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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="خير الدين التونسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خير الدين التونسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeyr%C9%99ddin_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Xeyrəddin Paşa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xeyrəddin Paşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_Paix%C3%A0" title="Khayr al-Din Paixà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khayr al-Din Paixà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Pascha" title="Hayreddin Pascha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hayreddin Pascha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_Pach%C3%A1" title="Khayr al-Din Pachá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Khayr al-Din Pachá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خیرالدین تونسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خیرالدین تونسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheireddine_Pacha" title="Kheireddine Pacha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kheireddine Pacha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunuslu_Hayreddin_Pasci%C3%A0" title="Tunuslu Hayreddin Pascià – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tunuslu Hayreddin Pascià" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Хајредин-паша – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хајредин-паша" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Хайреддин-паша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайреддин-паша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunuslu_Hayreddin_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E9%9B%B7%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="突尼斯魯·海雷丁帕夏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突尼斯魯·海雷丁帕夏" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman-Tunisian statesman and reformer (c.1820–1890)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> style name, the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> is <i> Hayreddin</i>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">title</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></i>, and there is no family name.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hayreddin Pasha</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tunisia" title="Prime Minister of Tunisia">Prime Minister of Tunisia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 October 1873 – 21 July 1877</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_as-Sadiq" title="Muhammad III as-Sadiq">Muhammad III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khaznadar" title="Mustapha Khaznadar">Mustapha Khaznadar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Khaznadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Khaznadar">Mohamed Khaznadar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 December 1878 – 29 July 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdülhamid II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saffet_Pasha" title="Saffet Pasha">Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Arifi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Arifi Pasha">Ahmed Arifi Pasha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:المجلس الأكبر">Speaker of Supreme Council of Tunisia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1861–1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_as-Sadiq" title="Muhammad III as-Sadiq">Muhammad III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office created</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Saheb_Ettabaa" title="Mustapha Saheb Ettabaa">Mustapha Saheb Ettabaa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Marine_(Tunisie)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ministère de la Marine (Tunisie)">Minister of the Navy of Tunisia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1857–1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_al-Husayn" title="Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn">Muhammad II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_as-Sadiq" title="Muhammad III as-Sadiq">Muhammad III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Khodja" class="extiw" title="fr:Mahmoud Khodja">Mahmoud Khodja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ismaïl Kahia</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820<br /><a href="/wiki/Abazinia" title="Abazinia">Abazinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1890<br /><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Jellaz_Cemetery" title="Jellaz Cemetery">Jellaz Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Janina Hanım</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1862; death 1870)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Two wife</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1871; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1873)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Kamer Hanım</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1873)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Mehmed Salih Pasha</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hayreddin Pasha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl"><b>خیرالدین پاشا </b></span>) <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820 – 30 January 1890) was an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> statesman and reformer, who was born to a <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> family. First serving as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tunisia" title="Prime Minister of Tunisia">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Beylik of Tunis</a>, he later achieved the high post of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire</a>, serving from 4 December 1878 until 29 July 1879. </p><p>He was a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia#Age_of_modern_reform" title="Ottoman Tunisia">political reformer</a> during a period of growing European ascendancy. According to Dr. Abdul Azim Islahi, he was a pragmatic activist who reacted against poverty, and looked to European models for suggestions. He applied the Islamic concept of "maṣlaḥah" (or public interest), to economic issues. He emphasized the central role of justice and security in economic development. He was a major advocate of "<a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">tanẓīmāt</a>" (or modernization) for Tunisia's political and economic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tomb of Hayreddin Pasha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG/220px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG/330px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG/440px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Hayreddin Pasha in Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_in_Abkhazia_&_Turkey"><span id="Youth_in_Abkhazia_.26_Turkey"></span>Youth in Abkhazia & Turkey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth in Abkhazia & Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz</a> origin, Hayreddin was born in <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> into "a family of warrior notables". His father Hasan Leffch, a local <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhaz</a> chieftain, died fighting against a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> attack on the city of <a href="/wiki/Sukhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhum">Sukhum</a>. Thereafter as a young orphan Hayreddin was sold into slavery via the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, then still a familiar event for Circassian youth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, however, he was eventually traded into a prestigious household, that of the notable Tahsin Bey, a <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> who was the <i><a href="/wiki/Naqib_al-ashraf" title="Naqib al-ashraf">naqib al-ashraf</a></i> (head of the Prophet's descendants) and <i>qadi al-'askar</i> (chief judge of the army) of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and a poet. </p><p>Tahsin Bey moved the boy to his country palace at <a href="/wiki/Kanl%C4%B1ca" title="Kanlıca">Kanlıca</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, where he became the childhood companion of the Bey's son for a span of years. Khayr al-Din received a "first-rate education" which included the Islamic curriculum, also the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, and perhaps French; yet he was not raised as a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a>. Following "the son's tragic premature death" his father Tahsin Bey sold Khayr al-Din in Istanbul to an envoy of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Bey">Ahmed Bey</a> of Tunis. This new uprooting would obviously provoke emotional turmoil in Khayr al-Din, then about 17 years old. Soon he was on board a ship bound for Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Tunisia_under_Ahmad_Bey">In Tunisia under Ahmad Bey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Tunisia under Ahmad Bey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 1840 Hayreddin became situated at the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo Palace</a>, in the court of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_I_ibn_Mustafa" title="Ahmad I ibn Mustafa">Ahmad Bey</a> (r.1837–1855), as a <i>mamluk bi-l-saraya</i> [inner palace retainer]. He resumed his high-level studies, mainly at the Bardo Military Academy (<i>al-maktab al-Harbi</i>) a nearby institution newly established by the bey. A key part of his education now was learning to converse in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, also acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Husainid Dynasty">Husaynid</a> court his abilities were soon recognized, and he was favored with the attention and trust of Ahmad Bey. He rose quickly in the elite cavalry, the nucleus of the bey's new army. Moreover, during the 1840s and 1850s he was sent by the Bey on several key diplomatic missions, e.g., to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> at Istanbul, which was then pursuing its <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, and to European capitals, including Paris. His political career thus began auspiciously under this famously modernizing ruler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG/220px-Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG/330px-Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG/440px-Kheireddine_Pacha_high.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Brigadier General Khair al-Din on horseback</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846 he accompanied the bey, as part of small staff which included the influential advisor <a href="/wiki/Bin_Diyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Diyaf">Bin Diyaf</a>, during a two-month state visit to France, after which he was made <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>. This trip was of special cultural and political significance in that the orthodox bey traveled for an extended stay to a non-Islamic country in order to acquire familiarity with its modern methods of operation and governance. The trip "expanded the cultural space deemed acceptable for Muslim rulers." The French took care to show France to advantage; the small Tunisian party was well received by top government officials and leading private citizens. "Having traveled beyond the land of Islam, Ahmad Bey was blessed upon his return to Tunis by the grand <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853 Hayreddin was elevated to the highest military grade, commander of the cavalry; he also then became an aide-de-camp of the bey. Yet shortly thereafter he was sent to Paris to arrange a loan for the bey's regime, but where instead he spend four years attempting to reclaim large sums embezzled by the notable Mahmud bin 'Ayyad, former head of the newly created national bank of Tunis, who with foresight had already secured French citizenship. During his years occupied with negotiations in Paris, Hayreddin also managed to browse libraries and bookshops, to improve his French, asking many questions, and to study European society, industry, and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the dire financial situation caused in part by the embezzlement of bin 'Ayyad, the bey's loan did not appear prudent to Hayreddin, according to Prof. Abun-Nasr. Nonetheless, the bey had stifled most political opposition to his financial schemes by long cultivation of the urban <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> and the rural tribal leaders. Due to Hayreddin's passive resistance, however, the loan was still being negotiated when Ahmed Bey died in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Minister_of_the_Navy">As Minister of the Navy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As Minister of the Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_navy_(1705%E2%80%931881)" title="Tunisian navy (1705–1881)">Tunisian navy (1705–1881)</a></div> <p>Upon his return to Tunisia from Paris, Khayr al-Din was appointed Minister of the Navy in 1857. He held responsibility for the expanding <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, Tunis and <a href="/wiki/Goulette" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulette">Goulette</a>, as well as distant <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>. This involved construction to improve harbor facilities in order to handle the increased commercial shipping, as Mediterranean trade grew markedly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently the number of ships in the Tunisian navy had greatly declined in the face of vessels of modern European design.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> into Tunisia began to surge, leading to difficulties with traditional documentation. Hayreddin proposed the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>. Here also the Ottoman <i>capitulatory agreements</i>, which gave <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterritorial">extraterritorial</a> legal rights to Europeans resident or transient in Tunis, complicated the situation. <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">Contraband</a> was another issue.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public health became a concern of major importance with <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> procedures imposed regarding a plague of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. The Minister of the Navy oversaw at Goulette the operation of an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a>, a prison, and a hospital. During this period in his life, as he would be completing his fortieth year, Hayreddin began to consider Tunisia as his adopted country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_and_family_life">Personal and family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At about the age of forty, circa 1862, Hayreddin married his first wife, Jeneina, who was the niece of the Bey (that is, the daughter of the Bey's sister, a Husaynid princess). The wedding was announced officially and celebrated with "great pomp". The father of Janina was the insider politician <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khaznadar" title="Mustapha Khaznadar">Mustapha Khaznadar</a>, originally from Greece, who served for many years as Grand Vizier. They had three children. Yet Janina and the son died in 1870; the two surviving daughters grew to adulthood and later married well. A year after Janina's death Hayreddin married two Turkish sisters who both gave birth to sons in 1872. Nonetheless, Hayreddin <a href="/wiki/Triple_talaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple talaq">repudiated</a> both in order to marry Kmar (or Qamar, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Ar</a>: "Moon"). They had two sons and a daughter. Kmar later moved with her husband to Istanbul and survived him by several years. "It seems probable that Khayr al-Din married the two sisters for the sole purpose of producing male progeny but wed Kmar, his fourth wife, out of love. In any case, his last marriage was monogamous."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his first wife's death, unmediated discord soon erupted between the son-in-law and the father-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa Khaznadar, although the Grand Vizier and servant of the Bey, could be an avaricious dealer in extortion, and good at it as well, becoming quite wealthy; while Hayreddin was known to be a committed opponent of tyranny and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853 Hayreddin had a palace constructed in the suburb of La Manuba, east of Tunis. Here he initially lived with his first wife Janina. This seaside villa lies between the port of <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a> and Carthage; near where now stands a modern rail station called "Khéreddine" (named after either <i><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a></i> or <i>al-Tunisi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He apparently also had a "grand residence" in the <i>madina</i> of Tunis, in the quarter Place du Tribunal, and a third elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contemporary European diplomat who "worked with him closely and on friendly terms" describes Hayreddin during the years when he served as the bey's chief minister: </p> <blockquote><p>"He was a stout, burly man, with a somewhat heavy countenance, which was occasionally lighted up with a very intelligent... expression... . His manners were considered haughty and overbearing, and... he soon added to the unpopularity to which his foreign extraction and mode of introduction into high office would under any circumstances have exposed him. ... It was difficult to tell his age as he dyed his hair and beard of a hard and deep black colour... ."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Hayreddin lost his government position at Tunis in 1877, the Ottoman sultan eventually offered him a government position in Istanbul. He then sought to sell his rather large holdings in real estate ("three palaces in Tunis and its suburbs, olive groves, and a vast estate called Enfida consisting of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>"). Fearful of a politically motivated seizure by his enemies who now ran the Tunis government, he sold his Enfida property to the Société Marseillaise in July, 1880. Yet an adjacent parcel was quickly purchased by a seemingly undisclosed agent, who then claimed pre-emptive rights to purchase the Enfida land, denying it to the French company who had already paid for it. The bey's regime evidently supported the <a href="/wiki/Pre-emption_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emption rights">pre-emption</a> claim; the conflict became known as the "Enfida affair". Ironically, this mischief spurred the French invasion of April, 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878, while serving in the Ottoman Empire, he was given by the sultan a mansion in Istanbul. Hayreddin died in 1890, surrounded by his family in their <i>konuk</i> [villa] located in Kuruçeşme near the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>. His fourth Son Major-General Damat Mehmed Salih Pasha (c. 1876 – killed at Istanbul, 24 June 1913) by his wife, Kamar Hanım, married at the Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 29 July 1907 with <a href="/wiki/%C8%98ehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Șehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Șehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a>'s only daughter <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnire_Sultan_(daughter_of_%C5%9Eehzade_Kemaleddin)" title="Münire Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Kemaleddin)">Münire Sultan</a> (Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 13 November 1880 – Nice, France, 7 October 1939, and buried there), and got Sultanzade Ahmed Kemaledin Keredin (18 June 1909 – 1987), married and left Issue.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_and_Grand_Council">Constitution and Grand Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitution and Grand Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reformist constitution promulgated in 1861 established new institutions of government, in particular an advisory and legislative body called the Majlis al-Akbar or Grand Council. The first to serve as its president was Hayreddin, appointed by the bey. Yet strong opposition and factional intrigues of the existing leadership, largely directed by the long-time Grand Vizier, <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khaznadar" title="Mustapha Khaznadar">Mustapha Khaznadar</a>, quickly developed which made the situation unworkable for a reformist agenda to prevail. Mustapha was also the father of Janina and the new father-in-law of Hayreddin. Instead of accommodating the powers-that-be, however, Hayreddin left office voluntarily in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_book:_The_Surest_Path">His book: <i>The Surest Path</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: His book: The Surest Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his voluntary exile to Europe, he acquired <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. There he observed first hand the style and manner of politics of the innovating West. His 1867 book <i>Aqwam al-Masālik fī Ma'rifat Aḥwāl al-Mamālik</i> [<i>The Surest Path to Knowledge regarding the Condition of Countries</i>] makes a comparison between European and Muslim states. In it he proposed strategies for governance and compared European political systems. Also he articulated a path to follow in order to achieve necessary reforms. </p><p>It counsels a moderate course, adopting selective Western programs and techniques while maintaining Tunisian traditions. He appealed directly to Muslim clerics, the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, and stressed that the elite ruling class should serve as stewards of the people's welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Finance_Commission">International Finance Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Finance Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1869 he became the first chairman of the International Finance Commission in Tunisia, created to manage government revenue and expenditures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_reforming_Vizierate_in_Tunis">His reforming Vizierate in Tunis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: His reforming Vizierate in Tunis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_TND_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20_TND_obverse.jpg/250px-20_TND_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20_TND_obverse.jpg/375px-20_TND_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20_TND_obverse.jpg/500px-20_TND_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Kheireddine Ettounsi on Tunisian 20 <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> note (1992).</figcaption></figure> <p>Later Hayreddin led the Tunisian government as its chief minister (1873–1877). His last years were spent in Ottoman service, where he was briefly the sultan's <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> (1878–1879).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While prime minister under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_as-Sadiq" title="Muhammad III as-Sadiq">Sadok Bey</a>, Hayreddin establish the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Habus</a> Council in 1874 to improve the utility of the extensive lands given to religious trusts. Legal changes were made to existing <i>qanun</i> law so that it might better encourage trade and commerce; the result was later called "le code Khaïreddine" which affected contracts and obligations. Administrative reforms of government institutions were made at Justice and Finance. In foreign affairs, he fostered closer ties with the Ottoman Empire, under the mistaken opinion that it would forestall European interference. Hayreddin also advanced the modernized curriculum at the <a href="/wiki/Ez-Zitouna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ez-Zitouna University">Ez-Zitouna University</a>. Later he worked to establish <a href="/wiki/Sadiki_College" title="Sadiki College">Collège Sadiki</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lycee" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycee">lycee</a> devoted to teaching modern subjects to the next generation of Tunisia's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent evaluation of Hayreddin's Vizierate, in light of the progress in Tunisia during the more than a century since, makes several observations. The first regards his coordination with the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> in order to make the government reforms; the second his familiarity with European political institutions: </p> <blockquote><p>"Reform in politics necessitates renewal in religious matters, including rational interpretation of the divine scripture and cognizance by the learned scholars of Islam of worldly matters and events in order for them to be able to render contextual understanding of the sacred texts. Khayr al-Din makes this bold move in the pursuit of reform that emulates Europe. The subsequent synergy between luminaries within, on the one hand, the state machinery and, on the other, the Zaytuna mosque university drew a reformist itinerary that still indelibly inspires the engineering of renewal agendas in modern day Tunisia."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>"The second idiosyncrasy is the attempt to harmonize the mundane and the sacred, the 'Eastern' religious knowledge with 'Western' political genius. The political thought of the Beylic of Tunisia's Grand Vizier, Khayr al-Din al Tunsi, is paradigmatic of this harmonization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Grand_Vizier_in_Istanbul">As Grand Vizier in Istanbul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As Grand Vizier in Istanbul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1878 Hayreddin was invited by the Ottoman sultan to relocate to Istanbul for government service. He worked initially on the Financial Reform Commission during 1878, being charged with modernization of the empire's tax and budgetary process. Obtaining the sultan's confidence, he soon was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire for a short period, from 4 December 1878 to 29 July 1879. Quickly he became resented as an outsider by the imperial political class. </p> <blockquote><p>"Heyreddin Pasha of Tunisia" was a "maladroit speaker of the [Turkish] language" who "made it to the position of grand vizier in 1878. Even though he had a fair command of written Arabic and French, his underlings could not resist making fun of his Ottoman Turkish."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>To advance his reform policies, Hayreddin enlisted foreign support to triangulate his political position and gain some independence of action. Nonetheless he could accomplish little; furthermore, this strategy led to his alienation of the sultan and his rather rapid dismissal. In 1882 he refused the offer of a second term as Grand Vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memoir_and_latter_writings">Memoir and latter writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Memoir and latter writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Hayreddin's letters "it seems that in 1878 he would have preferred to return home to Tunis." The <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French era Tunisia">French invasion of 1881</a> and their subsequent protectorate in Tunisia ended such hopes. At the spacious mansion in Istanbul given him by the sultan, Hayreddin remained in retirement during his last decade, but his <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> made life difficult and his exile brought him some bitterness. Nonetheless, here he composed various written works.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In French he dictated his memoirs to several different secretaries skilled in the language, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> world was an important target audience, whether in Africa, in Europe, or in the Middle East. He titled his memoirs <i>A mes enfants: ma vie privee et politique</i> [To My Children: My private and political life]. In these memoir and in several other writings, he pointedly defended his reforms while Grand Vizier of Beylical Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A close reading of Khayr al-Din, especially his memoirs and later writings (perhaps written frankly, without ulterior intent), shows him to favor traditional government like the Ottomans, opines Prof. Brown: </p> <blockquote><p>Khair al-Din "was always well within the mainstream of medieval Islamic political thought, with its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a>, i.e., a rigid separation between the rulers and the ruled, whose mutual relations were guided by the parallel of the shepherd and his flock... . It was stewardship—a sense of <i>noblesse oblige</i>--rather than a passion for representative democracy which guided Khayr al-Din. [W]here he had a free hand, Khayr al-Din had chosen almost all his own ministers from the <i>mamluk</i> class."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prof. Brown then quotes at some length, from Khayr al-Din's memoirs, a passage which describes the pre-existing corruption of the Beyical government as the source of the problem during his years as Grand Vizier. As the reformist solution, Khayr al-Din sought to "create a new administrative system, based on justice and <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>, to destroy abuses and arbitrary actions" and restore "the government in its sacred role of protector of the people" and so "conduct the country on the road to prosperity.",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more forward-looking portrait of Hayreddin is rendered by Prof. Clancy-Smith, although her contrary portrait does not appear to contradict Prof. Brown's conclusions wholesale. Here, she celebrates the "<a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">cosmopolitanism</a> of Tunis, which was not an identity so much as a manner of social existence." </p> <blockquote><p>"In the mamluk tradition at its best, Khayr al-Din gave unwavering loyalty to the Husaynids [the Beys of Tunis] and sultans [of the Ottoman Empire]--until their policies violated his notion of just government informed by his own lived experience, Islamic moral precepts, and chosen European political principles. ... As prime minister, however, he further dismantled the mamluk system... . ... As a borderland intellectual, he operated at multiple points of intersection: between the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrib</a> and the Ottoman Empire; Europe and North Africa; the central Mediterranean corridor and the sea writ large; the universe of the philosopher-educator and the statesman. ... [His book] could be recast as a modern expression of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">rihla</a></i> [journey or pilgrimage] through which Khayr al-Din attempted to legitimate distant or foreign knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During his last years, Hayreddin also turned to writing memoranda on the reformation of the Ottoman regime addressed to the unreceptive Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>. In these Hayreddin addressed many subjects, e.g., the civil service (education and remuneration), the legislature (method of election and limitations on its scope of action), and how to hold high officials accountable for their actions. Several of his proposals were taken up later by others pursuing reform.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_issue">Family and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Family and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married four time: </p> <ul><li>In 1862, he married his niece Janina Hanım, daughter of his sister and Mustafa Khaznadar Pasha. They had two sons and a daughter. Janina and one of their son died in 1870.</li> <li>In 1871, he married two sisters, and both give him a son in 1872. He divorced by them in 1873.</li> <li>In 1873 he married Kamer Hanım. They had two sons, amongs them Mehmed Salih, who married <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnire_Sultan_(daughter_of_%C5%9Eehzade_Kemaleddin)" title="Münire Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Kemaleddin)">Münire Sultan</a> (granddaughter of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a>); and a daughter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His character appears in <a href="/wiki/Sami_Fehri" title="Sami Fehri">Sami Fehri</a>'s television series, Tej El Hadhra, portrayed by actor Yassine Ben Gamra.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)" title="Order of Glory (Tunisia)">Order of Glory (Tunisia)</a></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the Order of Nichân ed-Dam (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the Order of Nichân Ahd El-Amân (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the Order of Nichân El-Ahd El-Mourassaâ (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)">Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Distinction_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)">Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li>Grand-croix of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">National Order of the Legion of Honour</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li> <li>Grand-croix of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Order of Leopold (Austria)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman era Tunisia">History of Ottoman era Tunisia</a> (1574–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_I_ibn_Mustafa" title="Ahmad I ibn Mustafa">Ahmad I ibn Mustafa</a> (Bey, 1837–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_al-Husayn" title="Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn">Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn</a> (Bey, 1855–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_as-Sadiq" title="Muhammad III as-Sadiq">Muhammad III as-Sadiq</a> (Bey, 1859–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French era Tunisia">History of French era Tunisia</a> (1881–1956)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Arabic language">Tunisian Arabic</a>: <span lang="aeb" dir="rtl">خير الدين باشا التونسي</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tunisian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="aeb-Latn">Khayr ad-Dīn Pāshā t-Tūnisiyy</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">تونسلى حيرالدين پاشا</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guellouz et al. (2010) at 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown at 30, in Khayr al-Din (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In March 1986 his body was "repatriated" to Tunisia. Clancy-Smith (2011) at 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Abdul Azim Islahi, "Economic ideas of a nineteenth century Tunisian statesman: Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi." <i>Hamdard Islamicus</i> (2012): 61-80 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43519/1/MPRA_paper_43519.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bondage was "not an unusual fate given that his people had supplied slave markets for centuries." Clancy-Smith (2011) at 320. She gives the date of his birth as 1822.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011), at chap. 9, "Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi and a Mediterranean community of thought", 315–341, at 319–320. Apparently Prof. Clancy-Smith relies on his memoirs and on Van Krieken (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Brown at 29–30, in Khayr al-Din (1967). Prof. Brown infers in much more general terms a similar background. Noting that "many sources say he was born in 1810" Prof. Brown nonetheless states "he was probably born between 1820 and 1825."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 320–322; at 69, 324–327; quotes at 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guellouz, et al. (2010) at 412–413. Photograph at 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 329, 326. Hayreddin sent books to his friend <a href="/wiki/Bin_Diyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Diyaf">Bin Diyaf</a>, including titles by the medieval Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, printed in Arabic, published in Paris. Clancy-Smith (2011) at 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Hourani (1970) at 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abun-Nasr (1971) at 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 327–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (1974) at 299–303. Many Tunisian ships had been lost due to a storm in 1821, and later in a severe defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> in Greek waters suffered by the Ottoman navy in 1827, ships which were never replaced. Brown (1974) at 142–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 178 (contraband), 327–329 (immigration).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Anderson (1986) at 98–102, describing fundamental changes induced by influx of Europeans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 327–329, e.g., 328 (adopted country).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Perkins (2004) at 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Abun-Nasr (1971) at 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins (2004) at 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 329–330, 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hourani (1970) at 86–87. This was by the British Ambassador, Henry Layard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abun-Nasr (1971) at 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown at 30–31, in Khayr al-Din (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guellouz, et al. (2010) at 412–428. His book (at 414–418) was translated, e.g., into French (<i>Le plus sûr moyen pour connaître l'état de nations</i>), Turkish, and Italian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins (2004) at 30–36, book at 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, editor (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins (1989) at 73–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guellouz, et al. (2010) at 412–428, administration at 418–420, law at 420–421, Ottomans at 422–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins (2004) at 30–36, <i>Habus</i> Council at 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powel and Sadiki (2010) at 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powel and Sadiki (2010) at 8, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Sukru Hanioglu, <i>A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire</i> (Princeton University 2008) at 35, text and note 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw and Shaw (1977) at 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See bibliography. Clancy-Smith (2011) at 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) at 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, "An Appreciation of <i>The Surest Path</i>", 1–64, at 32, in Khayr al-Din (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown at 32–33 in Khayr al-Din (1967), quoting from the "A mes enfants: Ma vie privee et politique" (1934) at 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy-Smith (2011) in summarizing her chapter "Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi", 315–341, at 339, <i>rihla</i> at 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw and Shaw (1977) at 220. The references are apparently to unpublished documents, by catalogue numbers at the <i>Yildiz Archives</i>, per the <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a> in Istanbul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2018/05/22/tej-el-hadhra-un-feuilleton-qui-tient-toutes-ses-promesses/">"<i>Tej El-Hadhra</i> : Un feuilleton qui tient toutes ses promesses"</a>. <i>kapitalis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kapitalis&rft.atitle=Tej+El-Hadhra+%3A+Un+feuilleton+qui+tient+toutes+ses+promesses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkapitalis.com%2Ftunisie%2F2018%2F05%2F22%2Ftej-el-hadhra-un-feuilleton-qui-tient-toutes-ses-promesses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHayreddin+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Khayr al-Dīn Pāshā al-Tūnisiyy: <ul><li>Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic ideas of a nineteenth century Tunisian statesman: Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi." <i>Hamdard Islamicus</i> (2012): 61-80 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43519/1/MPRA_paper_43519.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Carl_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Carl Brown">Leon Carl Brown</a>, editor, <i>The Surest Path. The political treatise of a nineteenth-century Muslim statesman. A translation of the Introduction to </i>The Surest Path to knowledge concerning the condition of countries<i> by Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi</i> (Harvard University: Center for Middle Eastern Studies 1967). Khair al-Din's <i>The Surest Path</i> (written in Arabic) was first published 1867–1868 at Tunis. Included in the above 1967 edition is Brown's "An Appreciation of <i>The Surest Path</i>", at 1–64, followed by the translation at 65–178.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_Mzali" title="Mohamed Salah Mzali">M. S. Mzali</a> and J. Pignon, editors, <i>Khérédine: Homme d'etat</i> (Tunis: Maison Tunisienne de l'Edition 1971), and also their earlier, edited: "Documents sur Khéréddine" in <i>Revue Tunisienne</i>: <ul><li>"A mes enfants" at 23: 177–225, 347–369 (1934), i.e., his memoirs, "A mes infants: Ma vie privée et politique";</li> <li>"Mon programme" at 24: 51–80 (1935);</li> <li>"Le problème tunisienne vu à travers la question d'Orient" at 24: 209–233 (1935); 25: 223–254 (1936);</li> <li>"Réponse à la calomnie" at 26: 209–252, 409–432 (1937); 27: 79–91 (1938);</li> <li>"Corespondance" at 27: 92–153 (1938); 29: 71–107, 251–302 (1940).</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Other literature: <ul><li>Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, <i>A History of the Maghrib</i> (Cambridge University 1971).</li> <li>Lisa Anderson, <i>The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980</i> (Princeton University 1986).</li> <li>L. Carl Brown, <i>The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey 1837–1855</i> (Princeton University 1974).</li> <li>Julia A. Clancy-Smith, <i>Mediterraneans. North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c.1800–1900</i> (University of California 2011).</li> <li>Arnold H. Green, <i>The Tunisian Ulama 1873–1915. Social structure and response to ideological currents</i> (Leiden: E. J. Brill 1978).</li> <li>Azzedine Guellouz, Abdelkader Masmoudi, Mongi Smida, Ahmed Saadaoui, <i>Les Temps Modernes. 941–1247 A.H./1534-1881</i> (Tunis: Sud Editions 2004). [<i>Histoire Générale de Tunisie, Tome III</i>].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Albert Hourani</a>, <i>Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939</i> (Oxford University 1962, 1967).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Diyaf" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf">Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf</a>, <i>Consult Them in the Matter. A nineteenth-century Islamic argument for constitutional government. The </i>Muqaddima<i> (Introduction) to </i>Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman bi Akhbar Muluk Tunis wa 'Ahd al-Aman<i> (Presenting Contemporaries the History of the Rulers of Tunis and the Fundamental Pact) by Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf</i> (University of Arkansas 2005), translated with introduction and notes by L. Carl Brown.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Laroui" title="Abdallah Laroui">Abdallah Laroui</a>, <i>L'Histoire du Maghreb. Un essai de synthèse</i> (Paris: Librairie François Maspero 1970), translated by Ralph Manheim as <i>The History of the Maghrib. An interpretive essay</i> (Princeton University 1977).</li> <li>Brieg Powel and Larbi Sadiki, <i>Europe and Tunisia. Democritization via association</i> (New York: Routledge 2010).</li> <li>Kenneth J. Perkins, <i>A History of Modern Tunisia</i> (Cambridge University 2004).</li> <li>Kenneth J. Perkins, <i>Historical Dictionary of Tunisia</i> (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow 1989).</li> <li>Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The rise of modern Turkey, 1808–1975</i> (Cambridge University 1977).</li> <li>G. S. Van Krieken, <i>Khayr al-Din et la Tunisie (1850–1881)</i> (Leiden: E. J. Brill 1976).</li> <li>Nicola A. Ziadeh, <i>Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia</i> (American University of Beirut 1962).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha_(vizier)" title="Alaeddin Pasha (vizier)">Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha</a> (1320–1331)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam%C3%BCddin_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha">Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha</a> (1331–1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Pasha" title="Hacı Pasha">Hacı Pasha</a> (1348–1349)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan%C3%BCddin_Fakih_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha">Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha</a> (1349–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Kara_Halil_Hayreddin_Pasha" title="Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha">Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha</a> (1364–1387)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1zade_Ali_Pasha" title="Çandarlızade Ali Pasha">Çandarlızade Ali Pasha</a> (1387–1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzade_Halil_Pasha" title="Imamzade Halil Pasha">Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha</a> (1406–1413)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Pasha" title="Bayezid Pasha">Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha</a> (1413–1421)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha_the_Elder" title="Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder">Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder</a> (1421–1429)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mehmed_Nizam%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha">Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha</a> (1429–1439)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha_the_Younger" title="Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger">Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger</a> (1439–1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Growth_(1453-1606)" title="Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Growth (1453-1606)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Growth_(1453-1606)" title="Template talk:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Growth (1453-1606)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Growth_(1453-1606)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Growth (1453-1606)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_–_Classical_Age_(1453–1550)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age (1453–1550)</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a> (1453–1456)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelovic">Veli Mahmud Pasha</a> (1456–1466)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Rum Mehmed Pasha">Rum Mehmed Pasha</a> (1466–1469)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha" title="Ishak Pasha">Ishak Pasha</a> (1469–1472)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelovic">Veli Mahmud Pasha</a> (1472–1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> (1474–1477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamani_Mehmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamani Mehmet Pasha">Karamani Mehmed Pasha</a> (1477–1481)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha" title="Ishak Pasha">Ishak Pasha</a> (1481–1482)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Davud_Pasha" title="Koca Davud Pasha">Koca Davud Pasha</a> (1482–1497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersekzade_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha">Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha</a> (1497–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha_the_Younger" title="Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger">Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger</a> (1498–1499)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakub_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakub Pasha (page does not exist)">Yakub Pasha</a> (1499–1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesih_Pasha" title="Mesih Pasha">Mesih Pasha</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadim_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Ali Pasha">Hadim Ali Pasha</a> (1501–1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersekzade_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha">Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha</a> (1503–1506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadim_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Ali Pasha">Hadim Ali Pasha</a> (1509–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Koca Mustafa Pasha">Koca Mustafa Pasha</a> (1511–1512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukakinzade_Ahmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha">Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha</a> (1512–1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersekzade_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha">Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha</a> (1515–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Sinan_Pasha" title="Hadım Sinan Pasha">Hadım Sinan Pasha</a> (1516–1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Pasha" title="Yunus Pasha">Yunus Pasha</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Piri Mehmed Pasha">Piri Mehmed Pasha</a> (1517–1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1523–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayas_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Ayas Mehmed Pasha">Ayas Mehmed Pasha</a> (1536–1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_Pasha" title="Lütfi Pasha">Lütfi Pasha</a> (1539–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Suleiman_Pasha" title="Hadım Suleiman Pasha">Hadım Suleiman Pasha</a> (1541–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a> (1544–1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Transformation_(1550-1700)" title="Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Transformation (1550-1700)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Transformation_(1550-1700)" title="Template talk:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Transformation (1550-1700)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Transformation_(1550-1700)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Transformation (1550-1700)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_–_Transformation_(1550–1700)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation (1550–1700)</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Kara Ahmed Pasha">Kara Ahmed Pasha</a> (1553–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a> (1555–1561)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiz_Ali_Pasha" title="Semiz Ali Pasha">Semiz Ali Pasha</a> (1561–1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a> (1565–1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiz_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Semiz Ahmed Pasha">Semiz Ahmed Pasha</a> (1579–1580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha">Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha</a> (1580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan_Pasha" title="Koca Sinan Pasha">Koca Sinan Pasha</a> (1580–1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanijeli_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha" title="Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha">Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha</a> (1582–1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zdemiro%C4%9Flu_Osman_Pasha" title="Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha">Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha</a> (1584–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadim_Mesih_Pasha" title="Hadim Mesih Pasha">Hadim Mesih Pasha</a> (1585–1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanijeli_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha" title="Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha">Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha</a> (1586–1589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan_Pasha" title="Koca Sinan Pasha">Koca Sinan Pasha</a> (1589–1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Ferhad_Pasha" title="Serdar Ferhad Pasha">Serdar Ferhad Pasha</a> (1591–1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanijeli_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha" title="Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha">Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan_Pasha" title="Koca Sinan Pasha">Koca Sinan Pasha</a> (1593–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Ferhad_Pasha" title="Serdar Ferhad Pasha">Serdar Ferhad Pasha</a> (1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Lala Mehmed Pasha">Lala Mehmed Pasha</a> (1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Sinan_Pasha" title="Koca Sinan Pasha">Koca Sinan Pasha</a> (1595–1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Damat Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigalazade_Yusuf_Sinan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha">Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Damat Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1596–1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Hasan_Pasha" title="Hadım Hasan Pasha">Hadım Hasan Pasha</a> (1597–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerrah_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Cerrah Mehmed Pasha">Cerrah Mehmed Pasha</a> (1598–1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Damat Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1599–1601)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemi%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Hasan_Pasha" title="Yemişçi Hasan Pasha">Yemişçi Hasan Pasha</a> (1601–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Ali_Pasha" title="Yavuz Ali Pasha">Yavuz Ali Pasha</a> (1603–1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokolluzade_Lala_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha">Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha</a> (1604–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fnak_Dervi%C5%9F_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha">Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha</a> (1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyucu_Murad_Pasha" title="Kuyucu Murad Pasha">Kuyucu Murad Pasha</a> (1606–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuh_Pasha" title="Nasuh Pasha">Nasuh Pasha</a> (1611–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCz_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Öküz Mehmed Pasha">Öküz Mehmed Pasha</a> (1614–1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Halil_Pasha" title="Damat Halil Pasha">Damat Halil Pasha</a> (1616–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCz_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Öküz Mehmed Pasha">Öküz Mehmed Pasha</a> (1619–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCzelce_Ali_Pasha" title="Güzelce Ali Pasha">Güzelce Ali Pasha</a> (1619–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrili_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha">Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha</a> (1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaver_Pasha" title="Dilaver Pasha">Dilaver Pasha</a> (1621–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Davud_Pasha" title="Kara Davud Pasha">Kara Davud Pasha</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Mere Hüseyin Pasha">Mere Hüseyin Pasha</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefkeli_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha">Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Hadım Mehmed Pasha">Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha</a> (1622–1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Mere Hüseyin Pasha">Mere Hüseyin Pasha</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemanke%C5%9F_Kara_Ali_Pasha" title="Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha">Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha</a> (1623–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87erkes_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Çerkes Mehmed Pasha">Çerkes Mehmed Pasha</a> (1624–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Ahmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Ahmed Pasha">Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha</a> (1625–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Halil_Pasha" title="Damat Halil Pasha">Damat Halil Pasha</a> (1626–1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_H%C3%BCsrev_Pasha" title="Gazi Hüsrev Pasha">Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha</a> (1628–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Ahmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Ahmed Pasha">Hafiz Ahmed Pasha</a> (1631–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topal_Recep_Pasha" title="Topal Recep Pasha">Topal Recep Pasha</a> (1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taban%C4%B1yass%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha">Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha</a> (1632–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayram_Pasha" title="Bayram Pasha">Bayram Pasha</a> (1637–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayyar_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Tayyar Mehmed Pasha">Tayyar Mehmed Pasha</a> (1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemanke%C5%9F_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha">Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha</a> (1638–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanzade_Mehmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha">Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha</a> (1644–1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevesinli_Salih_Pasha" title="Nevesinli Salih Pasha">Nevesinli Salih Pasha</a> (1645–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Musa_Pasha" title="Kara Musa Pasha">Kara Musa Pasha</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezarpare_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha">Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sofu Mehmed Pasha">Sofu Mehmed Pasha</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Murat_Pasha" title="Kara Murat Pasha">Kara Murat Pasha</a> (1649–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melek_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Melek Ahmed Pasha">Melek Ahmed Pasha</a> (1650–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha_I" title="Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I">Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Gürcü Mehmed Pasha">Gürcü Mehmed Pasha</a> (1651–1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarhoncu_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha">Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha</a> (1652–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%B1y%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_Koca_Dervi%C5%9F_Mehmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha">Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha</a> (1653–1654)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%C5%9Fir_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Ibşir Mustafa Pasha">Ibşir Mustafa Pasha</a> (1654–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Murad_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Murad Pasha">Kara Dev Murad Pasha</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermeni_S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha" title="Ermeni Süleyman Pasha">Ermeni Süleyman Pasha</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Gazi Hüseyin Pasha">Gazi Hüseyin Pasha</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurnazen_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha">Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha_I" title="Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I">Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynuyaral%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha">Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Köprülü Mehmed Pasha">Köprülü Mehmed Pasha</a> (1656–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Faz%C4%B1l_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed">Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha</a> (1661–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha</a> (1676–1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburtlu_Kara_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha">Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1683–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha" title="Sarı Süleyman Pasha">Sarı Süleyman Pasha</a> (1685–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha" title="Abaza Siyavuş Pasha">Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II</a> (1687–1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1_Ismail_Pasha" title="Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha">Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekri_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Bekri Mustafa Pasha">Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha</a> (1688–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Faz%C4%B1l_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha">Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha</a> (1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahad%C4%B1rzade_Arabac%C4%B1_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha">Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha</a> (1691–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1k_Ali_Pasha" title="Çalık Ali Pasha">Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha</a> (1692–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozoklu_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha">Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha</a> (1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmeli_Ali_Pasha" title="Sürmeli Ali Pasha">Sürmeli Ali Pasha</a> (1694–1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmas_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Elmas Mehmed Pasha">Elmas Mehmed Pasha</a> (1695–1697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcazade_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha">Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha</a> (1697–1702)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Decline_(1699-1792)" title="Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Decline (1699-1792)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Decline_(1699-1792)" title="Template talk:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Decline (1699-1792)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Decline_(1699-1792)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Decline (1699-1792)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_–_Old_Regime_(1700–1789)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_old_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman old regime">Old Regime (1700–1789)</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daltaban_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Daltaban Mustafa Pasha">Daltaban Mustafa Pasha</a> (1702–1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Rami Mehmed Pasha">Rami Mehmed Pasha</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BChrabl%C4%B1_Kavanoz_Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Hasan_Pasha" title="Damat Hasan Pasha">Damat Hasan Pasha</a> (1703–1704)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalayl%C4%B1koz_Hac%C4%B1_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltaji_Mehmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltaji Mehmet Pasha">Baltaji Mehmet Pasha</a> (1704–1706)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlulu_Ali_Pasha" title="Çorlulu Ali Pasha">Çorlulu Ali Pasha</a> (1706–1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Numan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Numan Pasha">Köprülü Numan Pasha</a> (1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltaji_Mehmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltaji Mehmet Pasha">Baltaji Mehmet Pasha</a> (1710–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fa_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Ağa Yusuf Pasha">Ağa Yusuf Pasha</a> (1711–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha" title="Nişancı Süleyman Pasha">Nişancı Süleyman Pasha</a> (1712–1713)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoca_Ibrahim_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (page does not exist)">Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silahdar_Damat_Ali_Pasha" title="Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha">Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha</a> (1713–1716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha" title="Hacı Halil Pasha">Hacı Halil Pasha</a> (1716–1717)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tevkii_Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha</a> (1717–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehirli_Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1718–1730)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_Damat_Mehmet_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabakulak_Ibrahim_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (page does not exist)">Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha</a> (1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman_Pasha" title="Topal Osman Pasha">Topal Osman Pasha</a> (1731–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha">Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha</a> (1732–1735)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_Ismail_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gürcü Ismail Pasha (page does not exist)">Gürcü Ismail Pasha</a> (1735–1736)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_Seyyid_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhsinzade_Abdullah_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (page does not exist)">Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye%C4%9Fen_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Yeğen Mehmed Pasha</a> (1737–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivaz_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Ivaz Mehmed Pasha">Ivaz Mehmed Pasha</a> (1739–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Nişancı Ahmed Pasha">Nişancı Ahmed Pasha</a> (1740–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha">Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha</a> (1742–1743)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyid_Hasan_Pasha" title="Seyyid Hasan Pasha">Seyyid Hasan Pasha</a> (1743–1746)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiryaki_Hac%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha</a> (1746–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyid_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Seyyid Abdullah Pasha">Seyyid Abdullah Pasha</a> (1747–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divitdar_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha" title="Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha">Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> (1750–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6se_Bahir_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha">Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha</a> (1752–1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha">Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naili_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Naili Abdullah Pasha">Naili Abdullah Pasha</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_B%C4%B1y%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_Ali_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yirmisekizzade_Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha">Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1755–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6se_Bahir_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha">Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Rag%C4%B1p_Pasha" title="Koca Ragıp Pasha">Koca Ragıp Pasha</a> (1757–1763)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tevkii_Hamza_Hamid_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (page does not exist)">Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6se_Bahir_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha">Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha</a> (1763–1765)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhsinzade_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha</a> (1765–1768)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_Hamza_Mahir_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1zade_Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (page does not exist)">Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> (1768–1769)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovanc%C4%B1_Ali_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovancı Ali Pasha (page does not exist)">Moldovancı Ali Pasha</a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivazzade_Halil_Pasha" title="Ivazzade Halil Pasha">Ivazzade Halil Pasha</a> (1769–1770)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Mehmed Pasha</a> (1770–1771)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhsinzade_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha</a> (1771–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzet_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Izzet Mehmed Pasha">Izzet Mehmed Pasha</a> (1774–1775)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral%C4%B1_Dervi%C5%9F_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha</a> (1775–1777)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darendeli_Cebecizade_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha</a> (1777–1778)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalafat_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Kalafat Mehmed Pasha</a> (1778–1779)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahdar_Karavezir_Seyyid_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha</a> (1779–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzet_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Izzet Mehmed Pasha">Izzet Mehmed Pasha</a> (1781–1782)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye%C4%9Fen_Hac%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Hamid_Pasha" title="Halil Hamid Pasha">Halil Hamid Pasha</a> (1782–1785)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazinedar_%C5%9Eahin_Ali_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (page does not exist)">Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha</a> (1785–1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Koca Yusuf Pasha">Koca Yusuf Pasha</a> (1786–1789)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keth%C3%BCda_Meyyit_Hasan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (page does not exist)">Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Dissolution_(1792-1922)" title="Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Dissolution (1792-1922)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Dissolution_(1792-1922)" title="Template talk:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Dissolution (1792-1922)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Viziers_of_Ottoman_Empire-Dissolution_(1792-1922)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Dissolution (1792-1922)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_–_Decline_and_Modernization_(1789–1922)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pasha_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Pasha of Algiers">Hassan Pasha of Algiers</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87elebizade_%C5%9Eerif_Hasan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (page does not exist)">Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha</a> (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Koca Yusuf Pasha">Koca Yusuf Pasha</a> (1791–1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melek_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melek Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Melek Mehmed Pasha</a> (1792–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranbolulu_Izzet_Mehmet_Pasha" title="Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha">Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha</a> (1794–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r_Yusuf_Ziya%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha">Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha</a> (1798–1805)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafiz_Ismail_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafiz Ismail Pasha (page does not exist)">Hafiz Ismail Pasha</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Hilmi_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha</a> (1806–1807)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87elebi_Mustafa_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (page does not exist)">Çelebi Mustafa Pasha</a> (1807–1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemdar_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Alemdar Mustafa Pasha">Alemdar Mustafa Pasha</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87avu%C5%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Memi%C5%9F_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (page does not exist)">Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r_Yusuf_Ziya%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha">Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_Aziz_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha">Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha</a> (1811–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurshid_Pasha" title="Hurshid Pasha">Hurshid Pasha</a> (1812–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_Rauf_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha">Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burdurlu_Dervish_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burdurlu Dervish Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Dervish Mehmed Pasha</a> (1818–1820)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyyid_Ali_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyyid Ali Pasha (page does not exist)">Seyyid Ali Pasha</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benderli_Ali_Pasha" title="Benderli Ali Pasha">Benderli Ali Pasha</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hac%C4%B1_Salih_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacı Salih Pasha (page does not exist)">Hacı Salih Pasha</a> (1821–1822)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Abdullah_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Abdullah Pasha (page does not exist)">Deli Abdullah Pasha</a> (1822–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silahdar_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Silahdar Ali Pasha">Silahdar Ali Pasha</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Galip_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Galip Pasha">Mehmed Said Galip Pasha</a> (1823–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Selim_Pasha" title="Mehmed Selim Pasha">Mehmed Selim Pasha</a> (1824–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topal_Izzet_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha">Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fid_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Reşid Mehmed Pasha">Reşid Mehmed Pasha</a> (1829–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_Rauf_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha">Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha</a> (1833–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a> (1839–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_Rauf_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha">Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha</a> (1840–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topal_Izzet_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha">Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_Rauf_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha">Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha</a> (1842–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sarim_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Sarim Pasha">Ibrahim Sarim Pasha</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1848–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_Rauf_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha">Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Mehmed_Ali_Pasha" title="Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha">Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha</a> (1852–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naili_Pasha" title="Mustafa Naili Pasha">Mustafa Naili Pasha</a> (1853–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha" title="Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha">Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1854–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (1855–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naili_Pasha" title="Mustafa Naili Pasha">Mustafa Naili Pasha</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (1858–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha" title="Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha">Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha" title="Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha">Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Fuad_Pasha" title="Mehmed Fuad Pasha">Mehmed Fuad Pasha</a> (1861–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kamil_Pasha" title="Yusuf Kamil Pasha">Yusuf Kamil Pasha</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Fuad_Pasha" title="Mehmed Fuad Pasha">Mehmed Fuad Pasha</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a> (1866–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Nedim_Pasha" title="Mahmud Nedim Pasha">Mahmud Nedim Pasha</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a> (1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Esad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Esad Pasha">Ahmed Esad Pasha</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eirvanl%C4%B1_Mehmed_R%C3%BC%C5%9Fdi_Pasha" title="Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha">Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Avni_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Avni Pasha">Hüseyin Avni Pasha</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Esad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Esad Pasha">Ahmed Esad Pasha</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Nedim_Pasha" title="Mahmud Nedim Pasha">Mahmud Nedim Pasha</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a> (1876–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> (1876–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Edhem_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Edhem Pasha">Ibrahim Edhem Pasha</a> (1877–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hamdi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Hamdi Pasha">Ahmed Hamdi Pasha</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Vefik_Pasha" title="Ahmed Vefik Pasha">Ahmed Vefik Pasha</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Sad%C4%B1k_Pasha" title="Mehmed Sadık Pasha">Mehmed Sadık Pasha</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffet_Pasha" title="Saffet Pasha">Saffet Pasha</a> (1878)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayreddin Pasha</a> (1878–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Arifi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Arifi Pasha">Ahmed Arifi Pasha</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Pasha" title="Kadri Pasha">Kadri Pasha</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1880–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Nureddin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha">Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Vefik_Pasha" title="Ahmed Vefik Pasha">Ahmed Vefik Pasha</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevad Pasha">Ahmed Cevad Pasha</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Rifat_Pasha" title="Halil Rifat Pasha">Halil Rifat Pasha</a> (1895–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1901–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ferid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Ferid Pasha">Mehmed Ferid Pasha</a> (1903–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hakki_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Hakki Pasha">Ibrahim Hakki Pasha</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a> (1911–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim Pasha</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talat Pasha</a> (1917–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha" title="Salih Hulusi Pasha">Salih Hulusi Pasha</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a> (1920–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366613#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011833762X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100250731">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1851896/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118962981">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83196446">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100253r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100253r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX824282">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073480916">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591889305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257074305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118962981">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hayreddin-pasa-tunuslu">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&oldid=1258554879">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayreddin_Pasha&oldid=1258554879</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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