AUTORITÉ PALESTINIENNE - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Les origines du nationalisme palestinien </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PALESTINIENNE AUTORITÉ, Vers un État palestinien ?" href="/encyclopedie/autorite-palestinienne/2-vers-un-etat-palestinien/"> 2. Vers un État palestinien ? </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PALESTINIENNE AUTORITÉ, L'unité palestinienne en question" href="/encyclopedie/autorite-palestinienne/3-l-unite-palestinienne-en-question/"> 3. L'unité palestinienne en question </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PALESTINIENNE AUTORITÉ, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/autorite-palestinienne/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PALESTINIENNE </strong><span class="pc">AUTORITÉ</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC130016_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC130016_0"></i><p>Le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est guère de mot, dans le vocabulaire historique et politique de l'époque contemporaine, plus chargé d'ambiguïté que celui de nationalisme. Non seulement les considérations d'ordre moral, les préoccupations de la polémique, le souci de justifier et de condamner ne cessent d'en altérer l'utilisation, mais c'est surtout sur le terme même et sur sa définition que pèse durablement l'�..." title="Article : NATIONALISME" href="/encyclopedie/nationalisme/">nationalisme</a> palestinien émerge dans la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, porté par des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'histoire de la France contemporaine, le terme notables désigne un groupe social et politique qui a dominé la société depuis les lendemains de la Révolution française jusqu'aux années 1880. Détenteurs d'importants capitaux fonciers soit par héritage (comme la noblesse traditionnelle), soit par investissement préférentiel (quand il s'agit de bourgeois enrichis dans le ..." title="Article : NOTABLES" href="/encyclopedie/notables/">notables</a> locaux et des personnalités religieuses. D'emblée, il se positionne contre l'idée de l'établissement d'un « foyer national juif » en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Palestine, contrée aux limites mal définies et changeantes selon le cours de l'histoire, n'est que la partie méridionale de la région syro-palestinienne – qui constitue, elle-même, la corne occidentale du « Croissant fertile » –, voie de passage privilégiée entre l'Asie et l'Afrique, d'une part, et, d'autre part, façade de l'Asie sur la Méditerranée, fond asiatique du bass..." title="Article : PALESTINE" href="/encyclopedie/palestine/">Palestine</a>. En 1948, la création de l'État d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Israël est un État jeune, créé en 1948 au sud-est de la Méditerranée orientale, dans un espace géographique de transition entre mer et désert. Le pays est la concrétisation d’un projet national, le sionisme, qui a rencontré d’emblée l’opposition politique de la population arabe, fortement majoritaire dans la région au début du xx e siècle. Après une naissance sous le sig..." title="Article : ISRAËL" href="/encyclopedie/israel/">Israël</a> occasionne la première confrontation armée entre celui-ci et ses voisins arabes. Ce que les Palestiniens appellent la <em>nakba</em> (la « catastrophe ») renvoie également à la dispersion de la population. À l'issue de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les groupes humains, quelle que soit leur taille, se reconnaissent comme tels et affirment leur unité en se distinguant d'autres groupes. Il y a entre eux à la fois des affinités et des oppositions qui affectent leurs relations, dans la mesure où celles-ci ont une réalité, c'est-à-dire lorsque la proximité dans l'espace ou les moyens de communication les amènent à se poser les uns par ra..." title="Article : GUERRE" href="/encyclopedie/guerre/">guerre</a>, le peuple palestinien se compose, en effet, principalement de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) estimait à près de huit millions et demi le nombre des réfugiés dans le monde à la fin de l'année 2005, dont la plus grande part concerne les pays les plus pauvres. Peut-être la situation a-t-elle paru plus tragique à certaines époques, notamment aux lendemains de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, où les migrations forcées o..." title="Article : RÉFUGIÉS" href="/encyclopedie/refugies/">réfugiés</a> établis au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Liban a toujours occupé à l'intérieur du Proche et du Moyen-Orient une place originale, en raison de sa diversité humaine et de ses liens privilégiés avec l'Occident. Aussi a-t-il longtemps joué un rôle important, sans rapport avec son poids démographique (environ 5,5 millions d'habitants au début des années 2020) et ses dimensions restreintes (10 400 km 2 , soit approximative..." title="Article : LIBAN" href="/encyclopedie/liban/">Liban</a>, en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Syrie est un pays paradoxal, au cœur d'enjeux géopolitiques régionaux majeurs, tout en étant un paradis pour les archéologues qui sillonnent cette région où sont apparus les royaumes de Mari et d'Ebla (III e millénaire av. J.-C.), les Cananéens (II e millénaire av. J.-C.) et les Araméens ( xi e siècle av. J.-C.), où s'est exercée l'influence hellénistique, puis romai..." title="Article : SYRIE" href="/encyclopedie/syrie/">Syrie</a>, en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Jordanie (qui compte 6,4 millions d'habitants en 2013), située sur la rive orientale du Jourdain , est, par-delà la richesse de son patrimoine archéologique (sites de Pétra et de Jérash), associée à la famille hachémite, et notamment à la personnalité du roi Hussein (1953-1999). Descendants du Prophète, les Hachémites avaient été chargés par les Ottomans, à la fin d..." title="Article : JORDANIE" href="/encyclopedie/jordanie/">Jordanie</a> et en Égypte. L'exode de 1948 a, par ailleurs, affecté la société palestinienne de « l'intérieur », privée de ses élites. La « question » palestinienne est alors défendue sur la scène régionale par certains dirigeants arabes, notamment Nasser, qui l'intègrent à des revendications panarabes plus larges. L'Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP) naît ainsi, en 1964, comme émanation de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Créée le 22 mars 1945 au Caire par l' Arabie Saoudite , l'Égypte, l' Irak , le Liban , la Syrie , le Yémen et la Transjordanie (l'actuelle Jordanie), la Ligue regroupe, depuis 1993, vingt-deux États arabes. Aux sept membres fondateurs se sont ajoutés la Libye en 1953, le Soudan en 1956, la Tunisie et le Maroc en 1958, le Koweït en 1961, l' Algérie en 1962, les Émirats arabes unis, B..." title="Article : LIGUE ARABE ou LIGUE DES ÉTATS ARABES" href="/encyclopedie/ligue-arabe-ligue-des-etats-arabes/">Ligue arabe</a>.</p><p>Mais la sévère défaite des armées arabes contre Israël en 1967 conduit à l'émergence d'une nouvelle génération de Palestiniens, qui cherchent alors à autonomiser la « question » palestinienne du nationalisme arabe. La prise de pouvoir de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'YASSER ARAFAT (1929-2004). Le leader palestinien Yasser Arafat incarne la figure doublement exemplaire de l'éternel combattant et de la victime dont le destin personnel résume celui de la Palestine contemporaine. Après une vie de lutte et d'errance, il devient le symbole vivant du retour des Palestiniens sur leurs terres. Mais, paralysé par les exigences israéliennes de sécuri..." title="Article : YASSER ARAFAT (1929-2004)" href="/encyclopedie/yasser-arafat/">Yasser Arafat</a> au sein de l'OLP, en 1969, symbolise ce tournant.</p><p>La ligne politique de l'organisation connaît des évolutions notoires entre la grande période de lutte « révolutionnaire » des années 1970 menée depuis la Jordanie, puis le Liban, et l'acceptation d'un processus de paix au début de la décennie de 1990. À Tunis, où elle trouve refuge à partir de 1982, la centrale palestinienne accepte ainsi progressivement l'idée d'un partage du territoire avec Israël. Elle adopte, en 1988, la Déclaration d'indépendance de la Palestine, qui proclame l'existence d'un État en Cisjordanie et dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Située au Proche-Orient et bordée à l’ouest par la mer Méditerranée, la bande de Gaza s'étire sur quelque 41 kilomètres du nord au sud, avec une largeur comprise entre 6 et 12 kilomètres ; sa superficie est de 363 kilomètres carrés. La délimitation de ce territoire est, au sud, héritée du tracé du mandat britannique sur la Palestine en 1922 ; au nord et à l'est, elle est im..." title="Article : BANDE DE GAZA" href="/encyclopedie/bande-de-gaza/">bande de Gaza</a>, avec Jérusalem-Est pour capitale. Le mouvement national palestinien donne aussi, de plus en plus, priorité à la recherche d'une solution négociée plutôt qu'à la lutte armée.</p><p>La signature des accords de paix, dits d'Oslo (où ils ont été négociés) ou de Washington (où ils furent paraphés), le 13 septembre 1993, consacre la reconnaissance mutuelle entre Israël et l'OLP. Elle consacre également l'émergence d'une nouvelle institution, l'Autorité palestinienne, qui a pour mission de gérer les affaires civiles des populations de la Cisjordanie et de la bande de Gaza. Ces accords butent toutefois sur le règlement du contentieux territorial. Les retraits israéliens des territoires sont loin de répondre aux attentes de la population et de la direction palestiniennes. Partiels, ils créent une situation de discontinuité extrême qui rend difficile toute activité économique.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE130349" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Autorité palestinienne : drapeau" href="/media/autorite-palestinienne-drapeau-de130349/"><img id="DE130349" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/c/csm_de130349_c2a079aa76.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Autorité palestinienne : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Autorité palestinienne (1922, de facto). Les trois bandes horizontales d'égale largeur, noire, blanche et verte, et le triangle rouge basé sur le guindant représentent les dynasties arabes. Le drapeau de la révolte arabe de 1917 comportait déjà trois bandes horizontales, noire, verte, blanche, et un…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Autorité palestinienne : drapeau </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>L'échec de la « paix d'Oslo » est patent en septembre 2000, lorsque la violence armée reprend entre les deux camps. La répression militaire israélienne, couplée à la détérioration de la situation économique et à l'absence de toute perspective politique, contribue à saper la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de « légitimité » évoque le fondement du pouvoir et la justification de l'obéissance qui lui est due. Le problème a reçu les solutions les plus diverses, depuis une interprétation purement religieuse, c'est-à-dire métajuridique, propre aux théocraties, jusqu'à une traduction purement logique et rationnelle s'appuyant sur l' origine consensuelle du pouvoir, en passant par d..." title="Article : LÉGITIMITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/legitimite/">légitimité</a> des proches de Yasser Arafat et de son parti, le Fatah. Dans ce contexte, les islamistes du Hamas, qui se sont d'emblée opposés aux accords d'Oslo, apparaissent comme une alternative.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC130016_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC130016_1"></i><h2> Les origines du nationalisme palestinien</h2><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996233" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Occupation britannique de Jérusalem" href="/media/occupation-britannique-de-jerusalem-ph996233/"><img id="PH996233" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/5/csm_ph996233_dd4e36e6ef.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Occupation britannique de Jérusalem - crédits : sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" data-description="Les troupes britanniques et les forces de la police palestinienne qui occupent Jérusalem vivent dans la crainte permanente du terrorisme." data-copyright="sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="732" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Occupation britannique de Jérusalem </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Il y a une culture palestinienne arabe originale depuis quelques décennies, dans le creuset de la culture arabe moderne. Au sein du réveil culturel et politique arabe, voire panarabe, depuis les années 1860, un mouvement palestinien se singularise du fait de la confrontation concrète au « foyer national juif » puis, depuis 1948, à l'État d'Israël. Les moments forts de ce mouvement sont d'abord la révolte de 1936-1938 contre la puissance<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" 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class="list-group-item"><strong> Encyclopædia Universalis</strong> : services rédactionnels de l'Encyclopædia Universalis</li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PALESTINIENNE AUTORITÉ" href="/carte-mentale/autorite-palestinienne/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC130016_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Proche et Moyen-Orient, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/proche-et-moyen-orient-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Proche et Moyen-Orient, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Palestine, xxe s.et xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Palestine, xxe s.et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/proche-et-moyen-orient-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/palestine-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Palestine, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s.et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire du Proche et Moyen-Orient" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-du-proche-et-moyen-orient/"> Histoire du Proche et Moyen-Orient </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des peuples du Proche et Moyen-Orient"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des peuples du Proche et Moyen-Orient" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-du-proche-et-moyen-orient/histoire-des-peuples-du-proche-et-moyen-orient/"> Histoire des peuples du Proche et Moyen-Orient </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Proche et Moyen-Orient, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/proche-et-moyen-orient-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Proche et Moyen-Orient, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Conflit israélo-arabe"> <a title="Classification : Conflit israélo-arabe" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/proche-et-moyen-orient-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/conflit-israelo-arabe/"> Conflit israélo-arabe </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC130016_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE130349" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Autorité palestinienne : drapeau" href="/media/autorite-palestinienne-drapeau-de130349/"> <img id="DE130349" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/c/csm_de130349_c2a079aa76.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Autorité palestinienne : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Autorité palestinienne (1922, de facto). Les trois bandes horizontales d'égale largeur, noire, blanche et verte, et le triangle rouge basé sur le guindant représentent les dynasties arabes. Le drapeau de la révolte arabe de 1917 comportait déjà trois bandes horizontales, noire, verte, blanche, et un…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Autorité palestinienne : drapeau </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996233" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Occupation britannique de Jérusalem" href="/media/occupation-britannique-de-jerusalem-ph996233/"> <img id="PH996233" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/5/csm_ph996233_dd4e36e6ef.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Occupation britannique de Jérusalem - crédits : sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" data-description="Les troupes britanniques et les forces de la police palestinienne qui occupent Jérusalem vivent dans la crainte permanente du terrorisme." data-copyright="sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="732" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Occupation britannique de Jérusalem </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> sepia times/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="TA071416" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Population palestinienne, 2000" href="/media/population-palestinienne-2000-ta071416/"> <img id="TA071416" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/b/csm_ta071416_0d367b99ed.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Population palestinienne, 2000 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La population palestinienne en 2000. (*source : recensement réalisé par l'Autorité palestinienne en 1996 et actualisé annuellement)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="811" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Population palestinienne, 2000 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/autorite-palestinienne/"> Afficher les 18 médias de l'article <span class="rg">PALESTINIENNE </span><span class="pc">AUTORITÉ</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC130016_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mahmoud-abbas/"> <span class="rg">ABBAS </span><span class="pc">MAHMOUD </span><span class="rm">(1935- )</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Aude SIGNOLES</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 006 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ABBAS MAHMOUD (1935- )" href="/encyclopedie/mahmoud-abbas/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Benyamin Nétanyahou, Barack Obama et Mahmoud Abbas, 2009 - crédits : Universal History Archive/ UIG/ Getty images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/8/csm_ph100205_b62ff5e78b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Homme d’État palestinien, Mahmoud Abbas a été Premier ministre de l’Autorité palestinienne en 2003, sous la présidence de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'YASSER ARAFAT (1929-2004). Le leader palestinien Yasser Arafat incarne la figure doublement exemplaire de l'éternel combattant et de la victime dont le destin personnel résume celui de la Palestine contemporaine. Après une vie de lutte et d'errance, il devient le symbole vivant du retour des Palestiniens sur leurs terres. Mais, paralysé par les exigences israéliennes de sécuri..." title="Article : YASSER ARAFAT (1929-2004)" href="/encyclopedie/yasser-arafat/">Yasser Arafat</a>, avant de succéder à ce dernier en 2005.</p><p> Mahmoud Abbas est né le 26 mars 1935 à Safed, ville de haute Galilée, aujourd'hui située à l'intérieur des frontières...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/yasser-arafat/#c48514"> <span class="rg">ARAFAT </span><span class="pc">YASSER </span><span class="rm">(1929-2004)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nadine PICAUDOU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 398 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ARAFAT YASSER (1929-2004)" href="/encyclopedie/yasser-arafat/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Accord Rabin-Arafat sur l'extension de l'autonomie palestinienne - crédits : Cynthia Johnson/ Time Life Pictures/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/1/csm_ph041034_2128783954.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...1994, il partage la même année le prix Nobel de la paix avec les dirigeants israéliens Itzhak Rabin et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de SHIMON PERES (1923-2016). Homme politique israélien, Premier ministre (1977, par intérim ; 1984-1986 ; 1995-1996) et président de l’État d’Israël (2007-2014).. Shimon Peres (dont le véritable patronyme est Persky) est né à Wiśniew, en Pologne (aujourd'hui en Biélorussie), le 1 er août 1923, dans une famille sioniste.. Très tôt, il adhère à un mouvement de jeune..." title="Article : SHIMON PERES (1923-2016)" href="/encyclopedie/shimon-peres/">Shimon Peres</a>. Élu en 1996 président de l' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le nationalisme palestinien émerge dans la seconde moitié du xix e siècle, porté par des notables locaux et des personnalités religieuses. D'emblée, il se positionne contre l'idée de l'établissement d'un « foyer national juif » en Palestine . En 1948, la création de l'État d' Israël occasionne la première confrontation armée entre celui-ci et ses voisins arabes. Ce qu..." title="Article : AUTORITÉ PALESTINIENNE" href="/encyclopedie/autorite-palestinienne/">Autorité palestinienne</a>, le révolutionnaire peine à se convertir en chef d'État, dans un contexte où les enjeux d'une libération nationale inachevée se... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/frontiere/#c48514"> <span class="rg">FRONTIÈRE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Guillaume LACQUEMENT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 353 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : FRONTI&Egrave;RE" href="/encyclopedie/frontiere/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Grande Muraille de Chine - crédits : v.apl/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/9/csm_pa080302_8da73d8aa7.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...sert de poste avancé dans le conflit opposant l’Inde et le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Pakistan est né de la volonté des musulmans de l' Inde britannique d'obtenir un « État séparé ». La création de celui-ci a été réclamée dans les dernières années d'existence de l'Empire des Indes par la Ligue musulmane de Mohammed Ali Jinnah, qui avait reçu des encouragements de la puissance colonisatrice, dans le cadre d'une politique qui consistait à « diviser p..." title="Article : PAKISTAN" href="/encyclopedie/pakistan/">Pakistan</a> depuis la partition de 1947 au sujet du rattachement de la province du Cachemire. De même, au Proche-Orient, les limites territoriales issues du partage de la Palestine en 1947 et de la création d’Israël en 1948 restent contestées... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bande-de-gaza/"> <span class="rg">GAZA </span><span class="pc">BANDE DE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Olivier CARRÉ</span> et <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 299 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Située au Proche-Orient et bordée à l’ouest par la mer Méditerranée, la bande de Gaza s'étire sur quelque 41 kilomètres du nord au sud, avec une largeur comprise entre 6 et 12 kilomètres ; sa superficie est de 363 kilomètres carrés. La délimitation de ce territoire est, au sud, héritée du...</p> </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC130016_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MALNUTRITION" href="/index/malnutrition/"> <span class="rg">MALNUTRITION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOCIALISME ARABE" href="/index/socialisme-arabe/"> <span class="rg">SOCIALISME ARABE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SDN (Société des nations)" href="/index/sdn-societe-des-nations/"> <span class="rg">SDN </span><span class="rm">(Société des nations)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISRAÉLO-ARABE CONFLIT" href="/index/conflit-israelo-arabe/"> <span class="rg">ISRAÉLO-ARABE </span><span class="pc">CONFLIT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISLAMISME" href="/index/islamisme/"> <span class="rg">ISLAMISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISRAÉLO-PALESTINIENNES NÉGOCIATIONS" href="/index/negociations-israelo-palestiniennes/"> <span class="rg">ISRAÉLO-PALESTINIENNES </span><span class="pc">NÉGOCIATIONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FINUL (Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban)" href="/index/finul-force-interimaire-des-nations-unies-au-liban/"> <span class="rg">FINUL </span><span class="rm">(Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : WASHINGTON ACCORD DE PAIX DE (1993)" href="/index/accord-de-paix-de-washington/"> <span class="rg">WASHINGTON </span><span class="pc">ACCORD DE PAIX DE </span><span class="rm">(1993)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ABOU IYAD SALAH KHALAF dit (1933-1991)" href="/index/abou-iyad/"> <span class="rg">ABOU IYAD </span><span class="pc">SALAH </span><span class="rm">KHALAF dit (1933-1991)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ABOU NIDAL SABRI KHALIL AL-BANNA dit (1937-2002)" href="/index/abou-nidal/"> <span class="rg">ABOU NIDAL </span><span class="pc">SABRI </span><span class="rm">KHALIL AL-BANNA dit (1937-2002)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CNP (Conseil national palestinien)" href="/index/cnp-conseil-national-palestinien/"> <span class="rg">CNP </span><span class="rm">(Conseil national palestinien)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GAZA-JÉRICHO ACCORD ISRAÉLO-PALESTINIEN (4 mai 1994)" href="/index/accord-israelo-palestinien-gaza-jericho/"> <span class="rg">GAZA-JÉRICHO </span><span class="pc">ACCORD ISRAÉLO-PALESTINIEN </span><span class="rm">(4 mai 1994)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MADRID CONFÉRENCE DE ou CONFÉRENCE DE PAIX SUR LE PROCHE-ORIENT (oct. 1991)" href="/index/madrid-conference-de-paix-sur-le-proche-orient/"> <span class="rg">MADRID </span><span class="pc">CONFÉRENCE DE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">CONFÉRENCE DE PAIX SUR LE PROCHE-ORIENT </span><span class="rm">(oct. 1991)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NIVEAU DE VIE" href="/index/niveau-de-vie/"> <span class="rg">NIVEAU DE VIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LIBÉRATION NATIONALE" href="/index/liberation-nationale/"> <span class="rg">LIBÉRATION NATIONALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MIGRATIONS HISTOIRE DES" href="/index/histoire-des-migrations/"> <span class="rg">MIGRATIONS </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ATTENTAT" href="/index/attentat/"> <span class="rg">ATTENTAT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAUVRETÉ" href="/index/pauvrete/"> <span class="rg">PAUVRETÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PARTITION POLITIQUE" href="/index/partition-politique/"> <span class="rg">PARTITION POLITIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXODE DE POPULATIONS" href="/index/exode-de-populations/"> <span class="rg">EXODE DE POPULATIONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HAMAS" href="/index/hamas/"> <span class="rg">HAMAS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PALESTINIENS" href="/index/palestiniens/"> <span class="rg">PALESTINIENS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PALESTINE IMMIGRATION JUIVE EN" href="/index/immigration-juive-en-palestine/"> <span class="rg">PALESTINE </span><span class="pc">IMMIGRATION JUIVE EN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGENCE JUIVE" href="/index/agence-juive/"> <span class="rg">AGENCE JUIVE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CISJORDANIE" href="/index/cisjordanie/"> <span class="rg">CISJORDANIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OLP (Organisation de libération de la Palestine)" href="/index/olp-organisation-de-liberation-de-la-palestine/"> <span class="rg">OLP </span><span class="rm">(Organisation de libération de la Palestine)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MARONITES" href="/index/maronites/"> <span class="rg">MARONITES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ROYAUME-UNI, histoire, de 1914 à 1945" href="/index/royaume-uni-histoire-de-1914-a-1945/"> <span class="rg">ROYAUME-UNI, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1914 à 1945</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BILTMORE PROGRAMME" href="/index/programme-biltmore/"> <span class="rg">BILTMORE </span><span class="pc">PROGRAMME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OTAGES & PRISES D'OTAGES" href="/index/otages-et-prises-d-otages/"> <span class="rg">OTAGES & PRISES D'OTAGES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OSM (Organisation sioniste mondiale)" href="/index/osm-organisation-sioniste-mondiale/"> <span class="rg">OSM </span><span class="rm">(Organisation sioniste mondiale)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉGYPTE, histoire, de 1952 à nos jours" href="/index/egypte-histoire-de-1952-a-nos-jours/"> <span class="rg">ÉGYPTE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1952 à nos jours</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRÈVE GÉNÉRALE" href="/index/greve-generale/"> <span class="rg">GRÈVE GÉNÉRALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HANIYEH ISMAÏL (1963-2024)" href="/index/ismail-haniyeh/"> <span class="rg">HANIYEH </span><span class="pc">ISMAÏL </span><span class="rm">(1963-2024)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AIDE ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/aide-economique/"> <span class="rg">AIDE ÉCONOMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉPRESSION" href="/index/repression/"> <span class="rg">RÉPRESSION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRANDE-BRETAGNE, histoire, de 1914 à 1945" href="/index/grande-bretagne-histoire-de-1914-a-1945/"> <span class="rg">GRANDE-BRETAGNE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1914 à 1945</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SYRIE, histoire, de 1941 à nos jours" href="/index/syrie-histoire-de-1941-a-nos-jours/"> <span class="rg">SYRIE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1941 à nos jours</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DÉPENDANCE ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/dependance-economique/"> <span 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