MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: tref: Tracings and References-General Information (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="auto"> <head> <base href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adtracing.html"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: tref: Tracings and References-General Information (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress) </title> <meta name="description" content="This field contains the (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)"> <meta name="keywords" content="marc, marc21, marc standards"> <meta name="author" content="Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office"> <link href="../styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="../print.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"> <script src="//assets.adobedtm.com/dac62e20b491e735c6b56e64c39134d8ee93f9cf/satelliteLib-6b47f831c184878d7338d4683ecf773a17973bb9.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adtracing.html"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adtracing.html"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="full"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/marc/authority/adtracing.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adtracing.html" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adtracing.html&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div class="head-nav"> <div class="noprint"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/">Library of Congress</a> >> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/">MARC</a> >> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/">Authority</a> >> <span class="caps"><strong>tracings and references-general information</strong></span> </div> </div> <hr><a name="skip_menu"></a> <h1><span>Tracings and References-General Information</span></h1> <hr> <div class="formatname"> MARC 21 Authority </div> <div class="datename"> May 2017 </div> <hr> <div class="noprint"> <p>"<strong>Full</strong>" documentation refers to the <em>MARC 21 Format for Authority Data</em> that contains detailed descriptions of every data element, along with examples, input conventions and history sections.</p> <p>"<strong>Concise</strong>" documentation refers to the <em>MARC 21 Format for Authority Data</em> that contains abridged descriptions of every data element, along with examples.</p> </div> <p class="tocCaption"><a href="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/marc/authority/ad2xx3xx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">2XX-3XX: Complex subject references</a></p> <ul class="toc"> <li><strong>260 - Complex See Reference - Subject</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad260.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad260.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>360 - Complex See Also Reference - Subject</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad360.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad360.html">Concise</a></span></li> </ul> <p class="tocCaption"><a href="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/marc/authority/ad4xx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">4XX: See from tracings</a></p> <ul class="toc"> <li><strong>400 - See From Tracing - Personal Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad400.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad400.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>410 - See From Tracing - Corporate Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad410.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad410.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>411 - See From Tracing - Meeting Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad411.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad411.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>430 - See From Tracing - Uniform Title</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad430.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad430.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>447 - See From Tracing - Named Event</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad447.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad447.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>448 - See From Tracing - Chronological Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad448.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad448.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>450 - See From Tracing - Topical Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad450.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad450.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>451 - See From Tracing - Geographic Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad451.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad451.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>455 - See From Tracing - Genre/Form Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad455.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad455.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>462 - See From Tracing - Medium of Performance Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad462.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad462.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>480 - See From Tracing - General Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad480.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad480.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>481 - See From Tracing - Geographic Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad481.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad481.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>482 - See From Tracing - Chronological Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad482.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad482.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>485 - See From Tracing - Form Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad485.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad485.html">Concise</a></span></li> </ul> <p class="tocCaption"><a href="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/marc/authority/ad5xx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">5XX: See also from tracings</a></p> <ul class="toc"> <li><strong>500 - See Also From Tracing - Personal Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad500.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad500.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>510 - See Also From Tracing - Corporate Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad510.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad510.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>511 - See Also From Tracing - Meeting Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad511.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad511.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>530 - See Also From Tracing - Uniform Title</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad530.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad530.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>547 - See Also From Tracing - Named Event</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad547.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad547.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>548 - See Also From Tracing - Chronological Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad548.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad548.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>550 - See Also From Tracing - Topical Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad550.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad550.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>551 - See Also From Tracing - Geographic Name</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad551.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad551.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>555 - See Also From Tracing - Genre/Form Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad555.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad555.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>562 - See Also From Tracing - Medium of Performance Term</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad562.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad562.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>580 - See Also From Tracing - General Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad580.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad580.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>581 - See Also From Tracing - Geographic Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad581.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad581.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>582 - See Also From Tracing - Chronological Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad582.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad582.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>585 - See Also From Tracing - Form Subdivision</strong><span> (R)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad585.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad585.html">Concise</a></span></li> </ul> <p class="tocCaption">Special subfields used with 4XX and 5XX fields</p> <ul class="toc"> <li><strong>$i - Relationship information</strong><span> (R)</span></li> <li><strong>$w - Control Subfield</strong><span> (NR)</span></li> <li><strong>$4 - Relationship code</strong><span> (R)</span></li> </ul> <hr> <p class="tocCaption"><a href="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/marc/authority/ad663666.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">663-666: Complex name references</a></p> <ul class="toc"> <li><strong>663 - Complex See Also Reference - Name</strong><span> (NR)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad663.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad663.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>664 - Complex See Reference - Name</strong><span> (NR)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad664.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad664.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>665 - History Reference</strong><span> (NR)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad665.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad665.html">Concise</a></span></li> <li><strong>666 - General Explanatory Reference - Name</strong><span> (NR)</span><span class="noprint">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ad666.html">Full</a> | <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/concise/ad666.html">Concise</a></span></li> </ul> <hr> <h3>DEFINITION AND SCOPE</h3> <div class="definition"> <div> <p>Cross references lead from an unauthorized heading to an authorized heading (see reference) or from one authorized heading to another (see also reference). Actual cross references are generally not carried explicitly in authority records. Instead, variant form and related headings are carried in authority records in either <em>tracing</em> or <em>reference note</em> fields. Cross reference displays may be generated by combining the contents of a tracing or a reference note field and the 1XX heading field of a record.</p> </div> <hr> <h3>■ TRACING FIELDS</h3> <div class="definition"> <div> <p>Tracing fields lead directly from one heading to a single other heading. A 4XX (See From Tracing) field leads from an unauthorized heading to an authorized heading. A 5XX see also from tracing field leads from one authorized heading to another authorized heading. The 4XX and 5XX fields are used only in established heading records and subdivision records.</p> <p>Cross reference displays generated from the tracing fields are called <em>simple cross references.</em> In a simple cross reference display, the content of the 4XX or 5XX field is the <em>heading referred from,</em> and, following a reference instruction phrase, the content of the 1XX field is the <em>heading referred to</em>. In the tracing fields, the reference instruction phrase may be implicitly associated with either the field tag or a code in subfield $w/0 (Special relationship). In some cases, the reference instruction phrase may be carried explicitly in subfield $i (Relationship information) or associated with a relationship designation expressed in subfield $i or, in coded form in subfield $4.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aDe Angelini, Anna</td> </tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aAngelini, Anna de<em><span><br><span>[Reference instruction phrase is associated with field tag 400.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Angelini, Anna de</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under: De Angelini, Anna</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">d<em><span><br><span>[subdivision record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>180</td> <td colspan="9">##$xAcronyms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>580</td> <td colspan="9">##$xAbbreviations<em><span><br><span>[Reference instruction phrase is associated with field tag 580.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Abbreviations</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under: Acronyms</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <hr> <h3>■ REFERENCE NOTE FIELDS</h3> <div class="definition"> <div> <p>Reference note fields lead from one heading to one or more other headings. A reference note field is used when more complex reference instruction is needed than can be conveyed by one or more simple cross references generated from 4XX and/or 5XX fields. Cross reference displays generated from the reference note fields are <em>complex cross references.</em> In a complex cross reference display, the content of the 1XX field of a record is the <em>heading referred from</em>, and, following a reference instruction phrase, the reference note field contains the <em>heading(s) referred to.</em> In field 260 and 360, the complete reference instruction may be a combination of a phrase implicitly associated with the field tag and explicit text in subfield $i (Explanatory text). In field 663, 664, 665, and 666, the reference instruction text is contained in subfield $a (Explanatory text).</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">f<em><span><br><span>[established heading and subdivision record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aManagement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>360</td> <td colspan="9">##$isubject subdivision$aManagement$iunder types of industries<em><span><br><span>[Reference instruction phrase is associated with field tag 360 and is also explicit in 360 $i.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Management</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under: subject subdivision Management under types of industries</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aArlen, Harold,$d1905-1986.$tBloomer girl</td> </tr> <tr> <td>664</td> <td colspan="9">##$aFor collections beginning with this title search under$bArlen, Harold, 1905-1986$tMusical comedies. Selections<em><span><br><span>[Reference instruction phrase is explicit in field 664 $a.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Arlen, Harold, 1905-1986 Bloomer girl</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">For collections beginning with this title search under: Arlen, Harold, 1905-1986 Musical comedies. Selections</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <p>There are two types of reference note fields: 1) those used in records for established headings; and 2) those used in reference records. The fields used for <em>see also</em> reference notes (field 360, 663, and 665) are used to lead from an established heading to other established headings. The fields used for <em>see</em> reference notes (field 260, 664, and 666) are used in reference records to lead from an unestablished heading to established headings.</p> <p>Current cataloging practice does not encourage the use of a reference note field if cross references generated from tracings in one or more 4XX and/or 5XX fields will provide satisfactory user guidance. For example, instead of carrying a 665 history reference field in each of the established heading records involved in corporate body name changes, each name is traced in a 4XX or 5XX field. The earlier or later name relationship between each 4XX or 5XX field and the 1XX field is indicated by a code in subfield $w/0 (Special relationship).</p> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <h3>GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING CONTENT DESIGNATORS</h3> <div class="guidelines"> <div> <p>Guidelines for applying subfield $i (Reference instruction phrase) and subfield $w (Control subfield) in the 4XX and 5XX fields, as well as examples of simple cross reference displays are provided in this section. Guidelines for applying the other content designators defined for the 4XX and 5XX fields are provided in the <em>General Information</em> sections for each type of heading (X00 Personal Names; X10 Corporate Names; X11 Meeting Names; X30 Uniform Titles; X47 Named Events; X48 Chronological Terms; X50 Topical Terms; X51 Geographic Names; X62 Medium of Performance Terms; X55 Genre/Form Terms; X80 General Subdivisions; X81 Geographic Subdivisions; X82 Chronological Subdivisions; X85 Form Subdivisions).</p> <p>Examples of complex cross reference displays that may be generated from field 260, 360, 663, 664, 665, and 666 are also provided in this section. Guidelines for applying the content designators for these fields are not provided here but can be found in the separate sections for each field.</p> </div> <div> <hr> <h3>■ TRACING FIELDS - SIMPLE CROSS REFERENCES</h3> <div> <p>Simple cross references are generated for display from tracing fields. The following description related to the tracing fields is arranged by the source of the reference instruction phrase used in the cross reference: tag related, subfield $i, and subfield $w. The character positions defined for subfield $w are also described here.</p> </div> </div> <h4>SUBFIELD CODES</h4> <div class="subfields"> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>Tag Related Reference Instruction Phrase</strong></p> <div> <p>Reference instruction phrase such as <em>see:</em> or <em>search under:</em> may be implicitly associated with a 4XX field tag and may be used to generate a display of a cross reference. Reference instruction phrase such as <em>see also:</em> or <em>search also under:</em> may be implicitly associated with a 5XX field and may be used to generate a display of a cross reference.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aArief, Barda Nawawi,$d1943-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td colspan="9">0#$aBarda Nawawi Arief,$d1943-</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Barda Nawawi Arief, 1943-</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under: Arief, Barda Nawawi, 1943-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">d<em><span><br><span>[subdivision record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>185</td> <td colspan="9">##$xMicroform catalogs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>585</td> <td colspan="9">##$vBibliography$vMicroform catalogs</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Bibliography-Microform catalogs</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under: Microform catalogs</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>$i - Relationship information</strong></p> <div> <p>Subfield may contain either a <em>designation of a relationship</em> of the entity in a 4XX or 5XX field to the 1XX entity in the record or it may contain a textual <em>reference instruction phrase</em> that is to be used for a user display indicating the relationship of the 1XX entity in the record to the entity in a 4XX or 5XX field. If the subfield contains a Relationship designation, the appropriate reference instruction phrase may be derived from it. The relationship may be name to name (if only names of persons, families, or corporate bodies are involved) or resource to resource (if name/titles or titles are involved).</p> </div> <div> <p><em>Relationship designation:</em> When a tracing field contains a relationship designation in subfield $i, control subfield $w/0 contains code r (Relationship designation in subfield $i or $4). Code r indicates that the generation of a tag related reference instruction phrase in a cross reference display should be suppressed. The content of subfield $i or $4 should be used to generate the reference instruction phrase that is used in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aClemens, Samuel,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">##$wr$ialternate identity$aTwain, Mark,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Twain, Mark, 1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also his real identity Clemens, Samuel, 1835-1910</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Reciprocal of previous example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aTwain, Mark,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">##$wr$ireal identity$aClemens, Samuel,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Clemens, Samuel, 1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also his alternate identity Twain, Mark, 1835-1910</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <p><em>Reference instruction phrase:</em> When a tracing field contains a reference instruction phrase in subfield $i, control subfield $w/0 contains code i (Reference instruction phrase in subfield $i). Code i indicates that the generation of a tag-related reference instruction phrase in a cross reference display should be suppressed. The content of subfield $i is the reference instruction phrase that is used in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aClemens, Samuel,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wi$iSee also his real identity$aTwain, Mark,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Twain, Mark, 1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also his real identity Clemens, Samuel, 1835-1910</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Reciprocal of previous example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aTwain, Mark,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wi$iSee also his alternate identity$aClemens, Samuel,$d1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Clemens, Samuel, 1835-1910</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also his alternate identity Twain, Mark, 1835-1910</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>151</td> <td colspan="9">##$aSri Lanka</td> </tr> <tr> <td>451</td> <td colspan="9">##$wib$iFor subject entries search under$aCeylon</td> </tr> <tr> <td>551</td> <td colspan="9">##$waa$aCeylon<em><span><br><span>[Two cross references are required because of varying subject and name reference structures.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example from field 451:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Ceylon</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">For subject entries search under:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Sri Lanka</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example from field 551:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Ceylon</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">Search also under later heading:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Sri Lanka</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>$4 - Relationship</strong></p> <div> <p>Code or URI that specifies the relationship from the entity described in the record to the entity referenced in the field. See subfield $i for further information on relationship designators.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>$w - Control subfield</strong></p> <div> <p>Up to four character positions (designated as $w/0, etc.) that indicate whether special instructions apply to the display of the heading in the 4XX or 5XX field and whether a tracing is restricted to the reference structure of a particular type of authority. Subfield $w need not be used if none of the characteristics is applicable. Because the definitions of the codes in subfield $w are dependent on the character position in which they occur, the coding of any character position mandates that each preceding character position contains a code or a fill character (|); succeeding character positions need not be used. For example, if $w/0 and $w/1 are not applicable but $w/2 is applicable, then $w/0 and $w/1 each contain code n (Not applicable) or a fill character (|).</p> </div> <div class="characterPositions"> <div> <strong>/0 - Special relationship</strong> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <p>One-character alphabetic code that describes a relationship of an entity in a 4XX or 5XX field to that in the 1XX field that is more specific than the relationship implicit in the tag. The codes may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase in a cross reference display.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>a - Earlier heading</td> <td>h - Narrower term</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b - Later heading</td> <td>i - Reference instruction phrase in subfield $i</td> </tr> <tr> <td>d - Acronym</td> <td>n - Not applicable</td> </tr> <tr> <td>f - Musical composition</td> <td>r - Relationship designation in $i or $4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>g - Broader term</td> <td>t - Immediate parent body</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">a - Earlier heading</span> <div> <p>Established heading in the tracing field is an earlier name for the heading in the 1XX field. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>search also under the later heading:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aMissouri.$bState Highway Patrol.$bCriminal Records Division</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wa$aMissouri.$bState Highway Patrol.$bCriminal Records Section</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Missouri. State Highway Patrol. Criminal Records Section</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under the later heading:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Missouri. State Highway Patrol. Criminal Records Division</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">b - Later heading</span> <div> <p>Heading in the tracing field is a later name for the heading in the 1XX field. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>search also under the earlier heading:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aMissouri.$bState Highway Patrol.$bCriminal Records Section</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wb$aMissouri.$bState Highway Patrol.$bCriminal Records Division</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Missouri. State Highway Patrol. Criminal Records Division</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under the earlier heading:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Missouri. State Highway Patrol. Criminal Records Section</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">d - Acronym</span> <div> <p>Heading in the tracing field is an acronym for the heading in the 1XX field. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>search under the full form of the heading:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">2#$aAssociação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento das Industrias de Base</td> </tr> <tr> <td>410</td> <td colspan="9">2#$wd$aAbdib</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Abdib</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under the full form of the heading:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Associação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento das Industrias de Base</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">f - Musical composition</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 4XX or 5XX field is for a literary work upon which the musical composition in the heading in the 1XX field is based. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>for a musical composition based on this work, search also under:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aDebussy, Claude,$d1862-1918.$tChute de la maison Usher</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wf$aPoe, Edgar Allan,$d1809-1849.$tFall of the house of Usher</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. Fall of the house of Usher</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">for a musical composition based on this work, search also under:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Debussy, Claude, 1862-1918. Chute de la maison Usher</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">g - Broader term</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 4XX or 5XX field is a broader term than the heading in the 1XX field. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>search also under the narrower term:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aToes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>550</td> <td colspan="9">##$wg$aFoot</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Foot</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under the narrower term: Toes</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">h - Narrower term</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 4XX or 5XX field is a narrower term than the heading in the 1XX field. The code may be used to generate a special reference instruction phrase such as <em>search also under the broader term:</em> in a cross reference display.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aFoot</td> </tr> <tr> <td>550</td> <td colspan="9">##$wh$aToes</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Toes</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under the broader term: Foot</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">i - Reference instruction phrase in subfield $i</span> <div> <p>Used in conjunction with subfield $i(Relationship information) . Guidelines for applying code i are given under the description of subfield $i.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">n - Not applicable</span> <div> <p>Relationship between the heading in the 4XX or 5XX field and the heading in the 1XX field is not one of the special relationships for which other codes are defined in subfield $w/0. A tag related reference instruction phrase such as <em>search under:</em> or <em>search also under:</em> may be used in a cross reference display from the related heading. If code n is applicable, subfield $w/0 need not be coded unless a subsequent character position is required.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>180</td> <td colspan="9">##$xAesthetics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>480</td> <td colspan="9">##$xViews on aesthetics</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Views on aesthetics</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under: Aesthetics</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">r - Relationship designation in subfield $i or $4</span> <div> <p>Used in conjunction with subfield $i (Relationship information) or subfield $4 (Relationship code). Guidelines for applying code r are given under the description of subfield $i.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">2#$aI.M. Pei & Partners</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wr$ifounder$aPei, I. M.$d1917-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wb$aPei Cobb Freed & Partners</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">I.M. Pei, 1917-</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also founded organization: I.M. Pei & Partners</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Pei Cobb Freed & Partners</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also earlier name: I.M. Pei & Partners</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aPei, I. M.$d1917-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">2#$wr$ifounder of$a I.M. Pei & Partners.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">I.M. Pei & Partners</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">See also founder I. M. Pei, 1917-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aStoppard, Tom.$tRosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead</td> </tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wr$ibased on (work)$aShakespeare, William,$d1564-1616$tHamlet</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>User display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">Derivative work: Stoppard, Tom. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">t - Immediate parent body</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 5XX field is the name of a parent body of the entity in the 1XX field. Code t is applicable only to corporate bodies. It may be used for archival material where there is a need to identify fully the hierarchical structure of a corporate entity.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">2#$aLoblaw Companies Limited</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">2#$wt$aGeorge Weston Limited</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Loblaw Companies Limited</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under the immediate parent body:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">George Weston Limited</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="characterPositions"> <div> <strong>/1 - Tracing use restriction</strong> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <p>One-character alphabetic code that specifies the authority reference structure in which the use of a 4XX or 5XX field to generate a cross reference is appropriate. When the tracing reference structure use differs from the use of the heading in the 1XX field, a tracing use restriction code in subfield $w/1 enables suppression or generation of the cross reference as required for the type of reference structure.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>a - Name reference structure only</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b - Subject reference structure only</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c - Series reference structure only</td> </tr> <tr> <td>d - Name and subject reference structures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e - Name and series reference structures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>f - Subject and series reference structures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>g - Name, subject, and series reference structures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>h - No reference structures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n - Not applicable</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div> <p>Code h (No reference structures) indicates that the reference is not valid in any reference structure. Code n (Not applicable) indicates that the authority structure use is the same as the bibliographic record use coded in 008/14-16 for the heading in the 1XX field. If code n is applicable, subfield $w/1 need not be coded unless a subsequent character position is required.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="characterPositions"> <div> <strong>/2 - Earlier form of heading</strong> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <p>One-character alphabetic code that indicates whether the heading in the 4XX field is an earlier form in which the name or subject was established either in the relevant national authority file or in an authority file other than the national authority file.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>a - Pre-AACR 2 form of heading (national name authority file)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e - Earlier established form of heading (national authority file)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>o - Earlier established form of heading (other authority file)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n - Not applicable</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div> <p><strong>Precedence of codes - </strong>When more than one code applies to the heading in a 4XX field, the following table is used to determine the precedence status of each code. Preference is given to codes higher on the lists. The <em>Names</em> column covers records for names formulated according to descriptive cataloging rules. The <em>Subjects</em> column covers records for subjects formulated according to subject heading system/thesaurus conventions.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><u>Names</u></th> <th><u>Subjects</u></th> </tr> <tr> <td>n - Not applicable</td> <td>n - Not applicable</td> </tr> <tr> <td>a - Pre-AACR2 form of heading (national name authority file)</td> <td>e - Earlier established form of heading (national authority file)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e - Earlier established form of heading (national authority file)</td> <td>o - Earlier established form of heading (other authority file)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>o - Earlier established form of heading (other authority file)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">a - Pre-AACR 2 form of heading (national name authority file)</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 4XX field is a pre-AACR2 form (of the heading in the 1XX field) that was the authorized heading in the national name authority file at the time of the changeover to the AACR2 rules.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aCallaghan, Bede,$cSir,$d1912-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td colspan="9">1#$wnna$aCallaghan, Bede Bertrand,$cSir,$d1912-</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Callaghan, Bede Bertrand, Sir, 1912-</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under the later form of the heading:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Callaghan, Bede, Sir, 1912-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">e - Earlier established form of heading (national authority file)</span> <div> <p>Heading in the 4XX field is a form of the heading in the 1XX field that was formerly established in the relevant national authority file under a situation other than that specified by code a.</p> </div> <div> <p>For example, code e is used when the heading in the 4XX field is a previously-authorized heading from the national authority file now superseded by a later form of heading in the 1XX field. It is also used when the tracing is a pre-AACR2 form of a name, name-title, or uniform title heading that had been established earlier in the national authority file but was not the established heading at the time of the changeover to the AACR2 rules.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aMargarine</td> </tr> <tr> <td>450</td> <td colspan="9">##$wnne$aOleomargarine</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><br><br> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>151</td> <td colspan="9">##$aBoston (England)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>451</td> <td colspan="9">##$wnne$aBoston (Lincolnshire)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">o - Earlier established form of heading (other authority file)</span> <div> <p>Heading in the tracing field is an earlier form of the 1XX heading that was formerly established in an authority file other than the relevant national authority file.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">n - Not applicable</span> <div> <p>Tracing does not contain a formerly established form of the 1XX heading.</p> </div> <div> <p>If code n is applicable, subfield $w/2 need not be coded unless a subsequent character position is required.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="characterPositions"> <div> <strong>/3 - Reference display</strong> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <p>One-character alphabetic code that enables the generation or suppression of a cross reference from a 4XX or 5XX field.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>a - Reference not displayed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b - Reference not displayed, field 664 used</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c - Reference not displayed, field 663 used</td> </tr> <tr> <td>d - Reference not displayed, field 665 used</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n - Not applicable</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">a - Reference not displayed</span> <div> <p>Generation of a cross reference display from a tracing field should be suppressed. Code a is used when the reason for suppression is not covered by code b, c, or d.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">2#$aEntomological Society of Karachi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td colspan="9">2#$wanna$aKarachi Entomological Society<em><span><br><span>[Cross reference is suppressed because heading has not been used.]</span></span></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">b - Reference not displayed, field 664 used</span> <div> <p>Generation of a cross reference display from a 4XX field should be suppressed because of the existence of a separate reference record containing a 664 field.</p> <p>See the description of field 664 for examples of subfield $w/3 containing code b in 4XX fields in established heading records. See the <em>Reference Fields-Complex Cross References</em> description in this section for examples of cross reference displays generated from field 664.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">c - Reference not displayed, field 663 used</span> <div> <p>Generation of a cross reference display from a 5XX field should be suppressed due to the presence of field 663 in the same record.</p> <p>See the description of field 663 for examples of subfield $w/3 containing code c in 5XX fields in established heading records. See the <em>Reference Fields-Complex Cross References</em> description in this section for examples of cross reference displays generated from field 663.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">d - Reference not displayed, field 665 used</span> <div> <p>Generation of a cross reference display from a 4XX or 5XX field should be suppressed because of a 665 (History Reference) field in the same record.</p> <p>See the field 665 description for examples of subfield $w/3 containing code d in 4XX and 5XX fields in established heading records. See the <em>Reference Fields-Complex Cross References</em> description in this section for examples of cross reference displays generated from field 665.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="value"> <div> <span class="valueLabel">n - Not applicable</span> <div> <p>No reference display restriction on the 4XX or 5XX field. If code n is applicable, subfield $w/3 need not be coded.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3>■ REFERENCE FIELDS - COMPLEX CROSS REFERENCES</h3> <div> <p>Complex cross references are carried directly in records as reference note fields. The following description is arranged by the source of the reference instruction phrase: tag related (with subfield $i) and subfield $a.</p> </div> </div> <h4>■ SUBFIELD CODES</h4> <div class="subfields"> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>Tag related reference instruction phrase with subfield $i</strong></p> <div> <p>Field 260 may be used to generate a display of a cross reference with a reference instruction phrase such as <em>see:</em> or <em>search under:</em>. Field 360 may be used to generate a cross reference with a reference instruction phrase such as <em>see also:</em> or <em>search also under:</em>. The text in subfield $i (Explanatory text) augments the tag related instruction phrase.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>260 Complex See Reference-Subject:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">b<em><span><br><span>[untraced reference record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aCatalogue . . .</td> </tr> <tr> <td>260</td> <td colspan="9">##$isubject headings beginning with the word$aCatalog</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Catalogue . . .</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under: subject headings beginning with the word Catalog</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>260 Complex See Reference-Subject:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">g<em><span><br><span>[reference and subdivision record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td colspan="9">##$aAmateurs' manuals</td> </tr> <tr> <td>260</td> <td colspan="9">##$isubdivision$aAmateurs' manuals$iunder subjects, e.g.$aRadio-Amateurs' manuals</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Amateurs' manuals</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search under: subdivision Amateurs' manuals under subjects, e.g. Radio-Amateurs' manuals</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>360 Complex See Also Reference-Subject:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">0#$aMary,$cBlessed Virgin, Saint$xApparitions and miracles</td> </tr> <tr> <td>360</td> <td colspan="9">##$inames of particular apparitions and miracles, e.g.$aFatima, Our Lady of</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint-Apparitions and miracles</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">search also under: names of particular apparitions and miracles, e.g. Fatima, Our Lady of</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfield"> <div> <p class="label"><strong>$a - Explanatory text</strong></p> <div> <p>Any reference instruction phrase needed in fields 663, 664, 665, and 666.</p> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>663 Complex See Also Reference-Name:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aJapp, Alexander H.$q(Alexander Hay),$d1839-1905</td> </tr> <tr> <td>663</td> <td colspan="9">##$aFor works of this author written under pseudonyms, search also under$bGray, E. Condor, 1839-1905$aand$bPage, H. A., 1839-1905</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Japp, Alexander H. (Alexander Hay), 1839-1905</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">For works of this author written under pseudonyms, search also under: Gray, E. Condor,</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">1839-1905 and Page, H. A., 1839-1905</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>664 Complex See Reference-Name:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">c<em><span><br><span>[traced reference record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aReger, Max,$d1873-1916.$tDies irae</td> </tr> <tr> <td>664</td> <td colspan="9">##$aFor this movement included in the composer's unfinished Requiem search under$bReger, Max, 1873-1916.$tRequiem (Mass)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Reger, Max, 1873-1916. Dies irae</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">For this movement included in the composer's unfinished Requiem search under: Reger, Max, 1873-1916. Requiem (Mass)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>666 General Explanatory Reference-Name:</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">b<em><span><br><span>[untraced reference record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">2#$aAktiebolaget . . .</td> </tr> <tr> <td>666</td> <td colspan="9">##$aCorporate names beginning with this word are entered under the next word in the name.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Aktiebolaget . . .</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">Corporate names beginning with this word are entered under the next word in the name.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="example"> <p class="exampleCaption"><em>665 History Reference (The cross references from the other corporate names are similarly constructed):</em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>008/09</td> <td colspan="9">a<em><span><br><span>[established heading record]</span></span></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td colspan="9">1#$aConnecticut.$bDept. of Social Services</td> </tr> <tr> <td>665</td> <td colspan="9">##$aIn Jan. 1979 the Connecticut Dept. of Social Services split to form the Dept. of Human Resources and the Dept. of Income Maintenance. $aWorks by these bodies are found under the following headings according to the name used at the time of publication:$aConnecticut. Dept. of Social Services.$aConnecticut. Dept. of Human Resources.$aConnecticut. Dept. of Income Maintenance.$aSUBJECT ENTRY:$aWorks about these bodies are entered under one or more of the names resulting from the separation. Works limited in coverage to the pre-separation period are entered under the name of the original body.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><em>Cross reference display example:</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">Connecticut. Dept. of Social Services</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td colspan="9">In Jan. 1979 the Connecticut Dept. of Social Services split to form the Dept. of Human Resources and the Dept. of Income Maintenance. Works by these bodies are found under the following headings according to the name used at the time of publication:</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Connecticut. Dept. of Social Services</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Connecticut. Dept. of Human Resources</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">Connecticut. Dept. of Income Maintenance</td> </tr> <tr class="displayi"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">SUBJECT ENTRY: Works about these bodies are entered under one or more of the names resulting from the separation. Works limited in coverage to the pre-separation period are entered under the name of the original body.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <h3>INPUT CONVENTIONS</h3> <div class="conventions"> <div> <p><strong>General Input Conventions - </strong>General input conventions for the 4XX and 5XX fields are provided in the <em>General Information</em> sections for each type of heading (X00 Personal Names; X10 Corporate Names; X11 Meeting Names; X30 Uniform Titles; X48 Chronological Terms; X50 Topical Terms; X51 Geographic Names; X55 Genre/Form Terms; X80 General Subdivisions; X81 Geographic Subdivisions; X82 Chronological Subdivisions; X85 Form Subdivisions.) The input conventions for the reference note fields are provided in the description of each field.</p> </div> <div> <p><strong>Display Constants for Cross References - </strong>In the 4XX and 5XX fields, reference instruction phrases such as those listed below are not carried in the MARC record. They may be system generated as display constants associated with the code in subfield $w/0 or /2 or the field tag.</p> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><u>Subfield $w/0 code related:</u></th> <th><u>Tag-related:</u></th> </tr> <tr> <td>a - search also under [see also] the later heading:</td> <td>see:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b - search also under [see also] the earlier heading:</td> <td>see also:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>d - search under [see] the full form of the heading:</td> <td>search under:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>g - search also under [see also] the narrower term:</td> <td>search also under:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>h - search also under [see also] the broader term:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n -<em>[A tag-related reference instruction phrase may be used.]</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>t - search also under [see also] the parent body:</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="table"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"><u>Subfield $w/2 code related:</u></th> </tr> <tr> <td>a - search under [see] the later form of heading:</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>In the <em>reference note</em> fields 260 and 360, the complete reference instruction may be a combination of a tag-related phrase, such as <em>see</em>, <em>see also</em>, <em>search under</em>, <em>search also under</em>, and explicit text in subfield $i (Explanatory text).</p> </div> </div> <hr> <h3>CONTENT DESIGNATOR HISTORY</h3> <div class="history"> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/0 - Print constant code [REDEFINED, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> <div class="subfieldHistoryDsc"> <p>Following values were redefined: g (Full name), h (Real name), i (Real name (reputedly))</p> <p>Following values were made obsolete: j (Name originally), k (Name in religion), l (Secular name), m (Stage name of), o (Variant name), p (Abbreviated name), q (Official name), r (Broader term), s (Narrower term), x (Print constant generated from tag value), z (Text carried in subfield $i)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/0 - Special relationship</em> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>r - Relationship information in $i or $4 [NEW, 2009]</em> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/1 - Tracing use restriction</em> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>h - No reference structures [NEW, 2007]</em> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/2 - Earlier form of heading</em> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>x - Tracing is not the form of heading established under earlier cataloguing rules [OBSOLETE, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/3 - Reference display</em> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>e - Note only generated from the tracing [OBSOLETE, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> </div> </div> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>i - Invisible see from reference [OBSOLETE, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> </div> </div> <div class="valuehistory"> <div> <em>x - Reference is generated from the tracing [OBSOLETE, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$w/4 - Formerly established heading code [OBSOLETE, 1997] [CAN/MARC only]</em> <div class="subfieldHistoryDsc"> <p>Following values were defined: d (Formerly accepted heading replaced by the heading in the 1XX field), s (Formerly accepted heading replaced by other headings, one of which is in the 1XX field), x (Not a formerly accepted heading)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$i - Reference instruction phrase [REDEFINED, 2009]</em> <div class="subfieldHistoryDsc"> <p>Renamed Relationship information and broadened to include relationship designations in addition to textual reference phrases.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$4 - Relationship code [NEW, 2009]</em> </div> </div> <div class="historySubfield"> <div> <em>$4 - Relationship code [RENAMED, 2017] [REDESCRIBED, 2017]</em> <div class="subfieldHistoryDsc"> <p>Subfield $4 was renamed and redescribed to allow for the recording of relationship URIs in addition to MARC and non-MARC codes.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="clear"> <div class="head-nav"> <div class="noprint"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/">Library of Congress</a> >> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/">MARC</a> >> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/">Authority</a> >> <span class="caps"><strong>tracings and references-general information</strong></span> </div> </div> <div class="left"> <span class="noprint">(05/17/2017)</span> </div> <div class="right"> <a href="https://www-loc-gov.translate.goog/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1779737a6478577b787439707861" class="noprint">Contact Us</a> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script> <script>if(window['_satellite']){_satellite.pageBottom();}</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: tref: Tracings and References-General Information (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)