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We analysed cre`ching behaviour of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) to test whether: (1) timing of chick aggregations was mainly determined by the growth stage of chicks or by adult physiological constraints; (2) the cre`che acts as a protective mechanism against predation or as a defence against conspecific adult aggressiveness. Our results show that chick desertion was not related to chick growth rate and was driven primarily by a parental decision, determined by adult physical constraints imposed by moulting needs and the short breeding season in Antarctica. With respect to the functional meaning of brood amalgamations, our results suggest that they are originated by the aggressive behaviour of adults, although the forces driving them could depend greatly on ecological conditions and vary among species and populations. Finally, because brood amalgamations can be determined by adult aggressiveness contrasting with the origin and typical definition of the term ''cre`che'' (which implies the nursery concept), we propose the use of the term ''brood amalgamation'' for the penguin ''cre`ches''.","publication_date":"2003,,","publication_name":"Polar Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"47965655"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Causal and functional correlates of brood amalgamation in the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica : parental decision and adult aggressiveness","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [19502076]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":47965655,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Causal and functional correlates of brood amalgamation in the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica : parental decision and adult aggressiveness”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47965655/mini_magick20190205-16950-17y7at5.png?1549379470" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Causal and functional correlates of brood amalgamation in the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica : parental decision and adult aggressiveness</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19502076" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosabelBelliure"><img alt="Profile image of Josabel Belliure" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Josabel Belliure</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2003, Polar Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 8885809; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Despite the high number of species in which cre`ching behaviour has been analysed, the factors determining brood desertion and chick aggregations remain relatively poorly understood. We analysed cre`ching behaviour of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) to test whether: (1) timing of chick aggregations was mainly determined by the growth stage of chicks or by adult physiological constraints; (2) the cre`che acts as a protective mechanism against predation or as a defence against conspecific adult aggressiveness. Our results show that chick desertion was not related to chick growth rate and was driven primarily by a parental decision, determined by adult physical constraints imposed by moulting needs and the short breeding season in Antarctica. With respect to the functional meaning of brood amalgamations, our results suggest that they are originated by the aggressive behaviour of adults, although the forces driving them could depend greatly on ecological conditions and vary among species and populations. Finally, because brood amalgamations can be determined by adult aggressiveness contrasting with the origin and typical definition of the term ''cre`che'' (which implies the nursery concept), we propose the use of the term ''brood amalgamation'' for the penguin ''cre`ches''.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":47965655,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8885809/Causal_and_functional_correlates_of_brood_amalgamation_in_the_chinstrap_penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_parental_decision_and_adult_aggressiveness"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":47965655,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8885809/Causal_and_functional_correlates_of_brood_amalgamation_in_the_chinstrap_penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_parental_decision_and_adult_aggressiveness"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="47965655" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/8885809/Causal_and_functional_correlates_of_brood_amalgamation_in_the_chinstrap_penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_parental_decision_and_adult_aggressiveness" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="18922929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922929/The_adaptive_significance_of_cr%C3%A8ches_in_the_king_penguin">The adaptive significance of crèches in the king penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39051122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelGauthierclerc">Michel Gauthier-clerc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Behaviour, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Crèching behaviour in penguins is defined as the rearing of chicks by their own parents in large flocks called 'crèches'. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the behaviour, the factors inducing chicks to aggregate remain relatively poorly understood, in particular for colonial seabirds. We studied crèching behaviour in the king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, by looking at the dynamics of crèche formation and possible costs and benefits associated with this strategy. Crèches increased in size but declined in number throughout the austral winter. They were located preferentially in the central parts of the colony. Lone chicks suffered the most aggression from unrelated adults, whereas chicks in a crèche suffered the least. Chicks attacked by unrelated adults preferentially joined a crèche. Adult aggression appeared to be a major factor inducing crèching behaviour. Chicks at the periphery of a crèche were more vigilant while sleeping, as measured by eye openings. Crèches seemed to occasion intense competition among chicks for access to the centre. Chicks in poor condition were attacked and pushed to the periphery of the crèche, where they were preyed on by giant petrels. During harsh weather conditions, chicks amalgamated into larger crèches, tolerated lower interindividual distances and turned their backs to the wind and rain. Our results accord with the idea that crèching behaviour in king penguins is a strategy that protects chicks from adult aggression, predation and severe weather.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The adaptive significance of crèches in the king penguin","attachmentId":40331060,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18922929/The_adaptive_significance_of_cr%C3%A8ches_in_the_king_penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922929/The_adaptive_significance_of_cr%C3%A8ches_in_the_king_penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="48887184" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment">The Effects of Hatching Date and Parental Quality on Chick Growth and Creching Age in the Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica): A Field Experiment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53502896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SantiagoMerino6">Santiago Merino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Auk, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Al•stRACT.-Negative effects of late breeding on chick growth and creching and fledging ages of chicks have been reported for Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica). In a Chinstrap Penguin rookery on Deception Island, we experimentally tested two hypotheses to explain these effects of hatching date: (I) late breeding pairs are formed by low-quality breeders that are not able to feed their chicks efficiently and are forced to leave them unguarded at younger ages; and (2) late breeding pairs experience a conflict between properly caring for their chicks and commencing the period of premolt reserve storage. By exchanging chicks among nests hatched six days apart, we separated the effects of quality of adults (as expressed by their breeding dates) from the hatching date of chicks. We measured bill and flipper length and weighed chicks at 17 and 44 days of age, and noted the age at which chicks were left unguarded by parents. Late-hatched chicks attained smaller sizes and masses and were left unguarded at earlier ages than early-hatched chicks independent of the breeding date of the adults raising them. Also, chicks hatched on the same date but raised by adults with different breeding dates reached the same sizes and masses and were left unguarded at similar ages. Thus, seasonal changes in chick growth and creching age are related to hatching date, not to differences in parental quality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Effects of Hatching Date and Parental Quality on Chick Growth and Creching Age in the Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica): A Field Experiment","attachmentId":67295588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48887184/The_Effects_of_Hatching_Date_and_Parental_Quality_on_Chick_Growth_and_Creching_Age_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica_A_Field_Experiment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="60002008" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60002008/Creching_behaviour_of_Adelie_penguin_chicks_Pygoscelis_adeliae_">Creching behaviour of Adelie penguin chicks ( Pygoscelis adeliae )</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37201928" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LloydDavis">Lloyd Davis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1982</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Creching behaviour was monitored in 6 colonies of Adelie penguins at Cape Bird, Antarctica. Chicks were first left unguarded at a mean age of 22 days, but were susceptible to skua predation until 30 days old. The presence of adults deterred skuas. The probability of creching was inversely related to the number of adults present in a colony relative to the number of chicks. This suggests that creching serves as an alternate defence against predators when too few adults are present to deter skuas effectively. Creching did not vary consistently with mild fluctuations of climatic variables, but the proportion of chicks in contact with each other was greatest when relative humidity, wind speed, and cloud cover were highest and temperature was lowest.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creching behaviour of Adelie penguin chicks ( Pygoscelis adeliae )","attachmentId":73640399,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60002008/Creching_behaviour_of_Adelie_penguin_chicks_Pygoscelis_adeliae_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60002008/Creching_behaviour_of_Adelie_penguin_chicks_Pygoscelis_adeliae_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="73771718" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73771718/Parent_offspring_interactions_and_feeding_chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica">Parent-offspring interactions and feeding chases in the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19311098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanFcoSanz">Juan Fco Sanz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bird Behavior, 1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: Feeding interactions between parents and chicks in pygoscelid penguins frequently lead to “chases.” In a field experiment with Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) on Deception Island, we showed that chases are almost nonexistent when a parent is met by only one of their chicks (the other was temporarily removed). Also, chasing intensity in the two-chick situation decreased after chick separation, whereas the rate of feedings increased. The initiation of chases could be due to the need of separating the ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parent-offspring interactions and feeding chases in the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica","attachmentId":82162730,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73771718/Parent_offspring_interactions_and_feeding_chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73771718/Parent_offspring_interactions_and_feeding_chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="106438898" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106438898/Nest_Defence_of_Nesting_Chinstrap_Penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_against_Intruders">Nest Defence of Nesting Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) against Intruders</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159679242" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiguelAngelFloresFerrer">Miguel Angel Flores Ferrer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We tested some predictions of parental investment theory by studying the aggressive behaviour of colonial nesting chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) against human intruders into their nesting territories. We tested for differences in the aggressive behaviour of penguins according to offspring age (eggs vs. chicks), offspring number, nest location in the colonies (central vs. peripheral) and sex. Offspring age was the main factor influencing nest defence, although nest location and sex were also important. Chicks were defended more strongly than eggs, in accordance with changes in the reproductive value of offspring, and this increase in aggressiveness was not related to revisitation of the same individuals. The level of aggression of penguins breeding in central sites was higher than that of peripheral birds, a difference that could be due to the lower residual reproductive value of centralnesting, probably older, birds. The stronger aggressiveness of males could be due to a combination of factors related to sexual selection and life-history traits. Offspring number did not affect the level of nest defence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nest Defence of Nesting Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) against Intruders","attachmentId":105636506,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106438898/Nest_Defence_of_Nesting_Chinstrap_Penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_against_Intruders","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106438898/Nest_Defence_of_Nesting_Chinstrap_Penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_against_Intruders"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="33770131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins">Hatching order and size-dependent mortality in relation to brood sex ratio composition in chinstrap penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66123829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PoloVicente">Vicente Polo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The differential environmental sensitivity of the sexes has strong implications in the evolutionary history of species as it can alter sexual size dimorphism, population sex ratios, and the faculty of parents to manipulate offspring sex in relation to environmental conditions. We studied sexual differences in hatching patterns and evaluated sex-and size-related mortality in relation to hatching order and brood sex ratios in the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica, a moderately size-dimorphic species, with a modal clutch size of 2 eggs. We found that male, second-hatched, and large eggs showed shorter hatching periods than female, first-hatched, and small eggs. We also found a male-biased mortality of nestlings in the colony. However, male mortality patterns differed depending on the brood sex ratio composition. Mortality of male chicks in all-male broods was higher than in mixed broods and higher than female mortality in all-female broods. Contrary, females from mixed brood showed higher mortality than their male nest mates and higher too than females in all-female broods. Second-hatched chicks also suffered from higher mortality than first-hatched chicks. Our results indicate that both the superior competitive capacity and the higher energy demand of the larger sex constitute 2 causal factors explaining patterns of sex-biased mortality. Both factors occur in the same species and in different situations of sibling competition shaped by brood sex ratio composition. This study constitutes a good example of how patterns of sex-related mortality can vary depending on nest environmental circumstances. Furthermore, our study suggests that hatching period can be a mechanism underlying sexual differences in the embryonic period of birds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hatching order and size-dependent mortality in relation to brood sex ratio composition in chinstrap penguins","attachmentId":53759007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33770131/Hatching_order_and_size_dependent_mortality_in_relation_to_brood_sex_ratio_composition_in_chinstrap_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="106438988" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_">Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159679242" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiguelAngelFloresFerrer">Miguel Angel Flores Ferrer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Polar Biology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent studies suggest that parental resource allocation may be the most important factor explaining differences in reproductive output among parents. That said at least two different hypotheses of balance between parental foraging effort and resource allocation have been proposed. First, parents with high foraging effort have high reproductive success. Second, parents with higher allocation of resources to offspring have high reproductive success. We tested the second hypothesis using chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) as a model. We evaluated nutritional condition of the parents using blood urea, uric acid, creatine kinase, and cholesterol levels. We evaluated reproductive success according to total mass of the brood and asymmetries inside the brood. We measured the degree of asymmetry using weight and culmen length. Generalized linear models were used to examine relationships between adult plasma urea levels with year, nest position, and degree of asymmetry in chicks. Our results demonstrate that lighter broods were more asymmetric and associated with lower values of adult plasma urea, uric acid, and creatine kinase. We interpret these findings as evidence that the birds allocate fewer resources to their chicks than adults with more symmetric broods are.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)","attachmentId":105636807,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106438988/Parental_physiological_condition_and_reproductive_success_in_chinstrap_penguins_Pygoscelis_antarctica_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18952445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success">Plasticity in parental provisioning and chick growth in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in years of high and low breeding success</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39085207" href="https://penguins.academia.edu/AndreChiaradia">Andre Chiaradia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plasticity in parental provisioning and chick growth in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in years of high and low breeding success","attachmentId":40348228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952445/Plasticity_in_parental_provisioning_and_chick_growth_in_Little_Penguins_Eudyptula_minor_in_years_of_high_and_low_breeding_success"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10549272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10549272/Determinants_of_Feeding_Chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica">Determinants of Feeding Chases in the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25830446" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanMoreno54">Juan Moreno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">EMU, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Feeding interactions between parents and chicks in pygoscelid penguins are frequently associated with chases. We tested alternative predictions derived trom two functional hypotheses proposed to explain feeding chases:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determinants of Feeding Chases in the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica","attachmentId":47310575,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10549272/Determinants_of_Feeding_Chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10549272/Determinants_of_Feeding_Chases_in_the_Chinstrap_Penguin_Pygoscelis_antarctica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="57137767" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57137767/Breeding_group_size_nest_position_and_breeding_success_in_the_chinstrap_penguin">Breeding group size, nest position and breeding success in the chinstrap penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30703846" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SantiagoMerino2">Santiago Merino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Polar Biology, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We studied the eect of breeding group size and nest position on breeding success in the chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Large subcolonies sited at Vapour Col, Deception Island, had higher breeding success than small subcolonies, which suered a higher chick mortality than large subcolonies. Hatching date was earlier in large colonies. Relationships were not found between mean hatching date per subcolony and mean chick survival. Chick mortality related to nest position showed no dierence between central and peripheral nests in large subcolonies. Central nests hatched earlier than peripheral nests. Nests in large subcolonies, whatever their position, were more successful compared with nests in small subcolonies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Breeding group size, nest position and breeding success in the chinstrap penguin","attachmentId":72181301,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57137767/Breeding_group_size_nest_position_and_breeding_success_in_the_chinstrap_penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57137767/Breeding_group_size_nest_position_and_breeding_success_in_the_chinstrap_penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47965655,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47965655,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47965655" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="113552122" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113552122/Chick_Creching_and_Intraspecific_Aggression_in_the_Jackass_Penguin">Chick Creching and Intraspecific Aggression in the Jackass Penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32616460" href="https://otago.academia.edu/PhilipSeddon">Philip Seddon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chick Creching and Intraspecific Aggression in the Jackass Penguin","attachmentId":110482434,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113552122/Chick_Creching_and_Intraspecific_Aggression_in_the_Jackass_Penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113552122/Chick_Creching_and_Intraspecific_Aggression_in_the_Jackass_Penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="9633406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9633406/Causes_and_benefits_of_chick_aggregations_in_penguins">Causes and benefits of chick aggregations in penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22869680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidWilson61">David Wilson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Causes and benefits of chick aggregations in penguins","attachmentId":35835714,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9633406/Causes_and_benefits_of_chick_aggregations_in_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9633406/Causes_and_benefits_of_chick_aggregations_in_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="30648210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30648210/Spatial_and_temporal_variation_in_the_provisioning_behaviour_of_female_rockhopper_penguins_Eudyptes_chrysocome_filholi">Spatial and temporal variation in the provisioning behaviour of female rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome filholi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="270571560" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YannCherel">Yann Cherel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58383008" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TremblayY">Y. Tremblay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Avian Biology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial and temporal variation in the provisioning behaviour of female rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome filholi","attachmentId":51092716,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30648210/Spatial_and_temporal_variation_in_the_provisioning_behaviour_of_female_rockhopper_penguins_Eudyptes_chrysocome_filholi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30648210/Spatial_and_temporal_variation_in_the_provisioning_behaviour_of_female_rockhopper_penguins_Eudyptes_chrysocome_filholi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13271491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13271491/Inter_colony_and_sex_differences_in_the_effects_of_parental_body_condition_and_foraging_effort_on_the_brood_growth_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins">Inter-colony and sex differences in the effects of parental body condition and foraging effort on the brood growth of Adélie penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)","attachmentId":111167417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114479326/Prolonged_foraging_trips_and_egg_desertion_in_little_penguins_Eudyptula_minor_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114479326/Prolonged_foraging_trips_and_egg_desertion_in_little_penguins_Eudyptula_minor_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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