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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_level_disinfectant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_level_disinfectant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>High level disinfectant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_level_disinfectant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Instrument grade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Hospital grade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household/commercial_grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household/commercial_grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Household/commercial grade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household/commercial_grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurements_of_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements_of_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Measurements of effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements_of_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_disinfectants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_disinfectants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Air disinfectants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_disinfectants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alcohols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aldehydes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldehydes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aldehydes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldehydes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidizing_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidizing_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Oxidizing agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidizing_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peroxy_and_peroxo_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peroxy_and_peroxo_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Peroxy and peroxo acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peroxy_and_peroxo_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenolics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenolics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Phenolics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenolics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaternary_ammonium_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaternary_ammonium_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Quaternary ammonium compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quaternary_ammonium_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Inorganic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chlorine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Chlorine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iodine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iodine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Iodine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iodine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acids_and_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acids_and_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Acids and bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acids_and_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.4</span> <span>Metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terpenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terpenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Terpenes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terpenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Non-chemical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic_disinfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic_disinfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electrostatic disinfection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic_disinfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health and safety concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_Settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_Settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Healthcare Settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_Settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_Cleaning_and_Commercial_Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_Cleaning_and_Commercial_Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Professional Cleaning and Commercial Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_Cleaning_and_Commercial_Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Disinfectant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="مطهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="সংক্রমণ নিবারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংক্রমণ নিবারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siau-to%CC%8Dk" title="Siau-to̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siau-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дезинфекция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезинфекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfectant" title="Desinfectant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desinfectant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektionsmittel" title="Desinfektionsmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desinfektionsmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Απολυμαντικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απολυμαντικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seninfektigo" title="Seninfektigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seninfektigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektatzaile" title="Desinfektatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Desinfektatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گندزدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گندزدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADfhabht%C3%A1n" title="Dífhabhtán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dífhabhtán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfectante" title="Desinfectante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desinfectante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%8F%85%EC%A0%9C" title="소독제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소독제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վարակազերծում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարակազերծում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95" title="निस्संक्रामक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निस्संक्रामक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfekto" title="Desinfekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Desinfekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfektan" title="Disinfektan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disinfektan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99" title="חיטוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיטוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жұқпасыздандыру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұқпасыздандыру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakasa" title="Kitakasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitakasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дезинфекция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезинфекция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fert%C5%91tlen%C3%ADt%C5%91szerek" title="Fertőtlenítőszerek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fertőtlenítőszerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="അണുനാശിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണുനാശിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfektan" title="Disinfektan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Disinfektan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ариутгагч бодис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ариутгагч бодис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontsmettingsmiddel" title="Ontsmettingsmiddel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontsmettingsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E8%96%AC" title="消毒薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消毒薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinfeksiya" title="Dezinfeksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezinfeksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodek_dezynfekcyjny" title="Środek dezynfekcyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środek dezynfekcyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfetante" title="Desinfetante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desinfetante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinfectare" title="Dezinfectare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezinfectare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Disinfectant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дезинфекција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезинфекција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinfekcija" title="Dezinfekcija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dezinfekcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfiointi" title="Desinfiointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Desinfiointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des-impektante" title="Des-impektante – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Des-impektante" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="தொற்றுநீக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொற்றுநீக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Гандзудоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гандзудоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezenfektan" title="Dezenfektan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dezenfektan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дезінфекційні засоби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезінфекційні засоби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سینیٹائزر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینیٹائزر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A9y_u%E1%BA%BF" title="Tẩy uế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tẩy uế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%91" title="消毒劑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="消毒劑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antimicrobial agent that inactivates or destroys microbes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sanitizers" redirects here. For the software, see <a href="/wiki/AddressSanitizer" class="mw-redirect" title="AddressSanitizer">AddressSanitizer</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about antimicrobial agents. For the Macintosh anti-virus software, see <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant_(software)" title="Disinfectant (software)">Disinfectant (software)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disinfection_with_mop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Disinfection_with_mop.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Disinfection of a floor using disinfectant liquid applied using a <a href="/wiki/Mop" title="Mop">mop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png/220px-Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png/330px-Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png/440px-Resistance_of_Microbes_to_Disinfectants.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Levels of resistance of microbes to disinfectants.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>disinfectant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> on inert surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">bacterial spores</a>; it is less effective than <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a>, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobial agents">antimicrobial agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>, which destroy microorganisms on living <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a>. Disinfectants are also different from <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a>—the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination, and can be defined as the process whereby physical or chemical methods are used to reduce the amount of pathogenic microorganisms on a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disinfectants can also be used to destroy microorganisms on the skin and mucous membrane, as in the medical dictionary historically the word simply meant that it destroys microbes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms. Sanitizers are mild compared to disinfectants and are used majorly to clean things that are in human contact whereas disinfectants are concentrated and are used to clean surfaces like floors and building premises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacterial <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a> are most resistant to disinfectants, but some <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> also possess some resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg/220px-DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg/330px-DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg/440px-DISINFECTANT_PIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Disinfectants are used to rapidly kill bacteria. They kill off the bacteria by causing the proteins to become damaged and the outer layers of the bacteria cell to rupture. The DNA material subsequently leaks out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, a disinfection step with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet radiation">ultra-violet (UV) radiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ozonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozonation">ozonation</a> can be included as tertiary treatment to remove <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> from wastewater, for example if it is to be discharged to a river or the sea where there body contact immersion recreations is practiced (Europe) or reused to irrigate golf courses (US). An alternative term used in the <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> sector for disinfection of waste streams, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">fecal sludge</a> is <b>sanitisation</b> <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>sanitization</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Australian <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Act_1989" title="Therapeutic Goods Act 1989">Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54</a> defines several grades of disinfectant as will be used below.<sup id="cite_ref-govau_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govau-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sterilant">Sterilant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sterilant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sterilant</b> means a chemical agent which is used to sterilize critical medical devices or medical instruments. A sterilant kills all micro-organisms with the result that the sterility assurance level of a microbial survivor is less than 10^-6. Sterilant gases are not within this scope.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_level_disinfectant">Low level disinfectant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Low level disinfectant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Low level disinfectant</b> means a disinfectant that rapidly kills most <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative bacteria</a> as well as medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">lipid containing viruses</a>, when used according to labelling. It cannot be relied upon to destroy, within a practical period, <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_endospores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial endospores">bacterial endospores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacteria">mycobacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, or all small <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">nonlipid viruses</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_level_disinfectant">Intermediate level disinfectant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intermediate level disinfectant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Intermediate level disinfectant</b> means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens except bacterial endospores, when used as recommended by the manufacturer. It is <a href="/wiki/Bactericidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactericidal">bactericidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculocidal">tuberculocidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungicidal">fungicidal</a> (against asexual spores but not necessarily dried <a href="/wiki/Chlamydospores" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydospores">chlamydospores</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_spores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual spores (page does not exist)">sexual spores</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Virucidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virucidal">virucidal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_level_disinfectant">High level disinfectant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High level disinfectant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>High level disinfectant</b> means a disinfectant that kills all <a href="/wiki/Microbial_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial pathogens">microbial pathogens</a>, except large numbers of bacterial endospores when used as recommended by its manufacturer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrument_grade">Instrument grade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instrument grade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Instrument grade disinfectant</b> means: </p> <ol><li>a disinfectant which is used to reprocess reusable therapeutic devices; and</li> <li>when associated with the words "low", "intermediate" or "high" means "low", "intermediate" or "high" level disinfectant respectively.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospital_grade">Hospital grade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hospital grade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hospital grade means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building and fitting surfaces, and purposes not involving instruments or surfaces likely to come into contact with broken skin:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>in premises used for: <ul><li>the investigation or treatment of a disease, ailment or injury; or</li> <li>procedures that are carried out involving the penetration of the human skin; or,</li></ul></li> <li>in connection with: <ul><li>the business of beauty therapy or hairdressing; or</li> <li>the practice of podiatry;</li></ul></li></ol> <p>but does not include : </p> <ol><li>Instrument grade disinfectants; or</li> <li>sterilant; or</li> <li>an antibacterial clothes preparation; or</li> <li>a sanitary fluid; or</li> <li>a sanitary powder; or</li> <li>a sanitiser.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household/commercial_grade"><span id="Household.2Fcommercial_grade"></span>Household/commercial grade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Household/commercial grade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Household/commercial grade disinfectant</b> means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building or fitting surfaces, and for other purposes, in premises or involving procedures other than those specified for a hospital-grade disinfectant, but is not:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>an antibacterial clothes preparation; or</li> <li>a sanitary fluid; or</li> <li>a sanitary powder; or</li> <li>a sanitiser</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements_of_effectiveness">Measurements of effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurements of effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way to compare disinfectants is to compare how well they do against a known disinfectant and rate them accordingly. Phenol is the standard, and the corresponding rating system is called the "<a href="/wiki/Phenol_coefficient" title="Phenol coefficient">Phenol coefficient</a>". The disinfectant to be tested is compared with phenol on a standard microbe (usually <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_typhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonella typhi">Salmonella typhi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>). Disinfectants that are more effective than phenol have a coefficient > 1. Those that are less effective have a coefficient < 1.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The standard European approach for disinfectant validation consists of a basic suspension test, a quantitative suspension test (with low and high levels of organic material added to act as 'interfering substances') and a two part simulated-use surface test.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A less specific measurement of effectiveness is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) classification into either <i>high</i>, <i>intermediate</i> or <i>low</i> levels of disinfection. "High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores" and is done with a chemical germicide marketed as a sterilant by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). "Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a 'tuberculocide' by the Environmental Protection Agency. Low-level disinfection kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant by the EPA."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative assessment is to measure the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of disinfectants against selected (and representative) microbial species, such as through the use of microbroth dilution testing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those methods are obtained at standard inoculum levels without considering the inoculum effect. More informative methods are nowadays in demand to determine the minimum disinfectant dose as a function of the density of the target microbial species.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilisation</a>, without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and noncorrosive. However, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful (even <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain <a href="/wiki/Denatonium" title="Denatonium">denatonium</a>, an exceptionally bitter substance added to discourage ingestion, as a safety measure. Those that are used indoors should never be mixed with other cleaning products as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. Some disinfectants have a wide spectrum (kill many different types of microorganisms), while others kill a smaller range of disease-causing organisms but are preferred for other properties (they may be non-corrosive, non-toxic, or inexpensive).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are arguments for creating or maintaining conditions that are not conducive to bacterial survival and multiplication, rather than attempting to kill them with chemicals. Bacteria can increase in number very quickly, which enables them to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> rapidly. Should some bacteria survive a chemical attack, they give rise to new generations composed completely of bacteria that have resistance to the particular chemical used. Under a sustained chemical attack, the surviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the chemical used, and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some question the wisdom of impregnating cloths, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_board" title="Cutting board">cutting boards</a> and worktops in the home with <a href="/wiki/Bactericidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactericidal">bactericidal</a> chemicals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_disinfectants">Air disinfectants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air disinfectants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_sanitizer" title="Air sanitizer">Air sanitizer</a></div> <p>Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting microorganisms suspended in the air. Disinfectants are generally assumed to be limited to use on surfaces, but that is not the case. In 1928, a study found that airborne microorganisms could be killed using mists of dilute bleach.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour">vapour</a> at a sufficient concentration in the air to cause the number of viable infectious microorganisms to be significantly reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of diverse <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza virus">influenza virus</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum" title="Penicillium chrysogenum">Penicillium chrysogenum</a></i> (previously <i>P. notatum</i>) <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> using various glycols, principally <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triethylene_glycol" title="Triethylene glycol">triethylene glycol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bactericidaleffects_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bactericidaleffects-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In principle, these chemical substances are ideal air disinfectants because they have both high lethality to microorganisms and low mammalian toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-propyleneglycol_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propyleneglycol-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triethyleneglycol_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triethyleneglycol-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous action. Continuous action in real-world environments with outside air exchanges at door, HVAC, and window interfaces, and in the presence of materials that absorb and remove glycols from the air, poses engineering challenges that are not critical for surface disinfection. The engineering challenge associated with creating a sufficient concentration of the glycol vapours in the air have not to date been sufficiently addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-progressincontrol_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progressincontrol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-factorsofimportance_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factorsofimportance-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohols">Alcohols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alcohols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hand_sanitizer" title="Hand sanitizer">Hand sanitizer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stiopa-dozownik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stiopa-dozownik.jpg/220px-Stiopa-dozownik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stiopa-dozownik.jpg/330px-Stiopa-dozownik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stiopa-dozownik.jpg/440px-Stiopa-dozownik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Alcohol hand sanitizer dispenser in an office in Poland </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol</a> and alcohol plus <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation" title="Quaternary ammonium cation">Quaternary ammonium cation</a> based compounds comprise a class of proven surface sanitizers and disinfectants approved by the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> for use as a hospital grade disinfectant.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohols are most effective when combined with <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a> to facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane; 100% alcohol typically denatures only external membrane proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-foodsafety_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodsafety-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mixture of 70% ethanol or <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a> diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, though higher concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-alcoholreview_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcoholreview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, high-concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-foodsafety_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodsafety-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alcoholreview_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcoholreview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-virucidal_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virucidal-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efficacy of alcohol is enhanced when in solution with the wetting agent <a href="/wiki/Dodecanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanoic acid">dodecanoic acid</a> (coconut soap). The synergistic effect of 29.4% ethanol with dodecanoic acid is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Further testing is being performed against <a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)">Clostridioides difficile</a> (C.Diff) spores with higher concentrations of ethanol and dodecanoic acid, which proved effective with a contact time of ten minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aldehydes">Aldehydes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aldehydes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehydes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>, have a wide microbicidal activity and are <a href="/wiki/Sporicidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporicidal">sporicidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungicidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungicidal">fungicidal</a>. They are partly inactivated by organic matter and have slight residual activity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some bacteria have developed resistance to glutaraldehyde, and it has been found that glutaraldehyde can cause asthma and other health hazards, hence <a href="/wiki/Ortho-phthalaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortho-phthalaldehyde">ortho-phthalaldehyde</a> is replacing glutaraldehyde.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidizing_agents">Oxidizing agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oxidizing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Oxidizing agents</a> act by oxidizing the cell membrane of microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and leads to cell <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lysis</a> and death. A large number of disinfectants operate in this way. <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> are strong oxidizers, so their compounds figure heavily here. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyzed_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolyzed water">Electrolyzed water</a> or "Anolyte" is an oxidizing, acidic hypochlorite solution made by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> and hypochlorous acid. Anolyte has an oxidation-reduction potential of +600 to +1200 mV and a typical pH range of 3.5––8.5, but the most potent solution is produced at a controlled pH 5.0–6.3 where the predominant oxychlorine species is <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a> to disinfect surfaces and it is used in solution alone or in combination with other chemicals as a high level disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide is sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">colloidal silver</a>. It is often preferred because it causes far fewer <a href="/wiki/Allergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic">allergic</a> reactions than alternative disinfectants. Also used in the <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a> industry to disinfect foil containers. A 3% solution is also used as an antiseptic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporized_hydrogen_peroxide" title="Vaporized hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide vapor</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">medical sterilant</a> and as room disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide has the advantage that it decomposes to form oxygen and water thus leaving no long term residues, but hydrogen peroxide as with most other strong oxidants is hazardous, and solutions are a primary irritant. The vapor is hazardous to the respiratory system and eyes and consequently the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> permissible exposure limit is 1 ppm (29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1) calculated as an eight-hour time weighted average and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> immediately dangerous to life and health limit is 75 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, engineering controls, <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>, gas monitoring etc. should be employed where high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are used in the workplace. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is one of the chemicals approved for decontamination of anthrax spores from contaminated buildings, such as occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a> in the U.S. It has also been shown to be effective in removing exotic animal viruses, such as avian influenza and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle disease">Newcastle disease</a> from equipment and surfaces.</li> <li>The antimicrobial action of hydrogen peroxide can be enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> and organic acids. The resulting chemistry is known as <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_hydrogen_peroxide" title="Accelerated hydrogen peroxide">Accelerated hydrogen peroxide</a>. A 2% solution, stabilized for extended use, achieves high-level disinfection in 5 minutes, and is suitable for disinfecting medical equipment made from hard plastic, such as in <a href="/wiki/Endoscope" title="Endoscope">endoscopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence available suggests that products based on Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide, apart from being good germicides, are safer for humans and benign to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a> is a gas used for disinfecting water, laundry, foods, air, and surfaces. It is chemically aggressive and destroys many organic compounds, resulting in rapid decolorization and deodorization in addition to disinfection. Ozone decomposes relatively quickly. However, due to this characteristic of ozone, tap water chlorination cannot be entirely replaced by ozonation, as the ozone would decompose already in the water piping. Instead, it is used to remove the bulk of oxidizable matter from the water, which would produce small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorides</a> if treated with chlorine only. Regardless, ozone has a very wide range of applications from municipal to industrial water treatment due to its powerful reactivity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a> (KMnO<sub>4</sub>) is a purplish-black crystalline powder that colours everything it touches, through a strong oxidising action. This includes staining "stainless" steel, which somewhat limits its use and makes it necessary to use plastic or glass containers. It is used to disinfect <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquariums</a> and is used in some community swimming pools as a foot disinfectant before entering the pool. Typically, a large shallow basin of KMnO<sub>4</sub> / water solution is kept near the pool ladder. Participants are required to step in the basin and then go into the pool. Additionally, it is widely used to disinfect community water ponds and wells in tropical countries, as well as to disinfect the mouth before pulling out teeth. It can be applied to wounds in dilute solution.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peroxy_and_peroxo_acids">Peroxy and peroxo acids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peroxy and peroxo acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroxy_acid" title="Peroxy acid">Peroxycarboxylic acids and inorganic peroxo acids</a> are strong oxidants and extremely effective disinfectants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peroxyformic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxyformic acid">Peroxyformic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peracetic_acid" title="Peracetic acid">Peracetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxypropionic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxypropionic acid (page does not exist)">Peroxypropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoperoxyglutaric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoperoxyglutaric acid (page does not exist)">Monoperoxyglutaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoperoxysuccinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoperoxysuccinic acid (page does not exist)">Monoperoxysuccinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxybenzoic_acid" title="Peroxybenzoic acid">Peroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxyanisic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxyanisic acid (page does not exist)">Peroxyanisic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic_acid" title="Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid">Chloroperbenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoperoxyphthalic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoperoxyphthalic acid (page does not exist)">Monoperoxyphthalic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">Peroxymonosulfuric acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenolics">Phenolics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phenolics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">Phenolics</a> are active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes. Phenols are toxic to cats<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and newborn humans<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a> is probably the oldest known disinfectant as it was first used by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Lister</a>, when it was called carbolic acid. It is rather corrosive to the skin and sometimes toxic to sensitive people. Impure preparations of phenol were originally made from <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>, and these contained low concentrations of other <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> including <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens">Group 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenylphenol" title="2-Phenylphenol"><i>o</i>-Phenylphenol</a> is often used instead of <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, since it is somewhat less corrosive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxylenol" title="Chloroxylenol">Chloroxylenol</a> is the principal ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Dettol" title="Dettol">Dettol</a>, a household disinfectant and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophene" title="Hexachlorophene">Hexachlorophene</a> is a phenolic that was once used as a germicidal additive to some household products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a>, derived from the herb thyme, is the active ingredient in some "broad spectrum" disinfectants that often bear ecological claims. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge.<sup id="cite_ref-nih.gov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih.gov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylmetacresol" title="Amylmetacresol">Amylmetacresol</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Strepsils" title="Strepsils">Strepsils</a>, a throat disinfectant.</li> <li>Although not a phenol, <a href="/wiki/2,4-dichlorobenzyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol">2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol</a> has similar effects as phenols, but it cannot inactivate viruses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaternary_ammonium_compounds">Quaternary ammonium compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quaternary ammonium compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium compounds">Quaternary ammonium compounds</a> ("quats"), such as <a href="/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride" title="Benzalkonium chloride">benzalkonium chloride</a>, are a large group of related compounds. Some concentrated formulations have been shown to be effective low-level disinfectants. Quaternary ammonia at or above 200ppm plus alcohol solutions exhibit efficacy against difficult to kill non-enveloped viruses such as <a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">norovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polio_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polio virus">polio virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer synergous, low-alcohol formulations are highly effective broad-spectrum disinfectants with quick contact times (3–5 minutes) against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, and <a href="/wiki/Mycobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacteria">mycobacteria</a>. Quats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive in large-scale industrial water systems to minimize undesired biological growth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inorganic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chlorine">Chlorine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chlorine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This group comprises aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a>. Occasionally, chlorine-releasing compounds and their salts are included in this group. Frequently, a concentration of < 1 ppm of available chlorine is sufficient to kill bacteria and viruses, spores and mycobacteria requiring higher concentrations. Chlorine has been used for applications, such as the deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water and wastewater, for the disinfection of household areas and for textile bleaching<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">Calcium hypochlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">Monochloramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramine-T" title="Chloramine-T">Chloramine-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroisocyanuric_acid" title="Trichloroisocyanuric acid">Trichloroisocyanuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">Hypochlorous acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iodine">Iodine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iodine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodophor" title="Iodophor">Iodophors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acids_and_bases">Acids and bases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Acids and bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">Potassium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">Sulfurous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a><sup id="cite_ref-starsan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starsan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecylbenzenesulfonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid">dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</a><sup id="cite_ref-starsan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starsan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metals">Metals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">Oligodynamic effect</a></div><p>Most metals, especially those with high atomic weights can inhibit the growth of pathogens by disrupting their metabolism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terpenes">Terpenes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Terpenes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_oil" title="Pine oil">Pine oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biguanide" title="Biguanide">biguanide</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyaminopropyl_biguanide" title="Polyaminopropyl biguanide">polyaminopropyl biguanide</a> is specifically bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/L). It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to bacterial DNA, alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has very low toxicity to higher organisms such as human cells, which have more complex and protective membranes. </p><p>Common <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) has antifungal properties,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some antiviral and antibacterial properties,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though those are too weak to be effective at a home environment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-chemical">Non-chemical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-chemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a> is the use of high-intensity shortwave <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>. Ultraviolet light fixtures are often present in <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> labs, and are activated only when there are no occupants in a room (e.g., at night).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Heat treatment can be used for disinfection and sterilization.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Sunlight"></span>The phrase "sunlight is the best disinfectant" was <a href="/wiki/Other_People%27s_Money_and_How_the_Bankers_Use_It" title="Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It">popularized in 1913</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later advocates of <a href="/wiki/Government_transparency" class="mw-redirect" title="Government transparency">government transparency</a>. While sunlight's ultraviolet rays can act as a disinfectant, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> blocks the rays' most effective wavelengths. Ultraviolet light-emitting machines, such as those used to disinfect some hospital rooms, make for better disinfectants than sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-1990s <a href="/wiki/Cold_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold plasma">cold plasma</a> has been shown to be an efficient sterilization/disinfection agent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold plasma is an ionized gas that remains at room temperature. It generates reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species that interact with bacterial wall and membrane and cause oxidation of the lipids and proteins and can also lyse the cells. Cold plasma can inactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrostatic_disinfection">Electrostatic disinfection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electrostatic disinfection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a rise in the use of electrostatic disinfectants in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrostatic disinfection is a process achieved by use of electrostatic sprayers notable examples of which include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vycel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vycel (page does not exist)">Vycel</a> -Vycel 4 or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Techtronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Techtronics (page does not exist)">Techtronics</a> Ryobi. Electrostatic Sprayers are a new technology for disinfecting surfaces. Unlike conventional spraying bottles or devices <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrostatic_sprayers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrostatic sprayers (page does not exist)">electrostatic sprayers</a> apply a positive ionic charge to liquid disinfectants as they pass through the nozzle of the device. The positively charged disinfectant distributed through the nozzle of an electrostatic sprayer is attracted to negatively charged surfaces, which allows for efficient coating of disinfectant solutions on to hard nonporous surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of specific disinfectants designed for use with electrostatic sprayers and these are often dissolved in solution or diluted with water. Notable disinfectant sprays that are designed for use with electrostatic sprayers include Citrox Disinfectant Solution and Vital Oxide Disinfectant Solution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety_concerns">Health and safety concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health and safety concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals who work manufacturing disinfectants have higher exposure to the raw and harsh chemicals used in the production of disinfectants compared to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the use of manual labor and automated machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of automated machinery does not dismiss any direct contact with the chemicals within the production of disinfectants.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemicals used in disinfectants vary in forms, such as gel, liquid, and powder.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minimal information remains about the health and safety of workers in other sectors of the production and manufacturing process of disinfectants. Inspection is a process of disinfectant manufacturing that only requires human intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many workers in the inspection phase of mass production of disinfectants have reported accidental inhalation of fumes, direct dermal contact, eye irritation, and accidental ingestion of disinfectant substances.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown reports of workers with short-term neurological impairments,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dermal hypersensitivity,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skin irritation,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chemical burns,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">occupational asthma</a> and work-related asthma,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mucus membrane (nasal)<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lung irritation,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some types of cancer after direct and consistent contact with disinfectants.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chemicals, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">, phenolic compounds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iodophor" title="Iodophor">iodophors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alcohols,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chlorine,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were most associated with the previous health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence of dermal exposure was associated with the misuse or lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cancer has been shown to only develop in consistent exposure, along with the lack of use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these numerous health effects, evidence showed that dermal exposure was more hazardous than inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These health effects can be minimized with the implementation of guidelines from the CDC, NPIC, OSHA, and NIOSH.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_Settings">Healthcare Settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Healthcare Settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that exposure to cleaning and disinfectant products can cause acute health effects on healthcare workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observed effects include eye irritation and watery eyes,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headaches,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dizziness,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throat irritation and wheezing,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skin irritation,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and work-related asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-Arif_2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arif_2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these have a low severity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chemicals in cleaning and disinfectants that have been associated with health impacts include chlorine,<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ammonia,[2]<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethanolamine,<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2-butoxyethanol,<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs),<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arif_2012_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arif_2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_2010_65-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adverse health impacts of disinfectants are still not well studied, which makes it difficult to develop guidelines for use in healthcare settings that take mind of potential effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also little information about how effective and safe alternative cleaning technology, so-called “green cleaning,” is.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New guidelines would need to maintain high hygiene standards and prevent healthcare-associated infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_2015_64-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_Cleaning_and_Commercial_Use">Professional Cleaning and Commercial Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Professional Cleaning and Commercial Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional and Industrial cleaners, despite being essential in maintaining hygiene and safety are one of the understudied occupational groups. Continuous exposure to cleaning agents containing ethanolamine,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chloramine-T,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was found to cause Occupational Asthma (OA) in cleaners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QAC was also found to be involved in developing antimicrobial resistance. Symptoms reported were dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Females had more risk of acquiring OA due to higher exposures both at home and work.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposures happen through dermal contact, hand-to-mouth, and inhalation of aerosolized quats. Researchers suggest continuous use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), periodic medical examinations, and guidelines on how to handle chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dermal, respiratory, immune, reproductive, and developmental effects of exposure are investigated but there is a currently limited scope of this study. Other concerns found were its impact on wastewater management, soil, and food especially in dissolved concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate QACs depending on their intended purposes. Stricter regulations and policies are warranted for safer use and search for alternatives to limit exposures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol" title="Diethylene glycol">Diethylene glycol</a> - a raw material for air <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_sanitizer" title="Hand sanitizer">Hand sanitizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cleaning_products" title="List of cleaning products">List of cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_Standard_Operating_Procedures" title="Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures">Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virucide" title="Virucide">Virucide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+Disinfectants+for+General+Disinfection+of+Environmental+Surfaces&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fprofessionals%2Fprotocols_and_guidelines%2Fantibiotic_resistance%2Fdocs%2Fhospital_disinfectants_for_general_disinfection_of_environmental_surfaces.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonBiggPuckMiller1942" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson OH, Bigg E, Puck TT, Miller BF (June 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135271">"The Bactericidal Action of Propylene Glycol Vapor on Microorganisms Suspended in Air. I"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>75</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">593–</span>610. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.273.1031">10.1.1.273.1031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.75.6.593">10.1084/jem.75.6.593</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135271">2135271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19871209">19871209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Bactericidal+Action+of+Propylene+Glycol+Vapor+on+Microorganisms+Suspended+in+Air.+I&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E593-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.date=1942-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.273.1031%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19871209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2135271%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.75.6.593&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=OH&rft.au=Bigg%2C+E&rft.au=Puck%2C+TT&rft.au=Miller%2C+BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2135271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bactericidaleffects-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bactericidaleffects_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review through 1952 see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesterDunklinRobertson1952" class="citation journal cs1">Lester W, Dunklin E, Robertson OH (April 1952). "Bactericidal Effects of Propylene and Triethylene Glycol Vapors on Airborne Escherichia coli". <i>Science</i>. <b>115</b> (2988): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952Sci...115..379L">1952Sci...115..379L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2FScience.115.2988.379">10.1126/Science.115.2988.379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17770126">17770126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bactericidal+Effects+of+Propylene+and+Triethylene+Glycol+Vapors+on+Airborne+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2988&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1952-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17770126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2FScience.115.2988.379&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952Sci...115..379L&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Dunklin%2C+E&rft.au=Robertson%2C+OH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-propyleneglycol-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-propyleneglycol_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of the toxicity of propylene glycol, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency2006" class="citation report cs1">United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2006). Reregistration eligibility decision for propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol (Report). EPA 739-R-06-002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reregistration+eligibility+decision+for+propylene+glycol+and+dipropylene+glycol&rft.date=2006-09&rft.au=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triethyleneglycol-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triethyleneglycol_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of the toxicity of triethylene glycol, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency2005" class="citation report cs1">United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2005). Reregistration eligibility decision for triethylene glycol (Report). EPA 739-R-05-002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reregistration+eligibility+decision+for+triethylene+glycol&rft.date=2005-09&rft.au=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-progressincontrol-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-progressincontrol_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangmuirIngrahamBrandtLester1950" class="citation journal cs1">Langmuir AD, Ingraham HS, Brandt AD, Lester W, Loosli CG, Parkins JE, et al. (May 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528669">"PROGRESS in the control of air-borne infections"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health</i>. <b>40</b> (5 Pt 2): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.40.5_Pt_2.82">10.2105/AJPH.40.5_Pt_2.82</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528669">1528669</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15418852">15418852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+and+the+Nation%27s+Health&rft.atitle=PROGRESS+in+the+control+of+air-borne+infections&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5+Pt+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1950-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1528669%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15418852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.40.5_Pt_2.82&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Ingraham%2C+HS&rft.au=Brandt%2C+AD&rft.au=Lester%2C+W&rft.au=Loosli%2C+CG&rft.au=Parkins%2C+JE&rft.au=Robertson%2C+OH&rft.au=Shaffer%2C+TE&rft.au=Wells%2C+WF&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+HA&rft.au=Yaglou%2C+CP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1528669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factorsofimportance-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-factorsofimportance_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesterKayeRobertsonDunklin1950" class="citation journal cs1">Lester W, Kaye S, Robertson OH, Dunklin EW (July 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528959">"Factors of importance in the use of triethylene glycol vapor for aerial disinfection"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health</i>. <b>40</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">813–</span>820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.40.7.813">10.2105/AJPH.40.7.813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528959">1528959</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15425663">15425663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+and+the+Nation%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Factors+of+importance+in+the+use+of+triethylene+glycol+vapor+for+aerial+disinfection&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E820&rft.date=1950-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1528959%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15425663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.40.7.813&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Kaye%2C+S&rft.au=Robertson%2C+OH&rft.au=Dunklin%2C+EW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1528959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc.gov-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/index.html">"Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines"</a>. <i>Guidelines Library: Infection Control</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-b.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Safety+A+to+Z+Reference+Guide-B&rft.pub=FDA+CFSAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvm.cfsan.fda.gov%2F~dms%2Fa2z-b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alcoholreview-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alcoholreview_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alcoholreview_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moorer WR (August 2003). 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaseyHawleyEdwardsCox-Ganser2017" class="citation journal cs1">Casey ML, Hawley B, Edwards N, Cox-Ganser JM, Cummings KJ (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685540">"Health problems and disinfectant product exposure among staff at a large multispecialty hospital"</a>. <i>American Journal of Infection Control</i>. <b>45</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1133–</span>1138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajic.2017.04.003">10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-6553">0196-6553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685540">5685540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28549881">28549881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Infection+Control&rft.atitle=Health+problems+and+disinfectant+product+exposure+among+staff+at+a+large+multispecialty+hospital&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1133-%3C%2Fspan%3E1138&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5685540%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0196-6553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28549881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajic.2017.04.003&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Megan+L.&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Brie&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Cox-Ganser%2C+Jean+M.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Kristin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5685540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arif_2012-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arif_2012_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arif_2012_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArifDelclos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arif AA, Delclos GL (January 2012). "Association between cleaning-related chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals". <i>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.2011.064865">10.1136/oem.2011.064865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21602538">21602538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Association+between+cleaning-related+chemicals+and+work-related+asthma+and+asthma+symptoms+among+healthcare+professionals&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.2011.064865&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21602538&rft.aulast=Arif&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Delclos%2C+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakelaKauppiSuuronenTuppurainen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Makela R, Kauppi P, Suuronen K, Tuppurainen M, Hannu T (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/occmed/kqq192">"Occupational asthma in professional cleaning work: a clinical study"</a>. <i>Occupational Medicine</i>. <b>61</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqq192">10.1093/occmed/kqq192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-7480">0962-7480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21285030">21285030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occupational+asthma+in+professional+cleaning+work%3A+a+clinical+study&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.issn=0962-7480&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21285030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqq192&rft.aulast=Makela&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Kauppi%2C+P.&rft.au=Suuronen%2C+K.&rft.au=Tuppurainen%2C+M.&rft.au=Hannu%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Foccmed%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqq192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmedIbrahimHassanAbd-El-Azem2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed AS, Ibrahim DA, Hassan TH, Abd-El-Azem WG (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761047">"Prevalence and predictors of occupational asthma among workers in detergent and cleaning products industry and its impact on quality of life in El Asher Men Ramadan, Egypt"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research International</i>. <b>29</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">33901–</span>33908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2933901A">2022ESPR...2933901A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-022-18558-8">10.1007/s11356-022-18558-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761047">8761047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034305">35034305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+predictors+of+occupational+asthma+among+workers+in+detergent+and+cleaning+products+industry+and+its+impact+on+quality+of+life+in+El+Asher+Men+Ramadan%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33901-%3C%2Fspan%3E33908&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8761047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35034305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-18558-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2933901A&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+DA&rft.au=Hassan%2C+TH&rft.au=Abd-El-Azem%2C+WG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8761047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnoldBlumBranyanBruton2023" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold WA, Blum A, Branyan J, Bruton TA, Carignan CC, Cortopassi G, et al. (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10210541">"Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern"</a>. <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>57</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">7645–</span>7665. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.7645A">2023EnST...57.7645A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.2c08244">10.1021/acs.est.2c08244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10210541">10210541</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37157132">37157132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Quaternary+Ammonium+Compounds%3A+A+Chemical+Class+of+Emerging+Concern&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7645-%3C%2Fspan%3E7665&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10210541%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37157132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.2c08244&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EnST...57.7645A&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=WA&rft.au=Blum%2C+A&rft.au=Branyan%2C+J&rft.au=Bruton%2C+TA&rft.au=Carignan%2C+CC&rft.au=Cortopassi%2C+G&rft.au=Datta%2C+S&rft.au=DeWitt%2C+J&rft.au=Doherty%2C+AC&rft.au=Halden%2C+RU&rft.au=Harari%2C+H&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+EM&rft.au=Hrubec%2C+TC&rft.au=Iyer%2C+S&rft.au=Kwiatkowski%2C+CF&rft.au=LaPier%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+D&rft.au=Li%2C+L&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1iz+Ortiz%2C+JG&rft.au=Salamova%2C+A&rft.au=Schettler%2C+T&rft.au=Seguin%2C+RP&rft.au=Soehl%2C+A&rft.au=Sutton%2C+R&rft.au=Xu%2C+L&rft.au=Zheng%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10210541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMäkeläKauppiSuuronenTuppurainen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mäkelä R, Kauppi P, Suuronen K, Tuppurainen M, Hannu T (March 2011). "Occupational asthma in professional cleaning work: a clinical study". <i>Occupational Medicine</i>. <b>61</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqq192">10.1093/occmed/kqq192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21285030">21285030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occupational+asthma+in+professional+cleaning+work%3A+a+clinical+study&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqq192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21285030&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Kauppi%2C+P&rft.au=Suuronen%2C+K&rft.au=Tuppurainen%2C+M&rft.au=Hannu%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouleDucMallaretChanzy1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soule H, Duc DL, Mallaret MR, Chanzy B, Charvier A, Gratacap-Cavallier B, et al. (November–December 1998). "[Virus resistance in a hospital environment: overview of the virucide activity of disinfectants used in liquid form]". <i>Annales de Biologie Clinique</i> (in French). <b>56</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>703. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9853028">9853028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Biologie+Clinique&rft.atitle=%5BVirus+resistance+in+a+hospital+environment%3A+overview+of+the+virucide+activity+of+disinfectants+used+in+liquid+form%5D&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=1998-11%2F1998-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9853028&rft.aulast=Soule&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Duc%2C+DL&rft.au=Mallaret%2C+MR&rft.au=Chanzy%2C+B&rft.au=Charvier%2C+A&rft.au=Gratacap-Cavallier%2C+B&rft.au=Morand%2C+P&rft.au=Seigneurin%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandle,_T.2012" class="citation book cs1">Sandle, T., ed. (2012). <i>The CDC Handbook: A Guide to Cleaning and Disinfecting Cleanrooms</i> (1st ed.). Grosvenor House Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781487686" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781487686"><bdi>978-1781487686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CDC+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+to+Cleaning+and+Disinfecting+Cleanrooms&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Grosvenor+House+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1781487686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisinfectant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disinfectant&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724144955/http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black12.htm">Ohio State University lecture on Sterilization and Disinfection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.housekeepingchannel.com/showarticle.php?id=253">What Germs Are We Killing? Testing and Classifying Disinfectants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823195546/http://www.bccdc.org/downloads/pdf/epid/reports/CDManual_DisinfectntSelectnGuidelines_sep2003_nov05-03.pdf">Disinfectant Selection Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03856.htm">Disinfectant and Non-Chlorine Bleach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601163950/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03856.htm">Archived</a> 1 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Office of DOE Science Education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/protection/oekokauf/disinfectants/index.html">The Viennese Database for Disinfectants (WIDES Database)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/cleaning-custodial-services/about/index.html">Cleaning and Custodial Services and Your Safety</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiseptics_and_disinfectants_(D08)666" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Template talk:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antiseptics_and_disinfectants_(D08)666" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptics</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">disinfectants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D08" title="ATC code D08">D08</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acridine" title="Acridine">Acridine</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethacridine_lactate" title="Ethacridine lactate">Ethacridine lactate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Aminoacridine" title="9-Aminoacridine">9-Aminoacridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euflavine" title="Euflavine">Euflavine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biguanide" title="Biguanide">Biguanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amidine" title="Amidine">amidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibrompropamidine" title="Dibrompropamidine">Dibrompropamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">Chlorhexidine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propamidine" title="Propamidine">Propamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamidine" title="Hexamidine">Hexamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhexanide" title="Polyhexanide">Polihexanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a> and derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophene" title="Hexachlorophene">Hexachlorophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policresulen" title="Policresulen">Policresulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">Triclosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">Triclocarban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxylenol" title="Chloroxylenol">Chloroxylenol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphenylol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biphenylol">Biphenylol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenticlor" title="Fenticlor">Fenticlor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrofuran" title="Nitrofuran">Nitrofuran</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrofurazone" title="Nitrofurazone">Nitrofurazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether">Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diiodohydroxypropane" title="Diiodohydroxypropane">Diiodohydroxypropane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">Quinoline</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dequalinium" title="Dequalinium">Dequalinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorquinaldol" title="Chlorquinaldol">Chlorquinaldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyquinoline">Oxyquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clioquinol" title="Clioquinol">Clioquinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium compounds">Quaternary ammonium compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride" title="Benzalkonium chloride">Benzalkonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzethonium_chloride" title="Benzethonium chloride">Benzethonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium" title="Cetrimonium">Cetrimonium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium_bromide" title="Cetrimonium bromide">bromide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium_chloride" title="Cetrimonium chloride">chloride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloride" title="Cetylpyridinium chloride">Cetylpyridinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrimide" title="Cetrimide">Cetrimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoxonium_chloride" title="Benzoxonium chloride">Benzoxonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride" title="Didecyldimethylammonium chloride">Didecyldimethylammonium chloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercurial</a> products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercuric_amidochloride" title="Mercuric amidochloride">Mercuric amidochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylmercuric_borate" title="Phenylmercuric borate">Phenylmercuric borate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercuric chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merbromin" title="Merbromin">Merbromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromersol" title="Nitromersol">Nitromersol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal" title="Thiomersal">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_iodide" title="Mercury(II) iodide">Mercuric iodide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">Silver nitrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohols_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols in medicine">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol (propyl alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazone" title="Halazone">Halazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monalazone" title="Monalazone">Monalazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">Eosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramine-T" title="Chloramine-T">Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octenidine_dihydrochloride" title="Octenidine dihydrochloride">Octenidine dihydrochloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73984#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2021" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73984#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2021" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73984#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Disinfection and disinfectants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/895234/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011511-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Disinfection and disinfectants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038429">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Désinfectants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944102m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Désinfectants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944102m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572004">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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