CINXE.COM

Is SAS a Programming Language? - Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning & more

<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" class="no-js lt-ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]--> <!-- BEGIN head --> <head> <!-- Title --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M62L34N');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Meta tags --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mq2z5ejvx3hxmh1wsy4dgvxk6tcl1f" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://opendatascience.com/xmlrpc.php" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/favicon1.ico" /> <!-- if page is content page --> <meta property="og:url" content="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Is SAS a Programming Language?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="As a long-time developer and technologist, my news feed always lights up when tech media outlets release their annual &#8220;Top Programming Languages&#8221; lists. Examples include the&nbsp;annual TIOBE Index,&nbsp;StackOverflow Developer Survey&nbsp;and the&nbsp;IEEE Spectrum list. &#8220;SAS&#8221; always appears on these lists as a programming language, although historically it scores a middling ranking..." /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-640x300.jpg" /> <!-- if page is others --> <script charset="utf-8" type="text/javascript" src="//js.hsforms.net/forms/v2-legacy.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script charset="utf-8" type="text/javascript" src="//js.hsforms.net/forms/v2.js"></script> <meta name='robots' content='noindex, nofollow' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublicFunctions = {"_ajax_nonce":"bcb44c06b9","_rest_nonce":"2ce075b642","_ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","_rest_url":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-json\/","data__cookies_type":"native","data__ajax_type":"rest","data__bot_detector_enabled":0,"data__frontend_data_log_enabled":1,"text__wait_for_decoding":"Decoding the contact data, let us a few seconds to finish. Anti-Spam by CleanTalk","cookiePrefix":"","wprocket_detected":false,"host_url":"opendatascience.com"} </script> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublic = {"_ajax_nonce":"bcb44c06b9","settings__forms__check_internal":"0","settings__forms__check_external":"0","settings__forms__force_protection":0,"settings__forms__search_test":"1","settings__data__bot_detector_enabled":0,"settings__comments__form_decoration":0,"settings__sfw__anti_crawler":0,"blog_home":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/","pixel__setting":"0","pixel__enabled":false,"pixel__url":null,"data__email_check_before_post":"1","data__email_check_exist_post":0,"data__cookies_type":"native","data__key_is_ok":true,"data__visible_fields_required":true,"wl_brandname":"Anti-Spam by CleanTalk","wl_brandname_short":"CleanTalk","ct_checkjs_key":"14ab67279a7be2394dae085d25b8491ccda96a2b7c3e46793e26326e802e74fa","emailEncoderPassKey":"5dec7c51fcd76545858cdb9122cde2d5","bot_detector_forms_excluded":"W10=","advancedCacheExists":false,"varnishCacheExists":false,"wc_ajax_add_to_cart":true} </script> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Is SAS a Programming Language? - Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning &amp; more</title> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Is SAS a Programming Language?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="As a long-time developer and technologist, my news feed always lights up when tech media outlets release their annual &#8220;Top Programming Languages&#8221; lists. Examples include the annual TIOBE Index, StackOverflow Developer Survey and the IEEE Spectrum list. &#8220;SAS&#8221; always appears on these lists as a programming language, although historically it scores a middling ranking..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning &amp; more" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/OPENDATASCI/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-01T13:00:36+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-25T19:14:53+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-scaled.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="683" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="ODSC Community" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@odsc" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@odsc" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="ODSC Community" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="5 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"},"author":{"name":"ODSC Community","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#/schema/person/5aa0c3b5abb6aaa89c9a5c521c680555"},"headline":"Is SAS a Programming Language?","datePublished":"2024-11-01T13:00:36+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-25T19:14:53+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"},"wordCount":950,"publisher":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-scaled.jpg","keywords":["SAS","SAS Blogs"],"articleSection":["Modeling"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/","url":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/","name":"Is SAS a Programming Language? - Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning &amp; more","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-01T13:00:36+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-25T19:14:53+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#primaryimage","url":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-scaled.jpg","width":1024,"height":683,"caption":"Projection of programming code on Indian software developer"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://opendatascience.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Blog","item":"https://opendatascience.com/blog/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Is SAS a Programming Language?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#website","url":"https://opendatascience.com/","name":"Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning &amp; more","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://opendatascience.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#organization","name":"Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning & more","url":"https://opendatascience.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/highresodsclogo.png","contentUrl":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/highresodsclogo.png","width":385,"height":101,"caption":"Open Data Science - Your News Source for AI, Machine Learning & more"},"image":{"@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/OPENDATASCI/","https://x.com/odsc"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#/schema/person/5aa0c3b5abb6aaa89c9a5c521c680555","name":"ODSC Community","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://opendatascience.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/56872499_2246402305625005_1492796203908202496_n-114x114.png","contentUrl":"https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/56872499_2246402305625005_1492796203908202496_n-114x114.png","caption":"ODSC Community"},"description":"The Open Data Science community is passionate and diverse, and we always welcome contributions from data science professionals! All of the articles under this profile are from our community, with individual authors mentioned in the text itself."}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.hs-scripts.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s7.addthis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpp-js" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/js/wpp.min.js?ver=7.2.0" data-sampling="0" data-sampling-rate="100" data-api-url="https://opendatascience.com/wp-json/wordpress-popular-posts" data-post-id="48972" data-token="2ce075b642" data-lang="0" data-debug="0"></script> <!-- This site uses the Google Analytics by MonsterInsights plugin v9.2.4 - Using Analytics tracking - https://www.monsterinsights.com/ --> <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WQFN07TN9T" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.4'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/is-sas-a-programming-language\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-WQFN07TN9T', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-WQFN07TN9T', {"forceSSL":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script> <!-- / Google Analytics by MonsterInsights --> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ai1ec_style-css' href='//opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/all-in-one-event-calendar/public/themes-ai1ec/vortex/css/ai1ec_parsed_css.css?ver=3.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='reusablec-block-css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/reusable-content-blocks/includes/css/reusablec-block.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-quicklatex-format-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/css/quicklatex-format.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_public_css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-public.min.css?ver=6.49' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_email_decoder_css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-email-decoder.min.css?ver=6.49' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cm-frontend-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/constellation//assets/css/frontend.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-notice-front-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/css/front.min.css?ver=2.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='likebtn_style-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/likebtn-like-button/public/css/style.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='usp_style-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/user-submitted-posts/resources/usp.css?ver=20191110' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='video_popup_close_icon-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/video-popup/css/vp-close-icon/close-button-icon.css?ver=1739774304' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='oba_youtubepopup_css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/video-popup/css/YouTubePopUp.css?ver=1739774304' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rss-retriever-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-rss-retriever/inc/css/rss-retriever.css?ver=1.6.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-frontend-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=4.15.21' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-flatpickr-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.css?ver=4.15.21' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-select2-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='crp-style-rounded-thumbs-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/contextual-related-posts/css/rounded-thumbs.min.css?ver=3.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='crp-style-rounded-thumbs-inline-css' type='text/css'> .crp_related.crp-rounded-thumbs a { width: 150px; height: 150px; text-decoration: none; } .crp_related.crp-rounded-thumbs img { max-width: 150px; margin: auto; } .crp_related.crp-rounded-thumbs .crp_title { width: 100%; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='audioigniter-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/audioigniter/player/build/style.css?ver=2.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wordpress-popular-posts-css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/css/wpp.css?ver=7.2.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-bootstrap-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-font-awesome-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-main-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/main.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-tablet-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/tablet.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-phone-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/phone.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-woocommerce-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/woocommerce.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-bbpress-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/bbpress.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-wordpress_style-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/wordpress.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-sharrre-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/css/sharrre.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-style-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/style.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='plsh-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CLato%3A400%2C700%2C900&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mm-compiled-options-mobmenu-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/dynamic-mobmenu.css?ver=2.8.7-411' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mm-google-webfont-dosis-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Dosis%3Ainherit%2C400&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext&#038;ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mm-google-webfont-open-sans-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3Ainherit%2C400&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext&#038;ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bsf-Defaults-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/smile_fonts/Defaults/Defaults.css?ver=3.19.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fonticons_ii-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fonticons-ii.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fonticons_fa-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fonticons-fa.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='select2-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/select2/select2.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_modal-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-modal.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_styles-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-styles.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_members-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-members.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_profile-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-profile.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_account-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-account.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_misc-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-misc.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_fileupload-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-fileupload.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_raty-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-raty.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_scrollbar-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-scrollbar.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_crop-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-crop.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_tipsy-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-tipsy.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_responsive-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-responsive.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_default_css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/css/um-old-default.css?ver=2.0.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='um_old_css-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/../../uploads/ultimatemember/um_old_settings.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cssmobmenu-icons-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/mobile-menu/includes/css/mobmenu-icons.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cssmobmenu-css' href='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/mobile-menu/includes/css/mobmenu.css?ver=2.8.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.2.4" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-WQFN07TN9T"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-pagespeed-no-defer src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/js/apbct-public-bundle.min.js?ver=6.49" id="ct_public_functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-notice-front-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var cnArgs = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"63a07384bc","hideEffect":"fade","position":"bottom","onScroll":true,"onScrollOffset":100,"onClick":false,"cookieName":"cookie_notice_accepted","cookieTime":2592000,"cookieTimeRejected":2592000,"globalCookie":false,"redirection":false,"cache":false,"revokeCookies":true,"revokeCookiesOpt":"manual"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/js/front.min.js?ver=2.5.5" id="cookie-notice-front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="likebtn_frontend-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var likebtn_eh_data = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"1de888a160"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/likebtn-like-button/public/js/frontend.js?ver=6.7.1" id="likebtn_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/user-submitted-posts/resources/jquery.cookie.js?ver=20191110" id="usp_cookie-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/user-submitted-posts/resources/jquery.parsley.min.js?ver=20191110" id="usp_parsley-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="usp_core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var usp_custom_field = "usp_custom_field"; var usp_custom_checkbox = "usp_custom_checkbox"; var usp_case_sensitivity = "false"; var usp_challenge_response = "2"; var usp_min_images = 0; var usp_max_images = 1; var usp_parsley_error = "Incorrect response."; var usp_multiple_cats = 0; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/user-submitted-posts/resources/jquery.usp.core.js?ver=20191110" id="usp_core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/video-popup/js/YouTubePopUp.jquery.js?ver=1739774304" id="oba_youtubepopup_plugin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/video-popup/js/YouTubePopUp.js?ver=1739774304" id="oba_youtubepopup_activate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.js?ver=4.15.21" id="ppress-flatpickr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.js?ver=4.15.21" id="ppress-select2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/modernizr-2.6.2-respond-1.1.0.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-modernizr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js?ver=6.7.1#pubid=wp-f9e5db9af4cb6ad092321d4c474c377e" id="addthis_widget-js"></script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WQFN07TN9T" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["opendatascience.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-WQFN07TN9T"); /* ]]> */ </script> <!-- End Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.masonry.min.js?ver=3.1.2b" id="jquery-masonry-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/select2/select2.full.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="select2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-modal.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_modal-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-jquery-form.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_jquery_form-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-fileupload.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_fileupload-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-raty.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_raty-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-scrollto.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_scrollto-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-scrollbar.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_scrollbar-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-crop.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_crop-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-tipsy.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_tipsy-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-functions.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-gdpr.min.js?ver=2.0.17" id="um-gdpr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-responsive.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_responsive-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-conditional.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_conditional-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="um_scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var um_scripts = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","fileupload":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Files\/ajax_file_upload\/7432132422","imageupload":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Files\/ajax_image_upload\/57e41ace8d","remove_file":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Files\/ajax_remove_file\/9cee9daa18","delete_profile_photo":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Profile\/ajax_delete_profile_photo\/aa3f186d35","delete_cover_photo":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Profile\/ajax_delete_cover_photo\/88f61dd010","resize_image":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Files\/ajax_resize_image\/d93d5c3ce5","muted_action":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Form\/ajax_muted_action\/b03e6e006c","ajax_paginate":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Query\/ajax_paginate\/65e88e65db","ajax_select_options":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/um-api\/route\/um!core!Form\/ajax_select_options\/abaae7c32a"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-scripts.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-members.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_members-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-profile.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_profile-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-member/assets/js/um-account.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="um_account-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/mobile-menu/includes/js/mobmenu.js?ver=2.8.7" id="mobmenujs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/js/wp-quicklatex-frontend.js?ver=1.0" id="wp-quicklatex-frontend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/48972" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://opendatascience.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://opendatascience.com/?p=48972' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fopendatascience.com%2Fis-sas-a-programming-language%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fopendatascience.com%2Fis-sas-a-programming-language%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS --> <style type="text/css"> /* Add your CSS code here. For example: .example { color: red; } For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp End of comment */ /*.crp_thumb { width: 80%; }*/ .post-item .legend-default { display: block!important; } .header .logo-image { float: left; padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: -54px!important; } .hiremenu{ background: #1979bf;} .header .logo-image { float: left; padding-top: 0px!important; /*margin-top: -52px!important;*/ } .crp_related_widget figure {display:inline;} .post-1 .post ul li { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; } .leadinModal.leadinModal-theme-default.leadinModal-v3 .leadinModal-content { border-top-width: 0; background-color: #EBEBEB; padding: 0; width: 46em!important; max-height: 100%!important; } .likebtn_container { margin-bottom: 30px;} .single-post pre { background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)!important; } /* .single-post pre span { color: #000000!important; }*/ .g-recaptcha-response{visibility: hidden;} #text-4 p{text-align:left;} #text-4 a:hover{color:#1fbdef!important} #text-4 .title-default{display:none;} #text-4 .widget-content{padding-top:0px!important} .crp_title{ float: right; width: 65%; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-weight: 900; } .crp_thumb { width: 30%; } .crp_related_widget li{ margin-bottom: 20px; } .hbspt-form { border: 1px solid #1fbdef!important; padding: 10px; } .hs-button {display: table!important; margin: 0 auto!important;} .hs-input[type=checkbox]{ border: none; box-shadow: none!important; width: 10%!important;} .botmen { background: none; z-index: 999; } .hs-richtext h5{ font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: center; color: #1fbdef;} .hs-field-desc{text-align:center} @media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) { #searchformmobile{display:block!important;} .header .logo-image { float: left; padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 0px!important; margin-bottom: 15px; } } #searchformmobile{display:none;} .linkic{width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;} .overl{ position: absolute; top: 35%; background: url(https://staging4.odsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/play-white.svg); width: 20%; background-repeat: no-repeat; left: 40%; height: 100%;} #searchform { padding: 10px 17px;} .botmen .nav li > a:hover{color: #196cb4!important;} .sea{ background-image: url(https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/search.png); background-position: 7px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .menu .nav .search .form-control { position: absolute; background: white!important; background-color: white!important; border: 1px solid #fdfcfc!important; top: 7px; left: 50px!important; opacity: 1!important; width: 100px; /* transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275) 0.07s; */ } .image.limited-width img{width:100%} .header .logo-image { float: left; padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: -10px; } .single_job_listing .company img{margin-top:-10px;} .type-job_listing .image.limited-width{display:none!important;} .type-job_listing .title p{display:none!important;} .author.url.fn, .legend-default .fa-user{display:none;} .post-item a[rel~="external"]{ display:none; } .tagy { color: #777474; /* background: #383b51; */ margin-right: 3px; /* margin-left: 3px; */ padding: 0px 3px 0px 3px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 11px; border-right: 1px solid #e2e1e1; } .tag-defaultic { background: #166fb7; color: #fff; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; } .forum-archive .sajd{display:none;} .forum-template-default .sajd{display:none;} .bbpress .sajd{display:none;} .topic-template-default .sajd{display:none;} .post-item.featured .intros{display:none} .post-item.featured .tagy,.post-item.featured .tag-default, .post-item.featured .legend-default { display:inline-block; } .bbpress button:hover, .bbp-form button:hover, .bbp_widget_login button:hover { color: #252525 !important; background: #23bdef; } .main-sidebar { /* width: 450px!important; float: right!important;*/ } .post-item.featured .author-default{display:inline-block!important} .author-default{display:inline-block!important} .post-item .tagy{ display:none; } .post-item-overlay .tagy{ display:inline-block!important; color: #f3eeee; } .wpp-post-title { font-size: 20px; line-height: 25px; font-weight: 900; } .post-item .tag-default{ display:none; } .wpp-views { margin-left: 5px; } .wpp-meta, .post-stats { display: block; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; padding-top: 5px; margin-left: 5px; } .wpp-list li { padding-bottom: 20px; } .post-item-overlay .tag-default{ display:inline-block!important; } .legend-default i { margin: 0 2px 0 0!important; } .popular-posts {list-style:none} .post-item .legend-default{ display:none; } .wpp-list { padding-left: 0px; } .post-item-overlay .legend-default{ display:inline-block!important; } .post-item-overlay .legend-default{ display:inline-block!important;color: #f3eeee; } .post-block-2 .post-item .title .legend-default{ display:inline-block!important; } .post-block-2 .post-item h2 { margin: 0 0 3px 0; font-size: 17px!important; line-height: 21px; font-weight: 900; } .post-item.featured .intro{ margin-bottom: 10px;} body:not(.ready) #customize-save-button-wrapper .save { visibility:visible!important; } .footer { width: 100%!important;} .navbar-default{ background: #383b51;} .respo{display:none!important;} .hbspt-form{ border: 1px solid #383b51; padding: 10px; } .hs-form-required{display:none;} .actions {margin-top:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important;padding-bottom:0px!important;padding-top:0px!important;} .hs-input { box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 500px; width: 95%!important; }</style> <!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS --> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.145.0" /> <!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! Start of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin v11.1.82--> <script class="hsq-set-content-id" data-content-id="blog-post"> var _hsq = _hsq || []; _hsq.push(["setContentType", "blog-post"]); </script> <!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! End of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin --> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7722455803400496" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Ads: 836081199 --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-836081199"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-836081199'); </script> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ function external_links_in_new_windows_loop() { if (!document.links) { document.links = document.getElementsByTagName('a'); } var change_link = false; var force = ''; var ignore = ''; for (var t=0; t<document.links.length; t++) { var all_links = document.links[t]; change_link = false; if(document.links[t].hasAttribute('onClick') == false) { // forced if the address starts with http (or also https), but does not link to the current domain if(all_links.href.search(/^http/) != -1 && all_links.href.search('opendatascience.com') == -1 && all_links.href.search(/^#/) == -1) { // console.log('Changed ' + all_links.href); change_link = true; } if(force != '' && all_links.href.search(force) != -1) { // forced // console.log('force ' + all_links.href); change_link = true; } if(ignore != '' && all_links.href.search(ignore) != -1) { // console.log('ignore ' + all_links.href); // ignored change_link = false; } if(change_link == true) { // console.log('Changed ' + all_links.href); document.links[t].setAttribute('onClick', 'javascript:window.open(\'' + all_links.href.replace(/'/g, '') + '\', \'_blank\', \'noopener\'); return false;'); document.links[t].removeAttribute('target'); } } } } // Load function external_links_in_new_windows_load(func) { var oldonload = window.onload; if (typeof window.onload != 'function'){ window.onload = func; } else { window.onload = function(){ oldonload(); func(); } } } external_links_in_new_windows_load(external_links_in_new_windows_loop); //]]></script> <script type='text/javascript'> var video_popup_unprm_general_settings = { 'unprm_r_border': '' }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(url){ if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; } var addEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.addEventListener) { document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.attachEvent) { document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.removeEventListener) { document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.detachEvent) { document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' '); var logHuman = function() { if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; } window.wfLogHumanRan = true; var wfscr = document.createElement('script'); wfscr.type = 'text/javascript'; wfscr.async = true; wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random(); (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr); for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } }; for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { addEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } })('//opendatascience.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=851CEFD8BA63C677DF1A36B18F0AD5A9'); </script> <style type="text/css"> .request_name { display: none !important; } </style> <style id="wpp-loading-animation-styles">@-webkit-keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}@keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}.wpp-widget-block-placeholder,.wpp-shortcode-placeholder{margin:0 auto;width:60px;height:3px;background:#dd3737;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#dd3737 0%,#571313 10%,#dd3737 100%);background-size:200% auto;border-radius:3px;-webkit-animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear;animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear}</style> <style type="text/css">body { background-image: none; } body { background-size: auto; }body { background-color:#ffffff; } body { background-repeat:repeat; } body { background-attachment:scroll; } body:after { background-color:#ffffff; } body:after { border-left:1px solid #ffffff; } body:after { border-right:1px solid #ffffff; } body:after { opacity:1; } body, .form-control { font-family:Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif; } .header .logo-text { font-family:Lato, Arial, sans-serif; } .menu .nav > .menu-item > a, .default-dropdown { font-family:Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif; } .title-default { font-family:Lato, Arial, sans-serif; } body { color:#606060; } a { color:#252525; } .tag-1, .form-control { border:1px solid #e1e3ed; } .tag-1 s, .form-control { border-left:1px solid #e1e3ed; } .panel-default, .slider-tabs .items .item, .widget-tabs .items, .blog-block-1 .post-item, .blog-block-2 .post-item { border-bottom:1px solid #e1e3ed; } .post-1 .overview, .post-1-navbar li a, .post table td, .post table tbody th, .photo-galleries .items, .post table thead th, .widget-content { border-bottom:1px solid #e1e3ed; } .widget-tabs .post-item, .archives .table td, .post-block-1 .post-item, .post-block-2 .post-item, .post-1 .overview .items .row, .comments ul > li, .goliath_archive .items ul li { border-top:1px solid #e1e3ed; } .post-1-navbar { border-top:3px solid #e1e3ed; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1320px) {.post-1-navbar li a { border-right:1px solid #e1e3ed; } }.read-progress, .search-results .gallery-widget:after, .post-1 .overview .items .rating .content span { background:#e1e3ed; } .title-default { box-shadow:#e1e3ed 0 -3px 0 inset; } .post-block-1 .slider .thumbs { box-shadow:0 -3px 0 #e1e3ed inset; } .post-1-navbar { box-shadow:0 -1px 0 #e1e3ed inset; } .copyright { box-shadow:#e1e3ed 0 -3px 0 inset; } .gallery-item-open .thumbs { box-shadow:0 -3px 0 #e1e3ed inset; } .form-control:focus { border:1px solid #d9d9d9; } .pagination a, .pagination span, .back-to-top, .back-to-top:hover { border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9!important; } .slider-tabs .items .item, .widget-tabs .items, .post-1 .overview .items, .widget-content { background:#fff; } .carousel-control.left, .carousel-control.right { background:#fff; } .button-1.white, .form-control, .post code, .post pre, .pagination a { background:#fff; } .form-control { color:#252525; } .title-default > a:hover, .title-default > a.active, .title-default .view-all:hover:after, .trending .controls a:hover, .trending .controls a.active, .title-default > span.active { color:#1fbdef; } .title-default > a.active { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } .title-default > span.active { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } .back-to-top, .btn-default, .show-more-link:hover:after, .carousel-control { color:#1fbdef; } .tag-default, .stars { background:#1fbdef; } .post-image-sharrre { background:#1fbdef; } .trending .hotness { color:#1fbdef; } .woocommerce .products .star-rating, .woocommerce-page .products .star-rating, .woocommerce .star-rating, .woocommerce-page .star-rating, .woocommerce .widget_price_filter .ui-slider .ui-slider-range, .woocommerce-page .widget_price_filter .ui-slider .ui-slider-range, .woocommerce .widget_layered_nav_filters ul li a, .woocommerce-page .widget_layered_nav_filters ul li a { background-color:#1fbdef; } .woocommerce ul.products li.product a:hover img, .woocommerce-page ul.products li.product a:hover img, .woocommerce .widget_layered_nav_filters ul li a, .woocommerce-page .widget_layered_nav_filters ul li a { border:1px solid #1fbdef; } footer .title-default > span.active { color:#1fbdef; } footer .title-default > span.active { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } a:hover, .trending .social a:hover, .legend-default a:hover, .tag-default:hover, .more-link:hover:after, .reply-link:hover:after, .title-default .go-back:hover:after { color:#1fbdef; } .post-1 .post .gallery-widget a:hover, .panel-default .panel-title a, .hotness { color:#1fbdef; } .header .logo-text h2, .menu .nav li > a:hover, .menu .nav li > a:hover:after, .menu .nav .new-stories.new a, .navbar .dropdown.open > a, .navbar .dropdown.open > a:hover { color:#1fbdef; } .navbar .dropdown.open .dropdown-toggle:after, .menu .dropdown-menu .items .item a:hover, .menu .dropdown-menu .sorting a:hover, .menu .dropdown-menu .post-block-1 .post-item h2 a:hover { color:#1fbdef; } .mosaic a:hover, .slider-tabs .post-item-overlay h2 a:hover, .widget-tabs .post-item-overlay .title h2 a:hover, .post-block-1 .post-item-overlay h2 a:hover { color:#1fbdef; } .post-block-2 .post-item-featured-overlay h2 a:hover, .post-block-2 .post-item-overlay .title h2 a:hover, .post-block-3 .post-item-overlay .title h2 a:hover, .blog-block-1 .post-item-overlay h2 a:hover, .blog-block-2 .post-item-overlay h2 a:hover { color:#1fbdef; } .post-1 .post p a, .post-1 .post .gallery-widget a:hover, .post-1-navbar li a:hover:after, .post-1-navbar li.active a, .post-1-navbar li.active a:hover:after { color:#1fbdef; } .post code, .post pre, .about-author .about .social a:hover, .sticky:after, .latest-galleries .gallery-item a:hover, .gallery-item-open .control a:hover, .footer a:hover, .copyright a:hover { color:#1fbdef; } .more-link, .reply-link, .show-more-link, .carousel-control:hover, .carousel-control:active, .pagination .active a, .pagination span, .comment-reply-link { color:#1fbdef!important; } .button-1 { color:#1fbdef; } .wpb_tabs .wpb_tabs_nav > li.ui-tabs-active > a, .wpb_accordion .wpb_accordion_wrapper .ui-accordion-header-active a, .wpb_toggle.wpb_toggle_title_active, .wpb_tour .wpb_tabs_nav li.ui-tabs-active a { color:#1fbdef; } .menu .nav .dropdown-menu li.active > a:hover, .header .logo-text h2 a, .pagination span, #reply-title a, .comment-reply-link:hover:after, .latest-galleries .carousel-control i, .wpcf7 input[type=submit] { color:#1fbdef; } .back-to-top:hover, .tag-1.active, .tag-1.active:hover span, .carousel-control:hover, .read-progress span, .navbar-wrapper-responsive .bars.open > a, .post-1 .overview .items .rating .content span s { background:#1fbdef!important; } .menu .nav > .active > a, .menu .nav > .active > a:hover, .menu .nav > .active:hover > a, .btn-default:hover, .menu .dropdown-menu .btn-default:hover, .button-1:hover, .button-1.color:hover, .button-1.white:hover { background:#1fbdef; } .post q, blockquote, .post dl { border-left:3px solid #1fbdef; } .post-block-1 .slider .thumbs .active, .post-block-1 .slider .thumbs a:hover, .gallery-item-open .thumbs .active, .gallery-item-open .thumbs a:hover { box-shadow:0 -3px 0 #1fbdef inset; } .menu .container { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 3px 0; } .dropdown-menu { box-shadow:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0 3px 0 0, #000 0 -1px 0 inset, #1fbdef 0 3px 0 inset; } .wpb_tabs .wpb_tabs_nav > li.ui-tabs-active > a { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } .tag-1.active { border:1px solid #1fbdef !important; } .navbar-wrapper-responsive .menu .nav .search:after { color:#1fbdef !important; } .affix .navbar { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } .woocommerce #content input.button, .woocommerce #respond input#submit, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce button.button, .woocommerce input.button, .woocommerce-page #content input.button, .woocommerce-page #respond input#submit, .woocommerce-page a.button, .woocommerce-page button.button, .woocommerce-page input.button { color:#1fbdef; } .woocommerce #content input.button:hover, .woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce button.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce-page #content input.button:hover, .woocommerce-page #respond input#submit:hover, .woocommerce-page a.button:hover, .woocommerce-page button.button:hover, .woocommerce-page input.button:hover { background-color:#1fbdef; } .woocommerce #content input.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover, .woocommerce a.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce button.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce input.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce-page #content input.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce-page #respond input#submit.alt:hover, .woocommerce-page a.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce-page button.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce-page input.button.alt:hover { background-color:#1fbdef!important; } .woocommerce #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce-page #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce-page div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active { box-shadow:#1fbdef 0 -3px 0 inset; } .woocommerce #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce-page #content div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce-page div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce-page .cart-collaterals .shipping_calculator h2 a, .woocommerce .addresses .edit, .widget_shopping_cart .total .amount { color:#1fbdef; } .back-to-top, .btn-default { background:#e7e7e7; } .pagination a, .pagination span { background:#e7e7e7!important; } .menu .container, .affix .navbar, .menu .dropdown-menu .btn-default { background:#383b51; } .menu .nav li > a, .menu .dropdown-menu .btn-default { color:#fff; } .constellation .dropdown-menu { background:#333; } .navbar-wrapper-responsive .dropdown-menu.full-width { background:#333; } .footer { background:#383b51; } .blog-block-2 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-1 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-2 .post-item-overlay, .slider-tabs .post-item-overlay, .widget-tabs .post-item-overlay, .blog-block-1 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-3 .post-item-overlay { background:#383b51; } .blog-block-2 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-1 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-2 .post-item-overlay, .slider-tabs .post-item-overlay, .widget-tabs .post-item-overlay, .blog-block-1 .post-item-overlay, .post-block-3 .post-item-overlay { color:#ffffff; } .blog-block-2 .post-item-overlay h2 a, .post-block-1 .post-item-overlay h2 a, .post-block-2 .post-item-overlay .title h2 a, .slider-tabs .post-item-overlay h2 a, .widget-tabs .post-item-overlay .title h2 a, .blog-block-1 .post-item-overlay h2 a, .post-block-3 .post-item-overlay .title h2 a, .info-box.success p, .info-box.warning p { color:#ffffff; } </style> <!--Customizer CSS--> <style type="text/css"> </style> <!--/Customizer CSS --> <!-- User css --> <style type="text/css"> </style> <!--/User CSS --> <!-- User JS --> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <!--/User JS --> <!-- Javascript settings --> <script type="text/javascript"> var plsh_settings = new Object(); </script> <!-- Javascript settings --> <meta name="generator" content="Planetshine - Goliath - 1.0.35"> <!-- Meta Pixel Code --> <script type='text/javascript'> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js?v=next'); </script> <!-- End Meta Pixel Code --> <script type='text/javascript'> var url = window.location.origin + '?ob=open-bridge'; fbq('set', 'openbridge', '926010930818184', url); </script> <script type='text/javascript'>fbq('init', '926010930818184', {}, { "agent": "wordpress-6.7.1-4.0.1" })</script><script type='text/javascript'> fbq('track', 'PageView', []); </script> <!-- Meta Pixel Code --> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="fbpx" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=926010930818184&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /> </noscript> <!-- End Meta Pixel Code --> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/code-prettify/prettify/prettify.css" /><script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ignore_server_config":true,"ui_atversion":300}; } if (window.addthis_layers === undefined) { window.addthis_layers = {}; } if (window.addthis_layers_tools === undefined) { window.addthis_layers_tools = [{"responsiveshare":{"numPreferredServices":10,"counts":"none","size":"32px","style":"responsive","shareCountThreshold":0,"services":"facebook,twitter,email,pinterest_share,linkedin,addthis","elements":".addthis_inline_share_toolbox_ht5n,.at-above-post,.at-below-post","id":"responsiveshare"}}]; } else { window.addthis_layers_tools.push({"responsiveshare":{"numPreferredServices":10,"counts":"none","size":"32px","style":"responsive","shareCountThreshold":0,"services":"facebook,twitter,email,pinterest_share,linkedin,addthis","elements":".addthis_inline_share_toolbox_ht5n,.at-above-post,.at-below-post","id":"responsiveshare"}}); } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"WordPress","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f9e5db9af4cb6ad092321d4c474c377e","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":""},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; } (function() { var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () { if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') { window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id); if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers); } if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) { for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) { window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]); } } } },1000) }()); </script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> #customize-save-button-wrapper .save { float: left; display: block!important; visibility: visible!important; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; margin-top: 0; } </style> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="post-template-default single single-post postid-48972 single-format-standard custom-background preload cookies-not-set mob-menu-slideout-over wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-6.9.0 vc_responsive"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M62L34N" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="navbar-wrapper navbar-wrapper-responsive respo"> <div class="navbar navbar-default menu" > <div class="container"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="active"> </li> <li class="dropdown bars"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-bars"></i></a> </li> <li class="dropdown search"> <form method="get" action="https://opendatascience.com/"> <input type="text" name="s" class="form-control" placeholder="search here" /> </form> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Menu --> <div class="navbar-wrapper"> <div class="navbar navbar-default menu"> <center> <div class=""> <div class="default-menu"><ul id="topmenu" class="nav"><li id="menu-item-15433" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-15433 dropdown"><a title="ODSC Conferences" target="_blank" href="http://odsc.com" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">ODSC Conferences <span class="caret"></span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu default-dropdown"><ul role="menu" > <li id="menu-item-14780" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14780"><a title="ODSC EAST" target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/boston">ODSC EAST</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14782" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14782"><a title="ODSC WEST" target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/california">ODSC WEST</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14781" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14781"><a title="ODSC EUROPE" target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/europe/">ODSC EUROPE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18616"><a title="ODSC APAC" target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/apac/">ODSC APAC</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-25736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25736"><a title="MEETUPS" target="_blank" href="https://www.meetup.com/open-data-odsc/">MEETUPS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15398" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15398"><a title="AI+ Training" target="_blank" href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/">AI+ Training</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14785" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14785"><a title="Newsletter" target="_blank" href="https://opendatascience.com/newsletter/">Newsletter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47915"><a title="Jobs" href="https://jobs.opendatascience.com/">Jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25737" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25737"><a title="Speak at ODSC" target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/california/call-for-speakers-west/">Speak at ODSC</a></li> <li class="search"><form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://opendatascience.com/"><input style="width:70px;" type="text" value="Search" name="s" id="s" /><input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /></form></li></ul></div> <ul class="nav secondary-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom dropdown search"> <form method="get" action="https://opendatascience.com/" class="search"> <input type="text" name="s" class="form-control" placeholder="search here" /> <label class="apbct_special_field" id="apbct_label_id48785" for="apbct__email_id__search_form_48785">48785</label><input id="apbct__email_id__search_form_48785" class="apbct_special_field apbct__email_id__search_form" name="apbct__email_id__search_form_48785" type="text" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" value="48785" apbct_event_id="48785" /><input id="apbct_submit_id__search_form_48785" class="apbct_special_field apbct__email_id__search_form" name="apbct_submit_id__search_form_48785" type="submit" size="30" maxlength="200" value="48785" /></form> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" data-hover="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle disabled" aria-haspopup="true"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-spacer"></li> </ul> </div> </center> </div> </div><div id="particles"></div> <div class="read-progress"><span style="width: 40%;"></span></div> <!-- Header --> <header class="container header"> <div class="logo-image"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/highresodsclogo.png" alt=""></a> </div> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchformmobile" action="/"><input style="width:70px;" type="text" value="" name="s" id="s" placeholder="keywords" /><input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /></form> <div class="banner-728x90 "><a href="https://odsc.com/boston/aix-east/" target="_blank"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/Week%20of%20Feb%2010%20Blog%20Banners_728x90%20GEN%20AI.png" alt="gen aix top"></a></div> <!--<div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner "><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="logo-image"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/highresodsclogo.png" alt=""></a> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><img src="https://newsite.opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/thb_728_tech-1.png" style="width: 100%;"></div></div></div></div> --> </header> <!-- Menu responsive --> <!--<div class="navbar-wrapper navbar-wrapper-responsive"> <div class="navbar navbar-default menu"> <div class="container"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="active"> </li> <li class="dropdown bars"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-bars"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu full-width mobile-menu"><ul id="mobile-menu" class=""><li id="menu-item-8020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8020"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/">Modeling</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-46773" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-46773"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-analytics/">Data Analytics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45703" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45703"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-engineering/">Data Engineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37919" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-37919"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-visualization/">Data Visualization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17010"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/deep-learning/">Deep Learning</a></li> <li id="menu-item-41544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-41544"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/generative-ai/">Generative AI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25739" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25739"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/machine-learning/">Machine Learning</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17011" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17011"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/nlp-text-analytics/">NLP and LLMs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45702" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45702"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/python/">Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-15400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15400"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/accelerate-ai">Business &#038; Use Cases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25741" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25741"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/careers/">Career Advice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25748" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25748"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/join-the-open-data-science-contributor-community/">Write for us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25743" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-25743"><a href="#">Community</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-32624" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32624"><a href="https://hubs.li/Q02zdcSk0">ODSC Community Slack Channel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-35201" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-35201"><a href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/bundles/odsc-webinars">Meetups</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45704" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45704"><a href="https://odsc.substack.com/">Substack</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45705" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45705"><a href="https://medium.com/@odsc">Medium</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-17803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17803"><a href="https://aiplus.training/events/">Upcoming Webinars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45706" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45706"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/">Ai X Podcast</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-45707" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45707"><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/ua/podcast/odscs-ai-x-podcast/id1721516836">Apple</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45708" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45708"><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/0TJKGcQsIO0xr0kiLKhOER?si=6f0d4cc2bfbf4728&#038;nd=1&#038;dlsi=3893757b957e4a52">Spotify</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45709" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45709"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/aixpodcast">SoundCloud</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-25742" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25742"><a href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/collections">Training</a></li> </ul></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>--> <!-- Menu --> <div class="navbar-wrapper"> <div class="navbar navbar-default menu botmen cic" style=" background: #00A4D4;"> <center> <div class=""> <div class="default-menu"><ul id="menu-primarys" class="nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8020 dropdown"><a title="Modeling" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">Modeling <span class="caret"></span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu default-dropdown"><ul role="menu" > <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-46773"><a title="Data Analytics" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-analytics/">Data Analytics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45703"><a title="Data Engineering" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-engineering/">Data Engineering</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-37919"><a title="Data Visualization" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-visualization/">Data Visualization</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17010"><a title="Deep Learning" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/deep-learning/">Deep Learning</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-41544"><a title="Generative AI" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/generative-ai/">Generative AI</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25739"><a title="Machine Learning" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/machine-learning/">Machine Learning</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17011"><a title="NLP and LLMs" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/nlp-text-analytics/">NLP and LLMs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45702"><a title="Python" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/python/">Python</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15400"><a title="Business &amp; Use Cases" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/accelerate-ai">Business &#038; Use Cases</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25741"><a title="Career Advice" href="https://opendatascience.com/category/careers/">Career Advice</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25748"><a title="Write for us" href="https://opendatascience.com/join-the-open-data-science-contributor-community/">Write for us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-25743 dropdown"><a title="Community" href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">Community <span class="caret"></span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu default-dropdown"><ul role="menu" > <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32624"><a title="ODSC Community Slack Channel" href="https://hubs.li/Q02zdcSk0">ODSC Community Slack Channel</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-35201"><a title="Meetups" href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/bundles/odsc-webinars">Meetups</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45704"><a title="Substack" href="https://odsc.substack.com/">Substack</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45705"><a title="Medium" href="https://medium.com/@odsc">Medium</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17803"><a title="Upcoming Webinars" href="https://aiplus.training/events/">Upcoming Webinars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45706 dropdown"><a title="Ai X Podcast" href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">Ai X Podcast <span class="caret"></span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu default-dropdown"><ul role="menu" > <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45707"><a title="Apple" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/ua/podcast/odscs-ai-x-podcast/id1721516836">Apple</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45708"><a title="Spotify" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/0TJKGcQsIO0xr0kiLKhOER?si=6f0d4cc2bfbf4728&#038;nd=1&#038;dlsi=3893757b957e4a52">Spotify</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45709"><a title="SoundCloud" href="https://soundcloud.com/aixpodcast">SoundCloud</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25742"><a title="Training" href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/collections">Training</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </center> </div> </div> <!-- Homepage content --> <div class="container homepage-content hfeed thumb-text_width"> <div class="col-md-8 main-content-column-1 left"> <!-- Post --> <div class="post-1 hentry post-48972 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-modeling tag-sas tag-sas-blogs" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/NewsArticle"> <div class="image limited-width text_width"> <img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-640x300.jpg" class="full-post-thumb" alt="Is SAS a Programming Language?"/> <img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-750x350.jpg" class="mobile-post-thumb" alt="Is SAS a Programming Language?"/> <div> <div class="social"> <div class="post-image-sharrre"> <div class="shareme" data-image="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-810x541.jpg" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?"></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="title"> <h1 id="intro"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Is SAS a Programming Language?</a></h1> <p> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/" title="Modeling" class="tag-default">Modeling</a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/sas/" title="Modeling" class="tag-default">SAS</a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/sas-blogs/" title="Modeling" class="tag-default">SAS Blogs</a>posted by <a href="https://opendatascience.com/user/odsc-community/" title="Modeling" class="tag-defaultic">ODSC Community</a> <span class="legend-default"> <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i><span class="updated" >November 1, 2024</span> <i class="fa fa-user"></i><span ><a href="" class="author url fn">ODSC Community</a></span> </span> </p> <div class="tag-cloud tag-title"> <i class="fa fa-tags"></i> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/sas/" title="SAS" class="tag-1"><span>SAS</span><s>32</s></a> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/sas-blogs/" title="SAS Blogs" class="tag-1"><span>SAS Blogs</span><s>33</s></a> </div> </div> <span class="item-summary-hidden" itemprop="description">As a long-time developer and technologist, my news feed always lights up when tech media outlets release their annual &#8220;Top Programming...</span> <img class="item-image-hidden" itemprop="image" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/indian-software-developer-XAA6LDA-640x300.jpg" alt="Is SAS a Programming Language?" /> <div class="post" itemprop="articleBody"><div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"></div><p>As a long-time developer and technologist, my news feed always lights up when tech media outlets release their annual &#8220;Top Programming Languages&#8221; lists. Examples include the <a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">annual TIOBE Index</a>, <a href="https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2024/">StackOverflow Developer Survey</a> and the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2024">IEEE Spectrum list</a>. &#8220;SAS&#8221; always appears on these lists as a programming language, although historically it scores a middling ranking for reasons I&#8217;ll describe in just a bit.</p> <p>However, the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2024">2024 IEEE Spectrum &#8220;Top Programming Languages&#8221; list</a> recently placed SAS at the #5 position when the ranking is weighted for &#8220;job opportunities&#8221;. This surprise validation has excited a lot of us SAS fans, as this confirms something that we&#8217;ve known all along. Organizations in all industries rely on SAS technology for mission-critical tasks, and they recruit SAS-skilled talent to maintain these and get the most from their SAS investment.</p> <p>The methodology for tracking programming language popularity usually does not favor SAS. That&#8217;s because these rankings track public activity such as &#8220;prevalence on GitHub or public repositories&#8221;, &#8220;amount of search traffic&#8221; in public search engines, or &#8220;discussion activity on forums like StackOverflow or Reddit.&#8221; As a vendor-supported technology, most internet activity for SAS is concentrated on SAS sites and communities. And since SAS customers often work in regulated industries building proprietary methods and models – they cannot and would not share this work on GitHub, at least not at the scale you might see for the top-ranked languages like Java or C. (By the way, SAS users <strong>do</strong> freely share their knowledge on <a href="https://communities.sas.com/">our own community</a> and <a href="https://innovate.sas.com/event/8ab28f0a-ebf2-40d1-a8e7-650dc34d7777">in-person at SAS user events</a>, which I am very grateful for.)</p> <p>I&#8217;ve often said that if we could rank languages by &#8220;amount of code that is running in production systems at organizations around the world,&#8221; SAS would rise to the top.</p> <h2>But does SAS even belong on a &#8220;programming languages&#8221; list?</h2> <p>I&#8217;m going to get pedantic here: SAS is not a programming language. SAS <em>has</em> a programming language. (Actually, SAS has several programming languages.) The SAS programming language you&#8217;re thinking of (DATA step, PROCs and SAS macro) provides access to all the capabilities of SAS: data management, analytics, machine learning and AI, and more. While most SAS users leverage code to get to these capabilities, there are many other interfaces and methods that provide access as well.</p> <p>Most of the programming languages that appear on these &#8220;top language&#8221; lists do not provide inherent capabilities for any specific discipline. For example, Java is a popular object-oriented language that is used to teach computer science concepts in schools. Its standard libraries provide basic access to operating system services and computation. But in industry, Java is most often used with specific frameworks to build things like mid-tier applications or embedded systems. Developers add these frameworks to the stew to provide the capabilities, and the Java syntax is their tool to unlock them. The same is true for C and C++. (By the way, C is the programming language that is used to build the core capabilities of SAS – so we love the C language here.)</p> <p>Many programming languages are agnostic of discipline/industry. If you tell me that you are a Java or C programmer, then I know what syntax you use for coding but I don&#8217;t know anything about your real job. Some languages provide cues about your specialty. If you tell me that you are a TypeScript programmer, then I might guess that you build web applications using the React framework…because I know that is a common use for TypeScript. (Many of our SAS application front-end experiences are built with React.)</p> <p>But if you tell me that you &#8220;program with SAS&#8221;, then I know immediately that you work with data and statistics. With SAS, you do not have to add additional frameworks or libraries to get work done – it&#8217;s all built-in with hundreds of SAS procedures and analytics actions.</p> <h3>Yes (please) Code</h3> <p>We live in a world with much hype about &#8220;low-code&#8221; and &#8220;no-code&#8221; workflows. Companies say they don&#8217;t want to require programming skills to unlock value from the systems they have invested in. While we have that covered in the SAS Viya platform, we&#8217;ve also doubled down on the developer who just wants to, you know, code.</p> <h3>Are you a SAS fan or a SAS snob?</h3> <p>Here&#8217;s how I make the subtle distinction:</p> <ul> <li>SAS fan: &#8220;I rarely find anything in my job I cannot accomplish by using SAS.&#8221;</li> <li>SAS snob: &#8220;If I can&#8217;t accomplish a task with SAS, it&#8217;s not worth doing!&#8221;</li> </ul> <p>We celebrate both personas here, but even I admit that I&#8217;m just a SAS fan, not a SAS snob. As a developer I appreciate a specific tool for what it can do for me, but not to the exclusion of everything else.</p> <h2>SAS Viya Workbench will make you a fan</h2> <p>If you&#8217;re a &#8220;get out of the way and let me code&#8221; kind of person, then you will love <a href="http://www.sas.com/workbench">SAS Viya Workbench</a>.</p> <p><a class="sc-button sc-button-default" href="http://www.sas.com/workbench"><span class="btnheader">SAS Viya Workbench | </span>Learn more</a></p> <p>SAS Viya Workbench is a developer-first IDE that provides access to SAS&#8217; analytic capabilities using the SAS programming language, or Python…and soon R. SAS Viya Workbench brings the developer experience to the forefront in a way that I appreciate, using the familiar VS Code environment that I&#8217;m already so familiar with. SAS Viya Workbench launches quickly in my browser, relieving me of the task of installing SAS (something I have done hundreds of times without complaint!), and it spins down when I&#8217;m not using it. I love to use it for work and it&#8217;s fun to demo for SAS users.</p> <p><a href="https://blogs.sas.com/content/sasdummy/2024/09/13/sas-programming-language/"><em>Article originally posted here by SAS. Reposted with permission.</em></a></p> <!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div> </div> <div class="post-sharrre"> <div class="sharrre-twitter" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?" data-title="Tweet"></div> <div class="sharrre-facebook" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?" data-title="Share"></div> <div class="sharrre-pinterest" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?" data-title="Pin"></div> <div class="sharrre-linkedin" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?" data-title="Share"></div> <div class="sharrre-googleplus" data-url="https://opendatascience.com/is-sas-a-programming-language/" data-text="Is SAS a Programming Language?" data-title="+1"></div> </div> <!-- About author --> <div class="about-author" id="about-author"> <div class="title-default"> <a href="#" class="active">About author</a> </div> <div class="about"> <img data-del="avatar" src='https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/56872499_2246402305625005_1492796203908202496_n-119x120.png' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-117 photo ' height='117' width='117'/> <h2> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/user/odsc-community/" title="ODSC Speaker" class="tag-defaultic">ODSC Community</a> </h2> <p>The Open Data Science community is passionate and diverse, and we always welcome contributions from data science professionals! All of the articles under this profile are from our community, with individual authors mentioned in the text itself.</p> <div class="social"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="text-4" class="sidebar-item clearfix widget_text"><div class="title-default"><span class="active"> </span></div><div class="widget-content"> <div class="textwidget"></div> </div></div>1 </div> <!-- Sidebar --> <div class="col-md-4 sajd"> <div id="goliath_sidebar_banner-3" class="sidebar-item clearfix goliath_sidebar_banner"> <div class="banner-300x250"> <a href="https://odsc.com/boston/" target="_blank"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/Week%20of%20Feb%2010%20Blog%20Banners_300x250%20East%2040%25_.png" alt="east square"></a> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text sidebar-item clearfix widget_custom_html"><div class="title-default"><span class="active"> </span></div><div class="widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><!--[if lte IE 8]> <script charset="utf-8" type="text/javascript" src="//js.hsforms.net/forms/v2-legacy.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script charset="utf-8" type="text/javascript" src="//js.hsforms.net/forms/v2.js"></script> <script> hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '1865444', formId: '2db28ac9-d988-42c8-bf91-29f8f7fcfac1' }); </script></div></div></div> <div id="goliath_recent_posts-2" class="sidebar-item clearfix recent-posts"> <!-- Latest reviews --> <div class="widget-tabs mobile"> <div class="title-default"> <a href="#" class="active">LATEST POSTS</a> <a href="#" class="view-all">View all</a> </div> <div class="items"> <div class="post-item" data-overlay="1" data-overlay-excerpt="Cangrade has announced an expansion of its women- and minority-owned business discount program to include Jules,..." data-overlay-url="https://opendatascience.com/cangrade-expands-women-and-minority-owned-business-discount-to-include-new-ai-copilot-jules/"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="title-image-row"> <div class="image"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/cangrade-expands-women-and-minority-owned-business-discount-to-include-new-ai-copilot-jules/"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Untitled-design-13-70x70.png" alt="Cangrade Expands Women- and Minority-Owned Business Discount to Include New AI Copilot, Jules"/></a> </div> <div class="title"> <h2> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/cangrade-expands-women-and-minority-owned-business-discount-to-include-new-ai-copilot-jules/">Cangrade Expands Women- and Minority-Owned Business Discount to Include New AI Copilot, Jules</a> </h2> <p> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/news/" title="AI and Data Science News" class="tag-default">AI and Data Science News</a>posted by <a href="https://opendatascience.com/user/admin_odsc/" title="AI and Data Science News" class="tag-default author-default">ODSC Team</a> <span class="legend-default"> <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>Feb 15, 2025 </span> <div class="intro intros"> Cangrade has announced an expansion of its women- and minority-owned business discount program to include Jules,... </div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="post-item" data-overlay="1" data-overlay-excerpt="The release of DeepSeek R1 has sparked intense discussions across the AI community, marking a significant..." data-overlay-url="https://opendatascience.com/deepseek-r1-hype-vs-reality-a-deeper-look-at-ais-latest-disruption/"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="title-image-row"> <div class="image"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/deepseek-r1-hype-vs-reality-a-deeper-look-at-ais-latest-disruption/"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Deepseek-70x70.png" alt="DeepSeek R1: Hype vs. Reality—A Deeper Look at AI’s Latest Disruption"/></a> </div> <div class="title"> <h2> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/deepseek-r1-hype-vs-reality-a-deeper-look-at-ais-latest-disruption/">DeepSeek R1: Hype vs. Reality—A Deeper Look at AI’s Latest Disruption</a> </h2> <p> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/" title="Podcast" class="tagy">Podcast</a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/" title="Modeling" class="tag-default">Modeling</a>posted by <a href="https://opendatascience.com/user/admin_odsc/" title="Modeling" class="tag-default author-default">ODSC Team</a> <span class="legend-default"> <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>Feb 14, 2025 </span> <div class="intro intros"> The release of DeepSeek R1 has sparked intense discussions across the AI community, marking a significant... </div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="post-item" data-overlay="1" data-overlay-excerpt="We’re thrilled to introduce you to the leading experts and passionate data and AI practitioners who..." data-overlay-url="https://opendatascience.com/10-cant-miss-odsc-east-2025-sessions-to-teach-you-about-llms-and-ai-agents/"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="title-image-row"> <div class="image"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/10-cant-miss-odsc-east-2025-sessions-to-teach-you-about-llms-and-ai-agents/"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/shutterstock_2354631481-70x70.jpg" alt="10 Can’t-Miss ODSC East 2025 Sessions to Teach You About LLMs and AI Agents"/></a> </div> <div class="title"> <h2> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/10-cant-miss-odsc-east-2025-sessions-to-teach-you-about-llms-and-ai-agents/">10 Can’t-Miss ODSC East 2025 Sessions to Teach You About LLMs and AI Agents</a> </h2> <p> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2025/" title="East 2025" class="tagy">East 2025</a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/conferences/" title="Conferences" class="tag-default">Conferences</a>posted by <a href="https://opendatascience.com/user/admin_odsc/" title="Conferences" class="tag-default author-default">ODSC Team</a> <span class="legend-default"> <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>Feb 14, 2025 </span> <div class="intro intros"> We’re thrilled to introduce you to the leading experts and passionate data and AI practitioners who... </div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="goliath_sidebar_banner-4" class="sidebar-item clearfix goliath_sidebar_banner"> <div class="banner-300x250"> <a href="https://odsc.com/boston/" target="_blank"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/Week%20of%20Feb%2010%20Blog%20Banners_300x250.png" alt="east 2 square"></a> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="wpp-2" class="sidebar-item clearfix popular-posts"> </div></div> <div id="goliath_sidebar_banner-2" class="sidebar-item clearfix goliath_sidebar_banner"> <div class="banner-300x250"> <a href="https://odsc.com/boston/aix-east/" target="_blank"><img src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/goliath/Week%20of%20Feb%2010%20Blog%20Banners_300x250%20GEN%20AI.png" alt="gen aix square"></a> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="goliath_tag_cloud-3" class="sidebar-item clearfix goliath_tag_cloud"> <div class="sidebar-item clearfix"> <!-- Archive --> <div class="widget-tabs"> <div class="title-default"> <span class="active">Tags</span> </div> <div class="items tag-cloud"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/machine-learning/" class="tag-1"><span>Machine Learning</span><s>111</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/azure/" class="tag-1"><span>Azure</span><s>69</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2022/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2022</span><s>65</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/odsc-east-2015speaker-slides/" class="tag-1"><span>ODSC East 2015|Speaker Slides</span><s>64</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2024/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2024</span><s>58</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/" class="tag-1"><span>Podcast</span><s>55</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2024/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2024</span><s>51</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/microsoft/" class="tag-1"><span>Microsoft</span><s>49</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2022/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2022</span><s>49</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/deep-learning/" class="tag-1"><span>Deep Learning</span><s>48</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2020/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2020</span><s>48</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2023/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2023</span><s>47</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2021</span><s>46</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/accelerate-ai/" class="tag-1"><span>Accelerate AI</span><s>43</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2021</span><s>42</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/conferences/" class="tag-1"><span>Conferences</span><s>41</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2023/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2023</span><s>40</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/europe-2020/" class="tag-1"><span>Europe 2020</span><s>39</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/europe-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>Europe 2021</span><s>38</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/cybersecurity/" class="tag-1"><span>cybersecurity</span><s>37</s></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="widget_crp-2" class="sidebar-item clearfix crp_posts_list_widget"><div class="title-default"><span class="active">Related posts</span></div><div class="widget-content"><div class="crp_related crp_related_widget crp-rounded-thumbs"><ul><li><a href="https://opendatascience.com/ai-mastery-2025-skills-to-stay-ahead-in-the-next-wave/" class="crp_link post-49616"><figure><img width="150" height="150" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-150x150.jpg" class="crp_featured crp_thumb thumbnail" alt="AI Mastery 2025: Skills to Stay Ahead in the Next Wave" style="" title="AI Mastery 2025: Skills to Stay Ahead in the Next Wave" decoding="async" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-180x180.jpg 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-119x120.jpg 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-55x55.jpg 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-70x70.jpg 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-114x114.jpg 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-45x45.jpg 45w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-560x560.jpg 560w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-180x180.jpg 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-119x120.jpg 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-55x55.jpg 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-70x70.jpg 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-114x114.jpg 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-45x45.jpg 45w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Shutterstock_2535899623-1-560x560.jpg 560w" /></figure><span class="crp_title">AI Mastery 2025: Skills to Stay Ahead in the Next Wave</span></a></li><li><a href="https://opendatascience.com/mastering-rag-enhancing-ai-applications-with-retrieval-augmented-generation/" class="crp_link post-49860"><figure><img width="150" height="150" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-150x150.png" class="crp_featured crp_thumb thumbnail" alt="Mastering RAG: Enhancing AI Applications with Retrieval-Augmented Generation" style="" title="Mastering RAG: Enhancing AI Applications with Retrieval-Augmented Generation" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-150x150.png 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-180x180.png 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-119x120.png 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-55x55.png 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-70x70.png 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-114x114.png 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-45x45.png 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-150x150.png 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-180x180.png 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-119x120.png 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-55x55.png 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-70x70.png 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-114x114.png 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RagTop-1-45x45.png 45w" /></figure><span class="crp_title">Mastering RAG: Enhancing AI Applications with&hellip;</span></a></li><li><a href="https://opendatascience.com/foundation-models-for-times-series/" class="crp_link post-49825"><figure><img width="150" height="150" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-150x150.png" class="crp_featured crp_thumb thumbnail" alt="Foundation Models for Times Series" style="" title="Foundation Models for Times Series" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-150x150.png 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-180x180.png 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-119x120.png 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-55x55.png 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-70x70.png 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-114x114.png 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-45x45.png 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" srcset="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-150x150.png 150w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-180x180.png 180w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-119x120.png 119w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-55x55.png 55w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-70x70.png 70w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-114x114.png 114w, https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ZillzTop-45x45.png 45w" /></figure><span class="crp_title">Foundation Models for Times Series</span></a></li></ul><div class="crp_clear"></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <!-- Footer --> <footer class="container footer"> <div id="text-2" class="col-md-4 sidebar-item footer-item widget widget_text"><div class="title-default"><span class="active">About us</span></div><div class="widget-content"> <div class="textwidget"><p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ODSC-logo-blue-no-gradient-1.png" /><br /> Proactively envisioned multimedia based expertise and cross-media growth strategies. Seamlessly visualize quality intellectual capital without superior collaboration and idea-sharing. Holistically pontificate installed base portals after maintainable products.</p> </div> </div></div> <div id="goliath_category_cloud-2" class="col-md-4 sidebar-item footer-item widget goliath_category_cloud"> <div class="widget-tabs page-map"> <div class="title-default"> <span class="active">Content Map</span> </div> <div class="items archives"> <table class="table"> <tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/">Modeling</a><span>1711</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/conferences/">Conferences</a><span>762</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/news/">AI and Data Science News</a><span>759</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/featured-post/">Featured Post</a><span>742</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/accelerate-ai/">Business + Management</a><span>542</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/">Tools &amp; Languages</a><span>366</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/machine-learning/">Machine Learning</a><span>353</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/nlp-text-analytics/">NLP &amp; LLMs</a><span>288</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/deep-learning/">Deep Learning</a><span>233</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/careers/">Career Insights</a><span>214</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/conferences/odsc-speaker/">Blogs from ODSC Speakers</a><span>202</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/blog/">Blog</a><span>201</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-visualization/">Data Visualization</a><span>138</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/statistics/">Statistics</a><span>127</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/r/">R</a><span>125</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/python/">Python</a><span>116</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/predictive-analytics/">Predictive Analytics</a><span>99</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/accelerate-ai/technology/">Technology</a><span>77</span></td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/guest-contributor/">Guest contributor</a><span>74</span></td><td><td><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/research-modeling/">Research</a><span>72</span></td></td></tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="goliath_tag_cloud-2" class="col-md-4 sidebar-item footer-item widget goliath_tag_cloud"> <div class="sidebar-item clearfix"> <!-- Archive --> <div class="widget-tabs"> <div class="title-default"> <span class="active">Tags</span> </div> <div class="items tag-cloud"> <a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/machine-learning/" class="tag-1"><span>Machine Learning</span><s>111</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/azure/" class="tag-1"><span>Azure</span><s>69</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2022/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2022</span><s>65</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/odsc-east-2015speaker-slides/" class="tag-1"><span>ODSC East 2015|Speaker Slides</span><s>64</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2024/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2024</span><s>58</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/" class="tag-1"><span>Podcast</span><s>55</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2024/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2024</span><s>51</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/microsoft/" class="tag-1"><span>Microsoft</span><s>49</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2022/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2022</span><s>49</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/deep-learning/" class="tag-1"><span>Deep Learning</span><s>48</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2020/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2020</span><s>48</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2023/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2023</span><s>47</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2021</span><s>46</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/accelerate-ai/" class="tag-1"><span>Accelerate AI</span><s>43</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/east-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>East 2021</span><s>42</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/conferences/" class="tag-1"><span>Conferences</span><s>41</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/west-2023/" class="tag-1"><span>West 2023</span><s>40</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/europe-2020/" class="tag-1"><span>Europe 2020</span><s>39</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/europe-2021/" class="tag-1"><span>Europe 2021</span><s>38</s></a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/cybersecurity/" class="tag-1"><span>cybersecurity</span><s>37</s></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- After widget close div --> <div id="text-3" class="col-md-4 sidebar-item footer-item widget widget_text"><div class="title-default"><span class="active">ODSC Privacy Policy</span></div><div class="widget-content"> <div class="textwidget"><p>View ODSC <a href="https://opendatascience.com/odsc-privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </div></div> </footer> <!-- Copyright --> <div class="container copyright"> <div class="left"> Copyright Open Data Science 2025. All Rights Reserved </div> <div class="right"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/OPENDATASCI/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/_odsc" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDS20hpBFiv_Kdp5Ibh0vew" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-youtube-square"></i></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8245997" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i></a> <!-- LikeBtn.com BEGIN --> <script type="text/javascript">var likebtn_wl = 1; (function(d, e, s) {a = d.createElement(e);m = d.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];a.async = 1;a.src = s;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m)})(document, 'script', '//w.likebtn.com/js/w/widget.js'); if (typeof(LikeBtn) != "undefined") { LikeBtn.init(); }</script> <!-- LikeBtn.com END --> <div id="um_upload_single" style="display:none"> </div><div id="um_view_photo" style="display:none"> <a href="#" data-action="um_remove_modal" class="um-modal-close"><i class="um-faicon-times"></i></a> <div class="um-modal-body photo"> <div class="um-modal-photo"> </div> </div> </div><script type="text/javascript"> adroll_adv_id = "XDCO6MZFKZB6HAQENDPVJ4"; adroll_pix_id = "WXI33UTPCNAORJUY22JFZS"; (function () { var _onload = function(){ if (document.readyState && !/loaded|complete/.test(document.readyState)){setTimeout(_onload, 10);return} if (!window.__adroll_loaded){__adroll_loaded=true;setTimeout(_onload, 50);return} var scr = document.createElement("script"); var host = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://s.adroll.com" : "http://a.adroll.com"); scr.setAttribute('async', 'true'); scr.type = "text/javascript"; scr.src = host + "/j/roundtrip.js"; ((document.getElementsByTagName('head') || [null])[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0].parentNode).appendChild(scr); }; if (window.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener('load', _onload, false);} else {window.attachEvent('onload', _onload)} }()); </script> <!-- Meta Pixel Event Code --> <script type='text/javascript'> document.addEventListener( 'wpcf7mailsent', function( event ) { if( "fb_pxl_code" in event.detail.apiResponse){ eval(event.detail.apiResponse.fb_pxl_code); } }, false ); </script> <!-- End Meta Pixel Event Code --> <div id='fb-pxl-ajax-code'></div><div class="mobmenu-overlay"></div><div class="mob-menu-header-holder mobmenu" data-menu-display="mob-menu-slideout-over" data-open-icon="down-open" data-close-icon="up-open"><div class="mobmenul-container"><a href="#" class="mobmenu-left-bt mobmenu-trigger-action" data-panel-target="mobmenu-left-panel" aria-label="Left Menu Button"><i class="mob-icon-menu mob-menu-icon"></i><i class="mob-icon-cancel-1 mob-cancel-button"></i></a></div><div class="mobmenur-container"><a href="#" class="mobmenu-right-bt mobmenu-trigger-action" data-panel-target="mobmenu-right-panel" aria-label="Right Menu Button"><i class="mob-icon-menu mob-menu-icon"></i><i class="mob-icon-cancel-1 mob-cancel-button"></i></a></div></div> <div class="mobmenu-left-alignment mobmenu-panel mobmenu-left-panel "> <a href="#" class="mobmenu-left-bt" aria-label="Left Menu Button"><i class="mob-icon-cancel-1 mob-cancel-button"></i></a> <div class="mobmenu-content"> <div class="menu-primary-container"><ul id="mobmenuleft" class="wp-mobile-menu" role="menubar" aria-label="Main navigation for mobile devices"><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8020"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/" role="menuitem" class="">Modeling</a> <ul role='menu' class="sub-menu "> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-46773"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-analytics/" role="menuitem" class="">Data Analytics</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45703"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-engineering/" role="menuitem" class="">Data Engineering</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-37919"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/data-visualization/" role="menuitem" class="">Data Visualization</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17010"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/deep-learning/" role="menuitem" class="">Deep Learning</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-41544"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/generative-ai/" role="menuitem" class="">Generative AI</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25739"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/machine-learning/" role="menuitem" class="">Machine Learning</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17011"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/modeling/nlp-text-analytics/" role="menuitem" class="">NLP and LLMs</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45702"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/tools-languages/python/" role="menuitem" class="">Python</a></li></ul> </li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15400"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/accelerate-ai" role="menuitem" class="">Business &#038; Use Cases</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25741"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/category/careers/" role="menuitem" class="">Career Advice</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25748"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/join-the-open-data-science-contributor-community/" role="menuitem" class="">Write for us</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-25743"><a href="#" role="menuitem" class="">Community</a> <ul role='menu' class="sub-menu "> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32624"><a href="https://hubs.li/Q02zdcSk0" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC Community Slack Channel</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-35201"><a href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/bundles/odsc-webinars" role="menuitem" class="">Meetups</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45704"><a href="https://odsc.substack.com/" role="menuitem" class="">Substack</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45705"><a href="https://medium.com/@odsc" role="menuitem" class="">Medium</a></li></ul> </li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17803"><a href="https://aiplus.training/events/" role="menuitem" class="">Upcoming Webinars</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45706"><a href="https://opendatascience.com/tag/podcast/" role="menuitem" class="">Ai X Podcast</a> <ul role='menu' class="sub-menu "> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45707"><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/ua/podcast/odscs-ai-x-podcast/id1721516836" role="menuitem" class="">Apple</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45708"><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/0TJKGcQsIO0xr0kiLKhOER?si=6f0d4cc2bfbf4728&amp;nd=1&amp;dlsi=3893757b957e4a52" role="menuitem" class="">Spotify</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45709"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/aixpodcast" role="menuitem" class="">SoundCloud</a></li></ul> </li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25742"><a href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/collections" role="menuitem" class="">Training</a></li></ul></div> </div><div class="mob-menu-left-bg-holder"></div></div> <div class="mobmenu-right-alignment mobmenu-panel mobmenu-right-panel "> <a href="#" class="mobmenu-right-bt" aria-label="Right Menu Button"><i class="mob-icon-cancel-1 mob-cancel-button"></i></a> <div class="mobmenu-content"> <div class="menu-topmenu-container"><ul id="mobmenuright" class="wp-mobile-menu" role="menubar" aria-label="Main navigation for mobile devices"><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-15433"><a target="_blank" href="http://odsc.com" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC Conferences</a> <ul role='menu' class="sub-menu "> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14780"><a target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/boston" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC EAST</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14782"><a target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/california" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC WEST</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14781"><a target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/europe/" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC EUROPE</a></li> <li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18616"><a target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/apac/" role="menuitem" class="">ODSC APAC</a></li></ul> </li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25736"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.meetup.com/open-data-odsc/" role="menuitem" class="">MEETUPS</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15398"><a target="_blank" href="https://aiplus.odsc.com/" role="menuitem" class="">AI+ Training</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14785"><a target="_blank" href="https://opendatascience.com/newsletter/" role="menuitem" class="">Newsletter</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47915"><a href="https://jobs.opendatascience.com/" role="menuitem" class="">Jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25737"><a target="_blank" href="https://odsc.com/california/call-for-speakers-west/" role="menuitem" class="">Speak at ODSC</a></li></ul></div> </div><div class="mob-menu-right-bg-holder"></div></div> <script type="text/javascript" id="code-prettify-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var codePrettifyLoaderBaseUrl = "https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/code-prettify\/prettify"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/code-prettify/prettify/run_prettify.js?ver=1.4.0" id="code-prettify-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="leadin-script-loader-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var leadin_wordpress = {"userRole":"visitor","pageType":"post","leadinPluginVersion":"11.1.82"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://js.hs-scripts.com/1865444.js?integration=WordPress&amp;ver=11.1.82" id="leadin-script-loader-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rss-retriever-ajax-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var rss_retriever = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-rss-retriever/inc/js/rss-retriever-ajax.js?ver=1.6.5" id="rss-retriever-ajax-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ppress-frontend-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pp_ajax_form = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","confirm_delete":"Are you sure?","deleting_text":"Deleting...","deleting_error":"An error occurred. Please try again.","nonce":"722a2b2b6d","disable_ajax_form":"false","is_checkout":"0","is_checkout_tax_enabled":"0","is_checkout_autoscroll_enabled":"true"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.15.21" id="ppress-frontend-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="audioigniter-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var aiStrings = {"play_title":"Play %s","pause_title":"Pause %s","previous":"Previous track","next":"Next track","toggle_list_repeat":"Toggle track listing repeat","toggle_track_repeat":"Toggle track repeat","toggle_list_visible":"Toggle track listing visibility","buy_track":"Buy this track","download_track":"Download this track","volume_up":"Volume Up","volume_down":"Volume Down","open_track_lyrics":"Open track lyrics","set_playback_rate":"Set playback rate","skip_forward":"Skip forward","skip_backward":"Skip backward","shuffle":"Shuffle"}; var aiStats = {"enabled":"","apiUrl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-json\/audioigniter\/v1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/plugins/audioigniter/player/build/app.js?ver=2.0.1" id="audioigniter-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-size.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-size-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/bootstrap.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/bootstrap-hover-dropdown.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-bootstrap-hover-dropdown-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.cycle2.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-cycle2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.cycle2.scrollVert.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-scroll-vertical-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.cycle2.swipe.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-cycle2-swipe-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.inview.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-inview-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.hoverintent.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-hoverintent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.sharrre.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-sharrre-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/vendor/jquery.particleground.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-particles-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="plsh-theme-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_object = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/opendatascience.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","readmore":"Read more","article":"Article","show_post_quick_view":"on","show_mosaic_overlay":"on","enable_sidebar_affix":"on","particle_color":"#e8e8e8"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://opendatascience.com/wp-content/themes/goliath/theme/assets/js/theme.js?ver=6.7.1" id="plsh-theme-js"></script> <!-- Cookie Notice plugin v2.5.5 by Hu-manity.co https://hu-manity.co/ --> <div id="cookie-notice" role="dialog" class="cookie-notice-hidden cookie-revoke-hidden cn-position-bottom" aria-label="Cookie Notice" style="background-color: rgba(50,50,58,1);"><div class="cookie-notice-container" style="color: #fff"><span id="cn-notice-text" class="cn-text-container">We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.</span><span id="cn-notice-buttons" class="cn-buttons-container"><a href="#" id="cn-accept-cookie" data-cookie-set="accept" class="cn-set-cookie cn-button" aria-label="Confirm" style="background-color: #00a99d">Confirm</a><a href="#" id="cn-refuse-cookie" data-cookie-set="refuse" class="cn-set-cookie cn-button" aria-label="No" style="background-color: #00a99d">No</a><a href="https://opendatascience.com/odsc-privacy-policy/" target="_blank" id="cn-more-info" class="cn-more-info cn-button" aria-label="Privacy policy" style="background-color: #00a99d">Privacy policy</a></span><span id="cn-close-notice" data-cookie-set="accept" class="cn-close-icon" title="No"></span></div> <div class="cookie-revoke-container" style="color: #fff"><span id="cn-revoke-text" class="cn-text-container">You can revoke your consent any time using the Revoke consent button.</span><span id="cn-revoke-buttons" class="cn-buttons-container"><a href="#" class="cn-revoke-cookie cn-button" aria-label="Revoke consent" style="background-color: #00a99d">Revoke consent</a></span> </div> </div> <!-- / Cookie Notice plugin --> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( '#request' ).val( '' ); </script> <!-- END body --> <script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_data_partner_id = "44953"; </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=44953&fmt=gif" /> </noscript> </body> <!-- END html --> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10