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">George Troup</a> of Georgia, a cousin of McIntosh, had promised him protection, but put pressure on him to survey lands ahead of time, as Georgia wanted to prepare for a land lottery. Under the treaty the Muscogee had until late 1826 to leave the ceded territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under its Code of 1818, the National Council had established a police force, known as Law Menders. The Council ruled that the signatories of the February 1825 treaty had to be executed for ceding the communal Muscogee lands, which was defined as a capital crime. This was the first known occasion when the Council ordered the execution of men for a crime against the centralized Nation. The Council assigned chief Menawa, of a ceded township in the Upper Towns, to carry out the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 30, 1825, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick">Red Stick</a> leader and long-time McIntosh political nemesis <i>Menawa,</i> with a large force of 120-150 Law Menders (the recently organized Muscogee police force) from towns in the ceded territory, attacked the McIntosh plantation, lighting bonfires around the buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then they set McIntosh's house on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McIntosh, wounded by gunfire, was pulled from the burning house by several attackers, then one of the men stabbed him in the heart. Other Muscogee shot him more than fifty times.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilly McIntosh, the chief's oldest son, had also been sentenced to die, but he escaped by diving through a window.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Etommee Tustunnuggee,</i> another Muscogee chief who signed the 1825 treaty, was killed during the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that day, the Law Menders found the Hawkins brothers, who were also signatories. They hanged Samuel and shot Benjamin, but he escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muscogee had "adopted certain Anglo-American legal concepts, ... welded them to their own concepts of political independence and used them to serve decidedly Creek purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-Green_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William McIntosh's wives asked for a suit of clothes for his burial, but the killers insisted on throwing the naked corpse into an unmarked grave.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His burial site and part of his plantation have been preserved as the <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_Reserve" title="McIntosh Reserve">McIntosh Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Georgia" title="Carroll County, Georgia">Carroll County, Georgia</a>. The grave is located near a replica of McIntosh's home in McIntosh Reserve Park near <a href="/wiki/Whitesburg,_Georgia" title="Whitesburg, Georgia">Whitesburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the National Council, including Menawa, went to Washington to protest the 1825 treaty. The U.S. government rejected the 1825 treaty as fraudulent, and negotiated the 1826 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">Treaty of Washington</a>, which allowed the Muscogee to keep about 3 million acres (12,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new treaty, the Muscogee received an immediate payment of $217,660 and a perpetual annuity of $20,000. The state of Georgia ignored the new treaty and worked to evict the Muscogee from their lands before official removal started in the 1830s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After William's death, his younger half-brother Roley McIntosh advanced to serve as chief of the Lower Creeks until 1859, moving with them to Indian Territory in the 1830s. His first wife had died and the widower married Susannah, the widow McIntosh.<sup id="cite_ref-skinner_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Led by his son Chilly, McIntosh's family and other Muscogee voluntarily moved to Indian Territory from 1826 to 1830, where they settled at the forks of the Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Verdigris_River" title="Verdigris River">Verdigris</a> and Grand (Neosho) rivers, setting up the Western Muscogee Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-steger_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two sons Chillicothe and Daniel McIntosh both served as Confederate officers in the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-skinner_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilly founded the 1st Creek Mounted Volunteers (later known as the First Creek Cavalry Regiment, C.S.A.); Chilly founded the 2nd Creek Mounted Volunteers (later known as the Second Creek Cavalry Regiment, CSA).<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both brothers later became Baptist ministers in the Indian Territory. Eight McIntosh men served with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> during the war. </p><p>Daughter Catherine "Kate" McIntosh and her Eufaula husband Billy Cousins became a pre-statehood Florida pioneer family after settling in the sparsely-populated Northwestern Florida Panhandle in September 1842. </p><p>Daughter <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_McIntosh_Hawkins_Hagerty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty">Rebecca McIntosh</a> married Benjamin Hawkins in the Western Muscogee Nation in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-steger_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin knew <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, and in 1833 he and Rebecca moved to <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Texas" title="Marion County, Texas">Marion County, Texas</a>, on the territory's eastern border, where they developed the Refuge plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-lib_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their son William died young, and they had two daughters, Louisa and Anna. Benjamin Hawkins died in 1836 in Texas, killed near Nacogdoches.<sup id="cite_ref-lib_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1840s, Rebecca's sisters Delilah McIntosh, who married William Drew, and Catherine Hettie McIntosh, who married James D. Willison, were settled in Texas with their husbands and families on part of the Hawkins property.<sup id="cite_ref-lib_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delilah and William Drew's 2400-acre plantation, called Falonah, was near the Refuge. The widow Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins married Spire M. Hagerty, who held land and slaves on his Phoenix plantation in <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas" title="Harrison County, Texas">Harrison County, Texas</a>. He died in December 1849 in Montgomery County, Alabama. By 1860, Rebecca Hagerty was the richest woman in Texas at the age of 45. She was the only woman who in 1860 owned more than 100 slaves, and likely the only Native American in Texas to do so. She owned three plantations: the third was in Cass County, and the total properties amounted to 12,800 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-steger_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, her "personal wealth was reported to have been $85,000, and her real estate valued at $35,000. She was the wealthiest person in <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Texas" title="Marion County, Texas">Marion County</a>, where her plantation Refuge was located. Most of her personal wealth was attributed to the value of the 102 people she held in bondage."<sup id="cite_ref-steger_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_Reserve" title="McIntosh Reserve">McIntosh Reserve</a> Park was established in <a href="/wiki/Whitesburg,_Georgia" title="Whitesburg, Georgia">Whitesburg, Georgia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_McIntosh_Lake" title="Chief McIntosh Lake">Chief McIntosh Lake</a> in Georgia is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_High_School" title="McIntosh High School">McIntosh High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peachtree_City,_Georgia" title="Peachtree City, Georgia">Peachtree City, Georgia</a> is named after him.</li> <li>In 1921, McIntosh's grave was marked by a boulder with a bronze tablet placed by the William McIntosh Chapter, <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">DAR</a> in October 1921. The inscription states:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To the Memory and Honor of General William McIntosh </p><p>The Distinguished and Patriotic Son of Georgia whose devotion was heroic, whose friendship unselfish and whose service was valiant. Who negotiated the treaty with the Creek Indians which gave the state all lands lying west of the Flint River. Who sacrificed his life for his patriotism. </p><p>Erected by </p><p>William McIntosh Chapter </p><p>D. A. R. </p><p> Jackson, Georgia, 1921."<sup id="cite_ref-Meserve_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meserve-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>In the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_Road" title="McIntosh Road">McIntosh Trail</a> was being proposed as a state scenic byway in several counties of northern Georgia in a project by the McIntosh Trail Historic Preservation Society. The chief had improved this trail to connect the Upper and Lower Towns, and bring commerce to the area, including to his hotel at Indian Springs and the ferry at the terminus.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2011 the Trail had received preliminary approval for its alignment, with the Three Rivers Commission due to review its corridor plan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_other_media">References in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a>'s poem <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_Sigourney_1827/Chilly_M%27Intosh" class="extiw" title="s:Poems Sigourney 1827/Chilly M'Intosh">Chilly M'Intosh</a>. was published in her 1827 collection of poetry.</li> <li>William Gilmore Simms, wrote a poem about William McIntosh, "The Broken Arrow," published in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofmylady00simmrich/page/n6">The Book of My Lady: A Melange. By a Bachelor Knight</a></i> (Philadelphia, 1833).</li> <li>Betty Collins Jones, <i>Clouds across the Moon</i> (1991), romance novel.</li> <li>Billie Jane McIntosh, a 3x great-granddaughter of McIntosh, wrote <i>Ah-ko-kee, American Sovereign</i> (2002), a novel featuring McIntosh's daughter Jane McIntosh Hawkins; this is not a history.</li> <li>Billie Jane McIntosh also wrote a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_novel" title="Biographical novel">biographical novel</a> about Jane's brother in <i>From Georgia Tragedy To Oklahoma Frontier: A Biography of Scots Creek Indian Chief Chilly McIntosh</i> (2008)</li> <li>B.J. McIntosh wrote a screenplay about William McIntosh in 2014. Matt Collins is marketing the work through his company, Brit Nicholas Entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hoxie-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoxie_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoxie_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoxie, Frederick (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/366">pp. 367-369</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdue2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdue2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_K._Frank2018" class="citation book cs1">Andrew K. Frank (15 November 2018). <i>Creeks and Southerners: Biculturalism on the Early American Frontier</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803268418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803268418"><bdi>978-0803268418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creeks+and+Southerners%3A+Biculturalism+on+the+Early+American+Frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0803268418&rft.au=Andrew+K.+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ORecl5zNlgC&q=Menawa+">Michael D. Green, <i>The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis</i></a>, University of Nebraska Press, 1985, pp. 96-97, accessed 14 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steger-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steger_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steger_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steger_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steger_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steger_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bourlandcivilwar.com/RebeccaMcIntosh.htm">Charles A. Steger, "Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty: The Richest Woman in Texas"</a>, <i>Texas State Genealogical Society Quarterly, Stirpes</i>, September 2007, accessed 17 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lib-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lib_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00537/cah-00537.html">"A Guide to the Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty Papers: Biographical Note"</a>, Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty Papers, (1823–1901), 1974, 1991, Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electricscotland.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Electricscotland.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Electricscotland.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/america/chief_macintosh.htm">"American History: Creek Chief William McIntosh"</a>. Electricscotland.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+History%3A+Creek+Chief+William+McIntosh&rft.pub=Electricscotland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Famerica%2Fchief_macintosh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffith (1998), <i>McIntosh and Weatherford</i>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffith (1998), <i>McIntosh and Weatherford</i>, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Saunt" title="Claudio Saunt">Saunt, Claudio</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwhiteindian0000saun/page/27/mode/1up"><i>Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517631-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517631-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517631-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%2C+White%2C+and+Indian%3A+Race+and+the+Unmaking+of+an+American+Family&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517631-5&rft.aulast=Saunt&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwhiteindian0000saun%2Fpage%2F27%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meserve_1932-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_1932_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeserve1932" class="citation journal cs1">Meserve, John Bartlett (September 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1827177/m1/1/">"The MacIntoshes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicles of Oklahoma">Chronicles of Oklahoma</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3). Norman, Oklahoma: <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society" title="Oklahoma Historical Society">Oklahoma Historical Society</a>: 310–325. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6024">0009-6024</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicles+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=The+MacIntoshes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-325&rft.date=1932-09&rft.issn=0009-6024&rft.aulast=Meserve&rft.aufirst=John+Bartlett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgateway.okhistory.org%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1827177%2Fm1%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McArthur_1986-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_1986_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur1986" class="citation journal cs1">McArthur, Judith N. (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1586&context=ethj">"Myth, Reality, and Anomaly: The Complex World of Rebecca Hagerty"</a>. <i>East Texas Historical Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2). Nacogdoches, Texas: East Texas Historical Association: 18–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0424-1444">0424-1444</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8091852129">8091852129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102192637/https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1586&context=ethj">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Texas+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Myth%2C+Reality%2C+and+Anomaly%3A+The+Complex+World+of+Rebecca+Hagerty&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18-32&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8091852129&rft.issn=0424-1444&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Judith+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.sfasu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1586%26context%3Dethj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman_1988-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_1988_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1988" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, George (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiefwilliammcin0000chap/page/44/mode/1up"><i>Chief William McIntosh: A Man of Two Worlds</i></a> (1st ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Cherokee Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87797-133-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87797-133-1"><bdi>0-87797-133-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+William+McIntosh%3A+A+Man+of+Two+Worlds&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cherokee+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87797-133-1&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiefwilliammcin0000chap%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffith (1998), <i>McIntosh and Weatherford</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monaghan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monaghan_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan,_Jay1955" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Jay (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8y4yLq1CF40C&q=chilly+mcintosh&pg=PA219">"Slaveholding Indians Declare War"</a>. <i>Civil War on the Western Border, 1854–1865</i>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3605-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3605-0"><bdi>0-8032-3605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaveholding+Indians+Declare+War&rft.btitle=Civil+War+on+the+Western+Border%2C+1854%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8032-3605-0&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8y4yLq1CF40C%26q%3Dchilly%2Bmcintosh%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagerty_Papers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hagerty_Papers_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagerty_Papers_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207184548/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00537/cah-00537.html">"A Guide to the Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty Papers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></i>. Austin, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe_Center_for_American_History" title="Dolph Briscoe Center for American History">Dolph Briscoe Center for American History</a>. 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00537/cah-00537.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+Rebecca+McIntosh+Hawkins+Hagerty+Papers&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Ftaro%2Futcah%2F00537%2Fcah-00537.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skinner_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skinner_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skinner_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.times-herald.com/Local/McIntosh-descendant-pens-story-about-chiefs-son-Chilly-700971">W. Winston Skinner, "McIntosh descendant pens story about chief's son Chilly"</a>, <i>Times-Herald,</i> 6 April 2009, accessed 16 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/about-us/press-room/native-lands-press-page/">"Native Lands: Native Americans and Georgia"</a>. <i>Atlanta History Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+History+Center&rft.atitle=Native+Lands%3A+Native+Americans+and+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantahistorycenter.com%2Fabout-us%2Fpress-room%2Fnative-lands-press-page%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaenc-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaenc_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaenc_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaenc_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaenc_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-2646">"William McIntosh"</a>, <i>New Georgia Encyclopedia</i>, accessed 21 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Names-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Names_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakow,_Kenneth_K.1975" class="citation book cs1">Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/a.pdf"><i>Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2"><bdi>0-915430-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+Place-Names%3A+Their+History+and+Origins&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Winship+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-915430-00-2&rft.au=Krakow%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenkrakow.com%2Fgpn%2Fa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bishop-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Bishop2009" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Bishop (27 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218034250/http://www.times-herald.com/local/McIntosh-Trail-scenic-byway-project-moving-along-quickly-720526">"McIntosh Trail scenic byway project moving along quickly"</a>. <i>Times-Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.times-herald.com/local/McIntosh-Trail-scenic-byway-project-moving-along-quickly-720526">the original</a> on 2014-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times-Herald&rft.atitle=McIntosh+Trail+scenic+byway+project+moving+along+quickly&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft.au=Jeff+Bishop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.times-herald.com%2Flocal%2FMcIntosh-Trail-scenic-byway-project-moving-along-quickly-720526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415104048/http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/creekwar/creek.html">"Using Primary Sources in the Classroom: Creek Indian War, 1813–1814"</a>. Alabama Department of Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/creekwar/creek.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Primary+Sources+in+the+Classroom%3A+Creek+Indian+War%2C+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Alabama+Department+of+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.state.al.us%2Fteacher%2Fcreekwar%2Fcreek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Worthy" class="citation web cs1">Larry Worthy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315125927/http://ngeorgia.com/history/creekhistory.html">"North Georgia Creek History"</a>. ngeorgia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngeorgia.com/history/creekhistory.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Georgia+Creek+History&rft.pub=ngeorgia.com&rft.au=Larry+Worthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngeorgia.com%2Fhistory%2Fcreekhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States. Sixteenth Congress – First Session.</i> Washington 1855, cols. 1543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meserve (1932), "The MacIntoshes", pp. 314–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meserve-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meserve_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bartlett Meserve, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v010/v010p310.html">The MacIntoshes" [sic]</a>, <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i> 10 (1932): 310-25, accessed 4 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royce-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royce_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royce_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royce_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royce_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716781">Royce Gordon Shingleton, "David Brydie Mitchell and the African Importation Case of 1820,"</a> <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 58 (3) (July 1973): 327-340, accessed 14 February 2012  – via JSTOR <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716781">10.2307/2716781</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/about-us/press-room/native-lands-press-page/">"Native Lands: Native Americans and Georgia"</a>. <i>Atlanta History Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+History+Center&rft.atitle=Native+Lands%3A+Native+Americans+and+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantahistorycenter.com%2Fabout-us%2Fpress-room%2Fnative-lands-press-page%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank, A. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1863">William McIntosh</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Andrew K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=6861192&site=eds-live">"The Rise and Fall of William McIntosh: Authority and Identity on the Early American Frontier"</a>. <i>Georgia Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>86</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+William+McIntosh%3A+Authority+and+Identity+on+the+Early+American+Frontier&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Andrew+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D6861192%26site%3Deds-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langguth, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langguth, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder,_Christina2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Snyder, Christina (3 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1452">"Second Treaty of Washington (1826)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. Auburn University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+Treaty+of+Washington+%281826%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.pub=Auburn+University&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wise_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise" class="citation web cs1">Wise, Donald A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226072202/http://scvtulsa.com/index_files/Page334.html">"Colonel Daniel Newnan McIntosh (1822–1896)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scvtulsa.com/index_files/Page334.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonel+Daniel+Newnan+McIntosh+%281822%E2%80%931896%29&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scvtulsa.com%2Findex_files%2FPage334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailofthetrail.blogspot.com/2011/03/mcintosh-trail-to-become-scenic-byway.html">"McIntosh Trail to become scenic byway"</a>, Trail of the Trail, March 2011, accessed 20 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.times-herald.com/local/20140809mcintosh-screenplay">W. Winston Skinner, "Descendent writes screenplay about Chief William McIntosh"</a>, <i>Times-Herald</i>, 16 August 2014, accessed 16 November 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ORecl5zNlgC">Green, Michael D. <i>The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis</i></a>, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1982</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/54417050/mcintosh-and-weatherford-creek-indian-leaders">Griffith, Jr., Benjamin W. <i>McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092220/https://www.questia.com/read/54417050/mcintosh-and-weatherford-creek-indian-leaders">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1998, text online</li> <li>"McIntosh, William, Jr." in Hoxie, Frederick E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi"><i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07764-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07764-2">978-0-585-07764-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yr2dPuVhj_4C">Theda Perdue, <i>Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South</i> (Google eBook)</a>, University of Georgia Press, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~cescott/parks/chief.html">Carole E. Scott, "Chief William McIntosh"</a>, Rootsweb ©, adapted with permission of the author.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/j/jacks04.htm">"Captain William McIntosh"</a>, Floripedia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>George Chapman, <i>Chief William McIntosh: A Man of Two Worlds</i> (Atlanta, 1988).</li> <li>R.S. Cotterill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernindianss0000cott"><i>The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes before Removal</i></a> (Norman, Okla., 1954). This book introduced the idea of the Creek War as a civil war within an Indian nation (rather than a war between the Creek and the United States).</li> <li>Ebenezer H. Cummins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/summarygeography00cumm"><i>A Summary Geography of Alabama, One of the United States</i></a> (Philadelphia, 1819). This short book includes an example of the praise heaped on McIntosh during his lifetime by white admirers.</li> <li>Andrew K. Frank, <i>Creeks and Southerners: Biculturalism on the Early American Frontier</i> (Lincoln, Neb., 2005).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8D2FE_J7KVwC&dq=William+McIntosh:+The+Evolution+of+a+Creek+National+Idea&pg=PA45">Michael D. Green, "William McIntosh: The Evolution of a Creek National Idea"</a>, in <i>The Human Tradition in the Old South,</i> ed. James C. Klotter (Wilmington, Del., 2003).</li> <li>Bert Hodges, "Notes on the History of the Creek Nation and Some of Its Leaders," <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i> 43 (1965): 9–18.</li> <li>Joel Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredrevoltmusk00mart"><i>Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees' Struggle for a New World</i></a> (Boston, 1991). An interesting take on the Creek War as a religious struggle.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v010/v010p310.html">John Bartlett Meserve, "The MacIntoshes" [sic]</a>, <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i> 10 (1932): 310–25.</li> <li>Royce Gordon <a href="/wiki/Royce_Shingleton" title="Royce Shingleton">Shingleton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716781">"David Brydie Mitchell and the African Importation Case of 1820,"</a> <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 58 (3) (July 1973): 327–340. (McIntosh and Mitchell's activities as slave smugglers).</li> <li>Claudio Saunt, <i>A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816</i> (Cambridge, 1999).</li> <li>Thomas S. Woodward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodwardsreminis00wood"><i>Woodward's Reminiscences of the Creek, or Muscogee Indians</i></a> (Montgomery, 1859). Includes an admiring portrait of McIntosh's generalship by one who served under him.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210102236/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_021800_mcintoshwill.htm">"William McIntosh"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of American Indians</i>; <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1863">"William McIntosh"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM5369_William_McIntosh_McIntosh_Reserve_Carroll_Co_GA">"William McIntosh - McIntosh Reserve, Carroll Co., GA"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McIntosh, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/McIntosh,_William">"McIntosh, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McIntosh%2C+William&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8764">William McIntosh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/butts/mcintosh-house">McIntosh House</a> historical marker</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/clayton/mcintosh-gate">McIntosh Gate</a> historical marker</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscogee" title="Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscogee" title="Template talk:Muscogee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Four mother towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abihka" title="Abihka">Abihka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coweta_tribal_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Coweta tribal town">Coweta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusseta,_Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusseta, Creek Nation">Kasihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukabatchee" title="Tukabatchee">Tukabatchee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Groups and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_(tribal_town)" title="Apalachicola (tribal town)">Apalachicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufaula_people" title="Eufaula people">Eufaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowltown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowltown">Fowltown</a> (four locations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muklassa" title="Muklassa">Muklassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okchai" title="Okchai">Okchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okfuskee" title="Okfuskee">Okfuskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabacola" title="Sabacola">Sabacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapoosas" title="Tallapoosas">Tallapoosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_town" title="Tribal town">Tribal town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Francis_(Hillis_Hadjo)" title="Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)">Josiah Francis</a> (Francis the Prophet)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McQueen" title="Peter McQueen">Peter McQueen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neamathla" title="Neamathla">Neamathla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Creek-Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki-Hitchiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_Province" title="Apalachicola Province">Apalachicola Province</a> (predecessor to Lower Towns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_and_Company#The_Forbes_land_grants" title="John Forbes and Company">Forbes purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Stick_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick War">Red Stick War</a> (Creek civil war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims Massacre">Fort Mims Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbell-James_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbell-James Massacre">Kimbell-James Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheesee" title="Battle of Ocheesee">Battle of Ocheesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_National_Capitol" title="Creek National Capitol">Creek National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York (1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nicolls%27_Outpost" title="Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost">Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost</a> (unratified)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">Treaty of Washington (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_v._Murphy" title="Sharp v. Murphy">Sharp v. Murphy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Federally recognized tribes</a> (20th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Quassarte_Tribal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco Tribal Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q437314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q437314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q437314#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000036826091">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72196038">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1833996/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxVkx8V9Q98RrC3qFkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119062356">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86108878">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p271310081">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007320015405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63b752t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&oldid=1253145814">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&oldid=1253145814</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1770s_births" title="Category:1770s births">1770s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1825_deaths" title="Category:1825 deaths">1825 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Innkeepers" title="Category:Innkeepers">Innkeepers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_leaders" title="Category:Native American leaders">Native American leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscogee_slave_owners" title="Category:Muscogee slave owners">Muscogee slave owners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_Americans_of_the_Seminole_Wars" title="Category:Native Americans of the Seminole Wars">Native Americans of the Seminole Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scottish descent">American people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murdered_Native_American_people" title="Category:Murdered Native American people">Murdered Native American people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state)">People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state)">Deaths by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1825_murders_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1825 murders in the United States">1825 murders in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_people_from_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Native American people from Georgia (U.S. state)">Native American people from Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Creek_War" title="Category:People of the Creek War">People of the Creek War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subscription_required_using_via" title="Category:Subscription required using via">Subscription required using via</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_spouses" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses">Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017">Articles needing additional references from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_login_required_references_or_sources" title="Category:Pages with login required references or sources">Pages with login required references or sources</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 15:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_McIntosh&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-746fb5b8df-xwl8j","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.776","walltime":"1.030","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7957,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":104522,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6851,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":105663,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 918.920 1 -total"," 22.34% 205.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.73% 107.757 5 Template:Cite_book"," 11.08% 101.812 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 9.10% 83.661 1 Template:Muscogee"," 9.05% 83.167 13 Template:Rp"," 8.61% 79.107 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.26% 75.876 13 Template:R/superscript"," 8.04% 73.900 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.64% 51.812 1 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.411","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10756195,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-74878d4b-crv2r","timestamp":"20241204184452","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"William McIntosh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_McIntosh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q437314","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q437314","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-29T20:17:44Z","dateModified":"2024-10-24T15:28:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/William_McIntosh_from-_M%27Intosh%2C_a_Creek_chief_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Muscogee chief"}</script> </body> </html>