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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twangste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Twangste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twangste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Königsberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Königsberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Königsberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Königsberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaliningrad_Stadium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaliningrad_Stadium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Kaliningrad Stadium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaliningrad_Stadium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_in_Kaliningrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_in_Kaliningrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Museums in Kaliningrad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_in_Kaliningrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters_and_concert_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters_and_concert_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Theaters and concert halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters_and_concert_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative and municipal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>City districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Authorities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authorities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Regional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-city_and_international_bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-city_and_international_bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Inter-city and international bus service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-city_and_international_bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Urban public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railbus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railbus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.1</span> <span>Railbus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railbus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaliningrad_television_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaliningrad_television_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Kaliningrad television networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaliningrad_television_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaliningrad_radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaliningrad_radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Kaliningrad radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaliningrad_radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_border_traffic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_border_traffic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Small border traffic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_border_traffic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Former twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaliningrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B5" title="ካሊኒንግራድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሊኒንግራድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyningesbeorg" title="Cyningesbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cyningesbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كالينينغراد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالينينغراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningr%C3%A1u" title="Kaliningráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kaliningráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalininqrad" title="Kalininqrad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalininqrad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینقراد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالینینقراد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="কালিনিনগ্রাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালিনিনগ্রাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калінінград – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калінінград" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Каралявец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралявец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Rusya)" title="Kaliningrad (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kaliningrad (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Καλίνινγκραντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλίνινγκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Калининград ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калининград ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%8C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="칼리닌그라드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼리닌그라드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Կալինինգրադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալինինգրադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="कैलिनिनग्राद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलिनिनग्राद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralowc" title="Kralowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kralowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%ADn%C3%ADngrad" title="Kalíníngrad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalíníngrad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קלינינגרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלינינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಲಿನಿನ್‍ಗ್ರಾಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಿನಿನ್‍ಗ್ರಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კალინინგრადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალინინგრადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradum" title="Kaliningradum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kaliningradum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%BCau%C4%8Di" title="Karaļauči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karaļauči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Dius" title="Karaliaučius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karaliaučius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyingr%C3%A1d" title="Kalinyingrád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalinyingrád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കലിനിൻഗ്രാഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലിനിൻഗ്രാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="कालिनिनग्राद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालिनिनग्राद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კალინინგრადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალინინგრადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كالينينجراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالينينجراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကာလင်နင်ဂရတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလင်နင်ဂရတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="カリーニングラード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリーニングラード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88" title="کالیننگراڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کالیننگراڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینګراد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کالینینګراد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbarg" title="Königsbarg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Königsbarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewiec" title="Królewiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królewiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradi" title="Kaliningradi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaliningradi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Калининъ Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Калининъ Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%C5%84ingrad" title="Kalińingrad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kalińingrad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калињинград – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калињинград" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="கலினின்கிராத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலினின்கிராத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="คาลีนินกราด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาลีนินกราด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калінінград – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калінінград" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88" title="کیلننگراڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلننگراڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里宁格勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加里宁格勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93" title="קאלינינגראד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלינינגראד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加里寧格勒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Dios" title="Karaliaučios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karaliaučios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加里寧格勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaliningrad&params=54_42_01_N_20_27_11_E_type:city(431402)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°42′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°27′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.70028°N 20.45306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.70028; 20.45306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian city between Poland and Lithuania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city since 1945. For detailed history before 1945, see <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>. For the oblast where the city is located, see <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaliningrad (disambiguation)">Kaliningrad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kaliningrad</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Калининград</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref648_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_Montage_(2016).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Holy Family; Königsberg Cathedral; "Fishermen's village" in pseudo-historic style; Brandenburg Gate; King's Gate; Pregolya River"><img alt="Church of the Holy Family; Königsberg Cathedral; "Fishermen's village" in pseudo-historic style; Brandenburg Gate; King's Gate; Pregolya River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/250px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/375px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/500px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Kaliningrad" title="Church of the Holy Family, Kaliningrad">Church of the Holy Family</a>; <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>; "Fishermen's village" in pseudo-historic style; <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="Brandenburg Gate (Kaliningrad)">Brandenburg Gate</a>; <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pregolya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregolya River">Pregolya River</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kaliningrad"><img alt="Flag of Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="761" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kaliningrad"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="715" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad" title="Coat of arms of Kaliningrad">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Kaliningrad</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_55aa6e24823d3283eb637e4ef808ef26d5a98d18"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kaliningrad&revid=1258363216&groups=_55aa6e24823d3283eb637e4ef808ef26d5a98d18" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kaliningrad&revid=1258363216&groups=_55aa6e24823d3283eb637e4ef808ef26d5a98d18 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliningrad is located in Kaliningrad Oblast"><img alt="Kaliningrad is located in Kaliningrad Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_Kaliningrad_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="654" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.123%;left:32.13%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaliningrad"><img alt="Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaliningrad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kaliningrad within Kaliningrad Oblast</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kaliningrad Oblast</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliningrad is located in Russia"><img alt="Kaliningrad is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.532%;left:5.538%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaliningrad"><img alt="Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaliningrad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kaliningrad within Russia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliningrad is located in Europe"><img alt="Kaliningrad is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.698%;left:50.207%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaliningrad"><img alt="Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaliningrad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kaliningrad within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaliningrad&params=54_42_01_N_20_27_11_E_type:city(431402)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°42′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°27′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.70028°N 20.45306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.70028; 20.45306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref648_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1255<sup id="cite_ref-Passport_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">City Council of Deputies<sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Head<sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">Elena Ivanovna Dyatlova<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Passport_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">223.03 km<sup>2</sup> (86.11 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">431,402</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(January 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-2018Est_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018Est-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">475,056</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">40th</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900/km<sup>2</sup> (5,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Kaliningrad<sup id="cite_ref-Ref648_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref253_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref253-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad<sup id="cite_ref-Ref648_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kaliningrad Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref719_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref719-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kaliningrad Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref719_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref719-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Time" title="Kaliningrad Time">MSK–1</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">236001 - 236999</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 4012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">27701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">4 July; observed on the first Saturday of July</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru">www<wbr />.klgd<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaliningrad</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1946, is the largest city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The city sits about 663 kilometres (412 mi) west of the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Pregolya" title="Pregolya">Pregolya River</a>, at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and is the only ice-free Russian port on the Baltic Sea. Its population in 2020 was 489,359.<sup id="cite_ref-est.2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-est.2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">Northwestern Federal District</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the third-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_around_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of cities and towns around the Baltic Sea">seventh-largest city</a> on the Baltic Sea. </p><p>Modern-day Kaliningrad was renamed, rebuilt and repopulated by Russians starting in 1946 in the ruins of Königsberg, in which only Lithuanian inhabitants were allowed to remain. Meanwhile, the German population was <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a>, in effect creating a new city. Königsberg itself had been founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> settlement <i>Twangste</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>, and named <i>Königsberg</i> in honor of King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a>. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525–1701) and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. Königsberg remained the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation city</a> of the Prussian monarchy, though the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1701. From 1454 to 1455, the city under the name of <i>Królewiec</i> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and from 1466 to 1657 it was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>. Königsberg was the easternmost large city in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The city was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Allied bombing</a> in 1944 and during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a> in 1945; it was then captured by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 9 April 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> of 1945 placed it under Soviet administration. The city was renamed <i>Kaliningrad</i> in 1946 in honor of Russian Bolshevik leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, it has been governed as the administrative centre of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast, the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Oblast_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast of Russia">oblast of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a major transport hub, with sea and river ports, the city is home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>, and is one of the largest industrial centres in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was deemed the best city in Russia in 2012, 2013, and 2014 in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i></span>'s magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Firm%27s_Secret" title="The Firm's Secret">The Firm's Secret</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the best city in Russia for business in 2013 according to <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was ranked fifth in the Urban Environment Quality Index published by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction,_Housing_and_Utilities_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities (Russia)">Minstroy</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaliningrad has been a major internal migration attraction in Russia over the past two decades,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kaliningrad" title="Timeline of Kaliningrad">Timeline of Kaliningrad</a>.</div> <p>The history of the city may be divided into four periods: the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> settlement known as <i>Twangste</i> before 1255; the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> city of <i>Królewiec</i> from 1454 to 1455 and then fief of Poland from 1456 to 1657; the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> city of <i>Königsberg</i> from 1657 to 1945; and the <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" title="Classification of inhabited localities in Russia">Russian city</a> of <i>Kaliningrad</i> from 1945 to present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twangste">Twangste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Twangste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_clans_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prussian_clans_13th_century.png/220px-Prussian_clans_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prussian_clans_13th_century.png/330px-Prussian_clans_13th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prussian_clans_13th_century.png/440px-Prussian_clans_13th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a> clans in the 13th century (Sambia - orange)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Königsberg was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Sambians" title="Sambians">Sambian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> tribe) fort called <i>Twangste</i> (Prussian word tvinksta means a pond made by a dam).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conquest of the Sambians by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced by a new fortress named <i>Königsberg</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>. The declining Old Prussian culture finally became extinct around the early 18th century with the Great Plague,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surviving Old Prussians were integrated through assimilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Königsberg"><span id="K.C3.B6nigsberg"></span>Königsberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Königsberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a></div> <p>The settlement on the site of present-day Kaliningrad was founded as a military fortress in 1255 after the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian Crusade</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> against <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Baltic Prussians</a>. The new settlement was named in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian (Czech)</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">King Ottokar II</a>. The crusade was followed by a settlement of Germans and the city became predominantly German, with <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> (up to 30% in the 17th century),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian people">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvian</a> minorities. </p><p>In 1454, the city integrated within borders of Poland for a year thanks to King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewiec_Voivodeship" title="Królewiec Voivodeship">Królewiec Voivodeship</a>, and became a fief of Poland from 1466, also considered part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of the Teutonic Order in 1525, Königsberg became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, remaining under Polish suzerainty, and the black Prussian eagle had a crown around its neck bearing the letter "S" from the Latinized name of Polish King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a>. The multi-ethnic city was an important center of Polish and Lithuanian culture, especially as one of the pioneering centers of Polish and Lithuanian printing, and also thanks to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a>, the second-oldest university of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. In 1618 the Duchy of Prussia fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Electors_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electors of Brandenburg">Electors of Brandenburg</a> and in 1657 it became controlled in personal union with Brandenburg (sometimes referred to as Brandenberg-Prussia). The city had strong ties with Poland, and Polish authorities several times confirmed and extended its rights in support against absolutist ambitions of the Prussian dukes, and after 1657 the city actively opposed secession from Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city acted as an intermediary in maritime trade between the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, with the 17th-century stock exchange including a painting depicting a townswoman buying goods from a Pole and a Dutchman, embracing the notion that the city's prosperity was based on trade with the East and West, particularly Poland and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/220px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/330px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/440px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Anointment of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> after his coronation as <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a> in Königsberg, 1701</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1701, Brandenberg-Prussia became a Kingdom and the entire area was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>. While the Brandenberg portion was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, Prussia (later called East Prussia) was not included within those territorial boundaries. In 1734–1736, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, it was the place of stay of Polish King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> and many of his prominent supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the city was conquered and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1758–1762),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose initial plan was to offer the city and region to Poland as part of a territorial exchange desired by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> is famous for having sworn allegiance to Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ensuing two centuries the city, first as part of the Kingdom of Prussia, then from 1866 as part of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, and then from 1871 as part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, continued to flourish and many iconic landmarks of Königsberg were built. The city had around 370,000 inhabitants and was a cultural and administrative center of Prussia and the German Empire. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, notable sons of the city, were born before this time. The first civil airport in Germany (Devau near Königsberg) opened 1919. In that time a new central railway station and modern buildings for the harbour and trade fair were built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city's Polish and Jewish populations were persecuted by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> with mass arrests and deportations to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, and Poles and Jews were among <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labourers</a> in the city. The city was heavily damaged by a <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">British bombing attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">massive Soviet siege in spring 1945</a>. At the end of World War II in 1945, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (until 1255)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> 1255–1454<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="239" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> 1454–1455<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> 1455–1466<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="239" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (fief of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>) 1466–1525<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/31px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (fief of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>) 1525–1656<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> 1656–1657 <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/31px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> 1657–1701<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> 1701–1758<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> 1758–1762<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> 1762–1918<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> 1871–1918<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> 1918–1933<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> 1933–1945<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) 1945–1991<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> 1991–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> of 1 August 1945, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> pending the final determination of territorial borders. This final determination eventually took place on 12 September 1990 when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> was signed. The excerpt from the initial agreement pertaining to the partition of East Prussia, including the area surrounding Königsberg, is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt "Koenigsberg" in the original document): </p> <blockquote><p><b>VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA</b><br />The Conference examined a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Government</a> that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement, the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Bay of Danzig</a> to the east, north of <a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braunsberg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82dap" title="Gołdap">Goldep</a>, to the meeting point of the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. </p><p>The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">President of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">British Prime Minister</a> supported the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The monument to Kalinin on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinin_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinin Square (page does not exist)">Kalinin Square</a> (former <i>Reichsplatz</i>), built in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Königsberg was renamed <b>Kaliningrad</b> in 1946 after the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> of the USSR <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, although Kalinin was unrelated to the city, and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet Union, namely <i>Kalinin</i> (now Tver) and <i>Kaliningrad</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Korolev,_Moscow_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Korolev, Moscow Oblast">Korolev, Moscow Oblast</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalinin was one of six Politburo members who signed the order to execute more than 21,000 Polish prisoners of war at <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn</a> and elsewhere in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-10May2023_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10May2023-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-10May2023_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-10May2023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a> because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad's border would be at the (pre-war) Lithuanian frontier. The remaining German population was <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">forcibly expelled</a> between 1947 and 1948. The annexed territory was populated with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet citizens</a>, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians.<sup id="cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population. </p><p>From 1953 to 1962, a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square. In 1973, the town hall was turned into the House of Soviets. In 1975, the trolleybus was launched again. In 1980, a concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family. In 1986, the Kreuzkirche building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church. </p><p>For foreigners, the city was <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">completely closed</a> and, with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland, it was practically not visited by foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-220px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-330px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-440px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Demolition of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> with explosives, 1959. The last remnants were destroyed by 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>The old city was not restored, and the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> were demolished in the late 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-NG_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>'s personal orders,<sup id="cite_ref-NG_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the protests of architects, historians and residents of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reconstruction of the oblast, threatened by hunger in the immediate post-war years, was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city. Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a basis for social and scientific development, in particular oceanography.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> at the time) and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was added as a <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">semi-exclave</a> to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> created it as an oblast separate from the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> because it further separated the Baltic states from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> offered the entire Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Snie%C4%8Dkus" title="Antanas Sniečkus">Antanas Sniečkus</a> refused to accept the territory because it would add at least a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the German magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment). The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which, at the time, saw reunification with East Germany as a higher priority.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this story was later denied by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>, restored in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_Science_Monitor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>, just outside Kaliningrad, is the only Russian <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> port said to be "ice-free" all year round, and the region hence plays an important role in maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a>. </p><p>Kaliningrad Oblast was an <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 it became separated from the rest of Russia by independent countries. This isolation from the rest of Russia became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became members of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">in 2004</a>. All military and civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's inhabitants have been made through the <i>Facilitated Transit Document (FTD)</i> and <i>Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the 1990s some Soviet-era city names commemorating communist leaders were changed (e.g., Leningrad reverting to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and Kalinin, also named after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, reverting to <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>), Kaliningrad remains named as it was,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the city is sometimes colloquially referred to as <i>König</i> or <i>Kyonig</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кёниг</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of the name of the city has been raised multiple times; in 2009, the head of the city administration, Felix Lapin, said he personally supported the return of the historical name of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2011, the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tsukanov" title="Nikolay Tsukanov">Nikolay Tsukanov</a>, suggested a referendum could be held to resolve the issue, but stated that he was against renaming.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No further plans have been announced since, and in 2022 the government officially confirmed that renaming the city would be "inappropriate".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the cultural heritage, most notably the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>, was restored in the 1990s, as citizens started to examine the previously ignored German past.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_Science_Monitor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 1990s, the Kaliningrad oblast has been a Free Economic Zone (<a href="/wiki/FEZ_Yantar" class="mw-redirect" title="FEZ Yantar">FEZ Yantar</a>). In 2005 the city celebrated its 750th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2007 Russian First Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> declared that if US-controlled <a href="/wiki/Missile_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile defence">missile defence</a> systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad. On 5 November 2008 Russian president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plans were suspended, however, in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During late 2011, a long range <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_radar" title="Voronezh radar">Voronezh radar</a> was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6,000 kilometres (3,728 miles). It is situated in the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Pionersky,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast">Pionersky</a> (formerly German <i>Neukuhren</i>) in Kaliningrad Oblast.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliningrad was one of the host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> held in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is at the mouth of the navigable <a href="/wiki/Pregolya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregolya River">Pregolya River</a>, which empties into the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a>, an inlet of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. </p><p>Sea vessels can access <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Gdańsk Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Baltiysk" title="Strait of Baltiysk">Strait of Baltiysk</a>. </p><p>Until around 1900, ships drawing more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) of water could not pass the bar and use the city's docks;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> larger vessels had to anchor at Pillau (now <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>), where cargo was transferred to smaller vessels. In 1901, a <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canal</a> between Königsberg and Pillau, completed at a cost of 13 million German marks,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> enabled vessels of a 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) draught to moor alongside the town (see also <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">Ports of the Baltic Sea</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pregolya River in Kaliningrad"><img alt="The Pregolya River in Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/120px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/180px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/240px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Pregolya River in Kaliningrad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pseudo-historic "Fishermen's village""><img alt="The pseudo-historic "Fishermen's village"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/120px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/180px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/240px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5342" data-file-height="3005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pseudo-historic "Fishermen's village"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="13th century Juditten Church"><img alt="13th century Juditten Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG/120px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG/180px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%28%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13th century <a href="/wiki/Juditten_Church" title="Juditten Church">Juditten Church</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i>, depending on the isotherm chosen for class <i>C</i> climates) or a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<i>Dfb</i>, depending on the isotherm chosen for class <i>D</i> climates), with cold and cloudy (though moderate compared to most of Russia) winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.5 to +18.1 °C (29.3 to 64.6 °F) and rainfall varies from 36.0 millimeters (1.42 in)/month to 97.0 millimeters (3.82 in)/month. In general, it has <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> influences and therefore damp, variable and mild, with vast temperature differences between July and January. </p><p>The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often very sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times (with temperatures reaching as high as +30–+35 °C (86–95 °F) at least once per year) with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy showers. The average annual hours of sunshine for Kaliningrad is 1,700, similar to other northern cities. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp and foggy in November.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Winter includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.5<br />(−26.5) </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.3<br />(−27.9) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7<br />(−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.6<br />(−14.1) </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−33.3<br />(−27.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">816<br />(32.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">185 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #3F3F3F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #2F2F2F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">162,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">203,570</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">296,962</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">354,788</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">401,280</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">430,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">431,902</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">490,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The original German population fled or was expelled after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union, and in the following few years. In October 1945, only about 5,000 Soviet civilians lived in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-malinkin_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinkin-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between October 1947 and October 1948 approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944-50)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944-50)">Germans were forcibly moved</a> to Germany,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bergerj10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergerj10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1948 about 400,000 Soviet civilians had arrived in the Oblast.<sup id="cite_ref-malinkin_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinkin-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg/220px-Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg/330px-Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg/440px-Victory_Day_in_Kaliningrad_2017-05-09_49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Local residents in Kaliningrad at "<a href="/wiki/Immortal_Regiment" title="Immortal Regiment">Immortal regiment</a>", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg/220px-Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg/330px-Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg/440px-Blessing_Easter_Baskets_in_Kaliningrad_2017-04-15_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The blessing of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_basket" title="Easter basket">Easter baskets</a> in Kaliningrad</figcaption></figure> <p>Today the overwhelming majority of Kaliningrad's residents are <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> settled after 1945, and their descendants. A minority of the population are from other Slavic ethnic groups, including <a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a>. Kaliningrad today is also home to small communities of <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Russia">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Russia">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>. </p><p>Ethnic composition, <a href="/wiki/Russian_2010_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian 2010 census">Russian 2010 census</a>: </p> <table class="prettytable"> <tbody><tr class=""> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>total population </th> <th>% of the population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td align="right">351,186 </td> <td align="right">87.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td align="right">16,053 </td> <td align="right">4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td align="right">15,077 </td> <td align="right">3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td align="right">3,062 </td> <td align="right">0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td align="right">2,075 </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> </td> <td align="right">1,789 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </td> <td align="right">1,676 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People">Polish</a> </td> <td align="right">1,114 </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other ethnicities </td> <td align="right">10,041 </td> <td align="right">2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>All</b> </td> <td align="right">401,649 </td> <td align="right">100.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="3373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img40_Friedrichsburg_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrichsburg_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrichsburg Gate">Friedrichsburg Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-war city center (Altstadt and Kneiphof) consists of parks, broad avenues, a square on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a>, and the restored <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a> on the Kneiphof island (now "Kant island"). Immanuel Kant's grave is situated next to the cathedral. The never-finished <a href="/wiki/House_of_Soviets_(Kaliningrad)" title="House of Soviets (Kaliningrad)">House of Soviets</a> ("Dom Sovyetov") sat roughly on the site of the former castle before its demolition in 2023-24. Many German-era buildings in the historic city centre have been preserved and even rebuilt, including the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Synagogue" title="Königsberg Synagogue">Königsberg Synagogue</a>. The new city centre is concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Kaliningrad" title="Victory Square, Kaliningrad">Victory Square</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_(Kaliningrad)" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad)">Cathedral of Christ the Savior</a>, consecrated in 2005, is located on that square. </p><p>The oldest building in Kaliningrad is the <a href="/wiki/Juditten_Church" title="Juditten Church">Juditten Church</a> (built before 1288). Also worth seeing are the former <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Stock_Exchange" title="Königsberg Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a>, the surviving churches, and the remaining city gates. In counter-clockwise order these gates are: the <a href="/wiki/Sackheim_Gate" title="Sackheim Gate">Sackheim Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossgarten_Gate" title="Rossgarten Gate">Rossgarten Gate</a>, Attack Gate (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ausfallstor</i>, or Sally Port), Railway Gate (<i>Eisenbahntor</i>), <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="Brandenburg Gate (Kaliningrad)">Brandenburg Gate</a>, and Friedland Gate (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedl%C3%A4nder_Tor_(Kaliningrad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad) (page does not exist)">Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedl%C3%A4nder_Tor_(Kaliningrad)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad)">de</a>]</span></i>). Apart from the Dohna Tower, which houses the Amber Museum, the Wrangel Tower also remains as a reminder of the former Königsberg city walls. Only the gate of the former <a href="/wiki/Fort_Friedrichsburg" title="Fort Friedrichsburg">Fort Friedrichsburg</a> remains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable monuments include the statue of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant_State_University_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanuel Kant State University of Russia">Immanuel Kant State University of Russia</a>. The statue was made by notable sculptor <a href="/wiki/Christian_Daniel_Rauch" title="Christian Daniel Rauch">Christian Daniel Rauch</a> and unveiled in 1864. The statue was destroyed in 1945, but was remoulded in 1992 on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff" title="Marion Dönhoff">Marion Dönhoff</a>, a native East Prussian who became prominent in the West. Also worth seeing is the Cosmonaut monument, which honours the Kaliningrad cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Leonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Leonov">Alexey Leonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Romanenko" title="Yuri Romanenko">Yuri Romanenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Viktorenko" title="Aleksandr Viktorenko">Aleksandr Viktorenko</a>. Other statues and monuments include the statue for Duke Albert, the statue for <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, the statue for communist functionary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> for whom the city is named,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the statue for Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a>, the "Mother Russia" monument, and the Monument for the 1200 Guardsmen, remembering the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is a "green" city with many parks<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and areas with many trees and lawns. Parks range from tiny city squares to massive parks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Youth Recreation Park is one of the most popular parks in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The park was established in the 1920s–1930s in the English style. It reopened its doors post-war and was popular among citizens in the 1980s–1990s with its boat house and tennis courts, as well as merry-go-rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park had a massive reconstruction in 2004 adding a cafe, carting, and various modern entertainments. It is located in the quiet area of the city, in Leningradsky area, and is connected to the Lower Pond. Youth Recreation Park provides entertainment for all age groups. There is also Interpersonal Communications Development Central located in the park.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Zoo" title="Kaliningrad Zoo">Kaliningrad Zoo</a> was opened as the Königsberg Zoo in 1896. The collection, which extends over 16.5 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> (40 acres), comprises 315 species with a total of 2,264 individual animals (as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). The Kaliningrad Zoo is also an <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ponds">Ponds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ponds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Centrally located in the city is <a href="/wiki/Lower_Pond_(Kaliningrad)" title="Lower Pond (Kaliningrad)">Lower Pond</a>, an artificial lake. Lower Pond is surrounded by a promenade and is an area for recreation especially in summer. North of the Lower Pond is the larger <a href="/wiki/Upper_Pond_(Kaliningrad)" title="Upper Pond (Kaliningrad)">Upper Pond</a> in northern Kaliningrad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>'s 1736 paper on the puzzle of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Seven Bridges of Königsberg">Seven Bridges of Königsberg</a> was a seminal work in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a>. Only two of the structures from his era survive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaliningrad_Stadium">Kaliningrad Stadium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kaliningrad Stadium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Stadium" title="Kaliningrad Stadium">Kaliningrad Stadium</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky_Island" title="Oktyabrsky Island">Oktyabrsky Island</a>, near the embankment of the Staraya Pregolya River, was opened. The stadium has a seating capacity of 35,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_in_Kaliningrad">Museums in Kaliningrad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Museums in Kaliningrad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img62_Ocean_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">Museum ship</a> "Vityaz" from the collection of the Museum of the World Ocean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img13_Amber_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="3476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Regional_Amber_Museum" title="Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum">Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many museums in Kaliningrad. </p> <ul><li>Museum of the World Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Regional_Museum_of_History_and_Arts" title="Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts">Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Regional_Amber_Museum" title="Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum">Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_State_Art_Gallery" title="Kaliningrad State Art Gallery">Kaliningrad State Art Gallery</a></li> <li>Friedland Gate Museum</li></ul> <p>The Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts is the oldest museum in Kaliningrad, founded in 1946. In addition to the main building, the museum has four branches in Kaliningrad (including "Blindage" and "<span class="nowrap">Fort No. 5</span>") and two elsewhere in the region. </p><p>In 1979, the Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum was opened in the building of the Don, a former defensive tower. Initially, it was a branch of the Historical and Art Museum, but since 2004 it has operated independently. </p><p>The Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, which opened on November 24, 1988, is<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> one of the youngest and fastest-growing museums in Russia, known both domestically and abroad. Up to 40 exhibitions of domestic and foreign art are held annually in eight exhibition halls with a total exhibition area of more than 3,000 square metres (<span class="nowrap">¾ acre</span>). </p><p>At the beginning of the 21st century, the Museum of the World Ocean, which was unique in Russia at the time, was gradually created, and now offers exhibitions and six museum vessels: </p> <ul><li>Research ship-museum "<a href="/wiki/RV_Vityaz_(1939)" title="RV Vityaz (1939)">Vityaz</a>"</li> <li>Submarine <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot-class_submarine" title="Foxtrot-class submarine">B-413</a></li> <li>Space communication vessel "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev"</li> <li>Fishing boat-museum "SRT-129"</li> <li>Floating lighthouse "Irbensky"</li> <li>Icebreaker "<a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a>" - moored in St. Petersburg.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5046" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kneiphof" title="Kneiphof">Kneiphof</a> island</figcaption></figure> <p>The branches of the museum are the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a> and the preserved gate of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Friedrichsburg" title="Fort Friedrichsburg">Fort Friedrichsburg</a>. </p><p>A museum of ancient archaeological finds has been created. It is located at the Friedland Gate, which itself is a monument of antiquity. </p><p>In 2009, the Museum of <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, a famous writer born in this city, was created. The museum is located in the building of the former Leningrad Cinema; now this building houses a regional music school named after Hoffman. </p><p>On 5 June 2016 the Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences was opened on the first floor of the Mega-Market shopping centre, which offers interactive exhibits that illustrate various fields of science and demonstrate the manifestation of their laws.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliningrad's museums were visited by roughly 920,000 people in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Attendance_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attendance-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of museum attendance, the region of Kaliningrad ranks seventh among the regions of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters_and_concert_halls">Theaters and concert halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theaters and concert halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img75_Drama_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="2759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Regional_Drama_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater">Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several theaters in the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Regional_Drama_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater">Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater</a></li> <li>Kaliningrad Regional Musical Theater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Puppet_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Puppet Theater">Kaliningrad Regional Puppet Theater</a></li> <li>The organ hall of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic is located in the historic building of the former Catholic <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Kaliningrad" title="Church of the Holy Family, Kaliningrad">Church of the Holy Family</a>.</li> <li>A large concert hall with two <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organs</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>.</li> <li>The Variety Theater, located in the House of Arts.</li></ul> <p>The musical life of the city is rich and diverse. Annual music festivals of various styles and trends are held throughout the year. Under the patronage of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic Society, international festivals and competitions of classical, jazz, organ music (dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Tariverdiev" title="Mikael Tariverdiev">Mikael Tariverdiev</a>) are held. Since 2006, the Don Cento Jazz International Jazz Festival has been held in the summer. The city also hosts two major rock festivals: the <a href="/wiki/Night_Wolves" title="Night Wolves">Night Wolves</a> bike show (July) and Kaliningrad In Rock (August). The Baltic Seasons art festival is held annually. </p><p>In 2013, Kaliningrad's theaters were visited by almost 345,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Attendance_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attendance-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_Regional_Scientific_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library</li> <li>Central City Library. A.P. Chekhov</li> <li>Kaliningrad Regional Youth Library. V. Mayakovsky</li> <li>Kaliningrad Regional Children's Library. A.P. Gaidar</li> <li>Kaliningrad Regional Specialized Library for the Blind</li></ul> <p>Also, there are 20 municipal city libraries in the city. As of 2015, more than 100 thousand residents of Kaliningrad regularly visit the city's libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern city of Kaliningrad is home to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad_Regional_Philharmonic_and_Symphony_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra (page does not exist)">Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ngelik" title="Ngelik">Lik</a> male <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chamber choir</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmonika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmonika (page does not exist)">Garmonika</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russian music</a> ensemble,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad_Chamber_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaliningrad Chamber Orchestra (page does not exist)">Kaliningrad Chamber Orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koenigsberger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koenigsberger.jpg/220px-Koenigsberger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koenigsberger.jpg/330px-Koenigsberger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koenigsberger.jpg/440px-Koenigsberger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussian</a> specialty of <a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">meatballs</a> in a <a href="/wiki/White_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="White sauce">white sauce</a> with <a href="/wiki/Caper" title="Caper">capers</a> that can be found in many restaurants in Kaliningrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliningrad has its own vodka and beer brands, <i>Stari Königsberg</i> and <i>Ostmark</i> respectively. Since the early 1990s many new restaurants have opened in the city. These restaurants offer culinary specialities of former <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, like <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a>, and also fish and salad dishes, pizza and sushi. Königsberger Fleck, a bovine tripe soup and yet another culinary specialty from former Königsberg, no longer belongs to the culinary culture of Kaliningrad.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of Kaliningrad generally imported their respective culinary traditions to the region when they settled in the area after 1945. <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okroshka" title="Okroshka">okroshka</a> may be served as in the rest of Russia. Many Italian and Asian restaurants (or fusions of both traditions) are in operation all over the city. Pizza and sushi are among the most popular dishes today. Fast food is widely available from various chains, including those of foreign origin. <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">Shawarma</a> is also gaining considerable prominence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_stadium_-_2018-04-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Stadium" title="Kaliningrad Stadium">Kaliningrad Stadium</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> games</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian football club <a href="/wiki/FC_Baltika_Kaliningrad" title="FC Baltika Kaliningrad">FC Baltika Kaliningrad</a> is based in Kaliningrad and plays in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Football_National_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Football National League">Russian Football National League</a>. The home stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Stadium" title="Kaliningrad Stadium">Kaliningrad Stadium</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p>During 2006 to 2013, the Dynamo-Yantar men's volleyball club played in the Russian men's volleyball Championship. They played their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Yantarny_Sports_Palace" title="Yantarny Sports Palace">Yantarny Sports Palace</a>, which can accommodate over 7,000 spectators. From 2010, Yantarny had regularly hosted matches of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian men's national volleyball team">Russian men's national volleyball team</a> in the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League" title="FIVB Volleyball World League">FIVB Volleyball World League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Prix" title="FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix">FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix</a>. </p><p>In the past, the city was also represented by the football clubs of West, Baltika-2 and <a href="/wiki/FC_Baltika-Tarko_Kaliningrad" title="FC Baltika-Tarko Kaliningrad">FC Baltika-Tarko Kaliningrad</a>, as well as the rugby club West Zvezda (winner of the 1994 Russian Cup, prize winner of the 1994 and 1995 Russian championships). The football club <i>Volna Kaliningrad</i> took part in the third tier of the 2000 Lithuanian championship, <a href="/wiki/II_Lyga" title="II Lyga">LF II Lyga</a>, and won in the western zone (22 games: 20 wins, 2 draws, goal difference 101–9).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since November 2013, the city has had an American football team called Amber Hawks. In 2015, the Amber Hawks reached the semifinals of the Polish League 8x8.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Amber Hawks took the silver medal of the prestigious Eastern League of American Football (VLAF).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014 the Kaliningrad Regional Hockey League (KRHL) was created. League competition is the official championship of the Kaliningrad region of hockey. </p><p>In 2018 Kaliningrad hosted some games of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>. </p><p>On 9 April 2018 the creation of a women's volleyball team, the "Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region" was announced. At the end of the 2018–2019 season the club took the second place in the Russian Championship, losing one point to the leader team, the <a href="/wiki/WVC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="WVC Dynamo Moscow">WVC Dynamo Moscow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref253_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref253-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Kaliningrad</b> — an administrative unit with status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref648_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad is incorporated as <b>Kaliningrad Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref719_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref719-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_districts">City districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: City districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city was divided into three administrative districts: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>City district<br /> </th> <th>Russian name </th> <th>Inhabitants<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a><sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Moskovsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Moskovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Московский </td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,165 </td> <td>Named after the Russian capital, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Leningradsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Leningradsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Ленинградский </td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,771 </td> <td>Named after Leningrad, now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Tsentralny Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Tsentralny</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Центральный </td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,966 </td> <td>Lit. <i>central</i>, as it lies to the northwest of the historical city center </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two administrative districts were abolished in June 2009: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>City district<br /> </th> <th>Russian name </th> <th>Inhabitants<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2002)">2002 Census</a><sup id="cite_ref-2002Census_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002Census-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltiysky_Administrative_District" title="Baltiysky Administrative District">Baltiysky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Балтийский </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,664 </td> <td>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Oktyabrsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Oktyabrsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Октябрьский </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,252 </td> <td>Named after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorities">Authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_Potschad_Pobedy_Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4437" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_City_Hall" title="Kaliningrad City Hall">Kaliningrad City Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Kaliningrad" title="Victory Square, Kaliningrad">Victory Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4468" data-file-height="2978" /></a><figcaption>Flags of Russia (center), Kaliningrad Oblast (left), and Kaliningrad (right), over the City Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Local self-government in the city is carried out on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad on July 12, 2007. </p><p>Bodies and officials of local self-government in the city (formally – in the city district) Kaliningrad are: </p> <ul><li>Council of Deputies (representative body of a municipal formation)</li> <li>Head (chief executive)</li> <li>Administration (executive and administrative body of the municipality)</li> <li>Chamber of Control and Accounts</li></ul> <p>The City Council of Deputies consists of 28 deputies elected by city residents in municipal elections according to a mixed mandate distribution system for a period of 5 years. The chairman of the Council is elected by deputies from among its members. The current 6th convocation was elected on September 18, 2016. The Chairman of the Council is Andrey Kropotkin from <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>. </p><p>The head of the city heads the administration of the city district. Elected by the City Council of Deputies from among the candidates presented by the Competition Commission based on the results of the competition, for the term of office of the City Council of Deputies. Since April 2018, the head of the city is Alexey Silanov.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaliningrad administration and the Council of Deputies are located in the building of the mayor's office at the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Kaliningrad" title="Victory Square, Kaliningrad">Victory Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1996 to 2007, the Charter of the City of Kaliningrad dated September 25, 1996 was in force in Kaliningrad, according to which the local self-government bodies were: </p> <ul><li>The head of the city (mayor) – the highest official of the city;</li> <li>City hall (executive and administrative body);</li> <li>City Council of Deputies (representative body).</li></ul> <p>In 2007, due to the reform of local self-government, the functions of local self-government bodies were changed, and a new position was introduced – the head of the administration. </p><p>In 2008–2012, the local government body, carrying out executive and administrative functions, was the city district administration, headed by the head of the administration (city manager). The head of the administration was appointed to the post by the decision of the District Council of Deputies following a competition. On May 14, 2008, Felix Lapin was appointed to this position for a period of 2 years. On June 15, 2011, deputies of the Kaliningrad District Council approved Svetlana Mukhomor as head of the city administration (she is the first deputy head of the city administration).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2016, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma adopted a law abolishing direct elections for the mayor of Kaliningrad.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elections were replaced by the selection procedure of candidates by a competition commission from which the city Council of Deputies selects one by secret ballot. In 2018, out of ten people who submitted documents for participation in the competition, only three were admitted to the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_government">Regional government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Regional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img33_Finanzverwaltung_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Building of the Government and Administration of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast">Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All legislative, executive and judicial authorities of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> are located in Kaliningrad. The Government of Kaliningrad Oblast and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast">Governor</a>'s Administration are located in the same building on Dmitry Donskoy Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma on Kirov Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Court on Sergeeva Street, and the Arbitration Court of Kaliningrad Oblast on Rokossovsky Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kaliningrad, there are representative offices of federal authorities in the region: </p> <ul><li>Prosecutor's Office of Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li>Investigation Department of the <a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> of Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_commissariat" title="Military commissariat">Military Commissariat</a></li> <li>Kaliningrad Regional Customs of the North-West Customs Department of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Customs_Service_of_Russia" title="Federal Customs Service of Russia">Federal Customs Service of Russia</a></li> <li>Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pension Fund of the Russian Federation">Pension Fund of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li>Management of the federal postal service - branch of FSUE "<a href="/wiki/Russian_Post" title="Russian Post">Russian Post</a>"</li> <li>Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Insurance_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation">Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Kaliningrad was designated a <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zone</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/FEZ_Yantar" class="mw-redirect" title="FEZ Yantar">FEZ Yantar</a>. Manufacturers based there get tax and <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs duty</a> breaks on the goods they send to other parts of Russia. Although corruption was an early deterrent, that policy means the region is now a manufacturing hub. One in three televisions in Russia are made in Kaliningrad (including Ericsson brand by Telebalt Ltd. and Polar by an eponymous firm located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a>) and it is home to <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> related car plants (produced by <a href="/wiki/Avtotor" title="Avtotor">Avtotor</a>). Kaliningrad is also the location of the ITAR Distillery. Kaliningrad's major industries are manufacturing, shipping, fishing and amber products. In 2006, Moscow declared it would turn the region into "the Russian <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IKSUR1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/IKSUR1.JPG/180px-IKSUR1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/IKSUR1.JPG/270px-IKSUR1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/IKSUR1.JPG/360px-IKSUR1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant_Baltic_Federal_University" title="Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University">Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg/180px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg/270px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg/360px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img51_Technical_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_State_Technical_University" title="Kaliningrad State Technical University">Kaliningrad State Technical University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg/180px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg/270px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg/360px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Baltic Naval Institute</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, there are 21 higher educational institutions in Kaliningrad (together with branches of universities in other cities), of which state-owned are: </p> <ul><li>The Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, previously the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (KYUI), even earlier – the Kaliningrad Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which was formed on the basis of the Kaliningrad Special Secondary School of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant_Baltic_Federal_University" title="Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University">Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</a>. Until 2011 – Russian State University. I. Kant. The name of Kant was given on the eve of the city's 750th anniversary in 2005. Previously – Kaliningrad State University (KSU). Occupies the building of the former German <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a>.</li> <li>Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet (BFFSA). Until 1991 – Kaliningrad Higher Marine Engineering School (KVIMU).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_State_Technical_University" title="Kaliningrad State Technical University">Kaliningrad State Technical University</a> (KSTU). Previously – Kaliningrad Technical Institute of the Fishing Industry and Economy (KTIRPiH).</li> <li>Kaliningrad Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Engineering School of Engineering Troops named after A.A.Zhdanov (KVIUIV).</li> <li>The FF Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute, now a branch of the military educational and scientific center of the Russian Navy "Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov." Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Naval School (KVVMU).</li></ul> <p>Also in Kaliningrad there is a branch of the North-West Academy of Public Administration and National Economy, from secondary educational institutions – three gymnasiums, six lyceums and forty-seven secondary schools. There are educational institutions of secondary vocational education: Kaliningrad Regional College of Music. S. V. Rachmaninova, Kaliningrad State College of Urban Development, Kaliningrad Marine Fisheries College and others; to the IKBFU I. Kant included the Kaliningrad Technical College, the Communal Construction College. In addition, there is one cadet corps – KSH "Andrew the First-Called Cadet Naval Corps" (APKMK). </p><p>In August 2019, construction began on a branch of the Nakhimov Naval School. The opening is scheduled for September 1, 2020, the number of students will be over 560 people.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is a major transport hub. <a href="/wiki/Russian_federal_highways" title="Russian federal highways">The most important roads of the city are</a>: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A229-RUS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A229-RUS.svg/45px-A229-RUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A229-RUS.svg/68px-A229-RUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A229-RUS.svg/90px-A229-RUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nesterov" title="Nesterov">Nesterov</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Lithuania–Russia border">Lithuania–Russia border</a> (on to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, route M1 "Belarus") It is a part of the branches of the trans-European transport corridors No. 1-A "Riga–Kaliningrad–Gdansk" and No. 9-D "Kiev–Minsk–Vilnius–Kaliningrad", <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_route_E28" title="European route E28"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/32px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/48px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/64px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_route_E77" title="European route E77"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/32px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/48px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/64px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A216-RUS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/A216-RUS.svg/45px-A216-RUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/A216-RUS.svg/68px-A216-RUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/A216-RUS.svg/90px-A216-RUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Gvardeisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gvardeisk">Gvardeisk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> to the Lithuania–Russia border (on to <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai" title="Šiauliai">Šiauliai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>). The route from the village – <a href="/wiki/Talpaki" title="Talpaki">Talpaki</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Bolshakovo" title="Bolshakovo">Bolshakovo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Sovetsk</a>. It is a part of the branch of the trans-European transport corridor No. 1-A "Riga–Kaliningrad–Gdansk". <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_route_E28" title="European route E28"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/32px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/48px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/64px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></li> <li>Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Mamonovo</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Ladushkin" title="Ladushkin">Ladushkin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Poland-Russia_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland-Russia border">Poland-Russia border</a> (to <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>). <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_route_E28" title="European route E28"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/32px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/48px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tabliczka_E28.svg/64px-Tabliczka_E28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_route_E77" title="European route E77"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/32px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/48px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tabliczka_E77.svg/64px-Tabliczka_E77.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></li> <li>Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Polessk" title="Polessk">Polessk</a>. It follows through the village. Bolshakovo (further to Sovetsk)</li> <li>Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsk" title="Zelenogradsk">Zelenogradsk</a>. (further along the <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nida,_Lithuania" title="Nida, Lithuania">Nida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>)</li> <li>Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>. The road runs through <a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a>.</li> <li>Kaliningrad – <a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsk" title="Bagrationovsk">Bagrationovsk</a>. Leads to the Polish border (further to <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>).</li></ul> <p>In December 2007, construction began on the Primorskoye Koltso highway, which connects Kaliningrad with <a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetlogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pionersky,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast">Pionersky</a>, Zelenogradsk and <a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Khrabrovo Airport</a>. It is planned to continue construction at Baltiysk, <a href="/wiki/Svetly,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetly</a>. </p><p>Around the city (from the village of A. Kosmodemyansky to the traffic intersection with Moskovsky Prospekt) passes the route of the northern and southern bypasses of Kaliningrad. Until now, on the western side of the city of Kaliningrad, the "ring" of the road has not been closed due to the absence of a 7-kilometer (4.3-mile) crossing through the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is home to the westernmost and the only non-freezing port of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Freight and passenger ferry crossings connect the Port of Kaliningrad, and its outport, the <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Port of Baltiysk</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, and the ports of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p><p>As of April 2019, only a freight ferry operates on the Baltiysk–Ust-Luga route, and the passenger ferry has been cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img76_Khrabrovo_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Khrabrovo Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Devau_Airport" title="Kaliningrad Devau Airport">Kaliningrad Devau Airport</a>, which opened in 1919, was one of the first civilian airports in the world, and the first in Germany. In 1922, the first planes of the Moscow-Riga-Königsberg, the first international airline of the Soviet Union, arrived in here for the first time. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the airport was used for local flights until the 1970s. </p><p>In the fifties, a new airport, the <a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Khrabrovo Airport</a>, was built on the base of a military airfield 24 kilometers (15 miles) from the city. Now it has international status. The Kaliningrad airline KD Aviation was based on Khrabrovo, which ceased operations in September 2009. The reconstruction of the airport has been completed in 2018.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 1 October 2022 the airport began <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">allowing more flights</a> from international destinations, including through operation by foreign airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Railway" title="Kaliningrad Railway">Kaliningrad Railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img36_South_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5336" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_South_railway_station" title="Kaliningrad South railway station">Kaliningrad South railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png/220px-Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png/330px-Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png/440px-Kaliningrad_RZD_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Railway network in Kaliningrad Oblast</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliningrad is the most important hub of the railway network of the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. It is the site of the Kaliningrad Railway. </p><p>The main passenger railway station of the city is the Kaliningrad South railway station, which includes the main railway station of the city and the Oblast–Yuzhny station, it serves both commuter and long-distance trains following from Kaliningrad: </p> <ul><li>No. 30 <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> "Yantar"</li> <li>No. 80 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li>No. 148 Moscow (summer)</li> <li>No. 360 <a href="/wiki/Adler_Microdistrict" title="Adler Microdistrict">Adler</a></li> <li>No. 426 <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a> (summer)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-Kaliningrad direct train (via Poland) operated from 1993 to 2000, then was replaced by a through carriage, which was part of the Kaliningrad-<a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> train from December 2003 to December 2009 and in 2010–2013 (in the summer), with a re-railer in the Polish city of <a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a>. A platform with a European <a href="/wiki/Standard_Gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Gauge">Standard Gauge</a> track was specially equipped to receive these trains, allowing trains to run on this route without the interruption of a <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogie exchange</a> at some point on the journey. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img55_North_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_North_railway_station" title="Kaliningrad North railway station">Kaliningrad North railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliningrad North railway station serves trains connecting Kaliningrad with the seaside resorts of the city, <a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetlogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pionersky,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast">Pionersky</a>, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Sovetsk</a>. It is a major transport hub in the public transport system of Kaliningrad. </p><p>Other railway stations located in the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutuzovo-Novoye_railway_station" title="Kutuzovo-Novoye railway station">Kutuzovo-Novoye</a> (Alexander Nevsky Street District)</li> <li>Chkalovsk-Western (Mck. Chkalovsk)</li> <li>West New (Wagon Street District)</li> <li>Forest-Novoya (Mcn. named after Alexander Kosmodemyansky)</li> <li>Dzerzhinskaya-Novaya (Dzerzhinsky Street district, there is a European (standard gauge) track)</li> <li>Aivazovsky stop (in the area of Aivazovsky and Yamskaya streets)</li> <li>Kiev stop (Kievskaya Street district, near the Baltic market)</li> <li>Selma stop (General Chelnokov Street and Selma Market)</li> <li>Stop point 4 kilometer (Muromskaya Street District, Southern)</li> <li>Brusnichny Stop (Brusny street district)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-city_and_international_bus_service">Inter-city and international bus service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Inter-city and international bus service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>There are two bus stations in the city. The "old" bus station is located on Kalinin Square, next to the Kaliningrad-Passazhirskiy railway station and is used primarily for intra-regional transportation. </p><p>Due to the conflict with the station directorate, the Königavto road carrier stopped using this bus station and set up its own international bus station at the end of Moskovsky Prospekt. More than 90% of regular international bus services depart from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_public_transport">Urban public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Urban public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public transport in Kaliningrad is represented by a bus, a trolleybus, a tram, a taxi, and the city's railway lines. On 21 March 2010 a new public transport scheme came into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kaliningrad" title="Trams in Kaliningrad">tram network in Kaliningrad</a> has been in existence since 1895 and is the oldest tram system in Russia. It has a track width of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 in). Until 2000, at least ten city tram routes operated in Kaliningrad, however, over the past twenty years, the route network has been significantly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of 2013, only two routes were operating in the city. In 2015, after changing the traffic pattern at the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_South_railway_station" title="Kaliningrad South railway station">Kaliningrad South railway station</a>, the last tram route No. 5 remained. In accordance with the newly adopted General Plan of Kaliningrad until 2035, the construction of a tram line with a separate traffic section in the Moskovsky District is envisaged. </p><p>The first trolleybuses appeared in Königsberg in 1943, but after the war they decided not to restore the trolleybus system. The modern trolleybus system of the city has been operating since 5 November 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the route network in Kaliningrad has repeatedly changed. After the repair of the overpass on Pobedy Avenue, carried out in the summer of 2018, route No. 6 was discontinued. As a result, three operating trolleybus lines remained in the city, although the new route scheme for public transport, adopted on 1 August 2016, provided for six routes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general plan of the city until 2035 also provides for the development of the trolleybus network in Kaliningrad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railbus">Railbus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Railbus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG/220px-Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG/330px-Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG/440px-Kaliningrad_Brandenburg_Gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tatra_T4" title="Tatra T4">Tatra T4</a> Tram passing through the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="Brandenburg Gate (Kaliningrad)">Brandenburg Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 March 2014 the first line of the city rail bus was launched in Kaliningrad, serving the route from the Kievskaya platform in the Moskovsky district to the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_North_railway_station" title="Kaliningrad North railway station">Kaliningrad North railway station</a>. At the same time, a bus line was organised connecting Oleg Koshevoy Street with the Kievskaya platform. The opening of several more lines of the city railway has been announced, which should connect the center of Kaliningrad with the peripheral districts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, the mayor of Kaliningrad, Alexander Yaroshuk, announced that from 1 January 2017 the city rail bus would be canceled due to its unprofitability.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, Governor <a href="/wiki/Anton_Alikhanov" title="Anton Alikhanov">Anton Alikhanov</a> made an operational decision to subsidize the rail bus from the regional budget.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early January 2017, the press service of the Kaliningrad Railway announced that it was planned to extend the rail bus line to <a href="/wiki/Chkalovsk_Microdistrict" title="Chkalovsk Microdistrict">Chkalovsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January 2017 city trains were launched on the Kaliningrad-Guryevsk route, and on the Kaliningrad-Lesnoye Novoe route from 3 September 2018. </p><p>As of the end of 2018, rail buses serve four intra-city lines connecting peripheral sleeping areas and the satellite city of <a href="/wiki/Guryevsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Guryevsk</a> with the center of Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad North railway station is a major transport and interchange hub, where many public transport routes converge. Passengers are transported by rail buses of the <a href="/wiki/RA1_(railbus)" title="RA1 (railbus)">RA1</a> and <a href="/wiki/RA2_Multiple_Unit" title="RA2 Multiple Unit">RA2</a> models, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Metrovagonmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrovagonmash">Metrovagonmash</a>. City trains run on weekdays during the morning and evening rush hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges_2">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/180px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/270px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg/360px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img41_Reichsbahn_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>The Two-tiered Bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg/180px-2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg/270px-2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg/360px-2011-03-24_at_13-56-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The Wooden Bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg/180px-Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg/270px-Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg/360px-Vtoraya_estakada_Kaliningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3590" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Second Overpass Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The branches of the <a href="/wiki/Pregolya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregolya River">Pregolya River</a> divide the city into four parts. Majority of the city (<a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Tsentralny Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Tsentralny Administrative District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Leningradsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Leningradsky Administrative District</a>) is located north of the river, <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Moskovsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Moskovsky Administrative District</a> is south of the river. Kant Island (<a href="/wiki/Kneiphof" title="Kneiphof">Kneiphof</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky_Administrative_District,_Kaliningrad" title="Oktyabrsky Administrative District, Kaliningrad">Oktyabrsky Administrative District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lomse" title="Lomse">Lomse</a>) are located between the branches of the river. </p><p>There are eight active bridges across the Pregolya and one dismantled in Kaliningrad. </p> <ul><li>The Two-tiered bridge is a drawbridge that connects General Butkov (northern bank) and Zheleznodorozhnaya (southern bank) streets. Divorced by raising the middle span. The upper tier of the bridge is occupied by a railway, the lower - by the carriageway and pedestrian sidewalks. The double-deck bridge is the only existing railway bridge across the Pregolya in Kaliningrad.</li> <li>Trestle bridge - thrown over both branches of the Pregolya and passes over Kneiphof, is part of the Leninsky Prospekt, built in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace two of the seven Königsberg bridges - Lavochny and Zeleny. There is a pedestrian descent from the bridge to the island, an automobile exit to Moskovsky Prospekt. There is no road exit to the island. The bridge is crossed by routes of all types of public transport.</li> <li>The Wooden Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects Moskovsky Prospekt with Oktyabrsky Island (Oktyabrskaya st.). There are two tram routes across the bridge</li> <li>The Honey Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges of Königsberg. Connects Oktyabrsky Island and Kneiphof. Since the Kneiphof is a pedestrian zone, the de facto bridge is also exclusively pedestrian. From time to time, the bridge is used by official vehicles (delivery of materials for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>, as well as for the passage of wedding corteges).</li> <li>Jubilee Bridge - drawbridge, pedestrian, connects Oktyabrsky Island (Rybnaya village area) with St. Epronovskaya. Built in 2005 on the pillars of the old Imperial Bridge, destroyed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>The High Bridge is one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects st. Oktyabrskaya (Oktyabrsky Island) from st. Dzerzhinsky. A tram line runs across the bridge.</li> <li>Berlin (Palmburg) Bridge is part of the Kaliningrad ring road, it is thrown across both channels of the Pregolya. Farthest from the city center. After the war, it was only partially restored (one strip). A three-lane bridge was built in its place, reconstructed in 2014.</li> <li>The old railway bridge is a drawbridge, located in the area of the Museum of the World Ocean. Divorced by raising the middle span. The middle span is dismantled, the bridge is not used in any way. An abandoned railway line crosses the bridge.</li> <li>The Second Overpass Bridge was commissioned in December 2011. The bridge crosses both channels of the Pregolya and passes over Oktyabrsky Island, connecting April 9 Street in the right-bank part of the city with Dzerzhinsky Street in the left-bank part. The total length is 1,883 metres (2,059 yards). The bridge has three lanes in each direction. The design speed of vehicles is not less than 80 km/h (50 mph).</li></ul> <p>Seven bridges existed in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in the 16th-20th centuries. The relative position of the bridges led to the mathematical problem of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Seven Bridges of Königsberg">Seven Bridges of Königsberg</a>, and prompted the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> to speculate, which led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Media of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television in Russia</a></div> <p>The Kaliningrad television studio has existed since 1958 with its own frequency channel and daily 6–7-hour broadcasting, then it was called the Yantar TV and Radio Company. It has lost its channel and most of its airtime; it is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaliningrad_television_networks">Kaliningrad television networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Kaliningrad television networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia 24">Russia 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5TV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="5TV (Russian TV channel)">5TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia 1">Russia 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="TNT (Russian TV channel)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-K" title="Russia-K">Russia-K</a></li> <li>Yu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS_(TV_channel)" title="STS (TV channel)">STS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a></li> <li>TV Center</li> <li>Match TV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia" title="Public Television of Russia">Public Television of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(television_company)" title="Mir (television company)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">REN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domashny" title="Domashny">Domashny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-3_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-3 (Russia)">TV-3</a></li> <li>Friday!</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muz-TV" title="Muz-TV">Muz-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(TV_channel)" title="Spas (TV channel)">Spas</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaliningrad_radio_stations">Kaliningrad radio stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Kaliningrad radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Europa_Plus" title="Europa Plus">Europa Plus</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Chanson"</li> <li>"Radio 7 On Seven Hills"</li> <li>"Humor FM"</li> <li>"Vesti FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/RMF_FM" title="RMF FM">RMF FM</a>" (Poland)</li> <li>"Retro FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Radio" title="Russkoye Radio">Russkoye Radio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Silver_Rain_Radio" title="Silver Rain Radio">Silver Rain Radio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/NRJ_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="NRJ Russia">NRJ Russia</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Zvezda"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/AvtoRadio" title="AvtoRadio">AvtoRadio</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Edge"</li> <li>"Radio Monte Carlo"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe Radio</a>"</li> <li>"Business FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Radio Mayak</a>"</li> <li>"Studio 21"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a>"</li> <li>"Road Radio"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Maximum" title="Radio Maximum">Radio Maximum</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda"</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="List of people from Königsberg">List of people from Königsberg</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Snegov" title="Sergey Snegov">Sergey Snegov</a> (1910–1994), science fiction writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev" title="Viktor Patsayev">Viktor Patsayev</a> (1933–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> (1934–2019), first person to walk in space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Romanenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Romanenko">Yury Romanenko</a> (born 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Viktorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Viktorenko">Alexander Viktorenko</a> (born 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gazmanov" title="Oleg Gazmanov">Oleg Gazmanov</a> (born 1951), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Beloglazov" title="Sergei Beloglazov">Sergei Beloglazov</a> (born 1956), Olympic wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Putina" title="Lyudmila Putina">Lyudmila Putina</a> (born 1958), ex-wife of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vladimirovich_Volkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vladimirovich Volkov">Alexander Volkov</a> (1967–2019), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voronkov_(volleyball)" title="Andrei Voronkov (volleyball)">Andrei Voronkov</a> (born 1967), volleyball player and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lapikov" title="Dmitry Lapikov">Dmitry Lapikov</a> (born 1982), Olympic weightlifter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvangeste" title="Tvangeste">Tvangeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">symphonic black metal</a> band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Zuyev" title="Maksim Zuyev">Maksim Zuyev</a>, journalist and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Nazarenko" title="Anastasia Nazarenko">Anastasia Nazarenko</a> (born 1993), rhythmic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Ronin" title="Costa Ronin">Costa Ronin</a> (born 1979), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Zahharenkova" title="Irina Zahharenkova">Irina Zahharenkova</a> (born 1976), concert pianist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004 Germany opened a <a href="/wiki/Consulate_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate general">consulate general</a> in Kaliningrad.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consulate allows Kaliningrad residents to get <a href="/wiki/Schengen_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen visa">Schengen visas</a> without having to travel to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. An agreement between <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> established the consulate in light of Lithuania and Poland, which surround Kaliningrad, joining the EU. Russian concerns with Germany wanting the former Königsberg back had stifled earlier plans for a German consulate.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_border_traffic_law">Small border traffic law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Small border traffic law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland and the Russian Federation have an agreement whereby residents of Kaliningrad and the Polish cities of <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> may obtain "<a href="/wiki/Small_border_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Small border traffic">small border traffic</a>" cards permitting repeated travel between the two countries, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Polish–Russian border</a>. As of July 2013, Poland had issued 100,000 of the cards.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Kaliningrad is twinned with:<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baranavichy" title="Baranavichy">Baranavichy</a>, Belarus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, Belarus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>, Belarus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Municipality" title="Kalmar Municipality">Kalmar</a>, Sweden</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zeitz" title="Zeitz">Zeitz</a>, Germany</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_twin_towns">Former twin towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Former twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Panevėžys">Panevėžys</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai" title="Šiauliai">Šiauliai</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn_County" title="Kętrzyn County">Kętrzyn County</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, The Netherlands</li></ul> </div> <p>In February and March 2022 many cities terminated their cooperation with Kaliningrad as a response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is also partnered with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_partnerships_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_partnerships-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_City_(Kaliningrad)" title="Heart of the City (Kaliningrad)">Heart of the City (Kaliningrad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_question" title="Kaliningrad question">Kaliningrad (Königsberg) dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovec_Region" title="Královec Region">Královec Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregolya" title="Pregolya">Pregolya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Radio Königsberg">Radio Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Seven Bridges of Königsberg">Seven Bridges of Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">LIN</span>-in-grad</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Калининград</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg\/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-K\u00f6nigsberg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg" title="File:De-Königsberg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Кёнигсберг</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbʲerk]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Karaliaučius</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Królewiec</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref648-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref648_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref648_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref648_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref648_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref648_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resolution #640</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Passport-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Passport_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Passport_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Kaliningrad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/useful/passport.zip">Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadLegis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Kaliningrad, Article 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bio_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Kaliningrad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/administration/mayor/bio/">Head of the City</a>, Alexander Georgiyevich Yaroshuk. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018Est-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2018Est_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaliningrad.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/kaliningrad/resources/b83a6880438f7408a9a9b994bbf9ce90/%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf">Оценка численности населения Калининградской области по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref253-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref253_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref253_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref719-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref719_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref719_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref719_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). June 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostalCode-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostalCode_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Почта России. 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Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków</i> (in Polish). Dąbrówno. pp. 108–110, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9"><bdi>978-83-62552-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prusy+Wschodnie+w+trakcie+polskiej+wojny+sukcesyjnej+i+wojny+siedmioletniej&rft.btitle=Wielkie+wojny+w+Prusach.+Dzia%C5%82ania+militarne+mi%C4%99dzy+doln%C4%85+Wis%C5%82%C4%85+a+Niemnem+na+przestrzeni+wiek%C3%B3w&rft.place=D%C4%85br%C3%B3wno&rft.pages=108-110%2C+113&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-62552-00-9&rft.aulast=Ciesielski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roqueplo O. La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, HAL, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciesielski, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450802a.html">"The Potsdam Declaration"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Potsdam+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1945%2F450802a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a5_4.php">Кёнигсберг мог стать Балтийском.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201084522/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a5_4.php">Archived</a> February 1, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a8_5.php">Кёнигсберг-Калининград. Поиск самоидентификации.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106035920/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a8_5.php">Archived</a> November 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-10May2023-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-10May2023_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastonSpender2022" class="citation news cs1">Easton, Adam; Spender, Tom (May 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65545636">"Kaliningrad: Russia fury as Poland body recommends renaming exclave"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Kaliningrad%3A+Russia+fury+as+Poland+body+recommends+renaming+exclave&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Spender%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-65545636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-10May2023-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-10May2023_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-poland-war-kaliningrad-map-811eb734576cc567051558372daa51cd">"Poland reverts to historic name for Russia's Kaliningrad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. May 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Poland+reverts+to+historic+name+for+Russia%27s+Kaliningrad&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-poland-war-kaliningrad-map-811eb734576cc567051558372daa51cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilan_Bufon2014" class="citation book cs1">Milan Bufon (April 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpoxBwAAQBAJ&q=kaliningrad&pg=PA97"><i>The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5936-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-5936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+European+Frontiers%3A+Social+and+Spatial+%28Re%29Integration+Issues+in+Multicultural+and+Border+Regions&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5936-3&rft.au=Milan+Bufon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpoxBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkaliningrad%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://window.edu.ru/window/library/pdf2txt?p_id=5810">Социально-экономическая география Балтийского региона.</a> // window.edu.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/politics/k95640.html">Калининград: От реликта России до процветающего города Прибалтики («The Independent», Великобритания).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827151959/http://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/politics/k95640.html">Archived</a> August 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // newkaliningrad.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyabushev2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ryabushev, Alexander (November 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ng.ru/regions/2008-11-11/100_zamok.html">"Калининградские руины еще немного подождут"</a>. <i>ng.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ng.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.aulast=Ryabushev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ng.ru%2Fregions%2F2008-11-11%2F100_zamok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtamonova2018" class="citation news cs1">Artamonova, Alexandra (June 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/10130/beyond-the-game-kaliningrad-architecture">"Raze and rebuild: Kaliningrad's battle to preserve its complex post-war cityscape"</a>. The Calvert Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raze+and+rebuild%3A+Kaliningrad%27s+battle+to+preserve+its+complex+post-war+cityscape&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Artamonova&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvertjournal.com%2Ffeatures%2Fshow%2F10130%2Fbeyond-the-game-kaliningrad-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archikld.ru/publications_3_56">"Калининградская архитектура"</a>. <i>archikld.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archikld.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archikld.ru%2Fpublications_3_56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a2_1.php">О восстановлении послевоенного Калининграда 1946—1953 гг.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925103426/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a2_1.php">Archived</a> September 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКлемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет2004" class="citation book cs1">Клемешев А. П., Калининградский государственный университет (2004). <i>На перекрёстке культур: русские в Балтийском регионе. Выпуск 7. Часть 2</i>. КГУ. pp. 206–207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%91%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%3A+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5.+%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+7.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+2&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%A3&rft.date=2004&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%90.+%D0%9F.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roqueplo O: La Russie et son Miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Langues'O, HAL, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roqueplo O: La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/RUS-POL1957SF.PDF">"Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet–Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+%28USSR%29+%2F+Poland+Treaty+%28with+annexed+maps%29+concerning+the+Demarcation+of+the+Existing+Soviet%E2%80%93Polish+State+Frontier+in+the+Sector+Adjoining+the+Baltic+Sea+5+March+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FTREATIES%2FRUS-POL1957SF.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For other issues of the frontier <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/POL.htm">"Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+boundary+delimitation+agreements+and+other+material&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FSTATEFILES%2FPOL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein"><i>Visions of Victory: The hopes of eight World War II leaders</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85254-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Victory%3A+The+hopes+of+eight+World+War+II+leaders&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85254-8&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsofvictory00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrickus2002" class="citation book cs1">Krickus, Richard J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDOUZEEnHFUC&pg=PA39">"2. Kaliningrad under Soviet and Russian Rule"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDOUZEEnHFUC"><i>The Kaliningrad Question</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1705-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-1705-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Kaliningrad+under+Soviet+and+Russian+Rule&rft.btitle=The+Kaliningrad+Question&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+United+States&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1705-9&rft.aulast=Krickus&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDOUZEEnHFUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegrefe2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiegrefe, Klaus (May 22, 2010). Müller von Blumencron, Mathias; Mascolo, Georg (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014130823/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-70569479.html">"Zeitgeschichte: Historischer Ballast"</a> [Contemporary History: Historical Ballast]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Spiegel-Berlag. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a>. 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London, England, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878">60623878</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jul/31/kalingrad-kant-home-return-german">the original</a> on February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Should+Kant%27s+home+once+again+be+German%3F&rft.date=2010-07-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60623878&rft.issn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fjul%2F31%2Fkalingrad-kant-home-return-german&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Science_Monitor-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2015" class="citation news cs1">Weir, Fred (July 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2015/0726/Living-on-Prussia-s-ruins-Kaliningraders-embrace-Germanic-past">"Living on Prussia's ruins, Kaliningraders embrace Germanic past"</a>. Christian Science Monitor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Living+on+Prussia%27s+ruins%2C+Kaliningraders+embrace+Germanic+past&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2015%2F0726%2FLiving-on-Prussia-s-ruins-Kaliningraders-embrace-Germanic-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al14557">"Facilitated transit document (FTD) and facilitated rail transit document (FRTD)"</a>. <i>EUR-lex</i>. January 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-lex&rft.atitle=Facilitated+transit+document+%28FTD%29+and+facilitated+rail+transit+document+%28FRTD%29&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DLEGISSUM%253Al14557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_W._Ryavec2003" class="citation book cs1">Karl W. Ryavec (2003). <i>Russian bureaucracy: power and pathology</i>. 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July 18, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltic+Times&rft.atitle=Kaliningraders+want+old+name+Koenigsberg+back&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltictimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F6667%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interfax.ru/russia/79673">"Калининград или Кенигсберг?"</a>. <i>Interfax</i>. 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September 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosbalt&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosbalt.ru%2Frussia%2F2011%2F09%2F21%2F892249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/politics/k1357853.html">"Цуканов заявил, что он против переименования Калининграда"</a>. <i>newkaliningrad.ru</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bia%C5%82ystok+zrywa+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+miastami+partnerskimi+w+Rosji&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalsamorzadowy.pl%2Fpolityka-i-spoleczenstwo%2Fbialystok-zrywa-wspolprace-z-miastami-partnerskimi-w-rosji%2C356165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/gdynia-do-przegladu-umowy-partnerskie-do-kasacji-raz-dwa-felieton-zygmunta-zmudy-trzebiatowskiego/ar/c1-16078685">"Gdynia Do Przeglądu: Umowy partnerskie do kasacji - raz, dwa...? Felieton Zygmunta Zmudy Trzebiatowskiego"</a> (in Polish). March 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gdynia+Do+Przegl%C4%85du%3A+Umowy+partnerskie+do+kasacji+-+raz%2C+dwa...%3F+Felieton+Zygmunta+Zmudy+Trzebiatowskiego&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikbaltycki.pl%2Fgdynia-do-przegladu-umowy-partnerskie-do-kasacji-raz-dwa-felieton-zygmunta-zmudy-trzebiatowskiego%2Far%2Fc1-16078685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmf24.pl/regiony/lodz/news-precz-z-bandyta-putinem-lodz-zrywa-umowy-partnerskie-z-rosyj,nId,5860690#crp_state=1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Precz z bandytą Putinem!". Łódź zrywa umowy partnerskie z rosyjskimi miastami"</a> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Precz+z+bandyt%C4%85+Putinem%21%22.+%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA+zrywa+umowy+partnerskie+z+rosyjskimi+miastami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmf24.pl%2Fregiony%2Flodz%2Fnews-precz-z-bandyta-putinem-lodz-zrywa-umowy-partnerskie-z-rosyj%2CnId%2C5860690%23crp_state%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.se.pl/olsztyn/olsztyn-zrywa-wspolprace-z-kaliningradem-radni-przemowili-jednym-glosem-aa-jkJ5-JZwA-ziLT.html">"Olsztyn zrywa współpracę z Kaliningradem. Radni przemówili jednym głosem"</a> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olsztyn+zrywa+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+Kaliningradem.+Radni+przem%C3%B3wili+jednym+g%C5%82osem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.se.pl%2Folsztyn%2Folsztyn-zrywa-wspolprace-z-kaliningradem-radni-przemowili-jednym-glosem-aa-jkJ5-JZwA-ziLT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/radni-torunia-zerwali-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-miastem-choc-prezydent-byl-przeciwny,357795.html">"Radni Torunia zerwali współpracę z rosyjskim miastem, choć prezydent był przeciwny"</a> (in Polish). March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radni+Torunia+zerwali+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+rosyjskim+miastem%2C+cho%C4%87+prezydent+by%C5%82+przeciwny&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalsamorzadowy.pl%2Fpolityka-i-spoleczenstwo%2Fradni-torunia-zerwali-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-miastem-choc-prezydent-byl-przeciwny%2C357795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikzachodni.pl/raciborz-zrywa-umowe-o-wspolpracy-z-kaliningradem-radni-przeglosowali-uchwale-choc-prezydent-twierdzil-ze-wspolpracy-nie-ma/ar/c1-16082639">"Racibórz zrywa umowę o współpracy z Kaliningradem. Radni przegłosowali uchwałę, choć prezydent twierdził, że współpracy nie ma"</a> (in Polish). March 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racib%C3%B3rz+zrywa+umow%C4%99+o+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracy+z+Kaliningradem.+Radni+przeg%C5%82osowali+uchwa%C5%82%C4%99%2C+cho%C4%87+prezydent+twierdzi%C5%82%2C+%C5%BCe+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracy+nie+ma&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikzachodni.pl%2Fraciborz-zrywa-umowe-o-wspolpracy-z-kaliningradem-radni-przeglosowali-uchwale-choc-prezydent-twierdzil-ze-wspolpracy-nie-ma%2Far%2Fc1-16082639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_partnerships-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_partnerships_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html">"Yerevan - Partner Cities"</a>. <i>Yerevan Municipality Official Website</i>. ©2005–2013 www.yerevan.am. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Yerevan+-+Partner+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2F3-233-233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Городской Совет депутатов Калининграда. Решение №257 от 12 июля 2007 г. «О принятии Устава городского округа "Город Калининград"», в ред. Решения №20 от 17 февраля 2017 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав городского округа "Город Калининград", утверждённый Решением городского Совета депутатов Калининграда от 12 июля 2007 г. №257». Вступил в силу 22 июля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Гражданин" (специальный выпуск), №12, 21 июля 2007 г.</span></span> (City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad. Decision #257 of July 12, 2007 <i>On Adopting the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad"</i>, as amended by the Decision #20 of February 17, 2017 <i>On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", Adopted by Decision #257 by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision on July 12, 2007</i>. Effective as of July 22, 2007 (with the exception of certain clauses).).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №463 от 27 мая 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области», в ред. Закона №450 от 3 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Калининградской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Ведомости Правительства Калининградской области"), №112, 26 июня 2010 г.</span></span> (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #463 of May 27, 2010 <i>On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #450 of July 3, 2015 <i>On Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast"</i>. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Правительство Калининградской области. Постановление №640 от 30 августа 2011 г. «Об утверждении реестра объектов административно-территориального деления Калининградской области», в ред. Постановления №877 от 21 ноября 2011 г «О внесении изменения в Постановление Правительства Калининградской области от 30 августа 2011 г. №640». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Официально"), №170, 15 сентября 2011 г.</span></span> (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 <i>On the Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast</i>, as amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 <i>On Amending the Resolution of the Government of Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011</i>. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №397 от 15 мая 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования "Город Калининград" статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №370 от 1 июля 2009 г «О составе территорий муниципальных образований Калининградской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета" ("Запад России"), №115, 3 июня 2004 г.</span></span> (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #397 of May 15, 2004 <i>On Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Kaliningrad"</i>, as amended by the Law #370 of July 1, 2009 <i>On the Composition of the Territories of the Municipal Formations of Kaliningrad Oblast</i>. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).</li> <li>Vesilind, Priit J. "Kaliningrad: Coping with a German Past and a Russian Future", <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i>, March 1997.</li> <li>Berger, Stefan "A City and Its Past. Popular Histories in Kaliningrad between Regionalization and Nationalization", in: <i>Popularizing National Past. 1800 to Present</i>, Edited by Stefan Berger, Chris Lorenz, and Billie Melman, Routledge 2012, pp. 288–307.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831131022/http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=386&doc_id=-43">Kaliningrad Region, General Information</a> Kommersant, Russia's daily On-line</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 4 июля 1946 г. «О переименовании города Кёнигсберга в город Калининград и Кёнигсбергской области в Калининградскую область».</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> of the USSR. Decree of July 4, 1946 <i>On Changing the Name of the City of Kyonigsberg to the City of Kaliningrad and the Name of Kyonigsberg Oblast to Kaliningrad Oblast</i>. ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kaliningrad#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Kaliningrad">Bibliography of the history of Kaliningrad</a></div> <ul><li>Barros, George. "Belarus Warning Update: Moscow and Minsk Hold Simultaneous Combat Readiness Exercises in Kaliningrad, Mainland Russia, and Belarus." <i>Institute for the Study of War</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Belarus%20Warning%20Update%201-28-21.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. "Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad exclave and enclave: Russian and EU perspectives." <i>Eurasian Geography and Economics</i> 52.4 (2011): 567–592. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=geography_faculty">online</a></li> <li>Krickus, Richard J. <i>The Kaliningrad Question</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).</li> <li>Lachowski, Zdzislaw. "Kaliningrad as a security issue: an expert view from Poland." in <i>Kaliningrad: the European amber region</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 130–148.</li> <li>Mordovets, Vitaly, et al. "Socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region." <i>E3S Web of Conferences</i>. Vol. 291. EDP Sciences, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/67/e3sconf_sdgg2021_01006.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Oldberg, Ingmar. "The Kaliningrad Region: an Exclave with Internal and External Problems." in <i>The Kaliningrad Region</i> (Brill Schöningh, 2021) pp. 241–261.</li> <li>Oldberg, Ingmar. "The emergence of a regional identity in the Kaliningrad oblast." <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i> 35.3 (2000): 269–288.</li> <li>Sebentsov, Alexander B., and Maria V. Zotova. "The Kaliningrad Region: Challenges of the Exclave Position and the Ways to Offset Them." <i>Baltic Region</i> 10.1 (2018): 89–106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/57136/ssoar-balticreg-2018-1-sebentsov_et_al-The_Kaliningrad_Region_Challenges_of.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Veebel, Viljar. "Why it would be strategically rational for Russia to escalate in Kaliningrad and the Suwalki corridor." <i>Comparative Strategy</i> 38.3 (2019): 182–197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Viljar-Veebel/publication/333830669_Why_it_would_be_strategically_rational_for_Russia_to_escalate_in_Kaliningrad_and_the_Suwalki_corridor/links/5d0a216b299bf1f539cf1989/Why-it-would-be-strategically-rational-for-Russia-to-escalate-in-Kaliningrad-and-the-Suwalki-corridor.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Liuhto, Kari (editor). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-tietopaketit/Documents/Liuhto_72005.pdf">Its future competitiveness and role in the Baltic Sea economic region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014510/https://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-tietopaketit/Documents/Liuhto_72005.pdf">Archived</a> October 23, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a>.</li> <li>Rogoża, Jadwiga, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, and Iwona Wiśniewska. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025174538/http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_41_en.pdf">A captive island. Kaliningrad between Moscow and the EU</a>." <i>OSW Studies</i>, No. 41, July 2012.</li> <li>Roqueplo, Olivier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr">Home - TEL - Thèses en ligne</a> › tel-02080112. La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Sorbonne, HAL, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="c:Калининград">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" class="extiw" title="voy:Kaliningrad">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829" class="extiw" title="d:Q1829">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/">Official website of Kaliningrad</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaliningrad.jsprav.ru/">Kaliningrad Business Directory</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konigsberg.ru/eng">Kaliningrad travel guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kallipolis.co.uk/all-roads-lead-to-kaliningrad">All roads lead to Kaliningrad</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Template:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Template talk:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast">Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaliningrad</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsky_District" title="Bagrationovsky District">Bagrationovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltiysky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Baltiysky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Baltiysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsky_District" title="Chernyakhovsky District">Chernyakhovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guryevsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Guryevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusevsky_District" title="Gusevsky District">Gusevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysky_District" title="Gvardeysky District">Gvardeysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoznamensky_District" title="Krasnoznamensky District">Krasnoznamensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemansky_District" title="Nemansky District">Nemansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesterovsky_District" title="Nesterovsky District">Nesterovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozyorsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Ozyorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polessky_District" title="Polessky District">Polessky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravdinsky_District" title="Pravdinsky District">Pravdinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavsky_District" title="Slavsky District">Slavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsky_District" title="Svetlogorsky District">Svetlogorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsky_District" title="Zelenogradsky District">Zelenogradsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsk" title="Bagrationovsk">Bagrationovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guryevsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Guryevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gusev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysk" title="Gvardeysk">Gvardeysk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoznamensk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Krasnoznamensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladushkin" title="Ladushkin">Ladushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Mamonovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman,_Russia" title="Neman, Russia">Neman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesterov" title="Nesterov">Nesterov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Ozyorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionersky,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast">Pionersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polessk" title="Polessk">Polessk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravdinsk" title="Pravdinsk">Pravdinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavsk" title="Slavsk">Slavsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Sovetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetlogorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetly,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsk" title="Zelenogradsk">Zelenogradsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a> of<br />oblast significance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yantarny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Yantarny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-type settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznodorozhny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Zheleznodorozhny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Zheleznodorozhny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_Fleet_of_Russian_Navy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_fleet" title="Template:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_fleet" title="Template talk:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_fleet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_Fleet_of_Russian_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> of fleet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nosatov" title="Aleksandr Nosatov">Aleksandr Nosatov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign"><img alt="Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/105px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/158px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/210px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Naval_Base" title="Leningrad Naval Base">Leningrad Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltiysk_Naval_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltiysk Naval base (page does not exist)">Baltiysk Naval base</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separate_Guards_brigade_of_marines_of_the_Baltic_fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet (page does not exist)">Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=127_separate_sea_engineering_battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="127 separate sea engineering battalion (page does not exist)">127 separate sea engineering battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strazh_Balticy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strazh Balticy (page does not exist)">Strazh Balticy</a> (newspaper)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy bases in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Fleet command:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><b>Marine base:</b> <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a></li> <li><b>Air bases:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk_(air_base)" title="Chernyakhovsk (air base)">Chernyakhovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Chkalovsk" title="Kaliningrad Chkalovsk">Kaliningrad Chkalovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoye_(air_base)" title="Donskoye (air base)">Donskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Khrabrovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy base in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysotsk" title="Vysotsk">Vysotsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former naval bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porkkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porkkala">Porkkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.ru/eng/1862/12068/12088/12222/12246/index.shtml">Baltic Fleet page</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.ru/eng/">official Ministry of Defence website</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145427148">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1313143/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdgFtqXj9ddHq3YyXKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Königsberg"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031541-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81086433">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153803910">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153803910">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01111417">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaliningrad (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge151717&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhkfqm2986nz0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550525105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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