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href="#Unsuccessful_investigation_of_NAACP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unsuccessful investigation of NAACP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_investigation_of_NAACP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assault_on_homosexuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assault_on_homosexuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assault on homosexuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assault_on_homosexuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_academic_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_academic_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attack on academic freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_academic_freedom-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution_of_apology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_of_apology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Resolution of apology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_of_apology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anti-Communist committee that focused on homosexuals</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg/200px-Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg/300px-Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg/400px-Senator_Johns_discusses_plans_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Johns Committee namesake and chairman <a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Charley Johns</a> (center) discusses plans to screen out homosexuals from employment in state government and colleges with B. R. Tilley (left), President of <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_River_State_College" title="St. Johns River State College">St. Johns River Junior College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palatka,_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka</a>, and A. E. Mikell (right), superintendent of the Levy County schools, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</b> (commonly known as the <b>Johns Committee</b>) was established by the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Legislature</a> in 1956, during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare#Second_Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Scare" title="Lavender Scare">Lavender Scare</a>. Like the more famous <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism#Congress" title="McCarthyism">anti-Communist investigative committees</a> of the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy period</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the Florida committee undertook a wide-ranging investigation of allegedly subversive activities by <a href="/wiki/Academic_staff" title="Academic staff">academics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> groups, especially the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, and suspected <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> organizations. </p><p>Having failed to find communist ties to Florida civil rights organizations, to gain continued funding it began to focus on a more vulnerable target: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a>, who at the time were widely believed to be a threat to national security, as well as a threat to youth. Students and faculty were fired or forced to resign from Florida universities, especially the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charley_Johns" class="mw-redirect" title="Charley Johns">Charley Johns</a> was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Pork_Chop_Gang" title="Pork Chop Gang">Pork Chop Gang</a>, rural legislators who dominated the Florida Legislature because of chronic misrepresentation, giving a city such as <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> the same weight in the legislature as rural <a href="/wiki/Wakulla_County,_Florida" title="Wakulla County, Florida">Wakulla County</a>. When the legislature was finally reapportioned, through the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Florida#The_1968_Florida_Constitution" title="Constitution of Florida">Florida Constitution of 1968</a>, the Pork Choppers came to an end, and with them the political power of Charley Johns. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">Sun-Sentinel</a></i> reported in 2019 that the committee "persecuted civil rights leaders, university professors, college students, public school teachers and state employees for imagined offenses against <a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">redneck</a> sensibilities.… Niceties like <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> were ignored.… They employed <a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">entrapment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Grimm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Johns Committee resembled the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission</a>, "but the Sovereignty Commission, bad as it was, lacked the Johns Committee's unrelenting cruelty."<sup id="cite_ref-Grimm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_mandate">Legislative mandate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly referred to as the Johns Committee after its first chairman, state senator and former acting governor <a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Charley Eugene Johns</a>, the origins of the committee are tied to the panic caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, the Supreme Court's unanimous 1954 decision that <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">racial segregation in schools</a> (allegedly <a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>. Many Floridians viewed <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i> as "a day of catastrophe—a Black Monday—a day something like Pearl Harbor".<sup id="cite_ref-Rabby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislature passed a resolution (House Concurrent Resolution 174) declaring the Supreme Court decision "null, void and of no force or effect".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_investigation_of_NAACP">Unsuccessful investigation of NAACP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful investigation of NAACP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johns had not succeeded in getting legislative support for a committee to investigate vice crimes. The "hysteria over the prospect of desegregation" led Johns to recast his proposed committee, successfully, as a tool to investigate the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>'s activities in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee's broadly worded mandate from the legislature was to "investigate all organizations whose principles or activities include a course of conduct on the part of any person or group which could constitute violence, or a violation of the laws of the state, or would be inimical to the well being and orderly pursuit of their personal and business activities by the majority of the citizens of this state."<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Memory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "Johns claimed that he believed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to be the only group that the Committee would investigate."<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the Johns Committee's first tasks was to investigate and punish faculty and staff at <a href="/wiki/Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University">Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black">historically black</a> college, for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a> of 1956–1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallahassee_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallahassee-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee sought to find <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> links to the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and subpoenaed <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Perry_(librarian)" title="Ruth Perry (librarian)">Ruth Perry</a> three times in an effort gain access to the membership records.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee was further rebuffed when the NAACP got a ruling from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> denying the Johns Committee access to their membership lists (which they had mailed out of state, for safekeeping).<sup id="cite_ref-UFL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee also investigated the activities of other politically active organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, as well as both pro-<a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Fidel Castro">anti-Castro</a> groups."<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Memory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assault_on_homosexuals">Assault on homosexuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assault on homosexuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stymied in their investigation of the NAACP, the committee turned to the issue of homosexuals, specifically at the University at Florida. John d'Emilio has suggested that this may have been provoked by support for desegregation at the University of Florida, but Stacy Braukman sees it simply as a popular issue (cleaning out homosexuals, thought to prey on children) the committee seized hold of.<sup id="cite_ref-Braukman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braukman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–69">: 68–69 </span></sup> As Johns said in a 1972 interview, "If we saved one boy from being made homosexual, it was justified."<sup id="cite_ref-Uf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, the legislature directed the Johns Committee to broaden its investigations to include <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a> and the "extent of [their] infiltration into agencies supported by state funds,"<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Memory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>. Having the power to subpoena witnesses, take sworn testimony, and employ secret informants, the committee spread terror among the <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">closeted</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> population in state colleges, often using uniformed policemen to pull students and professors out of classes for interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-Alligator_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alligator-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">Sodomy</a> was a crime under Florida law at that time and remained so until the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> ruling in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admission of homosexuality constituted <a href="/wiki/Moral_turpitude" title="Moral turpitude">moral turpitude</a> and was grounds for firing or expulsion from college. </p><p>However, the Johns Committee had already begun interrogating suspected homosexuals among students and faculty on Florida campuses before the legislature gave specific authorization for it. In 1958, committee chairman Johns illegally sent a covert investigator to the University of Florida after his son, Jerome Johns, told his father that "effeminate instructors had perverted the curriculum." Other students identified professors as homosexuals for such flimsy reasons as observing them eating lunch together or wearing <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda shorts</a> on campus. Investigator Strickland </p> <blockquote><p>hired student informants with FLIC funds, used highway patrolmen to remove professors from the classroom, and telephoned some instructors late at night, demanding that they provide testimony in Strickland's motel room at his convenience. He also prohibited the accused from confronting their complainants, seldom informed subjects of their legal or constitutional rights, and rarely offered them sufficient time to secure an attorney or prepare a defense.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Students, too, faced the committee's wrath. While faculty and staff suffered immediate dismissal if suspected of homosexuality, gay students could remain on campus only if they visited the infirmary and submitted to psychiatric treatments throughout their academic career.… The FLIC compelled personnel at the UF medical center to disclose information found in patient records and…also reserved the right to seize clinical records as it did when investigators seized paperwork on thirty-five female students who had given birth out of wedlock at the UF facility.<sup id="cite_ref-closet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-closet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One victim, University of Florida honors graduate Art Coppleston, described the experience of interrogation this way: </p> <blockquote><p>I arrived at the University of Florida on my 25th birthday in September 1957. Having completed four years in the Air Force, I was anxious to move ahead quickly with my education, and get on to a working career. …I was called in to be interrogated three or four times during the next two years. Each time, it was the same setting, and the same set of questions. Each time I was unceremoniously marched out of class, in front of the instructor and all my classmates, by a uniformed policeman. Once this occurred during a final exam in accounting. …At each interrogation, I refused to tell them anything. Each time I was amazed that, while I was truly terrified by their tactics and their threats, I was able to stonewall their questions and refuse to give them the answers they were so desperate for. I came to realize that they, as a group, were really a very dumb bunch of redneck, illiterate people, clumsily wielding a vast amount of power over others.<sup id="cite_ref-Encounters_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encounters-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The investigations ruined many lives and careers. For example, in March 1959, the chairman of the University of Florida geography department, Professor Sigismond Diettrich, a married man, attempted suicide after being interrogated by the committee's agents and then forced to resign by the university's president. In April, the university fired at least 15 faculty members and librarians. This was done in semi-secret, with no public announcement, so the students of the university had only a murky notion what was happening. Over the next year, the university continued "investigations and expulsions of students and faculty" because, to pacify the Johns Committee, it had committed itself to "legitimate self-policing".<sup id="cite_ref-Braukman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braukman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1963, the Johns Committee could boast of having caused the firing of 39 professors and deans, as well as the revoking of teaching certificates for 71 public school teachers, all suspected or admitted homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scores of students were interrogated and subsequently expelled from public colleges across the state, as well. </p><p>"Florida State University and the University of South Florida attempted to make things difficult for investigators. But the University of Florida and its president, <a href="/wiki/J._Wayne_Reitz" title="J. Wayne Reitz">J. Wayne Reitz</a>, have been criticized for cooperating fully with the Johns Committee."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He permitted Johns Committee uniformed investigators to come on campus and to make tape recordings of interrogation sessions with faculty and students. Many faculty were too afraid of exposure to resist the violation of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> informed professors of their rights, but those who had something to fear were too afraid to ask for an arrest warrant or subpoena. Either of these would mean that their private lives could be played out for the public to read about in the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Uf_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Johns Committee also investigated faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>, a newer university the Pork Choppers looked on with disfavor.<sup id="cite_ref-USF_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USF-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_on_academic_freedom">Attack on academic freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attack on academic freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not content with rooting out homosexuals, the Johns Committee's investigators also interfered with <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a> on state college campuses: </p> <blockquote><p>Once in Tampa [at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>], the committee singled out faculty for allegedly picking up on male students, scheduling speeches by "known communist sympathizers," teaching <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as fact and assigning "obscene" books of "intellectual garbage" like the classic <i><a href="/wiki/Catcher_in_the_Rye" class="mw-redirect" title="Catcher in the Rye">Catcher in the Rye</a></i>. …Many deans objected to the committee's activities, and local editorials blasted the report as "a disgrace" and "a shameful document." USF suspended Sheldon N. Grebstein, assistant professor of English, after the Committee denounced him for handing out "indecent" reprints of literary criticism aimed at <a href="/wiki/Beat_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat generation">Beat</a> writers.<sup id="cite_ref-USF_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USF-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Another source states that: </p> <blockquote><p>the committee surmised that USF's curriculum corrupted students through the use of "trashy and pornographic" works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> and that some faculty "were not qualified to teach" because they introduced <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> into their lectures in biology classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purple_Pamphlet">Purple Pamphlet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Purple Pamphlet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg/220px-Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg/330px-Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg/440px-Advertisement_for_Purple_Pamphlet_published_by_Johns_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for the Purple Pamphlet by <a href="/wiki/H._Lynn_Womack" title="H. Lynn Womack">Guild Press</a>, a publisher of homosexual erotica</figcaption></figure> <p>Criticism of the Johns Committee's work intensified after the 1964 publication of its report, <i><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Citizenship_in_Florida" title="Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida">Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida</a>,</i> informally called "the Purple Pamphlet" on account of its cover, which immediately became notorious for including pictures of homosexual activity. More than 2000 copies of the report were printed, some of which were later reportedly sold as <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purple_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purple-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report included such <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">dire warnings</a> as these: </p> <blockquote><p>The best and current estimate of active homosexuals in Florida is 60,000 individuals. The plain fact of the matter is that a great many homosexuals have an insatiable appetite for sexual activities and find special gratification in the recruitment to their ranks of youth. The homosexual's goal is to "bring over" the young person, to hook him for homosexuality. A veteran investigator of homosexual activities… said, "We must do everything in our power to create one thing in the minds of every homosexual and that is to keep their hands off our children. …if we don't act soon we will wake up some morning and find they are too big to fight. They may be already. I hope not." We hope that many citizen organizations in Florida will use this report… to prepare their children to meet the temptations of homosexuality lurking today in the vicinity of nearly every institution of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Purple_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purple-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similar claims that unrestrained homosexuals would <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual recruitment">prey on children</a> were later repeated and widely publicized by <a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Anita Bryant</a> in her successful <a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Children" title="Save Our Children">Save Our Children</a> campaign to repeal <a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dade County, Florida">Dade County</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> ordinance in 1977. Her victory there in 1978 helped the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Legislature</a>, still dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pork_Chop_Gang" title="Pork Chop Gang">a small group of North Florida senators</a>, pass a bill prohibiting homosexuals from <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">adopting children</a>; the statute survived several court challenges, including one to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU-FL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU-FL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state court overturned the ban in 2010, in <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Gill" title="In re Gill">In re Gill</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disbandment_and_sealed_records">Disbandment and sealed records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disbandment and sealed records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawmakers outraged at what the media were calling "state-sponsored pornography" forbade the printing of further copies and eliminated funding for the Johns Committee at the next legislative session. The committee subsequently disbanded and ceased its work on July 1, 1965, having amassed 30,000 pages of secret documents, which were left in the custody of the legislature, to be kept sealed for 72 years. In 1993, however, bowing to pressure from Florida historians under the state's public records law, the legislature authorized the placement in the Florida State Archives of a photocopied set of the records, with all individuals' names blacked out except those of the committee's members, staff, and public officials. The redacted records are available for public review at the archives in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Memory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used in researching the book <i>Queering the Redneck Riviera. Sexuality and the Origins of Florida Tourism</i>, published in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although his committee folded when the legislature withdrew funding, Johns remained proud of his work: </p> <blockquote><p>In a 1972 interview, Charley Johns said he saw the committee as a way to stamp out homosexuality. He said he was particularly disturbed by the number of homosexuals at U.F. "I don't get no love out of hurting people. But that situation in Gainesville, my Lord have mercy. I never saw nothing like it in my life. If we saved one boy from being made homosexual, it was justified."<sup id="cite_ref-Uf_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt#Metaphorical_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunt</a><sup id="cite_ref-USF_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USF-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> felt differently, however. When interviewed in 2000 for the documentary <i>Behind Closed Doors</i>, Art Coppleston said: </p> <blockquote><p>I moved on to a successful and somewhat normal life as a gay man. …But, never far in the background, has lurked the shadow of Investigator Tileston and the gnawing feeling that what I am, the very essence of my being, is somehow wrong. Bad. Sinful. Unworthy. I will probably never rid myself of those feelings. But time, and the new knowledge that others know about what went on in Florida some 40 years ago, makes those feelings a lot easier to bear.<sup id="cite_ref-Encounters_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encounters-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Florida Legislative Investigation Committee has been called Florida's version of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Florida version of the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resolution_of_apology">Resolution of apology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resolution of apology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State Representative <a href="/wiki/Evan_Jenne" title="Evan Jenne">Evan Jenne</a> and State Senator <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Book" title="Lauren Book">Lauren Book</a> in 2019 introduced a resolution with "a formal and heartfelt apology". The resolution has not yet passed, and they do not expect immediate approval.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimm_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> student Allyson A. Beutke produced a half-hour <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> on the workings of the Johns Committee, <i>Behind Closed Doors,</i> as her master's thesis in <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Links_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Links-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film aired on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> stations in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_International_Gay_and_Lesbian_Film_Festival" title="Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival">Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival</a> as part of the "In Our Backyards: Florida Filmmakers" screening in October 2001. The documentary was also screened at the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Film_Festival" title="Florida Film Festival">Florida Film Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> during June 2002. It also aired on The Education Channel in <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> as part of the Independents' Film Festival in July 2002. The film earned a Louis Wolfson II Media History Center Film and Video Award.<sup id="cite_ref-Links_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Links-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, a class of students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a> produced a film that continued work done by Beutke and others, entitled <i>The Committee</i>. It chronicles the legacy of FLIC and Charley Johns, and interviews some of the same figures from <i>Behind Closed Doors</i>. The documentary was nominated for two Suncoast Emmys for 2014 and was awarded an Emmy for Best Historical Documentary for 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Committee_website_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Committee_website-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_affair" title="Cocking affair">Cocking affair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Citizenship_in_Florida" title="Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida">Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a>, with links to other articles about investigations of homosexuals around the country in this period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">LGBT rights in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission">Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Alabama State Sovereignty Commission">Alabama State Sovereignty Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission">Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Grimm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2019" class="citation news cs1">Grimm, Fred (February 24, 2019). "Committee's innocent victims deserve an apology". <i><a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">Sun-Sentinel</a></i>. p. 25A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Committee%27s+innocent+victims+deserve+an+apology&rft.pages=25A&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabby-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabby_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabby1999" class="citation book cs1">Rabby, Glenda Alice (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKw0ltL5VaQC"><i>The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2051-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2051-X"><bdi>0-8203-2051-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pain+and+the+Promise%3A+The+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+Tallahassee%2C+Florida&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8203-2051-X&rft.aulast=Rabby&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKw0ltL5VaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215110137/http://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/collins/page10.php">"Interposition Resolution in Response to Brown v. Board of Education, 1957"</a>. Florida Memory. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interposition+Resolution+in+Response+to+Brown+v.+Board+of+Education%2C+1957&rft.pub=Florida+Memory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamemory.com%2Fexhibits%2Ffloridahighlights%2Fcollins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonO'Brien2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Jennifer Paul; O'Brien, Thomas V. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pork+choppers%2c+presidents%2c+and+perverts%3a+the+response+of+two...-a0462046618">"Pork choppers, presidents, and perverts: the response of two university presidents to attacks on the privacy and academic freedom of professors by the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, 1956 to 1965"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Educational_History_Journal" title="American Educational History Journal">American Educational History Journal</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 75–92<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Educational+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Pork+choppers%2C+presidents%2C+and+perverts%3A+the+response+of+two+university+presidents+to+attacks+on+the+privacy+and+academic+freedom+of+professors+by+the+Florida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee%2C+1956+to+1965&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-92&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Paul&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Thomas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FPork%2Bchoppers%252c%2Bpresidents%252c%2Band%2Bperverts%253a%2Bthe%2Bresponse%2Bof%2Btwo...-a0462046618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span> Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36896194/PORK_CHOPPERS_PRESIDENTS_AND_PERVERTS_The_Response_of_Two_University_Presidents_to_Attacks_on_the_Privacy_and_Academic_Freedom_of_Professors_by_the_Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee_1956_to_1965">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FL_Memory-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FL_Memory_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida_Memory_Project,_Florida_Department_of_State_–_Bureau_of_Archives_&_Records_Management" class="citation web cs1">Florida Memory Project, Florida Department of State – Bureau of Archives & Records Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020162106/http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/investigation/">"Reports of Investigators on Meetings of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Ku Klux Klan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/investigation/">the original</a> on October 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+of+Investigators+on+Meetings+of+the+Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference+and+the+Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.au=Florida+Memory+Project%2C+Florida+Department+of+State+%E2%80%93+Bureau+of+Archives+%26+Records+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamemory.com%2FFloridaHighlights%2Finvestigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallahassee-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tallahassee_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Charles U. (May 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210094329/http://www.tallahassee.com/special/boycott/reader-smith.html">"The Tallahassee Bus Boycott — Fifty Years Later"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_Democrat" title="Tallahassee Democrat">Tallahassee Democrat</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tallahassee.com/special/boycott/reader-smith.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tallahassee+Democrat&rft.atitle=The+Tallahassee+Bus+Boycott+%E2%80%94+Fifty+Years+Later&rft.date=2006-05-21&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tallahassee.com%2Fspecial%2Fboycott%2Freader-smith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoucher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Poucher, Judith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150030">"Raising Her Voice: Ruth Perry, Activist and Journalist for the Miami NAACP"</a>. <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>84</b> (4): 517–540. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150030">30150030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Raising+Her+Voice%3A+Ruth+Perry%2C+Activist+and+Journalist+for+the+Miami+NAACP&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=517-540&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30150030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poucher&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30150030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UFL_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gannon, Michael (2002). "Crises That Have Faced Florida from Statehood in 1845 to the Present". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615125453/http://askew.clas.ufl.edu/meeting/2002_Askew_Brochure2.pdf"><i>Democracy and the Economy in Florida at a Time of Crisis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Rubin O'D. Askew Institute. pp. 6–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://askew.clas.ufl.edu/meeting/2002_Askew_Brochure2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crises+That+Have+Faced+Florida+from+Statehood+in+1845+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Economy+in+Florida+at+a+Time+of+Crisis&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=The+Rubin+O%27D.+Askew+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskew.clas.ufl.edu%2Fmeeting%2F2002_Askew_Brochure2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braukman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braukman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braukman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraukman2012" class="citation book cs1">Braukman, Stacy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0UgYAAACAAJ&q=communists+and+perverts+under+the+palms"><i>Communists and Perverts under the Palms: The Johns Committee in Florida, 1956-1965</i></a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813039824" title="Special:BookSources/9780813039824"><bdi>9780813039824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communists+and+Perverts+under+the+Palms%3A+The+Johns+Committee+in+Florida%2C+1956-1965&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780813039824&rft.aulast=Braukman&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0UgYAAACAAJ%26q%3Dcommunists%2Band%2Bperverts%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bpalms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uf-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uf_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uf_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uf_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutke1999" class="citation web cs1">Beutke, Allyson A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com/index2.htm">"The University of Florida's Reaction"</a>. M.A. thesis, University of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Florida%27s+Reaction&rft.pub=M.A.+thesis%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beutke&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com%2Findex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alligator-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alligator_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwire.com/content/topae100200002.html">U. Florida student documentary exposes the state's anti-minority, anti-gay practices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115134212/http://www.uwire.com/content/topae100200002.html">Archived</a> 2006-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Independent Florida Alligator</i>, 2000-10-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclufl.org/news_events/archive/2003/sodomyfl062603.cfm">Striking Down Texas Law Against Same-Sex 'Sodomy,' Supreme Court Rights Egregious Wrong of 17 Years, Signaling New Era for Gay Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004233/http://www.aclufl.org/news_events/archive/2003/sodomyfl062603.cfm">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Civil Liberties Union in Florida, press release, June 26, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-closet-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-closet_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnur1997" class="citation book cs1">Schnur, James A. (1997). "Closet Crusaders: The Johns Committee and Homophobia, 1956-1965". In Howard, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.usfsp.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3994&context=fac_publications"><i>Carryin' on in the Lesbian and Gay South</i></a>. New York University Press. pp. 132–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Closet+Crusaders%3A+The+Johns+Committee+and+Homophobia%2C+1956-1965&rft.btitle=Carryin%27+on+in+the+Lesbian+and+Gay+South&rft.pages=132-163&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schnur&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.usfsp.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3994%26context%3Dfac_publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encounters-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encounters_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encounters_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppleston2000" class="citation web cs1">Coppleston, Art (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com/uf.htm">"My Experiences During the Inquisition"</a>. Allyson Beutke, Behind Closed Doors, M.A. thesis, University of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Experiences+During+the+Inquisition&rft.pub=Allyson+Beutke%2C+Behind+Closed+Doors%2C+M.A.+thesis%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Coppleston&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com%2Fuf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtsears.com/johnsmain.htm">James T. Sears</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415071508/http://www.jtsears.com/johnsmain.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutke1999" class="citation web cs1">Beutke, Allyson A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com/johns.htm">"Behind Closed Doors. The Dark Legacy of the Johns Committee"</a>. M.A. thesis, University of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+Closed+Doors.+The+Dark+Legacy+of+the+Johns+Committee&rft.pub=M.A.+thesis%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beutke&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com%2Fjohns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USF-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USF_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USF_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USF_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuse2003" class="citation news cs1">Huse, Andrew (September 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usforacle.com/news/view.php/827966/USF-History-101---The-witch-hunt-comes-t">"USF History 101 – The witch-hunt comes to USF"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oracle_(University_of_South_Florida)" title="The Oracle (University of South Florida)">The Oracle</a> (University of South Florida)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oracle+%28University+of+South+Florida%29&rft.atitle=USF+History+101+%E2%80%93+The+witch-hunt+comes+to+USF&rft.date=2003-09-24&rft.aulast=Huse&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usforacle.com%2Fnews%2Fview.php%2F827966%2FUSF-History-101---The-witch-hunt-comes-t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legacy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usfweb2.usf.edu/History/allen_legacy.html">Reflections on the John Allen Legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211201816/http://usfweb2.usf.edu/History/allen_legacy.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of South Florida.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purple-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purple_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purple_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutke2000" class="citation web cs1">Beutke, Allyson A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com/purplepam.htm">"The University of Florida's Reaction"</a>. M.A. thesis, University of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Florida%27s+Reaction&rft.pub=M.A.+thesis%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Beutke&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com%2Fpurplepam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU-FL-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLU-FL_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclufl.org/news_events/index.cfm?action=viewRelease&emailAlertID=353">In a Six-to-Six Vote, Federal Appeals Court Declines to Reconsider Decision Upholding Florida’s Anti-Gay Adoption Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515070217/http://www.aclufl.org/news_events/index.cfm?action=viewRelease&emailAlertID=353">Archived</a> 2006-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Civil Liberties Union in Florida, press release, July 22, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins_III2018" class="citation book cs1">Watkins III, Jerry T. (2018). <i>Queering the Redneck Riviera. Sexuality and the Origins of Florida Tourism</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813056913" title="Special:BookSources/9780813056913"><bdi>9780813056913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queering+the+Redneck+Riviera.+Sexuality+and+the+Origins+of+Florida+Tourism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780813056913&rft.aulast=Watkins+III&rft.aufirst=Jerry+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunk2018" class="citation news cs1">Brunk, Graham (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00064318/00174/pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Queering the Redneck Riviera'. The LGBT history of Florida's panhandle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Gay_News" title="South Florida Gay News">South Florida Gay News</a></i>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Gay+News&rft.atitle=%27Queering+the+Redneck+Riviera%27.+The+LGBT+history+of+Florida%27s+panhandle&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Brunk&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FAA00064318%2F00174%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A poster at the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Museum" title="Capital Museum">Capital Museum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://galenf.com/FL/10/2013-10-07_fl_2430.jpg">http://galenf.com/FL/10/2013-10-07_fl_2430.jpg</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.galenfrysinger.com/000_florida_capitol_museum.htm">http://www.galenfrysinger.com/000_florida_capitol_museum.htm</a>, retrieved August 10, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark, Bonnie. "McCarthyism in Florida: Charley Johns and the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, July, 1956 to July 1965." Thesis, University of South Florida, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Links-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Links_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Links_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutke2000" class="citation web cs1">Beutke, Allyson A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com/links.htm">"Production Notes"</a>. M.A. thesis, University of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+Notes&rft.pub=M.A.+thesis%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Beutke&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindcloseddoorsfilm.com%2Flinks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Committee_website-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Committee_website_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/?ref_=nv_home">The Committee (Film) online</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following printed sources are held by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> library, and may be available at other libraries as well; see the library's listing, with call numbers, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/rpnotes.html">Race, Ethnicity, and Politics in Florida</a>. </p> <ul><li>"Before the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee…" Transcript of testimony, Thursday, February 9, 1961. Tallahassee, Florida, The Legislature, 1961. One of the Johns Committee's publications.</li> <li>Schnur, James A. <i>Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine: The Johns Committee's Assault on Civil Liberties in Florida, 1956–1965</i>. M.A. thesis, University of South Florida, 1995. Johns has published two articles, cited below, using information from his thesis.</li> <li>Stark, Bonnie. <i>McCarthyism in Florida: Charley Johns and the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, July, 1956 to July 1965</i>. Thesis, University of South Florida, 1985.</li> <li>Wright, Devon A. <i>The Florida Legislative Investigation Committee and its Conflict with the Miami Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</i>. Thesis, Florida International University, 2002.</li></ul> <p>Other printed or online sources discussing the activities of the Johns Committee: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertwell2006" class="citation news cs1">Bertwell, Dan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184751/http://fch.ju.edu/FCH-2006/Psrtwell-A%20Veritable%20Refuge%20for%20Practicing%20Homosexuals.htm">"A Veritable Refuge for Practicing Homosexuals: The Johns Committee Persecution of Homosexuals at the University of South Florida"</a>. Vol. 13. Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians. pp. 25–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fch.ju.edu/FCH-2006/Psrtwell-A%20Veritable%20Refuge%20for%20Practicing%20Homosexuals.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Veritable+Refuge+for+Practicing+Homosexuals%3A+The+Johns+Committee+Persecution+of+Homosexuals+at+the+University+of+South+Florida&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bertwell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffch.ju.edu%2FFCH-2006%2FPsrtwell-A%2520Veritable%2520Refuge%2520for%2520Practicing%2520Homosexuals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span>Another URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fch.ju.edu/fch_vol_13.pdf">http://fch.ju.edu/fch_vol_13.pdf</a></li> <li>Braukman, Stacy. <i>Communists and Perverts under the Palms: The Johns Committee in Florida, 1956-1965</i>.] Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012.</li> <li>Elkins, Charles L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1389667">From Plantation to Corporation: The Attack on Tenure and Academic Freedom in Florida</a>," <i>Sociological Perspectives</i>, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1998, pp. 757–65.</li> <li>Eskridge, William N., Jr. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904181454/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/frames/244/eskrtxt.html">Privacy Jurisprudence and the Apartheid of the Closet</a>," <i>Florida State University Law Review</i>, Vol. 24, No. 4, Summer 1997, pp. 703–888.</li> <li>Schnur, James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4WQKdy2BnYC&dq=closet+crusaders%3A++the+johns+committee&pg=PA132">"Closet Crusaders: The Johns Committee and Homophobia, 1956-1965,"</a> <i>Carryin' on in the Lesbian and Gay South</i>, John Howard, ed. New York: New York University Press, 1997, pp. 132–163.</li> <li>Sears, James T. <i>Lonely Hunters: An Oral History Of Lesbian And Gay Southern Life, 1948-1968</i>. Basic Books, 1997.</li> <li>Sullivan, Gerard. "Political Opportunism and the Harassment of Homosexuals in Florida, 1952–1965," <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1999, pp. 57–81.</li> <li>Poucher, Judith. "One Woman's Courage: Ruth Perry and the Johns Committee," <i>Making Waves: Female Activists in Twentieth-Century Florida</i>, ed. Kari Frederickson and Jack Emerson Davis. University Press of Florida, 2003, pp. 229–45.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Seth A. (2007). <i>Bourbon, Pork Chops, and Red Peppers: Political Immorality in Florida, 1945–1968</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bourbon%2C+Pork+Chops%2C+and+Red+Peppers%3A+Political+Immorality+in+Florida%2C+1945%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Ph.D.+dissertation%2C+Florida+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Seth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Graves, Karen. <i>And They Were Wonderful Teachers: Florida's Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers</i>. University of Illinois Press, 2009.</li> <li>Poucher, Judith. <i>State of Defiance: Challenging the Johns Committee's Assault on Civil Liberties.</i> Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoucher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Poucher, Judith G. (Summer 2014). "The Johns Committee: A Historiographic Essay". <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>93</b> (1): 74–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Johns+Committee%3A+A+Historiographic+Essay&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-92&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Poucher&rft.aufirst=Judith+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonO'Brien2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Jennifer Paul; O'Brien, Thomas V. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pork+choppers%2c+presidents%2c+and+perverts%3a+the+response+of+two...-a0462046618">"Pork choppers, presidents, and perverts: the response of two university presidents to attacks on the privacy and academic freedom of professors by the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, 1956 to 1965"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Educational_History_Journal" title="American Educational History Journal">American Educational History Journal</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 75–92<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Educational+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Pork+choppers%2C+presidents%2C+and+perverts%3A+the+response+of+two+university+presidents+to+attacks+on+the+privacy+and+academic+freedom+of+professors+by+the+Florida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee%2C+1956+to+1965&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-92&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Paul&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Thomas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FPork%2Bchoppers%252c%2Bpresidents%252c%2Band%2Bperverts%253a%2Bthe%2Bresponse%2Bof%2Btwo...-a0462046618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span>Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36896194/PORK_CHOPPERS_PRESIDENTS_AND_PERVERTS_The_Response_of_Two_University_Presidents_to_Attacks_on_the_Privacy_and_Academic_Freedom_of_Professors_by_the_Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee_1956_to_1965">here</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnur2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schnur, James A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1236&context=sunlandtribune">"Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine: USF and the Johns Committee"</a>. <i>Sunland Tribune</i>. <b>18</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Cold+Warriors+in+the+Hot+Sunshine%3A+USF+and+the+Johns+Committee&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Schnur&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1236%26context%3Dsunlandtribune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Jennifer Dominique (July 2018). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Until I talked with you': Silence, Storytelling, and Black Sexual Intimacies in the Johns Committee Records, 1960–5". <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_%26_History" title="Gender & History">Gender & History</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): 511–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.12355">10.1111/1468-0424.12355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150352669">150352669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+History&rft.atitle=%27Until+I+talked+with+you%27%3A+Silence%2C+Storytelling%2C+and+Black+Sexual+Intimacies+in+the+Johns+Committee+Records%2C+1960%E2%80%935.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=511-527&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0424.12355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150352669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorida+Legislative+Investigation+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Works by the FLIC: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00004805/00001">Complete text of <i>Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida,</i> Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, Tallahassee, 1964</a> (the so-called Purple Pamphlet) at the Florida Heritage Collection, State University System of Florida</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208040418/http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/barm/BlackExperience/blackexp.html">The Black Experience</a>: A Guide to African American Resources in the Florida State Archives. Includes history and description of the state library's holdings of Florida Legislative Investigation Committee Records, 1954–1965, Series S 1486 [19 cubic feet (0.54 m<sup>3</sup>)].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/investigation/">Reports of Investigators on Meetings of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Ku Klux Klan</a> (Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, Records, 1954–1965, Series S 1486), <i>Florida Memory Project</i>, Florida State Archives and Library. Includes several images of field notes taken by FLIC spies who attended meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Works by other authors, in chronological order: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtsears.com/johnsmain.htm">The Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415071508/http://www.jtsears.com/johnsmain.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, James T. Sears, 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115134212/http://www.uwire.com/content/topae100200002.html">U. Florida student documentary exposes the state's anti-minority, anti-gay practices</a>, <i>The Independent Florida Alligator</i>, October 2, 2000.</li> <li>Gannon, Michael. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615125453/http://askew.clas.ufl.edu/meeting/2002_Askew_Brochure2.pdf">Crises That Have Faced Florida from Statehood in 1845 to the Present</a>," <i>Democracy and the Economy in Florida at a Time of Crisis</i>, The Rubin O'D. Askew Institute, 2002, pp. 6–9. (PDF document).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usflibexhibits.omeka.net/exhibits/show/witchhunt/about">The "Witch Hunt" at USF</a> an online exhibit and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/johns_committee/">primary source material</a> digitized by the University of South Florida Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208193021/http://grove.ufl.edu/~ggsa/johns">The Johns Committee and UF</a>, <i>Gator Gay-Straight Alliance</i>, University of Florida, April 27, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210094329/http://www.tallahassee.com/special/boycott/reader-smith.html">The Tallahassee Bus Boycott — Fifty Years Later</a>, <i>The Tallahassee Democrat</i>, May 21, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211065204/http://www.dso.ufl.edu/multicultural/lgbt/aboutus/history.php">A Brief Unofficial History of Activities and Policies Affecting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered Persons at the University of Florida</a>, Dean of Students Office, University of Florida, retrieved December 30, 2006.</li></ul></li> <li>Documentary film: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crrF1h9L708">Behind Closed Doors</a>: The Dark Legacy of the Johns Committee, 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0244997/"><i>Behind Closed Doors</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123581644#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/committee-committee/">The Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2151845/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_5">The Committee</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/?ref_=nv_home">IMDb</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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