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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shutter speed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82" title="سرعة الغالق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرعة الغالق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99rd%C9%99_s%C3%BCr%C9%99ti" title="Pərdə sürəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pərdə sürəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3)" title="আলোকসম্পাতকাল (আলোকচিত্রগ্রহণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকসম্পাতকাল (আলোকচিত্রগ্রহণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat_d%27obturaci%C3%B3" title="Velocitat d'obturació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Velocitat d'obturació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukkertid" title="Lukkertid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lukkertid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verschlusszeit" title="Verschlusszeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verschlusszeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4riaeg" title="Säriaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Säriaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_obturaci%C3%B3n" title="Velocidad de obturación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Velocidad de obturación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturadore-abiadura" title="Obturadore-abiadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Obturadore-abiadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سرعت شاتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرعت شاتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%94%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="셔터 속도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셔터 속도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Պահաժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պահաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecepatan_rana" title="Kecepatan rana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecepatan rana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1" title="מהירות התריס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהירות התריס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4" title="ഷട്ടർ വേഗത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷട്ടർ വേഗത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelajuan_pengatup" title="Kelajuan pengatup – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelajuan pengatup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belichtingstijd" title="Belichtingstijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belichtingstijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="シャッター速度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャッター速度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidade_do_obturador" title="Velocidade do obturador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velocidade do obturador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Выдержка (фото) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выдержка (фото)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="සංවාරක වේගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංවාරක වේගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitrost_zaklopa" title="Hitrost zaklopa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hitrost zaklopa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valotusaika" title="Valotusaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valotusaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutartid" title="Slutartid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slutartid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அடைப்பான் வேகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடைப்பான் வேகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="షట్టరు వేగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షట్టరు వేగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ความเร็วชัตเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเร็วชัตเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perde_h%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Perde hızı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perde hızı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Витримка (фотографія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Витримка (фотографія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%96%80%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="快門速度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="快門速度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q349600#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Length of time when the film or digital sensor inside a camera is exposed to light</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Splashhhhh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Splashhhhh.jpg/290px-Splashhhhh.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Splashhhhh.jpg/435px-Splashhhhh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Splashhhhh.jpg/580px-Splashhhhh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>A spoon falling in water, taken at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Shutter_speed_waterfall.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Shutter_speed_waterfall.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Shutter speed can have a dramatic impact on the appearance and quality of photographs, especially when moving objects are involved. For instance a slow shutter-speed often results in a blurred image as the slight shudder of the shutter itself, or the motion caused to the whole camera by the index pressing on the shutter-release button create vibrations that are faster than the shutter itself; this will cause the appearance of the objects in the view-finder and on the photographs having moved when in fact it is the camera that moved.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg/170px-Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg/255px-Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg/340px-Nikkormat_shutterspeeddial_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The shutter speed dial of a <a href="/wiki/Nikkormat" title="Nikkormat">Nikkormat EL</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg/220px-Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg/330px-Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg/440px-Truck_with_motion_blur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Slow shutter speed combined with panning the camera can achieve a motion blur for moving objects.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <b>shutter speed</b> or <b>exposure time</b> is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (that is, when the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> is open) when taking a photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-ray_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of light that reaches the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> is proportional to the exposure time. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> of a second will let half as much light in as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif/170px-Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif/255px-Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif/340px-Shutter_Speed_Fan.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Different shutter speeds for a CPU fan. Shutter speeds from first to last: 2 s, 1 s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> s</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The camera's shutter speed, the lens's <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> or <a href="/wiki/F-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="F-stop">f-stop</a>, and the scene's <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> together determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor (the <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a>). <a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a> (EV) is a quantity that accounts for the shutter speed and the f-number. Once the sensitivity to light of the recording surface (either film or sensor) is set in numbers expressed in "<a href="/wiki/Film_speed#ISO" title="Film speed">ISOs</a>" (e.g. 200 ISO, 400 ISO), the light emitted by the scene photographed can be controlled through aperture and shutter-speed to match the film or sensor sensitivity to light. This will achieve a good exposure when all the details of the scene are legible on the photograph. Too much light let into the camera results in an overly pale image (or "over-exposure") while too little light will result in an overly dark image (or "under-exposure").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Multiple combinations of shutter speed and f-number can give the same exposure value (E.V.). According to <a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">exposure value</a> formula, doubling the exposure time doubles the amount of light (subtracts 1 EV). Reducing the aperture size at multiples of one over the square root of two lets half as much light into the camera, usually at a predefined scale of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>, and so on. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span> lets four times more light into the camera as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span> does. A shutter speed of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s with an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span> aperture gives the same exposure value as a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> s shutter speed with an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> aperture, and also the same exposure value as a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s shutter speed with an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> aperture, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> s at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to its effect on exposure, the shutter speed changes the way movement appears in photographs. Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for effect.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short exposure times are sometimes called "fast", and long exposure times "slow".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adjustments to the aperture need to be compensated by changes of the shutter speed to keep the same (right) exposure. </p><p>In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized, though a typical sequence might have been <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s; neither were apertures or film sensitivity (at least 3 different national standards existed). Soon this problem resulted in a solution consisting in the adoption of a standardized way of choosing <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> so that each major step exactly doubled or halved the amount of light entering the camera (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>, etc.), a standardized 2:1 scale was adopted for shutter speed so that opening one aperture stop and reducing the amount of time of the shutter speed by one step resulted in the identical exposure. The agreed standards for shutter speeds are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> s; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> s; and 1 s.<sup id="cite_ref-kahn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_(by-sa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg/170px-Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg/255px-Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg/340px-Phatman_-_Lightning_on_the_Columbia_River_%28by-sa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An extended exposure can also allow photographers to catch brief flashes of light, as seen here. Exposure time 15 seconds.</figcaption></figure> <p>With this scale, each increment roughly doubles the amount of light (longer time) or halves it (shorter time). </p><p>Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures: </p> <ul><li><b>B</b> (for <i><a href="/wiki/Bulb_(photography)" title="Bulb (photography)">bulb</a></i>) keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held.</li> <li><b>T</b> (for <i>time</i>) keeps the shutter open (once the shutter-release button had been depressed) until the shutter release is pressed again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The ability of the photographer to take images without noticeable blurring by camera movement is an important parameter in the choice of the slowest possible shutter speed for a handheld camera. The rough guide used by most <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> photographers is that the slowest shutter speed that can be used easily without much blur due to camera shake is the shutter speed numerically closest to the lens focal length. For example, for handheld use of a 35 mm camera with a 50 mm <a href="/wiki/Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal lens</a>, the closest shutter speed is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s (closest to "50"), while for a 200 mm lens it is recommended not to choose shutter speeds below <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s. This rule can be augmented with knowledge of the intended application for the photograph, an image intended for significant enlargement and closeup viewing would require faster shutter speeds to avoid obvious blur. Through practice and special techniques such as bracing the camera, arms, or body to minimize camera movement, using a monopod or a tripod, slower shutter speeds can be used without blur. If a shutter speed is too slow for hand holding, a camera support, usually a <a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">tripod</a>, must be used. <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">Image stabilization</a> on digital cameras or lenses can often permit the use of shutter speeds 3–4 stops slower (exposures 8–16 times longer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shutter priority refers to a shooting mode used in cameras. It allows the photographer to choose a shutter speed setting and allow the camera to decide the correct aperture. This is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Shutter_priority" title="Shutter priority">Shutter Speed Priority Auto Exposure</a>, or TV (time value on Canon cameras) mode, S mode on Nikons and most other brands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creative_utility_in_photography">Creative utility in photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creative utility in photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">Motion blur</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG/200px-E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG/300px-E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG/400px-E17_-_korte_sluitertijd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG/200px-E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG/300px-E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG/400px-E17_-_lange_sluitertijd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The photograph to the right was taken with a slower shutter speed than that to the left, creating a more pronounced motion blur effect and longer streaks of light from vehicle headlights.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG/220px-Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG/330px-Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG/440px-Sparklers_with_a_slow_shutter_speed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Sparklers moved in a circular motion with an exposure time of 4 seconds. This is an example of <a href="/wiki/Light_painting" title="Light painting">light painting</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shutter speed is one of several methods used to control the amount of light recorded by the camera's <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">digital sensor</a> or film. It is also used to manipulate the visual effects of the final image. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shutter_speed_pool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Shutter_speed_pool.jpg/220px-Shutter_speed_pool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Shutter_speed_pool.jpg/330px-Shutter_speed_pool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Shutter_speed_pool.jpg/440px-Shutter_speed_pool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Images taken with a lower shutter speed evoke a visual sense of movement. Exposure time 3 seconds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slower shutter speeds are often selected to suggest the movement of an object in a still photograph. </p><p>Excessively fast shutter speeds can cause a moving subject to appear unnaturally frozen. For instance, a running person may be caught with both feet in the air with all indication of movement lost in the frozen moment. </p><p>When a slower shutter speed is selected, a longer time passes from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes. More time is available for movement in the subject to be recorded by the camera as a blur. </p><p>A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where, in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest remains sharp; or if the camera is <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panned</a> to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains relatively sharp. </p><p>The exact point at which the background or subject will start to blur depends on the speed at which the object is moving, the angle that the object is moving in relation to the camera, the distance it is from the camera and the focal length of the lens in relation to the size of the digital sensor or film. </p><p>When slower shutter-speeds, in excess of about half a second, are used on running water, the water in the photo will have a ghostly white appearance reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. This effect can be used in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a> is a technique which entails the variation of the focal length of a zoom lens during a longer exposure. In the moment that the shutter is opened, the lens is zoomed in, changing the focal length during the exposure. The center of the image remains sharp, while the details away from the center form a radial blur, which causes a strong visual effect, forcing the eye into the center of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following list provides an overview of common photographic uses for standard shutter speeds. </p> <ul><li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16,000</span></span> s and less</i>: The fastest speed available in <a href="/wiki/APS-H" class="mw-redirect" title="APS-H">APS-H</a> or <a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> format <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> cameras (as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). (<a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_1D" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EOS 1D">Canon EOS 1D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1" title="Nikon D1">Nikon D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_series" title="Nikon 1 series">Nikon 1 J2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1X" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D1X">D1X</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1H" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D1H">D1H</a>)</li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12,000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in any <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> film <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> camera. (<a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> <a href="/wiki/Minolta_9xi" title="Minolta 9xi">Maxxum 9xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minolta_Maxxum_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta Maxxum 9">Maxxum 9</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minolta_Dynax_9" class="extiw" title="de:Minolta Dynax 9">de</a>]</span><i></i></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in production <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> cameras (as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), also the fastest speed available in any <a href="/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-frame digital SLR">full-frame DSLR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">SLT</a> camera (as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). Used to take sharp photographs of very fast subjects, such as birds or planes, under good lighting conditions, with an <a href="/wiki/ISO_film_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO film speed">ISO speed</a> of 1,000 or more and a large-aperture lens.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> SLR cameras (as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>); also the fastest speed available in any <a href="/wiki/Leaf_shutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shutter">leaf shutter</a> camera (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1</a>) (as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). Used to take sharp photographs of fast subjects, such as athletes or vehicles, under good lighting conditions and with an ISO setting of up to 800.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s</i>: Used to take sharp photographs of moderately fast subjects under normal lighting conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s</i>: Used to take sharp photographs of people in motion in everyday situations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s is the fastest speed useful for <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panning</a>; it also allows for a smaller aperture (up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>) in motion shots, and hence for a greater depth of field.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s</i>: This speed, and slower ones, are no longer useful for freezing motion. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s is used to obtain greater <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> and overall sharpness in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>, and is also often used for panning shots.</li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s</i>: Used for panning shots, for images taken under dim lighting conditions, and for available light portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span> s</i>: Used for panning subjects moving slower than 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) and for available-light photography. Images taken at this and slower speeds normally require a <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilized</a> lens/camera to be sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> s and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> s</i>: This and slower speeds are useful for photographs other than panning shots where motion blur is employed for deliberate effect, or for taking sharp photographs of immobile subjects under bad lighting conditions with a tripod-supported camera.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> s, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> s and 1 s</i>: Also mainly used for motion blur effects and/or low-light photography, but only practical with a tripod-supported camera.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulb_(photography)" title="Bulb (photography)">B (bulb)</a></i> (fraction of second to several hours): Used with a mechanically fixed camera in <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">astrophotography</a> and for certain special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star trails like these are created by using a long exposure to capture the apparent motion of the stars.[14]"><img alt="Star trails like these are created by using a long exposure to capture the apparent motion of the stars.[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg/200px-Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg/300px-Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg/400px-Stars_Circle_La_Silla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Star trails like these are created by using a long exposure to capture the apparent motion of the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Whirligig (now DC Super-Villains Swing) ride during night at Six Flags Great America at an exposure time of 0.8 seconds."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG/200px-Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG/300px-Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG/400px-Wave_Swinger_0.8_Sec_SFGAm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Whirligig (now DC Super-Villains Swing) ride during night at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_America" title="Six Flags Great America">Six Flags Great America</a> at an exposure time of 0.8 seconds.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light streaks outside London Waterloo station."><img alt="Light streaks outside London Waterloo station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg/200px-Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg/300px-Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg/400px-Streaks_outside_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light streaks outside <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">London Waterloo station</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Effect of different shutter speeds on photograph."><img alt="Effect of different shutter speeds on photograph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG/200px-Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG/300px-Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG/400px-Windflower-05237-nevit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Effect of different shutter speeds on photograph.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 30-second exposure of the rotating New Technology Telescope"><img alt="A 30-second exposure of the rotating New Technology Telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg/200px-The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg/300px-The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg/400px-The_NTT_Spinning_like_a_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 30-second exposure of the rotating <a href="/wiki/New_Technology_Telescope" title="New Technology Telescope">New Technology Telescope</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinematographic_shutter_formula">Cinematographic shutter formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cinematographic shutter formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rotary_disc_shutter" title="Rotary disc shutter">Rotary disc shutter</a></div> <p>Motion picture cameras used in traditional <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> employ a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Rotary_disc_shutter" title="Rotary disc shutter">rotating shutter</a>. The shutter rotation is synchronized with film being pulled through the gate, hence shutter speed is a function of the <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shutter_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutter angle">shutter angle</a>. </p><p>Where <i>E</i> = shutter speed (reciprocal of exposure time in seconds), <i>F</i> = frames per second, and <i>S</i> = shutter angle:<sup id="cite_ref-brown_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>360</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9f60223585b5d0402c90456e90672ef883cf491" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.672ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{S}}}"></span>, for <i>E</i> in reciprocal seconds</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>360</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/204a01473690805fe0736f8988ae6e3273a12e65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.395ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{E}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>With a traditional shutter angle of 180°, film is exposed for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">48</span></span> second at 24 frame/s.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid effect of light interference when shooting under artificial lights or when shooting television screens and computer monitors, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s (172.8°) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s (144°) shutter is often used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic video cameras do not have mechanical shutters and allow setting shutter speed directly in time units. Professional video cameras often allow selecting shutter speed in terms of shutter angle instead of time units, especially those that are capable of <a href="/wiki/Overcranking" class="mw-redirect" title="Overcranking">overcranking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">undercranking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" class="extiw" title="commons:Shutter speed"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Shutter speed</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure (photography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter (photography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_number" title="Preferred number">Preferred number</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ray-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ray_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSidney_F._Ray2000" class="citation book cs1">Sidney F. Ray (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHX4xB94vcMC&pg=PA132">"Camera Features"</a>. In Ralph Eric Jacobson; et al. (eds.). <i>Manual of Photography: A Textbook of Photographic and Digital Imaging</i> (Ninth ed.). Focal Press. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9"><bdi>0-240-51574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camera+Features&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Photography%3A+A+Textbook+of+Photographic+and+Digital+Imaging&rft.pages=131-132&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-240-51574-9&rft.au=Sidney+F.+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHX4xB94vcMC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Frost2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee Frost (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IugNeG0vIMcC&pg=RA1-PA142"><i>The Complete Guide to Night and Low-Light Photography</i></a>. Amphoto Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-5041-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-5041-6"><bdi>0-8174-5041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Night+and+Low-Light+Photography&rft.pub=Amphoto+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8174-5041-6&rft.au=Lee+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIugNeG0vIMcC%26pg%3DRA1-PA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kahn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kahn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCub_Kahn1999" class="citation book cs1">Cub Kahn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZhNY--TZjIC&pg=PT21"><i>Essential Skills for Nature Photography</i></a>. Amherst Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58428-009-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58428-009-3"><bdi>1-58428-009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Skills+for+Nature+Photography&rft.pub=Amherst+Media&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-58428-009-3&rft.au=Cub+Kahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZhNY--TZjIC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618082252/http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/understanding-shutter-speed">"About Shutter Speed"</a>. <i>Illustrated Photography</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/understanding-shutter-speed">the original</a> on June 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+Photography&rft.atitle=About+Shutter+Speed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illustratedphotography.net%2Fbasic-photography%2Funderstanding-shutter-speed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 7–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 12–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 20–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 26–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 32–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 41 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1527a/">"Stars Circle La Silla"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714001715/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1527a/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stars+Circle+La+Silla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1527a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain_Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Blain Brown (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematographyth0000brow"><i>Cinematography: Theory and Practice : Imagemaking for Cinematographers, Directors & Videographers</i></a></span>. Focal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematographyth0000brow/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80500-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80500-3"><bdi>0-240-80500-3</bdi></a>. <q>cinematography 360 shutter-angle shutter speed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematography%3A+Theory+and+Practice+%3A+Imagemaking+for+Cinematographers%2C+Directors+%26+Videographers&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-240-80500-3&rft.au=Blain+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcinematographyth0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeppsen2007" class="citation web cs1">Jeppsen, Matt (July 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.provideocoalition.com/shutter-speed-vs-shutter-angle/">"Shutter Speed vs. Shutter Angle"</a>. <i>provideocoalition.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113213201/http://provideocoalition.com/index.php/freshdv/story/shutter_speed_vs_shutter_angle">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=provideocoalition.com&rft.atitle=Shutter+Speed+vs.+Shutter+Angle&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft.aulast=Jeppsen&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.provideocoalition.com%2Fshutter-speed-vs-shutter-angle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutter_speed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeffinger2009" class="citation book cs1">Doeffinger, Derek (2009). <i>Creative Shutter Speed: Master Your Camera's Most Powerful Control</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-45362-9"><bdi>978-0-470-45362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Shutter+Speed%3A+Master+Your+Camera%27s+Most+Powerful+Control&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-45362-9&rft.aulast=Doeffinger&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShutter+speed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span 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