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layers</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: geoelectric layers"> <meta name="keywords" content="geoelectric layers"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="geoelectric layers"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1416</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: geoelectric layers</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1416</span> Delineation of the Geoelectric and Geovelocity Parameters in the Basement Complex of Northwestern Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Dogara">M. D. Dogara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20C.%20Afuwai"> G. C. Afuwai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20O.%20Esther"> O. O. Esther</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Dawai"> A. M. Dawai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The geology of Northern Nigeria is under intense investigation particularly that of the northwest believed to be of the basement complex. The variability of the lithology is consistently inconsistent. Hence, the need for a close range study, it is, in view of the above that, two geophysical techniques, the vertical electrical sounding employing the Schlumberger array and seismic refraction methods, were used to delineate the geoelectric and geovelocity parameters of the basement complex of northwestern Nigeria. A total area of 400,000 m² was covered with sixty geoelectric stations established and sixty sets of seismic refraction data collected using the forward and reverse method. From the interpretation of the resistivity data, it is suggestive that the area is underlain by not more than five geoelectric layers of varying thicknesses and resistivities when a maximum half electrode spread of 100m was used. The result of the interpreted seismic data revealed two geovelocity layers, with velocities ranging between 478m/s to 1666m/s for the first layer and 1166m/s to 7141m/s for the second layer. The results of the two techniques, suggests that the area of study has an undulating bedrock topography with geoeletric and geovelocity layers composed of weathered rock materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basement%20complex" title="basement complex">basement complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delineation" title=" delineation"> delineation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric" title=" geoelectric"> geoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geovelocity" title=" geovelocity"> geovelocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118092/delineation-of-the-geoelectric-and-geovelocity-parameters-in-the-basement-complex-of-northwestern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1415</span> Characteristing Aquifer Layers of Karstic Springs in Nahavand Plain Using Geoelectrical and Electromagnetic Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Taheri%20Tizro">A. Taheri Tizro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rojin%20Fasihi"> Rojin Fasihi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geoelectrical method is one of the most effective tools in determining subsurface lithological layers. The electromagnetic method is also a newer method that can play an important role in determining and separating subsurface layers with acceptable accuracy. In the present research, 10 electromagnetic soundings were collected in the upstream of 5 karstic springs of Famaseb, Faresban, Ghale Baroodab, Gian and Gonbad kabood in Nahavand plain of Hamadan province. By using the emerging data, the belectromagnetic logs were prepared at different depths and compared with 5 logs of the geoelectric method. The comparison showed that the value of NRMSE in the geoelectric method for the 5 springs of Famaseb, Faresban, Ghale Baroodab, Gian and Gonbad kabood were 7.11, 7.50, respectively. It is 44.93, 3.99, and 2.99, and in the electromagnetic method, the value of this coefficient for the investigated springs is about 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.3, respectively. In addition to the similarity of the results of the two methods, it is found that, the accuracy of the electromagnetic method based on the NRMSE value is higher than the geoelectric method. The advantage of the electromagnetic method compared to geoelectric is on less time consuming and its cost prohibitive. The depth to water table is the final result of this research work , which showed that in the springs of Famaseb, Faresban, Ghale Baroodab, Gian and Gonbad kabood, having depth of about 6, 20, 10, 2 36 meters respectively. The maximum thickness of the aquifer layer was estimated in Gonbad kabood spring (36 meters) and the lowest in Gian spring (2 meters). These results can be used to identify the water potential of the region in order to better manage water resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karst%20spring" title="karst spring">karst spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric" title=" geoelectric"> geoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifer%20layers" title=" aquifer layers"> aquifer layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nahavand" title=" nahavand"> nahavand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168597/characteristing-aquifer-layers-of-karstic-springs-in-nahavand-plain-using-geoelectrical-and-electromagnetic-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1414</span> Experimental Investigation of Soil Corrosion and Electrical Resistance in Depth by Geoelectrical Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhassan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhassan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maedeh%20Akhavan%20Tavakkoli"> Maedeh Akhavan Tavakkoli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determining soil engineering properties is essential for geotechnical problems. In addition to high cost, invasive soil survey methods can be time-consuming, so geophysical methods can be an excellent choice to determine soil characteristics. In this study, geoelectric investigation using the Wenner arrangement method has been used to determine the amount of soil corrosion in soil layers in a project site as a case study. This study aims to assess the degree of corrosion of soil layers to a depth of 5 meters and find the variation of soil electrical resistance versus depth. For this purpose, the desired points in the study area were marked and specified, and all withdrawals were made within the specified points. The collected data have been processed by standard and accepted methods, and the results have been presented in the form of calculation tables and curves of electrical resistivity with depth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenner%20array" title="Wenner array">Wenner array</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric" title=" geoelectric"> geoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20corrosion" title=" soil corrosion"> soil corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20soil%20resistance" title=" electrical soil resistance"> electrical soil resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146292/experimental-investigation-of-soil-corrosion-and-electrical-resistance-in-depth-by-geoelectrical-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1413</span> Vertical Electrical Sounding and Seismic Refraction Techniques in Resolving Groundwater Problems at Kujama Prison Farm, Kaduna, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Dogara">M. D. Dogara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20G"> C. G</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afuwai"> Afuwai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20O.%20Esther"> O. O. Esther</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Dawai"> A. M. Dawai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For two decades, the inhabitants of Kujama Prison Farm faced problems of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, even after the drilling of three deep boreholes. The scarcity of this groundwater resource led to the geophysical investigation of the basement complex of the prison farm. Two geophysical techniques, vertical electrical sounding and seismic refraction methods were deployed to unravel the cause(s) of the non-productivity of the three boreholes. The area of investigation covered was 400,000 m2 of ten profiles with six investigative points. In all, 60 vertical electrical points were sounded, and sixty sets of seismic refraction data were collected using the forward and reverse approach. From the geoelectric sections, it is suggestive that the area is underlain by three to five geoelectric layers of varying thicknesses and resistivities. The result of the interpreted seismic data revealed two geovelocity layers, with velocities ranging between 478m/s to 1666m/s for the first layer and 1166m/s to 7141m/s for the second layer. From the combined results of the two techniques, it was suggestive that all the three unproductive boreholes were drilled at points that were neither weathered nor fractured. It was, therefore, suggested that new boreholes should be drilled at areas identified with depressed bedrock topography having geophysical evidence of intense weathering and fracturing within the fresh basement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title="groundwater">groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kujama%20prison%20farm" title=" Kujama prison farm"> Kujama prison farm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaduna" title=" kaduna"> kaduna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nigeria" title=" nigeria"> nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20refraction" title=" seismic refraction"> seismic refraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20electrical%20sounding" title=" vertical electrical sounding "> vertical electrical sounding </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118010/vertical-electrical-sounding-and-seismic-refraction-techniques-in-resolving-groundwater-problems-at-kujama-prison-farm-kaduna-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1412</span> Spatial Variation of Groundwater Potential at Erusu-Arigidi in Ondo State</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onifade%20Yemi%20Sikiru">Onifade Yemi Sikiru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vwoke%20Eruya"> Vwoke Eruya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An investigation has been made of the groundwater potentials of Erusu-Arigidi, Ondo State, Nigeria and using an electrical resistivity survey. This study was motivated to determine the electrical resistivity parameters of the area. This work aims to use the electrical resistivity method to explore the groundwater potentials of the study area. A total of ten vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted with a maximum electrode spacing of 150 m. The data was acquired using ABEM SAS 1000 Terrameter and processed using WINRESIST. The interpreted and analyzed results reveal four to six geoelectric layers. The VES curves obtained were QH, H, AAA, HKH, and HA. Findings from the study revealed that the geoelectric layer ranges from 3 to 5 layers. From the result, the Dar Zarrouk parameters longitudinal conductance (S) and transverse resistance (Tr), average longitudinal resistance (), transverse resistivity (), coefficient of anisotropy (λ), and reflection coefficient ranges from 0.22 to 1.45mhos, 67.12 to 4262.91 Ω/m², 8.81 to 76.12 Ω-m, 12.0 to 243.5 Ωm², 1.01 to 1.78, and 0.72 to 0.99 respectively. Deduction from S suggested that groundwater tends to be slightly vulnerable to surface contamination. Further findings from Dar Zarrouk parameters revealed that southwest parts of the study area tend to have high groundwater potential when compared to other parts of the study area. While hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity range from 0.003 to 0.051m/day, and 11.16 to 158.30m²/day, results obtained from H and T revealed northwest parts of the study area are considered to be aquiferous when compared to other parts of the research area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title="variation">variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isoresistivity" title=" isoresistivity"> isoresistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20conductivity" title=" hydraulic conductivity"> hydraulic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167332/spatial-variation-of-groundwater-potential-at-erusu-arigidi-in-ondo-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1411</span> Evaluation of Aquifer Protective Capacity and Soil Corrosivity Using Geoelectrical Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20T.%20Tsepav">M. T. Tsepav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Adamu"> Y. Adamu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Umar"> M. A. Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A geoelectric survey was carried out in some parts of Angwan Gwari, an outskirt of Lapai Local Government Area on Niger State which belongs to the Nigerian Basement Complex, with the aim of evaluating the soil corrosivity, aquifer transmissivity and protective capacity of the area from which aquifer characterisation was made. The G41 Resistivity Meter was employed to obtain fifteen Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding data along profiles in a square grid network. The data were processed using interpex 1-D sounding inversion software, which gives vertical electrical sounding curves with layered model comprising of the apparent resistivities, overburden thicknesses and depth. This information was used to evaluate longitudinal conductance and transmissivities of the layers. The results show generally low resistivities across the survey area and an average longitudinal conductance variation from 0.0237Siemens in VES 6 to 0.1261 Siemens in VES 15 with almost the entire area giving values less than 1.0 Siemens. The average transmissivity values range from 96.45 Ω.m2 in VES 4 to 299070 Ω.m2 in VES 1. All but VES 4 and VES14 had an average overburden greater than 400 Ω.m2, these results suggest that the aquifers are highly permeable to fluid movement within, leading to the possibility of enhanced migration and circulation of contaminants in the groundwater system and that the area is generally corrosive. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20survey" title="geoelectric survey">geoelectric survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosivity" title=" corrosivity"> corrosivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protective%20capacity" title=" protective capacity"> protective capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmissivity" title=" transmissivity"> transmissivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39783/evaluation-of-aquifer-protective-capacity-and-soil-corrosivity-using-geoelectrical-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1410</span> Geoelectric Survey for Groundwater Potential in Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Mohammed">Ibrahim Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suleiman%20Taofiq"> Suleiman Taofiq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Naziru%20Yahya"> Muhammad Naziru Yahya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geoelectrical measurements using Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method were carried out in Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria, with the aim of determining the groundwater potential in the area. Twelve (12) Vertical Electric Sounding (VES) data were collected using Terrameter (ABEM SAS 300c) and analyzed using computer software (IPI2win), which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The results of the interpretation of VES data were used in the characterization of three to five geo-electric layers from which the aquifer units were delineated. Data analysis indicated that water bearing formation exists in the third and fourth layers having resistivity range of 312 to 767 Ωm and 9.51 to 681 Ωm, respectively. The thickness of the formation ranges from 14.7 to 41.8 m, while the depth is from 8.22 to 53.7 m. Based on the result obtained from the interpretation of the data, five (5) VES stations were recommended as the most viable locations for groundwater exploration in the study area. The VES stations include VES A4, A5, A6, B1, and B2. The VES results of the entire area indicated that the water bearing formation occurs at maximum depth of 53.7 m at the time of this survey. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifer" title="aquifer">aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depth" title=" depth"> depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistivity" title=" resistivity"> resistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schlumberger" title=" Schlumberger"> Schlumberger</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119480/geoelectric-survey-for-groundwater-potential-in-waziri-umaru-federal-polytechnic-birnin-kebbi-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1409</span> Groundwater Potential Zone Identification in Unconsolidated Aquifer Using Geophysical Techniques around Tarbela Ghazi, District Haripur, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Muzyan%20Shahzad">Syed Muzyan Shahzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Jianxin"> Liu Jianxin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asim%20Shahzad"> Asim Shahzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sharjeel%20Raza"> Muhammad Sharjeel Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sun%20Ya"> Sun Ya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fanidi%20Meryem"> Fanidi Meryem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrical resistivity investigation was conducted in vicinity of Tarbela Ghazi, in order to study the subsurface layer with a view of determining the depth to the aquifer and thickness of groundwater potential zones. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at 16 VES stations. Well logging data at four tube wells have been used to mark the super saturated zones with great discharge rate. The present paper shows a geoelectrical identification of the lithology and an estimate of the relationship between the resistivity and Dar Zarrouk parameters (transverse unit resistance and longitudinal unit conductance). The VES results revealed both homogeneous and heterogeneous nature of the subsurface strata. Aquifer is unconfined to confine in nature, and at few locations though perched aquifer has been identified, groundwater potential zones are developed in unconsolidated deposits layers and more than seven geo-electric layers are observed at some VES locations. Saturated zones thickness ranges from 5 m to 150 m, whereas at few area aquifer is beyond 150 m thick. The average anisotropy, transvers resistance and longitudinal conductance values are 0.86 %, 35750.9821 Ω.m<sup>2</sup>, 0.729 Siemens, respectively. The transverse unit resistance values fluctuate all over the aquifer system, whereas below at particular depth high values are observed, that significantly associated with the high transmissivity zones. The groundwater quality in all analyzed samples is below permissible limit according to World Health Standard (WHO). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifer" title="aquifer">aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dar%20Zarrouk%20parameters" title=" Dar Zarrouk parameters"> Dar Zarrouk parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers" title=" geoelectric layers"> geoelectric layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarbela%20Ghazi" title=" Tarbela Ghazi"> Tarbela Ghazi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87640/groundwater-potential-zone-identification-in-unconsolidated-aquifer-using-geophysical-techniques-around-tarbela-ghazi-district-haripur-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87640.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1408</span> Geophysical Mapping of Anomalies Associated with Sediments of Gwandu Formation Around Argungu and Its Environs NW, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adamu%20Abubakar">Adamu Abubakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulganiyu%20Yunusa"> Abdulganiyu Yunusa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Likkason%20Othniel%20Kamfani"> Likkason Othniel Kamfani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Idris%20Augie"> Abdulrahman Idris Augie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research study is being carried out in accordance with the Gwandu formation's potential exploratory activities in the inland basin of northwest Nigeria.The present research aims to identify and characterize subsurface anomalies within Gwandu formation using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and magnetic surveys, providing valuable insights for mineral exploration. The study utilizes various data enhancement techniques like derivatives, upward continuation, and spectral analysis alongside 2D modeling of electrical imaging profiles to analyze subsurface structures and anomalies. Data was collected through ERT and magnetic surveys, with subsequent processing including derivatives, spectral analysis, and 2D modeling. The results indicate significant subsurface structures such as faults, folds, and sedimentary layers. The study area's geoelectric and magnetic sections illustrate the depth and distribution of sedimentary formations, enhancing understanding of the geological framework. Thus, showed that the entire formations of Eocene sediment of Gwandu are overprinted by the study area's Tertiary strata. The NE to SW and E to W cross-profile for the pseudo geoelectric sections beneath the study area were generated using a two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging. 2D magnetic modelling, upward continuation, and derivative analysis are used to delineate the signatures of subsurface magnetic anomalies. The results also revealed The sediment thickness by surface depth ranges from ∼4.06 km and ∼23.31 km. The Moho interface, the lower and upper mantle crusts boundary, and magnetic crust are all located at depths of around ∼10.23 km. The vertical distance between the local models of the foundation rocks to the north and south of the Sokoto Group was approximately ∼6 to ∼8 km and ∼4.5 km, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-resolution%20aeromagnetic%20data" title="high-resolution aeromagnetic data">high-resolution aeromagnetic data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20resistivity%20imaging" title=" electrical resistivity imaging"> electrical resistivity imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsurface%20anomalies" title=" subsurface anomalies"> subsurface anomalies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2d%20dorward%20modeling" title=" 2d dorward modeling"> 2d dorward modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193133/geophysical-mapping-of-anomalies-associated-with-sediments-of-gwandu-formation-around-argungu-and-its-environs-nw-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1407</span> Moisture Variations in Unbound Layers in an Instrumented Pavement Section</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Islam">R. Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafiqul%20A.%20Tarefder"> Rafiqul A. Tarefder</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents the moisture variations of unbound layers from April 2012 to January 2014 in the Interstate 40 (I-40) pavement section in New Mexico. Three moisture probes were installed at different layers inside the pavement which measure the continuous moisture variations of the pavement. Data show that the moisture contents of unbound layers are typically constant throughout the day and month unless there is rainfall. Moisture contents of all unbound layers change with rainfall. Change in ground water table may affect the moisture content of unbound layers which has not investigated in this study. In addition, the Level 3 predictions of moisture contents using the Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) Design software are compared and found quite reasonable. However, results presented in the current study may not be applicable for pavement in other regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20pavement" title="asphalt pavement">asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20probes" title=" moisture probes"> moisture probes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilient%20modulus" title=" resilient modulus"> resilient modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20model" title=" climate model "> climate model </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21090/moisture-variations-in-unbound-layers-in-an-instrumented-pavement-section" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1406</span> Wear Resistance and Thermal Stability of Tungsten Boride Layers Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justyna%20Chrzanowska">Justyna Chrzanowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacek%20Hoffman"> Jacek Hoffman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dariusz%20Garbiec"> Dariusz Garbiec</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%81ukasz%20Kurpaska"> Łukasz Kurpaska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piotr%20Denis"> Piotr Denis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Moscicki"> Tomasz Moscicki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zygmunt%20Szymanski"> Zygmunt Szymanski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tungsten and boron compounds belong to the group of superhard materials and its hardness could exceed 40 GPa. In this study, the properties of the tungsten boride (WB) layers deposited in magnetron sputtering process are investigated. The sputtering process occurred from specially prepared targets that were composed of boron and tungsten mixed in molar ratio of 2.5 or 4.5 and sintered in spark plasma sintering process. WB layers were deposited on silicon (100) and stainless steel 304 substrates at room temperature (RT) or in 570 °C. Layers deposited in RT and in elevated temperature varied considerably. Layers deposited in RT are amorphous and have low adhesion. In contrast, the layers deposited in 570 °C are crystalline and have good adhesion. All deposited layers have a hardness about 40 GPa. Moreover, the friction coefficient of crystalline layers is 0.22 and wear rate is about 0.67•10-6 mm3N-1m-1. After material characterization the WB layers were annealed in argon atmosphere in 1000 °C for 1 hour. On the basis of X-Ray Diffraction analysis, it has been noted that the crystalline layers are thermally stable and do not change their phase composition, whereas the amorphous layers change their phase composition. Moreover, after annealing, on the surface of WB layers some cracks were observed. It is probably connected with the differences of the thermal expansion between the layer and the substrate. Despite of the presence of cracks, the wear resistance of annealed layers is still higher than the wear resistance of uncoated substrate. The analysis of the structure and properties of tungsten boride layers lead to the discussion about the application area of this material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20coatings" title="hard coatings">hard coatings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20materials" title=" hard materials"> hard materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetron%20sputtering" title=" magnetron sputtering"> magnetron sputtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tungsten%20boride" title=" tungsten boride"> tungsten boride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63347/wear-resistance-and-thermal-stability-of-tungsten-boride-layers-deposited-by-magnetron-sputtering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1405</span> Formation of Nanostructured Surface Layers of a Material with TiNi-Based Shape Memory by Diffusion Metallization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zh.%20M.%20Blednova">Zh. M. Blednova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20O.%20Rusinov"> P. O. Rusinov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Results of research on the formation of the surface layers of a material with shape memory effect (SME) based on TiNi diffusion metallization in molten Pb-Bi under isothermal conditions in an argon atmosphere are presented. It is shown that this method allows obtaining of uniform surface layers in nanostructured state of internal surfaces on the articles of complex shapes with stress concentrators. Structure, chemical and phase composition of the surface layers provide a manifestation of TiNi shape memory. The average grain size of TiNi coatings ranges between 60 ÷ 160 nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion%20metallization" title="diffusion metallization">diffusion metallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nikelid%20titanium%20surface%20layers" title=" nikelid titanium surface layers"> nikelid titanium surface layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape%20memory%20effect" title=" shape memory effect"> shape memory effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanostructures" title=" nanostructures"> nanostructures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9419/formation-of-nanostructured-surface-layers-of-a-material-with-tini-based-shape-memory-by-diffusion-metallization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1404</span> Ion-Acoustic Double Layers in a Non-Thermal Electronegative Magnetized Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20K.%20Chawla">J. K. Chawla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Jain"> S. K. Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Mishra"> M. K. Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ion-acoustic double layers have been studied in magnetized plasma. The modified Korteweg-de Vries (m-KdV) equation using reductive perturbation method is derived. It is found that for the selected set of parameters, the system supports rarefactive double layers depending upon the value of nonthermal parameters. It is also found that the magnetization affects only the width of the double layer. For a given set of parameter values, increases in the magnetization and the obliqueness angle (θ) between wave vector and magnetic field, affect the width of the double layers, however the amplitude of the double layers have no effect. An increase in the values of nonthermal parameter decreases the amplitude of the rarefactive double layer. The effect of the ion temperature ratio on the amplitude and width of the double layers are also discussed in detail. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion-acoustic%20double%20layers" title="ion-acoustic double layers">ion-acoustic double layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetized%20electronegative%20plasma" title=" magnetized electronegative plasma"> magnetized electronegative plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reductive%20perturbation%20method" title=" reductive perturbation method"> reductive perturbation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20modified%20Korteweg-de%20Vries%20%28KdV%29%20equation" title=" the modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation"> the modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48843/ion-acoustic-double-layers-in-a-non-thermal-electronegative-magnetized-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">610</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1403</span> Soil Respiration Rate of Laurel-Leaved and Cryptomeria japonica Forests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayuko%20Itsuki">Ayuko Itsuki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachiyo%20Aburatani"> Sachiyo Aburatani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We assessed the ecology of the organic and mineral soil layers of laurel-leaved (BB-1) and Cryptomeria japonica (BB-2 and Pw) forests in the Kasugayama Hill Primeval Forest (Nara, Japan). The soil respiration rate was higher in the deeper horizons (F and H) of organic layers than in those of mineral soil layers, suggesting organic layers may be where active microbial metabolism occurs. Respiration rates in the soil of BB-1, BB-2 and Pw forests were closely similar at 5 and 10°C. However, the soil respiration rate increased in proportion to temperatures of 15°C or above. We therefore consider the activity of soil microorganisms to markedly decrease at temperatures below 10°C. At a temperature of 15°C or above, the soil respiration rate in the BB-1 organic layers was higher than in those of the BB-2 and Pw organic layers, due to differences in forest vegetation that appeared to influence several salient soil properties, particularly pH and the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of the F and H horizons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20soil" title="forest soil">forest soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralization%20rate" title=" mineralization rate"> mineralization rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterotroph" title=" heterotroph"> heterotroph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20respiration%20rate" title=" soil respiration rate"> soil respiration rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10278/soil-respiration-rate-of-laurel-leaved-and-cryptomeria-japonica-forests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1402</span> Neuron Imaging in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandy%20Bao">Sandy Bao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yankang%20Bao"> Yankang Bao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The understanding of information that is being processed in the brain, especially in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), has been proven challenging for modern neuroscience and for researchers with a focus on how neurons process signals and images. In this paper, we are proposing a method to image process different colors within different layers of LGN, that is, green information in layers 4 & 6 and red & blue in layers 3 & 5 based on the surface dimension of layers. We take into consideration the images in LGN and visual cortex, and that the edge detected information from the visual cortex needs to be considered in order to return back to the layers of LGN, along with the image in LGN to form the new image, which will provide an improved image that is clearer, sharper, and making it easier to identify objects in the image. Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) simulation is performed, and results show that the clarity of the output image has significant improvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20geniculate%20nucleus" title="lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20laboratory" title=" matrix laboratory"> matrix laboratory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuroscience" title=" neuroscience"> neuroscience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20cortex" title=" visual cortex"> visual cortex</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137931/neuron-imaging-in-lateral-geniculate-nucleus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1401</span> Numerical Investigation of Geotextile Application in Clay Reinforcement in ABAQUS Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eisa%20Aliagahei"> Eisa Aliagahei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, the use of geosynthetic materials in geotechnical activities is increasing significantly. One of the main uses of these materials is to increase the compressive strength of clay reinforced by geotextile layers. In the present study, the effect of clay reinforcement by geotextile layers in increasing the compressive strength of clay has been investigated using modeling in ABAQUS 6.11.3 software. For this purpose, the modified Drager Prager model has been chosen to simulate the stress-strain behavior of soil layers and the linear elastic model for the geotextile layer. Unreinforced samples and reinforced samples are modeled by geotextile layers (1, 2 and 3 geotextile layers) by software. In order to validate the results, an article in the same field was used and the numerical modeling results were calibrated with the laboratory results. Based on the obtained results, the software has a suitable capability for modeling and the results of the numerical model overlap with the laboratory results to a very acceptable extent, by increasing the number of geotextile layers, the error between the results of the laboratory sample and the software model increases. The highest amount of error is related to the sample reinforced with three layers of geotextile and is 7.3%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cap%20model" title=" cap model"> cap model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title=" clay"> clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotextile%20layer" title=" geotextile layer"> geotextile layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20soil" title=" reinforced soil"> reinforced soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155704/numerical-investigation-of-geotextile-application-in-clay-reinforcement-in-abaqus-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1400</span> The Influence of the Geogrid Layers on the Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Naeini">S. A. Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20R.%20Rahmani"> H. R. Rahmani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hossein%20Zade"> M. Hossein Zade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many classical bearing capacity theories assume that the natural soil's layers are homogenous for determining the bearing capacity of the soil. But, in many practical projects, we encounter multi-layer soils. Geosynthetic as reinforcement materials have been extensively used in the construction of various structures. In this paper, numerical analysis of the Plate Load Test (PLT) using of ABAQUS software in double-layered soils with different thicknesses of sandy and gravelly layers reinforced with geogrid was considered. The PLT is one of the common filed methods to calculate parameters such as soil bearing capacity, the evaluation of the compressibility and the determination of the Subgrade Reaction module. In fact, the influence of the geogrid layers on the bearing capacity of the layered soils is investigated. Finally, the most appropriate mode for the distance and number of reinforcement layers is determined. Results show that using three layers of geogrid with a distance of 0.3 times the width of the loading plate has the highest efficiency in bearing capacity of double-layer (sand and gravel) soils. Also, the significant increase in bearing capacity between unreinforced and reinforced soil with three layers of geogrid is caused by the condition that the upper layer (gravel) thickness is equal to the loading plate width. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title="bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement" title=" reinforcement"> reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plate%20load%20test" title=" plate load test"> plate load test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layered%20soils" title=" layered soils"> layered soils</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80995/the-influence-of-the-geogrid-layers-on-the-bearing-capacity-of-layered-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1399</span> Estimation of Aquifer Parameters Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Ochudo City, Abakaliki Urban Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moses.%20O.%20Eyankware">Moses. O. Eyankware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benard%20I.%20Odoh"> Benard I. Odoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omoleomo%20O.%20Omo-Irabor"> Omoleomo O. Omo-Irabor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20O.%20I.%20Selemo"> Alex O. I. Selemo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Knowledge of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity is essential for the determination of natural water flow through an aquifer. These parameters are commonly estimated from the analysis of electrical conductivity, soil properties and fluid flow data. In order to achieve a faster and cost effective analysis of aquifer parameters in Ochudo City in Abakaliki, this study relied on non-invasive geophysical methods. As part of this approach, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was conducted at 20 sites in the study area for the identification of the vertical variation in subsurface lithology and for the characterization of the groundwater system. The area variously consists of between five to seven geoelectric layers of different thicknesses. Depth to aquifer ranges from 9.94 m-134.0 m while the thickness of the identified aquifer varies between 8.43 m and 44.31 m. Based on the electrical conductivity values of water samples collected from two boreholes and two hand-dug wells within the study area, the hydraulic conductivity was determined to range from 0.10 to 0.433 m/day. The estimated thickness of the aquifer and calculated hydraulic conductivity were used to derive the aquifer transmissivity. The results indicate that this parameter ranges from 1.58-7.56 m²/day with a formation factor of between 0.31-3.6. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asu%20river%20group" title="Asu river group">Asu river group</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmissivity" title=" transmissivity"> transmissivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20conductivity" title=" hydraulic conductivity"> hydraulic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abakaliki" title=" abakaliki"> abakaliki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20electrical%20sounding%20%28VES%29" title=" vertical electrical sounding (VES)"> vertical electrical sounding (VES)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35836/estimation-of-aquifer-parameters-using-vertical-electrical-sounding-in-ochudo-city-abakaliki-urban-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1398</span> SnSₓ, Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Nanostructured Thin Layers for Thin-Film Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20A.%20Outkina">Elena A. Outkina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20V.%20Meledina"> Marina V. Meledina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliaksandr%20A.%20Khodin"> Aliaksandr A. Khodin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanostructured thin films of SnSₓ, Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) semiconductors were fabricated by chemical processing to produce thin-film photoactive layers for photocells as a prospective lowest-cost and environment-friendly alternative to Si, Cu(In, Ga)Se₂, and other traditional solar cells materials. To produce SnSₓ layers, the modified successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique were investigated, including successive cyclic dipping into Na₂S solution and SnCl₂, NaCl, triethanolamine solution. To fabricate CZTS layers, the cyclic dipping into CuSO₄ with ZnSO₄, SnCl₂, and Na₂S solutions was used with intermediate rinsing in distilled water. The nano-template aluminum/alumina substrate was used to control deposition processes. Micromorphology and optical characteristics of the fabricated layers have been investigated. Analysis of 2D-like layers deposition features using nano-template substrate is presented, including the effect of nanotips in a template on surface charge redistribution and transport. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kesterite" title="kesterite">kesterite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotemplate" title=" nanotemplate"> nanotemplate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SILAR" title=" SILAR"> SILAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tin%20sulphide" title=" tin sulphide"> tin sulphide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117750/sns-cu2znsns4-nanostructured-thin-layers-for-thin-film-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117750.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1397</span> Numerical Analysis of Shallow Footing Rested on Geogrid Reinforced Sandy Soil </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20%20Shamsi%20Soosahab"> Javad Shamsi Soosahab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of geosynthetic reinforcement within the footing soils is a very effective and useful method to avoid the construction of costly deep foundations. This study investigated the use of geosynthetics for soil improvement based on numerical modeling using FELA software. Pressure settlement behavior and bearing capacity ratio of foundation on geogrid reinforced sand is investigated and the effect of different parameters like as number of geogrid layers and vertical distance between elements in three different relative density soil is studied. The effects of geometrical parameters of reinforcement layers were studied for determining the optimal values to reach to maximum bearing capacity. The results indicated that the optimum range of the distance ratio between the reinforcement layers was achieved at 0.5 to 0.6 and after number of geogrid layers of 4, no significant effect on increasing the bearing capacity of footing on reinforced sandy with geogrid <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title="geogrid">geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20sand" title=" reinforced sand"> reinforced sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FELA%20software" title=" FELA software"> FELA software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance%20ratio" title=" distance ratio"> distance ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20geogrid%20layers" title=" number of geogrid layers"> number of geogrid layers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127329/numerical-analysis-of-shallow-footing-rested-on-geogrid-reinforced-sandy-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1396</span> Modification of Four Layer through the Thickness Woven Structure for Improved Impact Resistance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Liaqat">Muhammad Liaqat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Abdul%20Samad"> Hafiz Abdul Samad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Talha%20Ali%20Hamdani"> Syed Talha Ali Hamdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasir%20Nawab"> Yasir Nawab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current research, the four layers, orthogonal through the thickness, 2D woven, 3D fabric structure was modified to improve the impact resistance of 3D fabric reinforced composites. This was achieved by imparting the auxeticity into four layers through the thickness woven structure. A comparison was made between the standard and modified four layers through the thickness woven structure in terms of auxeticity, penetration and impact resistance. It was found that the modified structure showed auxeticity in both warp and weft direction. It was also found that the penetration resistance of modified sample was less as compared to the standard structure, but impact resistance was improved up to 6.7% of modified four layers through the thickness woven structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2D%20woven" title="2D woven">2D woven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20fabrics" title=" 3D fabrics"> 3D fabrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auxetic" title=" auxetic"> auxetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20resistance" title=" impact resistance"> impact resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonal%20through%20the%20thickness" title=" orthogonal through the thickness"> orthogonal through the thickness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55359/modification-of-four-layer-through-the-thickness-woven-structure-for-improved-impact-resistance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1395</span> Effects of Multilayer Coating of Chitosan and Polystyrene Sulfonate on Quality of ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4’ Mango </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Hadthamard">N. Hadthamard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Chaumpluk"> P. Chaumpluk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Buanong"> M. Buanong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Boonyaritthongchai"> P. Boonyaritthongchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Wongs-Aree"> C. Wongs-Aree</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ripe ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em> L.) is an important exported fruit of Thailand, but rapidly declined in the quality attributes mainly by infection of anthracnose and stem end rot diseases. Multilayer coating is considered as a developed technique to maintain the postharvest quality of mangoes. The utilization of alternated coating by matching oppositely electrostatic charges between 0.1% chitosan and 0.1% polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) was studied. A number of the coating layers (layer by layer) were applied on mature green ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4’ mangoes prior to storage at 25 <sup>o</sup>C, 65-70% relative humidity (RH). There were significant differences in some quality attributes of mangoes coated by 3½ layers, 4½ layers and 5½ layers. In comparison to coated mangoes, uncoated fruits were higher in weight loss, total soluble solids, respiration rate, ethylene production and disease incidence except the titratable acidity. Coating fruit at 3½ layers exhibited the ripening delay and reducing disease infection without off flavour. On the other hand, fruit coated with 5½ layers comprised the lowest acceptable score, caused by exhibiting disorders from fermentation at the end of storage. As a result, multilayer coating between chitosan and PSS could effectively maintain the postharvest quality of mango, but number of coating layers should be thoroughly considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilayer" title="multilayer">multilayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title=" chitosan"> chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polystyrene%20sulfonate" title=" polystyrene sulfonate"> polystyrene sulfonate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nam%20Dok%20Mai%20No.4" title=" Nam Dok Mai No.4"> Nam Dok Mai No.4</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96341/effects-of-multilayer-coating-of-chitosan-and-polystyrene-sulfonate-on-quality-of-nam-dok-mai-no4-mango" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1394</span> Finite Element and Experimental Investigation on Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azad%20Mohammed%20Ali%20Saber">Azad Mohammed Ali Saber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lanja%20Saeed%20Omer"> Lanja Saeed Omer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study deals with numerical method (FE) and experimental investigations on the vibration behavior of carbon fiber-polyester laminated plates. Finite element simulation is done using APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language) macro codes software version 19. Solid185 layered structural element, including eight nodes, is adopted in this analysis. The experimental work is carried out using (Hand Layup method) to fabricate different layers and orientation angles of composite laminate plates. Symmetric samples include four layers (00/900)s and six layers (00/900/00)s, (00/00/900)s. Antisymmetric samples include one layer (00), (450), two layers (00/900), (-450/450), three layers (00/900/00), four layers (00/900)2, (-450/450)2, five layers (00/900)2.5, and six layers (00/900)3, (-450/450)3. An experimental investigation is carried out using a modal analysis technique with a Fast Fourier Transform Analyzer (FFT), Pulse platform, impact hammer, and accelerometer to obtain the frequency response functions. The influences of different parameters such as the number of layers, aspect ratio, modulus ratio, ply orientation, and different boundary conditions on the dynamic behavior of the CFRPs are studied, where the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd natural frequencies are observed to be the minimum for cantilever boundary condition (CFFF) and the maximum for full clamped boundary condition (CCCC). Experimental results show that the natural frequencies of laminated plates are significantly reliant on the type of boundary conditions due to the restraint effect at the edges. Good agreement is achieved among the finite element and experimental results. All results indicate that any increase in aspect ratio causes a decrease in the natural frequency of the CFRPs plate, while any increase in the modulus ratio or number of layers causes an increase in the fundamental natural frequency of vibration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration" title="vibration">vibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20materials" title=" composite materials"> composite materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APDL%20ANSYS" title=" APDL ANSYS"> APDL ANSYS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185996/finite-element-and-experimental-investigation-on-vibration-analysis-of-laminated-composite-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185996.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1393</span> Numerical Modeling of a Retaining Wall in Soil Reinforced by Layers of Geogrids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mellas">M. Mellas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Baaziz"> S. Baaziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mabrouki"> A. Mabrouki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Benmeddour"> D. Benmeddour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reinforcement of massifs of backfill with horizontal layers of geosynthetics is an interesting economic solution, which ensures the stability of retaining walls. The mechanical behavior of reinforced soil by geosynthetic is complex, and requires studies and research to understand the mechanisms of rupture. The behavior of reinforcements in the soil and the behavior of the main elements of the system: reinforcement-wall-soil. The present study is interested in numerical modeling of a retaining wall in soil reinforced by horizontal layers of geogrids. This modeling makes use of the software FLAC3D. This work aims to analyze the effect of the length of the geogrid "L" where the soil massif is supporting a uniformly distributed surcharge "Q", taking into account the fixing elements rather than the layers of geogrids to the wall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retaining%20wall" title="retaining wall">retaining wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20soil" title=" reinforced soil"> reinforced soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title=" numerical modeling"> numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLAC3D" title=" FLAC3D"> FLAC3D</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1335/numerical-modeling-of-a-retaining-wall-in-soil-reinforced-by-layers-of-geogrids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">484</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1392</span> Possibility of Creating Polygon Layers from Raster Layers Obtained by using Classic Image Processing Software: Case of Geological Map of Rwanda</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louis%20Nahimana">Louis Nahimana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most maps are in a raster or pdf format and it is not easy to get vector layers of published maps. Faced to the production of geological simplified map of the northern Lake Tanganyika countries without geological information in vector format, I tried a method of obtaining vector layers from raster layers created from geological maps of Rwanda and DR Congo in pdf and jpg format. The procedure was as follows: The original raster maps were georeferenced using ArcGIS10.2. Under Adobe Photoshop, map areas with the same color corresponding to a lithostratigraphic unit were selected all over the map and saved in a specific raster layer. Using the same image processing software Adobe Photoshop, each RGB raster layer was converted in grayscale type and improved before importation in ArcGIS10. After georeferencing, each lithostratigraphic raster layer was transformed into a multitude of polygons with the tool "Raster to Polygon (Conversion)". Thereafter, tool "Aggregate Polygons (Cartography)" allowed obtaining a single polygon layer. Repeating the same steps for each color corresponding to a homogeneous rock unit, it was possible to reconstruct the simplified geological constitution of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo in vector format. By using the tool «Append (Management)», vector layers obtained were combined with those from Burundi to achieve vector layers of the geology of the « Northern Lake Tanganyika countries ». <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creating%20raster%20layer%20under%20image%20processing%20software" title="creating raster layer under image processing software">creating raster layer under image processing software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raster%20to%20polygon" title=" raster to polygon"> raster to polygon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate%20polygons" title=" aggregate polygons"> aggregate polygons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adobe%20photoshop" title=" adobe photoshop"> adobe photoshop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31397/possibility-of-creating-polygon-layers-from-raster-layers-obtained-by-using-classic-image-processing-software-case-of-geological-map-of-rwanda" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1391</span> Investigation of Subsurface Structures within Bosso Local Government for Groundwater Exploration Using Magnetic and Resistivity Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adetona%20Abbassa">Adetona Abbassa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliyu%20Shakirat%20B."> Aliyu Shakirat B.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study area is part of Bosso local Government, enclosed within Longitude 6.25’ to 6.31’ and Latitude 9.35’ to 9.45’, an area of 16x8 km², within the basement region of central Nigeria. The region is a host to Nigerian Airforce base 12 (NAF 12quick response) and its staff quarters, the headquarters of Bosso local government, the Independent National Electoral Commission’s two offices, four government secondary schools, six primary schools and Minna international airport. The area suffers an acute shortage of water from November when rains stop to June when rains commence within North Central Nigeria. A way of addressing this problem is a reconnaissance method to delineate possible fractures and fault lines that exists within the region by sampling the Aeromagnetic data and using an appropriate analytical algorithm to delineate these fractures. This is followed by an appropriate ground truthing method that will confirm if the fracture is connected to underground water movement. The first vertical derivative for structural analysis, reveals a set of lineaments labeled AA’, BB’, CC’, DD’, EE’ and FF’ all trending in the Northeast – Southwest directions. AA’ is just below latitude 9.45’ above Maikunkele village, cutting off the upper part of the field, it runs through Kangwo, Nini, Lawo and other communities. BB’ is at Latitude 9.43’ it truncated at about 2Km before Maikunkele and Kuyi. CC’ is around 9.40’ sitting below Maikunkele runs down through Nanaum. DD’ is from Latitude 9.38’; interestingly no community within this region where the fault passes through. A result from the three sites where Vertical Electrical Sounding was carried out reveals three layers comprised of topsoil, intermediate Clay formation and weathered/fractured or fresh basement. The depth to basement map was also produced, depth to the basement from the ground surface with VES A₂, B5, D₂ and E₁ to be relatively deeper with depth values range between 25 to 35 m while the shallower region of the area has a depth range value between 10 to 20 m. Hence, VES A₂, A₅, B₄, B₅, C₂, C₄, D₄, D₅, E₁, E₃, and F₄ are high conductivity zone that are prolific for groundwater potential. The depth range of the aquifer potential zones is between 22.7 m to 50.4 m. The result from site C is quite unique though the 3 layers were detected in the majority of the VES points, the maximum depth to the basement in 90% of the VES points is below 8 km, only three VES points shows considerably viability, which are C₆, E₂ and F₂ with depths of 35.2 m and 38 m respectively but lack of connectivity will be a big challenge of chargeability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithology" title="lithology">lithology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aeromagnetic" title=" aeromagnetic"> aeromagnetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifer" title=" aquifer"> aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric" title=" geoelectric"> geoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iso-resistivity" title=" iso-resistivity"> iso-resistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basement" title=" basement"> basement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20electrical%20sounding%28VES%29" title=" vertical electrical sounding(VES)"> vertical electrical sounding(VES)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145816/investigation-of-subsurface-structures-within-bosso-local-government-for-groundwater-exploration-using-magnetic-and-resistivity-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1390</span> Ordinary and Triplet Superconducting Spin Valve Effect in Fe/Pb Based Heterostructures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20V.%20Leksin">P. V. Leksin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Kamashev"> A. A. Kamashev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20N.%20Garifyanov"> N. N. Garifyanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20A.%20Garifullin"> I. A. Garifullin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya.%20V.%20Fominov"> Ya. V. Fominov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Schumann"> J. Schumann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Krupskaya"> Y. Krupskaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Kataev"> V. Kataev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20G.%20Schmidt"> O. G. Schmidt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20B%C3%BCchner"> B. Büchner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We report on experimental evidence for the occurrence of the long range triplet correlations (LRTC) of the superconducting (SC) condensate in the spin-valve heterostructures CoOx/Fe1/Cu/Fe2/Pb. The LRTC generation in this layer sequence is accompanied by a Tc suppression near the orthogonal mutual orientation of the Fe1 and Fe2 layers’ magnetization. This Tc drop reaches its maximum of 60mK at the Fe2 layer thickness dFe2 = 0.6 nm and falls down when dFe2 is increased. The modification of the Fe/Pb interface by using a thin Cu intermediate layer between Fe and Pb layers reduces the SC transition width without preventing the interaction between Pb and Fe2 layers. The dependence of the SSVE magnitude on Fe1 layer thickness dFe1 reveals maximum of the effect when dFe1 and dFe2 are equal and the dFe2 value is minimal. Using the optimal Fe layers thicknesses and the intermediate Cu layer between Pb and Fe2 layer we realized almost full switching from normal to superconducting state due to SSVE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconductivity" title="superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferromagnetism" title=" ferromagnetism"> ferromagnetism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterostructures" title=" heterostructures"> heterostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximity%20effect" title=" proximity effect"> proximity effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21362/ordinary-and-triplet-superconducting-spin-valve-effect-in-fepb-based-heterostructures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1389</span> Using Vertical Electrical Soundings Data to Investigate and Assess Groundwater Resources for Irrigation in the Canal Command Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijaya%20Pradhan">Vijaya Pradhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Deshpande"> S. M. Deshpande</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20G.%20Regulwar"> D. G. Regulwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intense hydrogeological research has been prompted by the rising groundwater demand in typical hard rock terrain. In the current study, groundwater resources for irrigation in the canal command of the Jayakwadi Reservoir in the Indian state of Maharashtra are located using Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES). A Computer Resistivity Monitor is used to monitor the geoelectric field (CRM). Using Schlumberger setups, the investigation was carried out at seven different places in the region. Plotting of the sounding curves is the outcome of the data processing. The underlying layers and groundwater potential in the research region have been examined by analyzing these curves using curve-matching techniques, also known as partial curve matching. IPIWin2 is used to examine the relationship between resistivity and electrode spacing. The resistivity value in a geological formation is significantly reduced when groundwater is present. Up to a depth of 35 meters, the resistivity readings are minimal; beyond that, they continuously increase, suggesting a lack of water in deeper strata. As a result, the wells may only receive water up to a depth of 35 meters. In addition, the trap may occasionally fracture at deeper depths, retaining a limited amount of water in the cracks and producing a low yield. According to the findings, weathered basalt or soil make up the top layer (5–10 m), which is followed by a layer of amygdaloidal basalt (10–35 m) that is somewhat cracked and either hard basalt or compact basalt underneath. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20electrical%20soundings%20%28VES%29" title="vertical electrical soundings (VES)">vertical electrical soundings (VES)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistivity" title=" resistivity"> resistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode%20spacing" title=" electrode spacing"> electrode spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schlumberger%20configurations" title=" Schlumberger configurations"> Schlumberger configurations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20curve%20matching." title=" partial curve matching."> partial curve matching.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191018/using-vertical-electrical-soundings-data-to-investigate-and-assess-groundwater-resources-for-irrigation-in-the-canal-command-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1388</span> Development of Blast Vibration Equation Considering the Polymorphic Characteristics of Basaltic Ground</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Wook%20Lee">Dong Wook Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung%20Hyun%20Kim"> Seung Hyun Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geological structure formed by volcanic activities shows polymorphic characteristics due to repeated cooling and hardening of lava. The Jeju region is showing polymorphic characteristics in which clinker layers are irregularly distributed along with vesicular basalt due to volcanic activities. Accordingly, resident damages and environmental disputes occur frequently in the Jeju region due to blasting. The purpose of this study is to develop a blast vibration equation considering the polymorphic characteristics of basaltic ground in Jeju. The blast vibration equation consists of a functional formula of the blasting vibration constant K that changes according to ground characteristics, and attenuation index n. The case study results in Jeju showed that if there are clinker layers, attenuation index n showed a distribution of -1.11~-1.87, whereas if there are no clinker layers, n was -2.79. Moreover, if there are no clinker layers, the frequency of blast vibration showed a high frequency band from 30Hz to 100Hz, while in rocks with clinker layers it showed a low frequency band from 10Hz to 20Hz. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20vibration%20equation" title="blast vibration equation">blast vibration equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basaltic%20ground" title=" basaltic ground"> basaltic ground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinker%20layer" title=" clinker layer"> clinker layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blasting%20vibration%20constant" title=" blasting vibration constant"> blasting vibration constant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20index" title=" attenuation index"> attenuation index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40396/development-of-blast-vibration-equation-considering-the-polymorphic-characteristics-of-basaltic-ground" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40396.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1387</span> Key Roles of the N-Type Oxide Layer in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thierry%20Pauport%C3%A9">Thierry Pauporté</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wide bandgap n-type oxide layers (TiO2, SnO2, ZnO etc.) play key roles in perovskite solar cells. They act as electron transport layers, and they permit the charge separation. They are also the substrate for the preparation of perovskite in the direct architecture. Therefore, they have a strong influence on the perovskite loading, its crystallinity and they can induce a degradation phenomenon upon annealing. The interface between the oxide and the perovskite is important, and the quality of this heterointerface must be optimized to limit the recombination of charges phenomena and performance losses. One can also play on the oxide and use two oxide contact layers for improving the device stability and durability. These aspects will be developed and illustrated on the basis of recent results obtained at Chimie-ParisTech. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxide" title="oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20perovskite" title=" hybrid perovskite"> hybrid perovskite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cells" title=" solar cells"> solar cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance" title=" impedance"> impedance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65396/key-roles-of-the-n-type-oxide-layer-in-hybrid-perovskite-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65396.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoelectric%20layers&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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