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<li id="toc-Early_Chinese_paper_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Chinese_paper_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Chinese paper money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Chinese_paper_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_early_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_early_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European early banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_early_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_European_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_European_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Birth of European banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_European_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_issue_of_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_issue_of_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Permanent issue of banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_issue_of_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_bank_issuance_of_legal_tender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_bank_issuance_of_legal_tender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Central bank issuance of legal tender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_bank_issuance_of_legal_tender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue_of_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_of_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Issue of banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_of_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_used_for_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_used_for_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Materials used for banknotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials_used_for_banknotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Materials used for banknotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materials_used_for_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paper_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Paper banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_counterfeiting_and_security_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_counterfeiting_and_security_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>History of counterfeiting and security measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_counterfeiting_and_security_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymer_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymer_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Polymer banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymer_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Vertical orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vending_machines_and_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vending_machines_and_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vending machines and banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vending_machines_and_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligent_banknote_neutralisation_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligent_banknote_neutralisation_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligent_banknote_neutralisation_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_Intelligent_Currency_Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_Intelligent_Currency_Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_Intelligent_Currency_Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confiscation_and_asset_forfeiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confiscation_and_asset_forfeiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Confiscation and asset forfeiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confiscation_and_asset_forfeiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_money_collecting_as_a_hobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_money_collecting_as_a_hobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Paper money collecting as a hobby</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paper_money_collecting_as_a_hobby-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paper money collecting as a hobby subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paper_money_collecting_as_a_hobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Trades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novelty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novelty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Novelty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novelty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Banknote</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عملة ورقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملة ورقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsginas" title="Əsginas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsginas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F" title="ব্যাংকনোট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাংকনোট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AEn-phi%C3%B2" title="Gîn-phiò – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gîn-phiò" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiag%C3%B6d" title="Papiagöd – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Papiagöd" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C4%8Danica" title="Novčanica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novčanica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhed-bank" title="Bilhed-bank – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bilhed-bank" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Банкното – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Банкното" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitllet_de_banc" title="Bitllet de banc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bitllet de banc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankovka" title="Bankovka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bankovka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeseddel" title="Pengeseddel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pengeseddel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Banknote" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paberraha" title="Paberraha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paberraha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χαρτονόμισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτονόμισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_moneda" title="Papel moneda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel moneda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monbileto" title="Monbileto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monbileto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diru-paper" title="Diru-paper – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diru-paper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="اسکناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet_de_banque" title="Billet de banque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Billet de banque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2ta-airgid" title="Nòta-airgid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nòta-airgid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_moeda" title="Papel moeda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papel moeda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E7%A5%A8%E5%AD%90" title="紙票子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="紙票子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%90" title="지폐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지폐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Թղթադրամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թղթադրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="बैंक के नोट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैंक के नोट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C4%8Danica" title="Novčanica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novčanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_kertas" title="Uang kertas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uang kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peningase%C3%B0ill" title="Peningaseðill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peningaseðill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banconota" title="Banconota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banconota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A3" title="שטר כסף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטר כסף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბანკნოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანკნოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Банкноттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Банкноттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noti_ya_benki" title="Noti ya benki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Noti ya benki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Банкноттор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Банкноттор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta_argentaria" title="Charta argentaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Charta argentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Banknote" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldsch%C3%A4in" title="Geldschäin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geldschäin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotas" title="Banknotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Banknotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valikki" title="Valikki – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Valikki" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartamoneda" title="Cartamoneda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cartamoneda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankjegy" title="Bankjegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bankjegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბანკნოტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბანკნოტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_kertas_bank" title="Wang kertas bank – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wang kertas bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81i-pi%C3%A9u" title="Cāi-piéu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cāi-piéu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel-moneda" title="Papel-moneda – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Papel-moneda" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="ငွေစက္ကူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေစက္ကူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankbiljet" title="Bankbiljet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bankbiljet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3" title="紙幣 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙幣" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeseddel" title="Pengeseddel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pengeseddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengesetel" title="Pengesetel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pengesetel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotlar" title="Banknotlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Banknotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BC" title="بانکنوټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بانکنوټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknot" title="Banknot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Banknot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel-moeda" title="Papel-moeda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel-moeda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancnot%C4%83" title="Bancnotă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bancnotă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27anqa_ka%C3%B1ina" title="P'anqa kañina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'anqa kañina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tatipeluk_a_kalisiw" title="tatipeluk a kalisiw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tatipeluk a kalisiw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_note" title="Paper note – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paper note" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraja_e_letr%C3%ABs" title="Paraja e letrës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paraja e letrës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Banknote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankovka" title="Bankovka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bankovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankovec" title="Bankovec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bankovec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%97%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хартономїсма – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Хартономїсма" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پارەی کاغەزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارەی کاغەزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Новчаница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новчаница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknota" title="Banknota – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banknota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duit_Kertas" title="Duit Kertas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Duit Kertas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seteli" title="Seteli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seteli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedel" title="Sedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaping_papel" title="Salaping papel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salaping papel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்கித்தாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்கித்தாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/pila%27_brbar" title="pila' brbar – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="pila' brbar" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ธนบัตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธนบัตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknot" title="Banknot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Banknot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Банкнота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банкнота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81" title="رقعہ مصرف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رقعہ مصرف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_gi%E1%BA%A5y" title="Tiền giấy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiền giấy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknot" title="Banknot – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Banknot" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3" title="紙幣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紙幣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47433#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numismatics" title="Category:Numismatics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">the study of currency</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/120px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/180px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/240px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Category:Currencies of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Category:Currencies of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Category:Currencies of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_North_America" title="Category:Currencies of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_South_America" title="Category:Currencies of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Currencies of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time dollars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philippine_money" title="History of Philippine money">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_money" title="History of Thai money">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_currencies" title="Category:Medieval currencies">Medieval currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Production</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currency_designers" title="Category:Currency designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">Milling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">Hammering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_coinage" title="Cast coinage">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Errors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Collection</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Grading</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknote" title="Commemorative banknote">Commemorative banknotes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jetons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrips</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bonds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/16px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/24px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/32px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/250px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/375px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/500px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debenture" title="Debenture">Debenture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stock</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Markets</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">Foreign exchange market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">Futures exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_(finance)" title="Over-the-counter (finance)">Over-the-counter market (OTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">Spot market</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Bonds by coupon</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_rate_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed rate bond">Fixed rate bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_rate_note" title="Floating rate note">Floating rate note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation-indexed_bond" title="Inflation-indexed bond">Inflation-indexed bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_bond" title="Perpetual bond">Perpetual bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-coupon_bond" title="Zero-coupon bond">Zero-coupon bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_paper" title="Commercial paper">Commercial paper</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Bonds by issuer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">Corporate bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">Government bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfandbrief" title="Pfandbrief">Pfandbrief</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equities (stocks)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">Initial public offering (IPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">Short selling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">Investment funds</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">Mutual fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-end_fund" title="Closed-end fund">Closed-end fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">Exchange-traded fund (ETF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_fund" title="Index fund">Index fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregated_fund" title="Segregated fund">Segregated fund</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">Securitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_security" title="Agency security">Agency security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset-backed_security" title="Asset-backed security">Asset-backed security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage-backed_security" title="Mortgage-backed security">Mortgage-backed security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_mortgage-backed_security" title="Commercial mortgage-backed security">Commercial mortgage-backed security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_mortgage-backed_security" title="Residential mortgage-backed security">Residential mortgage-backed security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranche" title="Tranche">Tranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" title="Collateralized debt obligation">Collateralized debt obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_fund_obligation" title="Collateralized fund obligation">Collateralized fund obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_mortgage_obligation" title="Collateralized mortgage obligation">Collateralized mortgage obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit-linked_note" title="Credit-linked note">Credit-linked note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsecured_debt" title="Unsecured debt">Unsecured debt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivatives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_(finance)" title="Warrant (finance)">Warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_derivative" title="Credit derivative">Credit derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_security" title="Hybrid security">Hybrid security</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Securities" title="Template:Securities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Securities" title="Template talk:Securities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Securities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Securities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>banknote</b> – also called a <b>bill</b> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>), <b>paper money</b>, or simply a <b>note</b> – is a type of <a href="/wiki/Negotiable_instrument" title="Negotiable instrument">negotiable</a> <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory note</a>, made by a <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a> or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>, which were legally required to <a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">redeem</a> the notes for <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> (usually gold or silver coin) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell1994469_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell1994469-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authorities</a>. </p><p>National banknotes are often, but not always, <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>, meaning that courts of law are required to recognize them as satisfactory payment of money <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, banks sought to ensure that they could always pay customers in <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> when they presented banknotes for payment. This practice of "backing" notes with something of substance is the basis for the history of <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> backing their currencies in gold or silver. Today, most national currencies have no backing in <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> or commodities and have value only by <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat</a>. With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal issues, <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> are used for lower valued monetary units, while banknotes are used for higher values. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a> of banknotes, is an inherent challenge in issuing <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>. It is countered by <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money#Anti-counterfeiting_measures" title="Counterfeit money">anticounterfeiting measures</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> of banknotes. Fighting the counterfeiting of banknotes and <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a> has been a principal driver of <a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">security printing</a> methods development in recent centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi#Laws" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi Law 100</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1755–1750 BC) stipulated <a href="/wiki/Debt#Repayment" title="Debt">repayment</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loan</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Debtor" title="Debtor">debtor</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">creditor</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Repayment_plan" title="Repayment plan">schedule</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Maturity_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturity date">maturity date</a> specified in <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">written</a> <a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">contractual terms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._75_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._75-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._35_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1904_p._35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_1910_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1910-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law 122 stipulated that a <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">depositor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel/movable property</a> for <a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">safekeeping</a> must present all articles and a signed contract of <a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">bailment</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a> before depositing the articles with a <a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)#Mesopotamia" title="Banker (ancient)">banker</a>, and Law 123 stipulated that a banker was discharged of any <a href="/wiki/Liability_(accounting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability (accounting)">liability</a> from a contract of bailment if the notary denied the existence of the contract. Law 124 stipulated that a depositor with a notarized contract of bailment was entitled to redeem the entire value of their deposit, and Law 125 stipulated that a banker was <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liable</a> for replacement of deposits <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">stolen</a> while in their <a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">possession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._77_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._77-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._43_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1904_p._43-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_1910_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1910-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> was purported to have issued bank notes on parchment or leather before 146 BC. Hence Carthage may be the oldest user of lightweight promissory notes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a> appeared in 118 BC and were made of leather.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> may have used a durable lightweight substance as promissory notes in 57 AD, which have been found in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the first known banknotes were <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty#The_world's_first_paper_money" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">first developed in China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties, starting in the 7th century and were called "<i>flying money</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its roots were in merchant <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipts</a> of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as <a href="/wiki/Four_occupations#The_shang_(商)" title="Four occupations">merchants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesalers</a> desired to avoid the heavy bulk of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">copper coinage</a> in large commercial transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although government issued centralized paper money did not appear until the 11th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. </p><p>In Europe, cloth banknotes were in use in Praga in 960 and as part of the banking scheme of the Knights Templars around 1150. The first short-lived attempt at issuing banknotes in Europen by a central bank was in 1661 by <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Banco" title="Stockholms Banco">Stockholms Banco</a>, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> issued paper banknotes in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cash paper money originated as receipts for value held on account "value received", and should not be conflated with promissory "sight bills," which were issued with a promise to convert at a later date. </p><p>The perception of banknotes as money has evolved over time. Originally, money was based on <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a>. Banknotes were seen by some as an <a href="/wiki/I.O.U." class="mw-redirect" title="I.O.U.">I.O.U.</a> or <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory note</a>: a promise to pay someone in precious metal on presentation (see <a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">representative money</a>). But they were readily accepted—for convenience and security—in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, for example, from the late 1600s onwards. With the removal of precious metals from the monetary system, banknotes evolved into pure <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Chinese_paper_money">Early Chinese paper money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Chinese paper money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">List of Chinese inventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy of the Song dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi (currency)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiao_zi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiao_zi.jpg/170px-Jiao_zi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiao_zi.jpg/255px-Jiao_zi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Jiao_zi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Song dynasty <i>Jiaozi</i>, the world's earliest paper money.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/330px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/495px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/660px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese words.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first banknote-type instrument was used in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the 7th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907). Merchants would issue what are today called <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipts</a> of deposit to <a href="/wiki/Wholesaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesaler">wholesalers</a> to avoid using the heavy bulk of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">copper coinage</a> in large commercial transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before these notes, circular coins with a rectangular hole in the middle were used. Multiple coins could be strung together on a rope. Merchants found that the strings were too heavy to carry around easily, especially for large transactions. To solve this problem, coins could be left with a trusted person, with the merchant being given a slip of paper (the receipt) recording how much money they had deposited with that person. Their coins would be restored when they went back and gave that person the paper. </p><p>True paper money, called "<a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">jiaozi</a>", developed from these promissory notes by the 11th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernholz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernholz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Headrick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headrick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 960, the Song government was short of copper for striking coins, and issued the first generally circulating notes. These notes were a promise by the ruler to redeem them later for some other object of value, usually <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">specie</a>. The issue of credit notes was often for a limited duration, and at some discount to the promised amount later. The <i>jiaozi</i> did not replace coins but was used alongside them. </p><p>The central government soon observed the economic advantages of printing paper money, issuing a monopoly for the issue of these certificates of deposit to several deposit shops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 12th century, the amount of banknotes issued in a single year amounted to an annual rate of 26 million strings of cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1120s, the central government started to produce its own state-issued paper money (using <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even before this point, the Song government was amassing large amounts of paper <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>. It was recorded that each year before 1101, the prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Huizhou_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huizhou (region)">Xin'an</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/She_County,_Anhui" title="She County, Anhui">Shexian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>) alone would send 1,500,000 sheets of paper in seven different varieties to the capital at Kaifeng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198647_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198647-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1101, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> decided to lessen the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota because it was causing detrimental effects and creating heavy burdens on the people of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the government still needed masses of paper products for the exchange certificates and the state's new issuing of paper money. For the printing of paper money alone, the Song government established several government-run factories in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, and Anqi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The workforce employed in these paper money factories was quite large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point; issues of banknotes were limited to regional areas of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1265 and 1274, the late southern Song government introduced a gold- or silver-backed national paper currency standard, which changed the geographic restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever after 1107, the government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of a unique fiber in the paper to combat counterfeiting. </p><p>The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, issued paper money known as <a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a>. The original notes were restricted by area and duration, as in the Song dynasty, but in the later years, facing massive shortages of specie to fund their rule, the paper money began to be issued without restrictions on duration. The fact that the state was guaranteeing the Chinese paper money impressed Venetian merchants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_early_banknotes">European early banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European early banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a travelogue of a visit to Prague in 960 by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a>, small pieces of cloth were used as a means of trade, with these cloths having a set exchange rate versus silver.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1150, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar#Bankers" title="History of the Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> would issue notes to pilgrims. Pilgrims would deposit valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking for the Holy Land and receive a document indicating the value of their deposit. They would then use that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to receive funds from the treasury of equal value.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo,_Il_Milione,_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/190px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/285px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/380px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> described the use of early banknotes in China to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a> in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century, Chinese paper money of Mongol Yuan became known in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> through the accounts of travelers, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goetzmann_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goetzmann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marco Polo's account of paper money during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> is the subject of a chapter of his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>, titled "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_2/Chapter_24" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 2/Chapter 24">How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees, Made into Something Like Paper, to Pass for Money All Over his Country</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Marco_Polo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marco_Polo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All these pieces of paper are, issued with as much solemnity and authority as if they were of pure gold or silver... with these pieces of paper, made as I have described, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> causes all payments on his own account to be made; and he makes them to pass current universally over all his kingdoms and provinces and territories, and whithersoever his power and sovereignty extends... and indeed everybody takes them readily, for wheresoever a person may go throughout the Great Kaan's dominions he shall find these pieces of paper current, and shall be able to transact all sales and purchases of goods by means of them just as well as if they were coins of pure gold</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a>, because of the insecurity and impracticality of transporting large sums of cash over long distances, money traders started using <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a>. In the beginning, these were personally registered, but they soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had it in their possession. These notes are seen as a predecessor to regular banknotes by some but are mainly thought of as proto bills of exchange and cheques.<sup id="cite_ref-Geld_1992,_page_96_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geld_1992,_page_96-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "bank note" comes from the notes of the bank ("nota di banco") and dates from the 14th century; it originally recognized the right of the holder of the note to collect the precious metal (usually gold or silver) deposited with a banker (via a currency account). In the 14th century, it was used in every part of Europe and in Italian city-state merchants colonies outside of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. For international payments, the more efficient and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of exchange">bill of exchange</a> ("lettera di cambio"), that is, a promissory note based on a virtual currency account (usually a coin no longer physically existing), was used more often. All physical currencies were physically related to this virtual currency; this instrument also served as credit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_European_banknotes">Birth of European banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birth of European banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg/220px-Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg/330px-Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg/440px-Sweden-Credityf-Zedels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>The first paper money in Europe, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Banco" title="Stockholms Banco">Stockholms Banco</a> in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The shift toward the use of these receipts as a means of payment took place in the mid-17th century, as the <a href="/wiki/Price_revolution" title="Price revolution">price revolution</a>, when relatively rapid gold inflation was causing a re-assessment of how money worked. The <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_banker" title="Goldsmith banker">goldsmith bankers</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> began to give out the receipts as payable to the <i>bearer</i> of the document rather than the original depositor. This meant that the note could be used as currency based on the security of the goldsmith, not the account holder of the goldsmith-banker.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bankers also began issuing a <a href="/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional reserve banking">greater value of notes than the total value of their physical reserves</a> in the form of loans, on the assumption that they would not have to redeem all of their issued banknotes at the same time. This was a natural extension of debt-based issuance of <a href="/wiki/Split_tally" class="mw-redirect" title="Split tally">split tally sticks</a> used for centuries in places like St. Giles Fair,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, done in this way, it was able to directly expand the expansion of the supply of circulating money. As these receipts were increasingly used in the money <a href="/wiki/Circulation_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation (currency)">circulation</a> system, depositors began to ask for multiple receipts to be made out in smaller, fixed denominations for use as money. The receipts soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had possession of the note. These notes are credited as the first modern banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Geld_1992,_page_96_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geld_1992,_page_96-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first short-lived attempt at issuing banknotes by a central bank was in 1661 by <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Banco" title="Stockholms Banco">Stockholms Banco</a>, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These replaced the copper-plates being used instead as a means of payment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peculiar circumstances of the Swedish coin supply were what led to this banknote issue. Cheap foreign imports of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> had forced <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">the Crown</a> to steadily increase the size of the copper coinage to maintain its value relative to <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. The heavy weight of the new coins encouraged merchants to deposit it in exchange for receipts. These became banknotes when the manager of the bank decoupled the rate of note issue from the bank currency reserves. Three years later, the bank went bankrupt after rapidly increasing the artificial money supply through the large-scale printing of paper money. A new bank, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Riksens Ständers Bank</a>,</i> was established in 1668, but did not issue banknotes until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_issue_of_banknotes">Permanent issue of banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Permanent issue of banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/220px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/330px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/440px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>The sealing of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> Charter (1694). The bank began the first permanent issue of banknotes a year later.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea that social and legal consensus determines what constitutes money is the foundation of modern banknotes. A gold coin's value is simply a reflection of the supply and demand mechanism of a society exchanging goods in a free market, as opposed to stemming from any intrinsic property of the metal. By the late 17th century, this new conceptual outlook helped to stimulate the issue of banknotes. The economist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Barbon" title="Nicholas Barbon">Nicholas Barbon</a> wrote that money "was an imaginary value made by a law for the convenience of exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temporary experiment of banknote issue was carried out by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">William Phips</a> as the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> starting on December 20, 1690,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help fund the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">war effort against France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> followed in Massachusetts' wake and began issuing <a href="/wiki/Bills_of_credit" title="Bills of credit">bills of credit</a>, an early form of paper currency distinct from banknotes, to fund military expenditures and for use as a common <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1760s, these bills of credit were used in the majority of transactions in the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Franklin_nature_printed_55_dollar_front_1779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Fifty-five-dollar bill in <a href="/wiki/Continental_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental currency">Continental currency</a>; leaf design by Benjamin Franklin, 1779</figcaption></figure> <p>The first bank to initiate the permanent issue of banknotes was the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. Established in 1694 to raise money for the funding of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War">war</a> against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the bank began issuing notes in 1695 with the promise to pay the bearer the value of the note on demand. They were initially handwritten to a precise amount and issued on deposit or as a loan. There was a gradual move toward the issuance of fixed denomination notes, and by 1745, standardized printed notes ranging from £20 to £1,000 were being printed. Fully printed notes that did not require the name of the payee and the cashier's <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signature</a> first appeared in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> was established in 1695 to support Scottish businesses, and in 1696 became the first European bank to issue banknotes in fixed values. It continues to issue banknotes and is the longest continuous banknote issue in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scottish economist <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a> helped establish banknotes as a formal currency in France, after the wars waged by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> left the country with a shortage of precious metals for coinage. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there were early attempts at establishing a central bank in <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">1791</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">1816</a>, but it was only in 1862 that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>, began to print banknotes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_bank_issuance_of_legal_tender">Central bank issuance of legal tender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central bank issuance of legal tender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/220px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/330px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/440px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> gained a monopoly over the issue of banknotes with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act_1844" title="Bank Charter Act 1844">Bank Charter Act of 1844</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, the banknote was simply a promise to the bearer that they could redeem it for its value in specie, but in 1833, the second in a series of <a href="/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Charter Act">Bank Charter Acts</a> established that banknotes would be considered as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> during peacetime.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a> companies were the common form of currency throughout England, outside London.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act_1844" title="Bank Charter Act 1844">Bank Charter Act of 1844</a>, which established the modern central bank,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restricted authorisation to issue new banknotes to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, which would henceforth have sole control of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> in 1921. At the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt. The Act gave the Bank of England an effective monopoly over the note issue from 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue_of_banknotes">Issue of banknotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issue of banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_issue" title="Bank of issue">Bank of issue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_for_banknote_design,_Bank_of_Manchester,_UK,_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/220px-Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/330px-Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/440px-Collage_for_banknote_design%2C_Bank_of_Manchester%2C_UK%2C_1833._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>Collage for banknote design with annotations and additions to show proposed changes (figure rather higher so as to allow room for the No.), Bank of Manchester, UK, 1833. On display at the British Museum in London</figcaption></figure><p> Today, a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> or treasury is generally solely responsible within a state or <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a> for the issue of banknotes. However, this is not always the case, and historically, private banks frequently handled all of a country's paper currency. Thus, many different banks or institutions may have issued banknotes in a given country. Commercial banks in the United States had legally issued banknotes before there was a national currency; however, these became subject to government authorization from 1863 to 1932. In the last of these series, the issuing bank would stamp its name and promise to pay, along with the signatures of its president and cashier on a preprinted note. By this time, the notes were standardized in appearance and not too different from <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Notes</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg/220px-Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg/330px-Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg/440px-Five_dollar_Banknote_of_Citizens_Bank_of_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2989" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>A $5 note issued by Citizens Bank of Louisiana in the 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a small number of countries, private banknote issuing continues to this day. For example, by virtue of the complex constitutional setup in the United Kingdom, certain <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a> in two of the <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">state's four constituent countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>) continue to print their own banknotes for domestic circulation, even though they are not <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> or declared in law as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> anywhere. The UK's central bank, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, prints notes which are legal tender in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>; these notes are also usable as money (but not legal tender) in the rest of the UK (see <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes of the pound sterling</a>). </p><p>In the two <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, arrangements are similar to those in the UK; in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, three commercial banks are licensed to issue <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar notes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BIS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, banknotes of the <a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a> are issued by two different commercial banks. In <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banque_Internationale_%C3%A0_Luxembourg" title="Banque Internationale à Luxembourg">Banque Internationale à Luxembourg</a> was entitled to issue its own <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish franc">Luxembourgish franc</a> notes until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-bil_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bil-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as commercial issuers, other organizations may have note-issuing powers; for example, until 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore">Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore</a>, a government agency that was later taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BIS_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with any printing, there is also a chance for banknotes to have printing errors. For U.S. banknotes, these errors can include board break errors, butterfly fold errors, cutting errors, dual denomination errors, fold over errors, and misalignment errors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg/220px-Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg/330px-Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg/440px-Brazil_Portinari_banknote_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>When Brazil changed currencies in 1989, the 1000, 5000, and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruzado" title="Brazilian cruzado">cruzados</a> banknotes were overstamped and issued as 1, 5, and 10 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruzado_novo" title="Brazilian cruzado novo">cruzados novos</a> banknotes for several months before cruzado novo banknotes were printed and issued. Banknotes can be overstamped with new denominations, typically when a country converts to a new currency at an even, fixed exchange rate (in this case, 1000:1).</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the introduction of banknotes, precious or semiprecious metals minted into <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> to certify their substance were widely used as a medium of exchange. The value that people attributed to coins was originally based upon the value of the metal unless they were token issues or had been debased. Banknotes were originally a claim for the coins held by the bank, but due to the ease with which they could be transferred and the confidence that people had in the capacity of the bank to settle the notes in coin if presented, they became a popular means of exchange in their own right. They now make up a very small proportion of the "money" that people think that they have, as demand deposit bank accounts and electronic payments have negated much of the need to carry notes and coins. </p><p>Banknotes have a natural advantage over coins in that they are lighter to carry; but they are also less durable than coins. Banknotes issued by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a> had <a href="/wiki/Counterparty_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterparty risk">counterparty risk</a>, meaning that the bank may not be able to make payment when the note was presented. Notes issued by central banks had a theoretical risk when they were backed by gold and silver. Both banknotes and coins are subject to <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>. The durability of coins means that even if metal coins melt in a fire or are submerged under the sea for hundreds of years, they still have some value when they are recovered. Gold coins salvaged from shipwrecks retain almost all of their original appearance, but silver coins slowly corrode.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other costs of using bearer money include: </p> <ol><li>Discounting to face value: Before national currencies and efficient clearing houses, banknotes were only redeemable at face value at the issuing bank. Even a branch bank could discount notes of other branches of the same bank. The discounts usually increased with distance from the issuing bank. The discount also depended on the perceived safety of the bank. When banks failed, the notes were usually partly redeemed out of reserves, but they sometimes became worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell199484–86_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell199484–86-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1951_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1951-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of discounting within a country does not exist with national currencies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Counterfeiting</a> paper notes has always been a problem, especially since the introduction of color <a href="/wiki/Photocopiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocopiers">photocopiers</a> and computer <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanners</a>. Numerous banks and nations have incorporated many types of countermeasures in order to keep the money secure. However, extremely sophisticated counterfeit notes known as <a href="/wiki/Superdollar" title="Superdollar">superdollars</a> have been detected in recent years.</li> <li>Manufacturing or issue costs. Coins are produced by industrial manufacturing methods that process the precious, semi-precious, or other metals, and require additions of alloy for hardness and wear resistance. By contrast, bank notes are printed paper (or polymer), and typically have a higher cost of issue, especially in larger denominations, compared with coins of the same value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Banknote#Dubious" title="Talk:Banknote">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Wear costs. Banknotes do not lose <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> by wear, since, even if they are in poor condition, they are still a legally valid claim on the issuing bank. However, banks of issue do have to pay the cost of replacing banknotes in poor condition, and paper and even polymer notes wear out much faster than coins.</li> <li>Cost of transport. Coins can be expensive to transport for high value transactions, but banknotes can be issued in large denominations that are much lighter than the equivalent value in coins.</li> <li>Cost of acceptance. Coins can be checked for authenticity by weighing and other forms of examination and testing. These costs can be significant, but good quality coin design and manufacturing can help reduce these costs. Banknotes also have an acceptance cost – the expense of checking the banknote's security features and confirming acceptability of the issuing bank.</li></ol> <p>The different advantages and disadvantages of coins and banknotes imply that there may be an ongoing role for both forms of bearer money, each being used where its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_used_for_banknotes">Materials used for banknotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Materials used for banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper_banknotes">Paper banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paper banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg/220px-US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg/330px-US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg/440px-US-%24100-FRN-1928-Fr.2150-G.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption>Obverse and reverse of an old American $100 note (1928)</figcaption></figure> <p>Until recently, most banknotes were made from <a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">cotton paper</a> with a weight of 80 to 90 grams per square meter. The cotton is sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>, or other textile fibres. Generally, the paper used is different from ordinary paper: it is much more resilient, resists wear and tear (the average life of a paper banknote is two years),<sup id="cite_ref-DeLaRue_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLaRue-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also does not contain the usual agents that make ordinary paper glow slightly under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. Unlike most printing and writing paper, banknote paper is infused with polyvinyl alcohol or gelatin, instead of water, to give it extra strength. Early Chinese banknotes were printed on paper made of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> bark. Mitsumata (<i><a href="/wiki/Edgeworthia_chrysantha" title="Edgeworthia chrysantha">Edgeworthia chrysantha</a></i>) and other fibers are used in Japanese banknote paper<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a>). </p><p>Most banknotes are made using the mould-made process, in which a <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermark</a> and thread are incorporated during the paper forming process. The thread is a simple-looking security component found in most banknotes. It is, however, often rather complex in construction, comprising fluorescent, magnetic, metallic, and microprint elements. By combining it with watermarking technology, the thread can be made to surface periodically on one side only. This is known as windowed thread and further increases the counterfeit resistance of the banknote paper. This process was invented by Portals, part of the <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> group in the UK. Other related methods include watermarking to reduce the number of corner folds by strengthening this part of the note. Varnishing and coatings reduce the accumulation of dirt on the note for longer durability in circulation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg/220px-Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg/330px-Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg/440px-Rupiah_Tahun_Emisi_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Many currencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a>, vary the sizes of their banknotes by denomination. This is done so that they may be told apart through touch alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another security feature is based on windows in the paper, which are covered by <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">holographic foils</a> to make it very hard to copy. Such technology is applied as a <i>portrait window</i> for the higher denominations of the Europa series (ES2) of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows are also used with the Hybrid substrate from <a href="/wiki/Giesecke%2BDevrient" title="Giesecke+Devrient">Giesecke+Devrient</a> which is composed of an inner layer of paper substrate with thin outer layers of plastic film for high durability.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_counterfeiting_and_security_measures">History of counterfeiting and security measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History of counterfeiting and security measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When paper bank notes were first introduced in England, they resulted in a dramatic rise in counterfeiting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The attempts by the Bank of England and the Royal Mint to stamp out currency crime led to new policing strategies, including the increased use of entrapment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristics of banknotes, their materials and production techniques (as well as their development over history) are topics that are not usually thoroughly examined by historians, even though there are now a number of works detailing how bank notes were actually constructed. This is mostly because historians tend to be more interested in a theoretical understanding of how money worked rather than how it was produced.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first great deterrent against counterfeiting was the death penalty for forgers, but this was not enough to stop the rise of counterfeiting. Over the 18th century, far fewer banknotes were circulating in England compared to the boom of bank notes in the 19th century; because of this, improved note-making techniques were not considered a compelling issue. </p><p>In the 18th century, banknotes were produced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Copper-plate_engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-plate engraving">copper-plate engraving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, and they were single-sided. Note-making technologies remained largely unchanged during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first banknotes were produced by <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printing">intaglio printing</a>: this involved engraving a copper plate by hand and then covering it in ink to print the bank notes. Only with this technique, at that time, could one force the paper into the lines of the engraving to make suitable banknotes. Another difficulty in counterfeiting banknotes was the paper, as the type of paper used for banknotes was rather different from the paper commercially available at that time. Despite this, some forgers successfully forged notes by dealing with and consulting paper makers, in order to make a similar kind of paper themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mockford_122-123-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarked paper</a> has also been used since banknotes first appeared; it involved the sewing of a thin wire frame into paper mould. Watermarks for notes were first used in 1697, by Rice Watkins, a <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> paper maker.<sup id="cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mockford_122-123-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watermarks and special paper made it harder and more expensive to forge banknotes, since more complex and expensive paper-making machines were needed. </p><p>In the early 19th century (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bank_Restriction_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Restriction Period">Bank Restriction Period</a>, 1797–1821), the dramatically increased demand for bank notes slowly forced the banks to refine the technologies employed.<sup id="cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mockford_122-123-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, watermarks, which previously were straight lines, became wavy—an idea of William Brewer, a watermark mould maker. This made counterfeiting bank notes harder still, at least in the short term, and in 1803 the number of forged bank notes fell to just 3000, compared to 5000 the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks asked skilled engravers and artists to help them make their notes more difficult to counterfeit during the same time period, which historians refer to as "the search for the inimitable banknote." During this time, bank notes also began to be double-sided and have more intricate patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ease with which paper money can be created, by both legitimate authorities and counterfeiters, has led to a temptation in times of crisis such as war or revolution, or merely a spendthrift government, to produce paper money which was not supported by precious metal or other goods; this often led to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and a loss of faith in the value of paper money, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Currency">Continental Currency</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assignat" title="Assignat">Assignats</a> produced during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the paper currency produced by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_States_Confederate_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern States Confederate Currency">individual states of the Confederate States of America</a>, the financing of World War I by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (by 1922 1 gold <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">Austro-Hungarian krone</a> of 1914 was worth 14,400 paper Kronen), the devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a> in the 1990s, etc. Banknotes may also be <a href="/wiki/Overprinted" class="mw-redirect" title="Overprinted">overprinted</a> to reflect political or economic changes that occur faster than new currency can be printed. </p><p>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> produced the 5000 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Schilling</a> banknote (<a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>), which is the first foil application (<a href="/wiki/Kinebar" title="Kinebar">Kinegram</a>) to a paper banknote in the history of banknote printing. The application of optical features is now common throughout the world. Many countries' banknotes now have embedded <a href="/wiki/Holograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Holograms">holograms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymer_banknotes">Polymer banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polymer banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">Polymer banknote</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg/220px-ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg/330px-ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg/440px-ROL_2000_1999_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6772" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Two_thousand_lei" title="Two thousand lei">2000 Romanian lei</a> polymer banknote</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> issued the first <a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> issued the first <a href="/wiki/Bradvek" title="Bradvek">Bradvek</a> polymer (or plastic) banknotes; these were printed by the <a href="/wiki/ABCorp" title="ABCorp">American Banknote Company</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>. These early plastic notes were plagued with issues such as ink wearing off, and they were discontinued. In 1988, after significant research and development in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a> (CSIRO) and the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>, Australia produced the first <a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">polymer banknote</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Biaxially-oriented_polypropylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Biaxially-oriented polypropylene">biaxially-oriented polypropylene</a> (plastic), and in 1996, Australia became the first country to have a full set of circulating polymer banknotes of all denominations, completely replacing its paper banknotes. Since then, many other countries have adopted circulating polymer banknotes, including <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR (China)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. Other countries have issued commemorative polymer notes, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bank">Northern Bank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> issued the world's first <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_paper-polymer_banknote" title="Hybrid paper-polymer banknote">hybrid paper-polymer banknote</a>. </p><p>Polymer banknotes were developed to improve durability and prevent <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a> through incorporated security features, such as <a href="/wiki/Optically_variable_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Optically variable devices">optically variable devices</a> that are extremely difficult to reproduce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, a number of materials other than paper have been used to print banknotes. This includes various textiles, including silk, and materials such as leather.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_(7559).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/220px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/330px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg/440px-Russian-American_Co_-_1_Ruble_%287559%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="3363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_American_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian American Company">Russian American Company</a>-issued <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_parchment_scrip" title="Alaskan parchment scrip">Alaskan parchment scrip</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1852</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Silk and other fibers have been commonly used in the manufacture of various banknote papers, intended to provide both additional durability and security. <a href="/wiki/Crane_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane and Company">Crane and Company</a> patented banknote paper with embedded silk threads in 1844 and has supplied paper to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury">United States Treasury</a> since 1879. Banknotes printed on pure silk "paper" include "emergency money" <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">Notgeld</a> issues from a number of German towns in 1923 during a period of fiscal crisis and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>. Most notoriously, <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a> produced a number of silk, leather, velvet, linen and wood issues. These issues were produced primarily for collectors, rather than for circulation. They are in demand by collectors. Banknotes printed on cloth include a number of Communist Revolutionary issues in China from areas such as <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, or Sinkiang, in the United Islamic Republic of East <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> in 1933. Emergency money was also printed in 1902 on <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> shirt fabric during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> fibers, together with 25% linen, are the material of the banknotes in the United States. Leather banknotes (or coins) were issued in a number of <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a>, as well as in other times of emergency. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian administration of Alaska</a>, banknotes were printed on <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_parchment_scrip" title="Alaskan parchment scrip">sealskin</a>. A number of 19th-century issues are known in Germanic and Estonia, including the places of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pernau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru" title="Võru">Werro</a>, and Woiseck. In addition to the Bielefeld issues, other German leather <a href="/wiki/Notgeld" title="Notgeld">Notgeld</a> from 1923 is known from <a href="/wiki/Borna,_Leipzig" title="Borna, Leipzig">Borna</a>, Osterwieck, Paderborn and Pößneck. </p><p>Other issues from 1923 were printed on wood, which was also used in Canada in 1763–1764 during <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. In 1848, in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, wooden checkerboard pieces were used as money. </p><p>Even <a href="/wiki/Card_money" title="Card money">playing cards</a> were used for currency in France in the early 19th century, and in French Canada from 1685 until 1757, the Colony of Louisiana, Dutch Guiana, and in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> in the beginning of the 19th century, and again in Germany after World War I. </p><p>Most recently, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">Bisphenol S</a> (BPS), has been frequently used in the production of banknotes worldwide. BPS is an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a> that is subject to human dermal absorption through handling banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_orientation">Vertical orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vertical orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vertical currency is a type of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> in which the orientation has been changed from the conventional horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. Dowling Duncan, a self-touted multidisciplinary design studio, conducted a study in which they determined people tend to handle and deal with money vertically rather than horizontally, especially when the currency is processed through <a href="/wiki/Automated_Teller_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Teller Machine">ATM</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Money_changer#Mechanical_device" title="Money changer">money machines</a>. They also note how money transactions are conducted vertically, not horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda dollar">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verde</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_dollar" title="Eastern Caribbean dollar">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuela</a> have adopted vertically oriented currency, though Cape Verde has now reverted to horizontal orientation. </p><p>Since 1979, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lanka</a> has printed the reverse of its banknotes vertically. Between 1993 and 2013, Brazil has printed banknotes of 5000 and 50000 <a href="/wiki/Cruzeiro_real" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruzeiro real">cruzeiros reais</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a> series of banknotes has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format. The 2018 <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar banknotes</a> series too has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Chinese banknotes were also vertical, due to the direction of Chinese writing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_Canada_banknote_series" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Canada banknote series">2018 Canadian $10 bill</a> featuring a portrait of Canadian civil rights pioneer <a href="/wiki/Viola_Desmond" title="Viola Desmond">Viola Desmond</a> is presented in a vertical format.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish £5 and £10 notes</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a> for 2019 were also presented in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vending_machines_and_banknotes">Vending machines and banknotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vending machines and banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Vending_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vending machines">vending machines</a> were designed to recognize banknotes of smaller values long after they were designed to recognize coins distinct from slugs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2021)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> This capability has become inescapable in economies where inflation has not been followed by introduction of progressively larger coin denominations (such as the United States, where several attempts to make <a href="/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)" title="Dollar coin (United States)">dollar coins</a> popular in general circulation have largely failed). The existing infrastructure of such machines presents one of the difficulties in changing the design of these banknotes to make them less counterfeitable, that is, by adding additional features so easily discernible by people that they would immediately reject banknotes of inferior quality, for every machine in the country would have to be updated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction">Destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg/220px-5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg/330px-5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg/440px-5_Euro_note_in_bad_condition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5 euro note</a> so badly damaged it has been torn in half. The note has later been repaired with tape.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the New York University scientific research project: <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Money_Project" title="Dirty Money Project">Dirty Money Project</a></div> <p>A banknote is removed from circulation because of everyday <a href="/wiki/Wear_and_tear" title="Wear and tear">wear and tear</a> from its handling. Banknotes are passed through a <a href="/wiki/Banknote_processing" title="Banknote processing">banknote sorting</a> machine to assess their authenticity and fitness for circulation, or may be classified unfit for circulation if they are worn, dirty, soiled, damaged, mutilated or torn. Unfit notes are returned to the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> for secure online destruction by high-speed banknote sorting machines using a cross-cut shredder device similar to a <a href="/wiki/Paper_shredder" title="Paper shredder">paper shredder</a> with security level P-5 (pieces smaller than 30 mm<sup>2</sup>) according to the standard DIN 66399–2. This small size decomposes a banknote into typically more than 500 tiny pieces and rules out reconstruction like a jigsaw puzzle because the shreds from many banknotes are commingled. </p><p>A subsequent <a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquettor</a> compresses shredded paper material into a small cylindrical or rectangular form for disposal (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> or burning).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 1990s, unfit banknotes were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a>, with a higher risk of manipulations. </p><p>When a Federal Reserve Bank of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> receives a cash deposit from a commercial bank or another <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a>, it checks the individual notes to determine whether they are fit for future circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one-third of the notes that the Fed receives are unfit, and the Fed destroys them. US dollar banknotes last an average of more than five years.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contaminated banknotes are also decommissioned and removed from circulation, primarily to prevent the spread of diseases. A Canadian government report indicates: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Types of contaminants include: notes found on a corpse, stagnant water, contaminated by human or animal body fluids such as urine, feces, vomit, infectious blood, fine hazardous powders from detonated explosives, <a href="/wiki/Dye_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye pack">dye pack</a> and/or drugs...<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the US, the nickname "Fed Shreds" refers to paper money which has been shredded after becoming unfit for circulation. Although these shredded banknotes are generally landfilled, they are sometimes sold or given away in small bags as <a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenirs</a> or as briquettes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">Polymer banknotes</a> may be shredded and then melted down and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled</a> to form plastic products like building components, plumbing fittings, or compost bins.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Shredded Banknotes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fed Shreds as souvenir from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco"><img alt="Fed Shreds as souvenir from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg/146px-Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg/219px-Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg/292px-Fed-Shreds_of_US_dollar_from_FRB_San_Francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fed Shreds as souvenir from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shreds of unfit US dollar notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm"><img alt="Shreds of unfit US dollar notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg/150px-Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg/225px-Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg/300px-Shreds_US_Dollar_Details.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shreds of unfit <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a> notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)"><img alt="Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg/130px-Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg/195px-Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg/261px-Shredded_US-Dollar_Notes_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a> (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)"><img alt="Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg/130px-Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg/195px-Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg/260px-Shredded_US_Dollar_Notes_rear_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="2929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shredded and briquetted <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a> notes from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a> (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shredded and briquetted euro banknotes from the Deutsche Bundesbank, Germany (approx. 1 kg)"><img alt="Shredded and briquetted euro banknotes from the Deutsche Bundesbank, Germany (approx. 1 kg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg/133px-Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg/200px-Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg/267px-Geldscheine_geschreddert_und_zu_Block_verpresst_P5130163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shredded and briquetted <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> banknotes from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>, Germany (approx. 1 kg) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligent_banknote_neutralisation_systems">Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_banknote_neutralisation_system" title="Intelligent banknote neutralisation system">Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems</a> (IBNS) are security systems which render banknotes unusable by marking them permanently as stolen with a degradation agent. Marked (stained) banknotes cannot be brought back into circulation easily and can be linked to the crime scene. Today's most used degradation agent is a special security ink which cannot be removed from the banknote easily and not without destroying the banknote itself, but other agents also exist. Today IBNSs are used to protect banknotes in <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a>, retail machines, and during <a href="/wiki/Cash-in-transit" title="Cash-in-transit">cash-in-transit</a> operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamic_Intelligent_Currency_Encryption">Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Intelligent_Currency_Encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption">Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption</a> (DICE) is a security technology introduced in 2014 by the British company EDAQS that devalues banknotes remotely that are illegal or have been stolen. The technology is based on identifiable banknotes—that could be an RFID chip or a barcode—and connects to a digital security system to verify the validity of the banknote. The company claims that the banknotes are <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">unforgeable</a> and contribute to solving cash-related problems as well as fighting crime and terrorism. On a related note, governments consider the DICE benefits to be a driving force behind the progressive abolition of cash because they cover and resolve almost all cash-related issues.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confiscation_and_asset_forfeiture">Confiscation and asset forfeiture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Confiscation and asset forfeiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there are many laws that allow the confiscation of cash and other assets from the bearer if there is suspicion that the money came from an illegal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because a significant amount of U.S. currency contains traces of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and other illegal drugs, it is not uncommon for innocent people searched at airports or stopped for traffic violations to have cash in their possession sniffed by dogs for drugs and then have the cash seized because the dog smelled drugs on the money. It is then up to the owner of the money to prove where the cash came from at his own expense. Many people simply forfeit the money.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, held in the case of <i>United States of America v. U.S. Currency, $30,060.00</i> (39 F.3d 1039 63 USLW 2351, No. 92-55919) that the widespread presence of illegal substances on paper currency in the Los Angeles area created a situation where the reaction of a drug-sniffing dog would not create probable cause for civil forfeiture.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_money_collecting_as_a_hobby">Paper money collecting as a hobby</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Paper money collecting as a hobby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></div> <p>Banknote collecting, or <a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">notaphily</a>, is a slowly growing area of <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>. Although generally not as widespread as coin and <a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">stamp collecting</a>, the hobby is slowly expanding. Prior to the 1990s, currency collecting was a relatively small adjunct to coin collecting, but currency auctions and greater public awareness of paper money have caused more interest in rare banknotes and consequently their increased value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most valuable banknote is the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(1890%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Note (1890–91)">$1000 bill</a> issued in 1890 that was sold at an auction for $2,255,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trades">Trades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Trades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For years, the mode of collecting banknotes was through a handful of mail order dealers who issued price lists and catalogs. In the early 1990s, it became more common for rare notes to be sold at various coin and currency shows via auction. The illustrated catalogs and "event nature" of the auction practice seemed to fuel a sharp rise in overall awareness of paper money in the numismatic community. The emergence of currency third party grading services (similar to services that grade and "slab", or encapsulate, coins) also may have increased collector and investor interest in notes. Entire advanced collections are often sold at one time, and to this day, single auctions can generate millions in gross sales. Today, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> has surpassed auctions in terms of the highest volume of sales of banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rare banknotes still sell for much less than comparable rare coins. This disparity is diminishing as paper money prices continue to rise. A few rare and historical banknotes have sold for more than a million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many different organizations and societies around the world for the hobby, including the International Bank Note Society (IBNS), which currently asserts to have around 2,000 members in 90 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novelty">Novelty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Novelty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The universal appeal and instant recognition of bank notes have resulted in a plethora of novelty merchandise that is designed to have the appearance of paper currency. These items cover nearly every class of product. Cloth material printed with banknote patterns is used for clothing, bed linens, curtains, upholstery, and more. Acrylic paperweights and even toilet seats with bank notes embedded inside are also common. Items that resemble stacks of bank notes and can be used as a seat or ottoman are also available. </p><p>Manufacturers of these items must take into consideration when creating these products whether the product could be construed as counterfeiting. Overlapping note images and/or changing the dimensions of the reproduction to be at least 50% smaller or 50% larger than the original are some ways to avoid the risk of being considered a counterfeit. But in cases where realism is the goal, other steps may be necessary. For example, in the stack of banknotes seat mentioned earlier, the decal used to create the product would be considered counterfeit. However, once the decal has been affixed to the resin stack shell and cannot be peeled off, the final product is no longer at risk of being classified as counterfeit, even though the resulting appearance is realistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/28px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/42px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/56px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknote counter">Banknote counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._G._Boggs" title="J. S. G. Boggs">J. S. G. Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contaminated_currency" title="Contaminated currency">Contaminated currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_money" title="Hell money">Hell money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_paper-polymer_banknote" title="Hybrid paper-polymer banknote">Hybrid paper-polymer banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motifs_on_banknotes" title="List of motifs on banknotes">List of motifs on banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_banknotes" title="List of people on banknotes">List of people on banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal currency">Postal currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">Seigniorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevett_v._Weeden" title="Trevett v. Weeden">Trevett v. Weeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_note" title="Used note">Used note</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell1994469-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell1994469_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtackPassell1994">Atack & Passell (1994)</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217182521/http://www.royalmint.com/corporate/policies/legal_tender_guidelines.aspx">"Legal Tender Guidelines"</a>. British Royal Mint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/policies/legal_tender_guidelines.aspx">the original</a> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Tender+Guidelines&rft.pub=British+Royal+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmint.com%2FCorporate%2Fpolicies%2Flegal_tender_guidelines.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._75-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._75_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1903" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/mode/2up">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a>. <i>Records of the Past</i>. <b>2</b> (3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Past_Exploration_Society" title="Records of the Past Exploration Society">Records of the Past Exploration Society</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n15/mode/2up">75</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>100. Anyone borrowing money shall ... his contract [for payment].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924060109703%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_1904_p._35-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._35_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1904" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></i>. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-the-code-of-hammurabi#lf0762_label_321">35</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613091052/https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>§100. ...he shall write down ... returns to his merchant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Fund&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Foll3%2Fstore%2Ftitles%2F1276%2F0762_Bk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_1910-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_1910_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_1910_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1910" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a></i>. Translated by King, Leonard William. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510072841/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fancient%2Fhamframe.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._77-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._77_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1903" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/mode/2up">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a>. <i>Records of the Past</i>. <b>2</b> (3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Past_Exploration_Society" title="Records of the Past Exploration Society">Records of the Past Exploration Society</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n17/mode/2up">77</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>122. If anyone entrusts to ... have committed an offence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924060109703%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_1904_p._43-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._43_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1904" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></i>. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-the-code-of-hammurabi#lf0762_label_343">43</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613091052/https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>§122. If a man give ... it from the thief.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Fund&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Foll3%2Fstore%2Ftitles%2F1276%2F0762_Bk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1890" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John Percival (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IW4vAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10"><i>Speeches of J.P. Jones: Money and Tariff, 1890–93</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100356/https://books.google.com/books?id=IW4vAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+J.P.+Jones%3A+Money+and+Tariff%2C+1890%E2%80%9393&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+Percival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIW4vAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1880" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, Luther Vanhorn (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencemoneyand00moulgoog"><i>The Science of Money and American Finances</i></a>. Co-operative Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencemoneyand00moulgoog/page/n141">134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Money+and+American+Finances.&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Co-operative+Press&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Luther+Vanhorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencemoneyand00moulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1921" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H. G. 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New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+outline+of+history%2C+being+a+plain+history+of+life+and+mankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlineofhistory00wellrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-money.html">"The History of Money"</a>. <i>pbs.org – Nova</i>. 26 October 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825185527/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-money.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/ancient-rome-London-Londinum-Bloomberg-archaeology-Boudicca-archaeology/">the original</a> on 10 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Roman+IOUs+Found+Beneath+Bloomberg%27s+New+London+HQ&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fancient-rome-London-Londinum-Bloomberg-archaeology-Boudicca-archaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenGrantParkerCeltel2022" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Tony; Grant, R. G.; Parker, Philip; Celtel, Kay; Kramer, Ann; Weeks, Marcus (2022). <i>Timelines of World History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-5627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-5627-3"><bdi>978-0-7440-5627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timelines+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7440-5627-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Grant%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Philip&rft.au=Celtel%2C+Kay&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Ann&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006156_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000105_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2000">Bowman (2000)</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet196280-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet196280_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGernet1962">Gernet (1962)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisst2005" class="citation book cs1">Geisst, Charles R. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of American business history</i>. New York. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4350-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4350-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-4350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+business+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4350-7&rft.aulast=Geisst&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/SE-12.pdf">"Chapter 12: Security Printing and Seals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems</i>. p. 245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211030617/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/SE-12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>The introduction of paper money into Europe by Napoleon in the early 1800s, and of other valuable documents such as bearer securities and passports, kicked off a battle between security printers and counterfeiters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Security+Printing+and+Seals&rft.btitle=Security+Engineering%3A+A+Guide+to+Building+Dependable+Distributed+Systems&rft.pages=245&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2F~rja14%2FPapers%2FSE-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernholz-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernholz_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bernholz2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bernholz (2003). <i>Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-155-6"><bdi>978-1-84376-155-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monetary+Regimes+and+Inflation%3A+History%2C+Economic+and+Political+Relationships&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-155-6&rft.au=Peter+Bernholz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headrick-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Headrick_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_R._Headrick2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel R. Headrick (2009). <i>Technology: A World History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988759-0"><bdi>978-0-19-988759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%3A+A+World+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988759-0&rft.au=Daniel+R.+Headrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198647-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198647_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham (1986)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198648-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198648_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham (1986)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jankowiak, Marek. <i>Dirhams for slaves</i>. Medieval Seminar, All Souls, 2012, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnowsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Sarnowsky, Jürgen (2011). <i>Templar Order</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_com_125078">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_com_125078</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0041-4666-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0041-4666-2"><bdi>978-9-0041-4666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Templar+Order&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_com_125078&rft.isbn=978-9-0041-4666-2&rft.aulast=Sarnowsky&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarhi00mart"><i>The Knights Templar: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order</i></a>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560256458" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560256458"><bdi>978-1560256458</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57175151">57175151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar%3A+The+History+and+Myths+of+the+Legendary+Military+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57175151&rft.isbn=978-1560256458&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightstemplarhi00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goetzmann-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goetzmann_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_N._GoetzmannK._Geert_Rouwenhorst2005" class="citation book cs1">William N. Goetzmann; K. Geert Rouwenhorst (2005). <i>The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517571-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517571-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Mongols adopted the Jin and Song practice of issuing paper money, and the earliest European account of paper money is the detailed description given by Marco Polo, who claimed to have served at the court of the Yuan dynasty rulers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Value%3A+The+Financial+Innovations+that+Created+Modern+Capital+Markets&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517571-4&rft.au=William+N.+Goetzmann&rft.au=K.+Geert+Rouwenhorst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshenskyi2008" class="citation book cs1">Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008). <i>History of the weksel: Bill of exchange and promissory note</i>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4363-0694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4363-0694-2"><bdi>978-1-4363-0694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+weksel%3A+Bill+of+exchange+and+promissory+note&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4363-0694-2&rft.aulast=Moshenskyi&rft.aufirst=Sergii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marco_Polo-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marco_Polo_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_Polo1818" class="citation book cs1">Marco Polo (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JetQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353"><i>The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World</i></a>. pp. 353–355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100424/https://books.google.com/books?id=JetQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Marco+Polo%2C+a+Venetian%2C+in+the+Thirteenth+Century%3A+Being+a+Description%2C+by+that+Early+Traveller%2C+of+Remarkable+Places+and+Things%2C+in+the+Eastern+Parts+of+the+World&rft.pages=353-355&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Marco+Polo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJetQAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geld_1992,_page_96-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geld_1992,_page_96_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geld_1992,_page_96_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Geschiedenis van het Geld (the History of Money), 1992, Teleac, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-47808">"Sverige, Palmstruchska banken, Kreditsedel 10 daler silvermynt, 17 april 1666"</a> [Europe's first banknotes]. <i>Alvin</i> (in Swedish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alvin&rft.atitle=Sverige%2C+Palmstruchska+banken%2C+Kreditsedel+10+daler+silvermynt%2C+17+april+1666&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aalvin%3Aportal%3Arecord-47808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure_AP2013" class="citation journal cs1">Faure AP (6 April 2013). "Money Creation: Genesis 2: Goldsmith-Bankers and Bank Notes". <i>Social Science Research Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2244977">2244977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Money+Creation%3A+Genesis+2%3A+Goldsmith-Bankers+and+Bank+Notes&rft.date=2013-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2244977%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Faure+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymoigneWray2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tymoigne, Eric; Wray, L. Randall (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1009611">"Money: An Alternative Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1009611">10.2139/ssrn.1009611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2254888">2254888</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1009611">1009611</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174618/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1009611">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Money%3A+An+Alternative+Story&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2254888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1009611%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1009611&rft.aulast=Tymoigne&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Wray%2C+L.+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1009611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Lannoye2011" class="citation book cs1">Vincent Lannoye (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0owO86az53EC&pg=PA132"><i>The History of Money for Understanding Economics</i></a>. Vincent Lannoye. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4802-0066-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4802-0066-1"><bdi>978-1-4802-0066-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100320/https://books.google.com/books?id=0owO86az53EC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Money+for+Understanding+Economics&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Vincent+Lannoye&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4802-0066-1&rft.au=Vincent+Lannoye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0owO86az53EC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Gunnar_Persson2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl Gunnar Persson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYJtS1MdKlsC&pg=PA137"><i>An Economic History of Europe: Knowledge, Institutions and Growth, 600 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521549400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521549400"><bdi>978-0521549400</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100321/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYJtS1MdKlsC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Europe%3A+Knowledge%2C+Institutions+and+Growth%2C+600+to+the+Present&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521549400&rft.au=Karl+Gunnar+Persson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYJtS1MdKlsC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citedeleconomie.fr/The-first-European-banknote">"The first European banknote"</a>. <i>Cité de l’économie et de la monnaie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183800/http://www.citedeleconomie.fr/The-first-European-banknote">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cit%C3%A9+de+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie+et+de+la+monnaie&rft.atitle=The+first+European+banknote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citedeleconomie.fr%2FThe-first-European-banknote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Barbon, <i>Discourse on Trade</i>, 1690. p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew McFarland Davis, <i>Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay</i>, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Dillon2007" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Dillon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yY_1a6QDLdEC"><i>The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World</i></a>. Random House. pp. 344–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844134083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844134083"><bdi>978-1844134083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Revolution%3A+1688+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=344-346&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1844134083&rft.au=Patrick+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyY_1a6QDLdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Eric_P.1990" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Eric P. (1990). <i>The Early Paper Money of America</i> (3rd ed.). Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-120-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-120-X"><bdi>0-87341-120-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Paper+Money+of+America&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87341-120-X&rft.au=Newman%2C+Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouton2007" class="citation book cs1">Bouton, Terry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fy7pn9je76QC"><i>Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195378566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195378566"><bdi>978-0195378566</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100346/https://books.google.com/books?id=fy7pn9je76QC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+Democracy%3A+%22The+People%2C%22+the+Founders%2C+and+the+Troubled+Ending+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195378566&rft.aulast=Bouton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfy7pn9je76QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010128/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/pages/about/history.aspx">"A brief history of banknotes"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/pages/about/history.aspx">the original</a> on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+banknotes&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fpages%2Fabout%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/who-we-are/our-heritage/bank-of-scotland-heritage.html">"The history of Bank of Scotland"</a>. Lloyds Banking Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Bank+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Lloyds+Banking+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lloydsbankinggroup.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-heritage%2Fbank-of-scotland-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1928/13/pdfs/ukpga_19280013_en.pdf">"Currency and Bank Notes Act, 1928"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115084953/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1928/13/pdfs/ukpga_19280013_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Currency+and+Bank+Notes+Act%2C+1928&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1928%2F13%2Fpdfs%2Fukpga_19280013_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104053/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/others/%c2%a32_note_issued_by_evans,_jones.aspx">"£2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co"</a>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/others/%c2%a32_note_issued_by_evans,_jones.aspx">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A32+note+issued+by+Evans%2C+Jones%2C+Davies+%26+Co.&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fcm%2Fothers%2F%25c2%25a32_note_issued_by_evans%2C_jones.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapieFischerGoodhartSchnadt1994" class="citation book cs1">Capie, Forrest; Fischer, Stanley; Goodhart, Charles; Schnadt, Norbert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39606/">"The development of central banking"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofcentralb0000unse"><i>The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-9634-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-9634-6"><bdi>978-0-5214-9634-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tucker (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918034732/http://blog.mises.org/13920/yesterday-was-a-historic-day/">"Yesterday was a Historic Day"</a>. <i>Mises Wire</i>. Mises Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.mises.org/13920/yesterday-was-a-historic-day/">the original</a> on 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Wire&rft.atitle=Yesterday+was+a+Historic+Day&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.au=Jeffrey+A.+Tucker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.mises.org%2F13920%2Fyesterday-was-a-historic-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsefield1944" class="citation journal cs1">Horsefield, J. K. (November 1944). "The Origins of the Bank Charter Act, 1844". <i>Economica</i>. New. <b>11</b> (44): 180–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2549352">10.2307/2549352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549352">2549352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Bank+Charter+Act%2C+1844&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=180-189&rft.date=1944-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2549352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2549352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horsefield&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Payment_and_Settlement_Systems2003" class="citation web cs1">Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss55.pdf">"The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bank for International Settlements. p. 96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909222757/http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss55.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2008</span>. <q>Although historically not the case, these days banknotes are usually issued only by the central bank. This is broadly the case in all CPSS economies, except Hong Kong SAR, where banknotes are issued by three commercial banks. Singapore and the United Kingdom are more limited exceptions. Singapore dollar banknotes have been issued by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore">Board of Commissioners of Currency</a>, a government agency, although following the merger of the Board into the MAS in October 2002 this is no longer the case. In the United Kingdom, Scottish banks retain the right to issue banknotes alongside those of the Bank of England and three banks currently still do so.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Central+Bank+Money+in+Payment+Systems&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Bank+for+International+Settlements&rft.date=2003-08&rft.au=Committee+on+Payment+and+Settlement+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpubl%2Fcpss55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bil-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bil_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bil.com/en/corporate/history/Pages/default.aspx">"BIL's history"</a>. Banque Internationale à Luxembourg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427155937/https://www.bil.com/en/corporate/history/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIL%27s+history&rft.pub=Banque+Internationale+%C3%A0+Luxembourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bil.com%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fhistory%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/4801/Error-Is-Human-Part-I/">"Error Is Human: Part I – PMG"</a>. <i>www.pmgnotes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509153651/https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/4801/Error-Is-Human-Part-I/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmgnotes.com&rft.atitle=Error+Is+Human%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+PMG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmgnotes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F4801%2FError-Is-Human-Part-I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Famous shipwrecks from which valuable precious metals and coins were recovered in recent years include the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Atocha" title="Nuestra Señora de Atocha">Atocha</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS Central America</a></i>. Shipwreck coins are highly collectible, and dealers sometimes post photos on the internet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedwickcoins.com/map/map.html">"Virtual Shipwreck and Hoard Map by Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC"</a>. <i>sedwickcoins.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623191009/http://www.sedwickcoins.com/map/map.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sedwickcoins.com&rft.atitle=Virtual+Shipwreck+and+Hoard+Map+by+Daniel+Frank+Sedwick%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sedwickcoins.com%2Fmap%2Fmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell199484–86-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtackPassell199484–86_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtackPassell1994">Atack & Passell (1994)</a>, pp. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1951-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1951_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1951" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, George Rogers (1951). <i>The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860</i>. New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-101-3"><bdi>978-0-87332-101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transportation+Revolution%2C+1815%E2%80%931860&rft.place=New+York%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Rinehart+%26+Co.&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-101-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=George+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLaRue-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeLaRue_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513043414/http://www.delarue.com/ProductsSolutions/BanknoteProduction/TheBanknoteLifecyc/">"The Banknote Lifecycle – from Design to Destruction"</a>. <i>De La Rue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delarue.com/ProductsSolutions/BanknoteProduction/TheBanknoteLifecyc/">the original</a> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+La+Rue&rft.atitle=The+Banknote+Lifecycle+%E2%80%93+from+Design+to+Destruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delarue.com%2FProductsSolutions%2FBanknoteProduction%2FTheBanknoteLifecyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npb.go.jp/en/intro/seizou.html">"Banknote Production Process"</a>. <i>www.npb.go.jp</i>. [Japanese] National Printing Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012136/http://www.npb.go.jp/en/intro/seizou.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npb.go.jp&rft.atitle=Banknote+Production+Process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npb.go.jp%2Fen%2Fintro%2Fseizou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/banknotes/security/html/index.en.html">"Security features. Europa series €100 banknote"</a>. <i>European Central Bank</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112065935/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/banknotes/security/html/index.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Central+Bank&rft.atitle=Security+features.+Europa+series+%E2%82%AC100+banknote&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Feuro%2Fbanknotes%2Fsecurity%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louisenthal.com/language/en/home/specials/hybrid/">"Hybrid Banknote Substrate"</a>. <i>Papierfabrik Louisenthal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413233317/https://www.louisenthal.com/language/en/home/specials/hybrid/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papierfabrik+Louisenthal&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Banknote+Substrate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisenthal.com%2Flanguage%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fspecials%2Fhybrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrymble2018" class="citation journal cs1">Crymble, Adam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03058034.2016.1270876">"How Criminal were the Irish? Bias in the Detection of London Currency Crime, 1797–1821"</a>. <i>The London Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 36–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03058034.2016.1270876">10.1080/03058034.2016.1270876</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F19710">2299/19710</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Criminal+were+the+Irish%3F+Bias+in+the+Detection+of+London+Currency+Crime%2C+1797%E2%80%931821&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-52&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2299%2F19710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03058034.2016.1270876&rft.aulast=Crymble&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03058034.2016.1270876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mockford-2014">Mockford, 2014; pp. 118–119</a> quote="Detailed discussion of the material characteristics of Bank Notes, as well as the methods used in their construction, have therefore tended to constitute merely a footnote in historical works that have often prioritised both contemporary and modern theoretical understandings of money and exchange."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mockford-2014">Mockford, 2014; p. 121</a> quote="The technologies employed by the Bank in the making of its notes were ones that altered very little throughout the course of the long eighteenth century, with major changes not occurring until well after the close of this period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mockford_122-123-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mockford_122-123_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mockford-2014">Mockford, 2014; pp. 122–123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mockford-2014">Mockford, 2014; p. 126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mockford-2014">Mockford, 2014; p. 127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104633/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/currency.html">"Our Currency"</a>. <i>About Australia</i>. Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/currency.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Australia&rft.atitle=Our+Currency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2Fcurrency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.K. Singh, <i>Bank Regulation</i>, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiao_CLiu_FKannan_K2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liao C; Liu F; Kannan K (2012). "Bisphenol S, a New Bisphenol Analogue, in Paper Products and Currency Bills and Its Association with Bisphenol A Residues". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>46</b> (12): 6515–6522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnST...46.6515L">2012EnST...46.6515L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes300876n">10.1021/es300876n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591511">22591511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Bisphenol+S%2C+a+New+Bisphenol+Analogue%2C+in+Paper+Products+and+Currency+Bills+and+Its+Association+with+Bisphenol+A+Residues&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6515-6522&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22591511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes300876n&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EnST...46.6515L&rft.au=Liao+C&rft.au=Liu+F&rft.au=Kannan+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423032115/http://dowlingduncan.com/2010/dowling-duncan-redesign-us-bank-notes/">"Dowling Duncan redesign the US banknotes"</a>. <i>Dowling | Duncan</i>. 14 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dowlingduncan.com/2010/dowling-duncan-redesign-us-bank-notes/">the original</a> on 23 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dowling+%26%23124%3B+Duncan&rft.atitle=Dowling+Duncan+redesign+the+US+banknotes&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdowlingduncan.com%2F2010%2Fdowling-duncan-redesign-us-bank-notes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-information/press-releases/2018/20180724-5.shtml">"2018 New Series Hong Kong Banknotes"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>. 24 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Million+Counterfeit+Items+Removed+From+EBay&rft.pub=PC+World&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft.au=Cyndy+Aleo-Carreira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F161848%2F2_million_counterfeit_items_removed_from_ebay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank_Note2011" class="citation web cs1">Bank Note (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ad=article&ArticleId=22989">"Long Beach Sale Set"</a>. World Record Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908025948/http://www.numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ad=article&ArticleId=22989">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+Beach+Sale+Set&rft.pub=World+Record+Academy&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.au=Bank+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numismaster.com%2Fta%2Fnumis%2FArticle.jsp%3Fad%3Darticle%26ArticleId%3D22989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theibns.org/joomla/index.php">"Introducing the IBNS"</a>. IBNS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928045619/http://www.theibns.org/joomla/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+IBNS&rft.pub=IBNS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theibns.org%2Fjoomla%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtackPassell1994" class="citation book cs1">Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweconomicviewo00atac"><i>A New Economic View of American History</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96315-1"><bdi>978-0-393-96315-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Economic+View+of+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-393-96315-1&rft.aulast=Atack&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Passell%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneweconomicviewo00atac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John S. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-1004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-1004-4"><bdi>978-0-2311-1004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2311-1004-4&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0"><i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6181-3384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6181-3384-0"><bdi>978-0-6181-3384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-6181-3384-0&rft.au=Ebrey&rft.au=Walthall&rft.au=Palais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastasiacultural00ebre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1962" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern"><i>Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0720-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-0720-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+China+on+the+Eve+of+the+Mongol+Invasion%2C+1250%E2%80%931276&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0720-6&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinchina00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-7566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-7566-0"><bdi>978-0-5218-7566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-7566-0&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mockford-2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Mockford, Jack (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/15308/09214226%20-%20Mockford%20Jack%20-%20final%20PhD%20submission.pdf?sequence=1"><i>"They are Exactly as Banknotes are": Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797–1821</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of Hertfordshire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22They+are+Exactly+as+Banknotes+are%22%3A+Perceptions+and+Technologies+of+Bank+Note+Forgery+During+the+Bank+Restriction+Period%2C+1797%E2%80%931821&rft.inst=University+of+Hertfordshire&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mockford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhra.herts.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2299%2F15308%2F09214226%2520-%2520Mockford%2520Jack%2520-%2520final%2520PhD%2520submission.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanknote" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banknotes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banknotes">Banknotes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/counterfeit-money-was-a-major-problem-in-the-s/article_0e46cc92-bcd4-11e1-a21e-0019bb2963f4.html">Counterfeit money was a major problem in the 1850s – Pantagraph</a> (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medium_of_exchange" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Means_of_exchange" title="Template:Means of exchange"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Means_of_exchange" title="Template talk:Means of exchange"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Means_of_exchange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Means of exchange"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medium_of_exchange" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">Medium of exchange</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">Commodity <br />money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">Axe-money</a> (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_products" title="Template:Paper products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_products" title="Template talk:Paper products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper_products" title="Category:Paper products">products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Cigarette pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">Wet wipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">Business card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">Visiting card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrain_wallpaper" title="Ingrain wallpaper">Ingrain wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">Confetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Drink coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(document)" title="Form (document)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Paper model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47433#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Papiergeld"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4138996-7">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banknote"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004469-5">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011581">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570906">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bankovky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118749&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="papírové peníze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123956&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="papírová platidla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115666&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282582605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013750">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40284">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banknote&oldid=1255537725">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banknote&oldid=1255537725</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banknotes" title="Category:Banknotes">Banknotes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_source_documents" title="Category:Accounting source documents">Accounting source documents</a></li><li><a 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