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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives to planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Planning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7" title="تخطيط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخطيط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰিকল্পনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিকল্পনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Плянаваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плянаваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Планиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuronga" title="Kuronga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuronga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planl%C3%A6gning" title="Planlægning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planlægning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planung" title="Planung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeamiento" title="Planeamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano" title="Plano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plangintza" title="Plangintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plangintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="برنامه‌ریزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه‌ریزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planification" title="Planification – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planification" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planificaci%C3%B3n" title="Planificación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planificación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%98%EB%8B%9D" title="플래닝 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플래닝" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planiranje_(ekonomija)" title="Planiranje (ekonomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planiranje (ekonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perencanaan" title="Perencanaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perencanaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianificazione" title="Pianificazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianificazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="תכנון (פעולה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכנון (פעולה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಯೋಜಿಸುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೋಜಿಸುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დაგეგმვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაგეგმვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жоспарлау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жоспарлау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipango" title="Mipango – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mipango" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planavimas" title="Planavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Planavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नियोजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नियोजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning" title="Planning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E7%94%BB" title="企画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="企画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planlegging" title="Planlegging – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planlegging" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planowanie" title="Planowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planejamento" title="Planejamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planejamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Планирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planifikimi" title="Planifikimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Planifikimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning" title="Planning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Planning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Drt" title="Načrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Načrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Планирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planering" title="Planering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpaplano" title="Pagpaplano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpaplano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திட்டமிடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திட்டமிடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99" title="การวางแผน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวางแผน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planlama" title="Planlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Planlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Планування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Планування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="منصوبہ بندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منصوبہ بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Hoạch định – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoạch định" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פלאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="計劃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%8A%83" title="企劃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="企劃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Forethought" redirects here. For the defunct software company, see <a href="/wiki/Forethought,_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought, Inc.</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept. For urban planning, often referred to as simply "planning", see <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>. 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planning</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Planning</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan" title="Plan">Plan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Psychology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a> (<a href="/wiki/Implementation_intention" title="Implementation intention">Implementation intention</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Business</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial-order_planning" title="Partial-order planning">Partial-order planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference-based_planning" title="Preference-based planning">Preference-based planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_planning" title="Reactive planning">Reactive planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_space_planning" title="State space planning">State space planning</a></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">Business continuity planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planning_sidebar" title="Template:Planning sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Planning_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Planning sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planning_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planning sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Planning</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Process" title="Process">process</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a> regarding the activities required to achieve a desired <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a>. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for <a href="/wiki/Mental_time_travel" title="Mental time travel">mental time travel</a>. Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17963565_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17963565-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It involves the use of logic and imagination to visualize not only a desired result, but the steps necessary to achieve that result. </p><p>An important aspect of planning is its relationship to <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">forecasting</a>. Forecasting aims to predict what the future will look like, while planning imagines what the future could look like. </p><p>Planning according to established principles - most notably since the early-20th century<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - forms a core part of many <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> occupations, particularly in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>. Once people have developed a plan, they can measure and assess <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effectiveness" title="Effectiveness">effectiveness</a>. As circumstances change, plans may need to be modified or even abandoned. </p><p>In light of the popularity of the concept of planning, some adherents of the idea advocate planning for unplannable eventualities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planning has been modeled in terms of <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention"><i>intentions</i></a>: deciding what tasks one might wish to do; <i>tenacity</i>: continuing towards a goal in the face of difficulty and <i>flexibility</i>, adapting one's approach in response implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 89">: 89 </span></sup> An <i><a href="/wiki/Implementation_intention" title="Implementation intention">implementation intention</a></i> is a specification of behavior that an individual believes to be correlated with a goal will take place, such as at a particular time or in a particular place. Implementation intentions are distinguished from goal intentions, which specifies an outcome such as running a marathon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurology">Neurology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neurology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg/170px-Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>; part of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>; neural pathways between the striatum and the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> have been implicated in planning function.</figcaption></figure> <p>Planning is one of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a> of the brain, encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> processes involved in the formulation, evaluation and selection of a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal. Various studies utilizing a combination of <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychological">neuropsychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">neuropharmacological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">functional neuroimaging</a> approaches have suggested there is a positive relationship between impaired planning ability and damage to the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a>. </p><p>A specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex located in the frontal lobe has been implicated as playing an intrinsic role in both <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive planning">cognitive planning</a> and associated executive traits such as <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>. </p><p>Disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural pathways</a>, via various mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, or the effects of <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a> between this area of the frontal cortex and the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a> (corticostriatal pathway), may disrupt the processes required for normal planning function.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals who were born very low birth weight (<1500 grams) and extremely low birth weight are at greater risk for various cognitive deficits including planning ability.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other region activated in planning process is <a href="/wiki/Default_mode_network" title="Default mode network">default mode network</a> which contributes to activity of remembering the past and imagine the future.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This network distributed set of regions that involve association cortex and paralimbic region but spare sensory and motor cortex this is make possible planning process disruption by active task that uses sensory and motoric regions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropsychological_tests">Neuropsychological tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neuropsychological tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_Hanoi_4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A version of the Tower of Hanoi utilizing four discs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tower_of_Hanoi_4.gif/220px-Tower_of_Hanoi_4.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Tower_of_Hanoi_4.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a four disc version of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Hanoi" title="Tower of Hanoi">Tower of Hanoi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a variety of neuropsychological tests which can be used to measure variance of planning ability between the subject and controls. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Hanoi" title="Tower of Hanoi">Tower of Hanoi</a>, a puzzle invented in 1883 by the French mathematician <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lucas" title="Édouard Lucas">Édouard Lucas</a>. There are different variations of the puzzle: the classic version consists of three rods and usually seven to nine discs of subsequently smaller size. Planning is a key component of the problem-solving skills necessary to achieve the objective, which is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules: <ul><li>Only one disk may be moved at a time.</li> <li>Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod.</li> <li>No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEBLTowerOfLondon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PEBLTowerOfLondon.png/220px-PEBLTowerOfLondon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PEBLTowerOfLondon.png/330px-PEBLTowerOfLondon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PEBLTowerOfLondon.png/440px-PEBLTowerOfLondon.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of the <a href="/wiki/PEBL_(software)" title="PEBL (software)">PEBL</a> psychology software running the Tower of London test</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London_test" title="Tower of London test">Tower of London</a> is another test that was developed in 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Shallice" title="Tim Shallice">Tim Shallice</a> specifically to detect deficits in planning as may occur with damage to the frontal lobe. Test participants with damage to the left anterior frontal lobe demonstrated planning deficits (i.e., greater number of moves required for solution).</li></ul> <p>Test participants with damage to the right anterior, and left or right posterior areas of the frontal lobes, showed no impairment. The results implicating the left anterior frontal lobes involvement in solving the Tower of London were supported in concomitant neuroimaging studies which also showed a reduction in regional <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral blood flow">cerebral blood flow</a> to the left pre-frontal lobe. For the number of moves, a significant negative correlation was observed for the left prefrontal area: <a href="/wiki/I.e." class="mw-redirect" title="I.e.">i.e.</a> subjects that took more time planning their moves showed greater activation in the left prefrontal area.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_theories">Planning theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planning theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planning_the_strategy_(15009726734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg/220px-Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg/330px-Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg/440px-Planning_the_strategy_%2815009726734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it Notes</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboard</a>, articulating a plan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planning_proces.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Planning_proces.gif/220px-Planning_proces.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Planning_proces.gif/330px-Planning_proces.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Planning_proces.gif/440px-Planning_proces.gif 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Example of planning process framework</figcaption></figure> <p>Patrick Montana and Bruce Charnov outline a three-step result-oriented process for planning:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Choosing a destination</li> <li>Evaluating alternative routes</li> <li>Deciding the specific course of the plan</li></ol> <p>In organizations, planning can become a <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> process, concerned with defining goals for a future direction and determining on the missions and resources to achieve those targets. To meet the goals, managers may develop plans such as a <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Marketing_plan" title="Marketing plan">marketing plan</a>. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may involve the achievement of certain goals or targets: efficient use of resources, reducing risk, expanding the organization and its assets, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policies">Public policies</a> include laws, rules, decisions, and decrees. Public policy can be defined as efforts to tackle social issues via policymaking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A policy is crafted with a specific goal in mind in order to address a societal problem that has been prioritized by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public policy planning includes <a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial planning</a>. In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as "planning" and the professionals which operate the system are known as "<a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">planners</a>". </p><p>It is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is "an anticipatory decision making process" that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decisions</a>. It is selection of missions, objectives and "translation of knowledge into action." A planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one. A manager's job is planning, monitoring and controlling. Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization. It is done at all levels of the organization. Planning includes the plan, the thought process, action, and implementation. Planning gives more power over the future. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. This bridges the gap from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order. An organization that plans well achieves goals faster than one that does not plan before implementation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planning is not just a professional activity: it is a feature of everyday life, whether for career advancement, organizing an event or even just getting through a busy day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_planning">Alternatives to planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternatives to planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">Opportunism</a> can supplement or replace planning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_planning">Types of planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">Central planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning,_forecasting,_and_replenishment" title="Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment">Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingency planning">Contingency planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_planning" title="Enterprise architecture planning">Enterprise architecture planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Event planning">Event planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial planning">Financial planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">Land use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_planning" title="Landscape planning">Landscape planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesson planning">Lesson planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_plan" title="Marketing plan">Marketing plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance" title="Maintenance">Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_resource_planning" title="Network resource planning">Network resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_planning" title="Operational planning">Operational planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Domain_Definition_Language" title="Planning Domain Definition Language">Planning Domain Definition Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Site planning">Site planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_planning" title="Succession planning">Succession planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid17963565-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17963565_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuddendorfCorballis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Suddendorf T, Corballis MC (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:135952/Suddendorf-04122006.pdf">"The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>313, discussion 313–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X07001975">10.1017/S0140525X07001975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17963565">17963565</a>. <q>We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step toward our current success.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+foresight%3A+What+is+mental+time+travel%2C+and+is+it+unique+to+humans%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E313%2C+discussion+313-51&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X07001975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17963565&rft.aulast=Suddendorf&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Corballis%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A135952%2FSuddendorf-04122006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2017" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Elisha M. (6 July 2017) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcrDwAAQBAJ"><i>Russia in Transition: A Business Man's Appraisal</i></a>. RLE: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351618625" title="Special:BookSources/9781351618625"><bdi>9781351618625</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>One of the cardinal doctrines of the Marxian system is the necessity for planning. [...] Lenin was the genius back of the Soviets' ideas of a planned economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+Transition%3A+A+Business+Man%27s+Appraisal&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=RLE%3A+Early+Western+Responses+to+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.isbn=9781351618625&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Elisha+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEcrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1990" class="citation book cs1">Read, Steven R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwm2HAAACAAJ"><i>Planning for the Unplannable: Branches, Sequels and Reserves</i></a>. School of Advanced Military Studies, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+for+the+Unplannable%3A+Branches%2C+Sequels+and+Reserves&rft.pub=School+of+Advanced+Military+Studies%2C+U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwm2HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2011" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, William R. (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDSrPQAACAAJ"><i>Industrial Emergency Planning: Planning for the Unplannable</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470053669" title="Special:BookSources/9780470053669"><bdi>9780470053669</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Emergency+Planning%3A+Planning+for+the+Unplannable&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.isbn=9780470053669&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDSrPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielekeKellerGollwitzer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bieleke, Maik; Keller, Lucas; Gollwitzer, Peter M. (2021-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstreams/199a897e-9725-40af-8082-316f02722757/download">"If-then planning"</a>. <i>European Review of Social Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10463283.2020.1808936">10.1080/10463283.2020.1808936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1046-3283">1046-3283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=If-then+planning&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10463283.2020.1808936&rft.issn=1046-3283&rft.aulast=Bieleke&rft.aufirst=Maik&rft.au=Keller%2C+Lucas&rft.au=Gollwitzer%2C+Peter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkops.uni-konstanz.de%2Fbitstreams%2F199a897e-9725-40af-8082-316f02722757%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, AM (Nov 1997). 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v5i2.8400">"Public Policy and Policy-Making"</a>. <i>Kne Social Sciences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v5i2.8400">10.18502/kss.v5i2.8400</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kne+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Public+Policy+and+Policy-Making&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18502%2Fkss.v5i2.8400&rft.aulast=Yalmanov&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18502%252Fkss.v5i2.8400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoepfelLarrueVaroneHill2011" class="citation book cs1">Knoepfel, Peter; Larrue, Corinne; Varone, Frédéric; Hill, Michael (2011). "Public policy". <i>Public policy analysis</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2Fpolicypress%2F9781861349071.003.0002">10.1332/policypress/9781861349071.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86134-907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86134-907-1"><bdi>978-1-86134-907-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+policy&rft.btitle=Public+policy+analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2Fpolicypress%2F9781861349071.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-1-86134-907-1&rft.aulast=Knoepfel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Larrue%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Varone%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Hill%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaludi1987" class="citation book cs1">Faludi, Andreas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4h4lBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>A Decision-centred View of Environmental Planning</i></a>. Urban and Regional Planning Series. Vol. 38. Oxford: Elsevier (published 2013). p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483286488" title="Special:BookSources/9781483286488"><bdi>9781483286488</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-11</span></span>. <q>Plans which do not allow for [accommodating the public and private interest in land development] will be neglected. So the effect is the opposite of what is intended: opportunism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Decision-centred+View+of+Environmental+Planning&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Urban+and+Regional+Planning+Series&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781483286488&rft.aulast=Faludi&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4h4lBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondConverseMarksSeifert1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Kristian; Converse, Timothy; Marks, Mitchell; Seifert, Colleen M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1022639127361.pdf">"Opportunism and Learning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Machine Learning</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022639127361">10.1023/A:1022639127361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14604957">14604957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Learning&rft.atitle=Opportunism+and+Learning&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022639127361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14604957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.au=Converse%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Marks%2C+Mitchell&rft.au=Seifert%2C+Colleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022639127361.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Planning">Planning</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/planning" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/planning">planning</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Forethought" class="extiw" title="q:Forethought">Planning</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmendingerGunder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Allmendinger, Phil; Gunder, Michael (2005). "Applying Lacanian Insight and a Dash of Derridean Deconstruction to Planning's 'Dark Side'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Planning Theory</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1473095205051444">10.1177/1473095205051444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145100234">145100234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Theory&rft.atitle=Applying+Lacanian+Insight+and+a+Dash+of+Derridean+Deconstruction+to+Planning%27s+%27Dark+Side%27&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1473095205051444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145100234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allmendinger&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Gunder%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34552750/download_file?st=MTQxNzc0MDI1MywxMDguMjYuMTIzLjE2MSwxMzMzMjk5MA%3D%3D&s=swp-toolbar">Bazin, A. (2012). Bilateral and multilateral planning: Best practices and lessons learned. Strategos.</a></li> <li>Das, J P, Binod C Kar, Rauno K Parrila. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/cognitiveplannin0000dasj" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cognitiveplannin0000dasj">Cognitive Planning: The Psychological Basis of Intelligent Behaviour</a></i>. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd; illustrated edition. English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-9287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-9287-4">0-8039-9287-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9287-0">978-0-8039-9287-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gunder, Michael (2003). "Passionate Planning for the Others' Desire: An Agonistic Response to the Dark Side of Planning". <i>Progress in Planning</i>. <b>60</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0305-9006%2802%2900115-0">10.1016/s0305-9006(02)00115-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Planning&rft.atitle=Passionate+Planning+for+the+Others%27+Desire%3A+An+Agonistic+Response+to+the+Dark+Side+of+Planning&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0305-9006%2802%2900115-0&rft.aulast=Gunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPløger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pløger, John (2001). "Public Participation and the Art of Governance". <i>Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnPlB..28..219P">2001EnPlB..28..219P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fb2669">10.1068/b2669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143996926">143996926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+B%3A+Planning+and+Design&rft.atitle=Public+Participation+and+the+Art+of+Governance&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143996926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fb2669&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001EnPlB..28..219P&rft.aulast=Pl%C3%B8ger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ananya (2008). "Post-Liberalism: On the Ethico-Politics of Planning". <i>Planning Theory</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1473095207087526">10.1177/1473095207087526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143458706">143458706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Theory&rft.atitle=Post-Liberalism%3A+On+the+Ethico-Politics+of+Planning&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1473095207087526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143458706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Wing-Shing (2000). "Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty: An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature". <i>Journal of Planning Literature</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08854120022092700">10.1177/08854120022092700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154281106">154281106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Planning+Literature&rft.atitle=Chinese+Urban+Planning+at+Fifty%3A+An+Assessment+of+the+Planning+Theory+Literature&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F08854120022092700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154281106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Wing-Shing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yiftachel, Oren, 1995, "The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority," in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson, eds., Postmodern Cities and Spaces (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell), pp. 216–240.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yiftachel, Oren (1998). "Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side". <i>Journal of Planning Literature</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088541229801200401">10.1177/088541229801200401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14859857">14859857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Planning+Literature&rft.atitle=Planning+and+Social+Control%3A+Exploring+the+Dark+Side&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088541229801200401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14859857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yiftachel&rft.aufirst=Oren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yiftachel, Oren (2006). "Re-engaging Planning Theory? Towards South-Eastern Perspectives". <i>Planning Theory</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1473095206068627">10.1177/1473095206068627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145359885">145359885</a>.</cite><span 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