CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><link rel="icon" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/favicon-48x48.bc390275e955dacb2e65.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/apple-touch-icon.528534bba673c38049c2.png"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><link rel="manifest" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/manifest.f42880861b394dd4dc9b.json"/><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="MDN Web Docs"/><title>Flexbox - Learn web development | MDN</title><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="de"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/es/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="es"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/fr/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="fr"/><link rel="alternate" title="フレックスボックス" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="ja"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ko/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="ko"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/pt-BR/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="pt"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ru/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="ru"/><link rel="alternate" title="弹性盒子" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="zh"/><link rel="alternate" title="Flexbox" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" hrefLang="en"/><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/static/media/Inter.var.c2fe3cb2b7c746f7966a.woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDN Blog RSS Feed" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/blog/rss.xml" hrefLang="en"/><meta name="description" content="That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun and will have a good play around with it as you proceed further with your learning. Next, we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts: CSS grids."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox"/><meta property="og:title" content="Flexbox - Learn web development | MDN"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><meta property="og:description" content="That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun and will have a good play around with it as you proceed further with your learning. Next, we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts: CSS grids."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://developer.mozilla.org/mdn-social-share.d893525a4fb5fb1f67a2.png"/><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="1080"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="The MDN Web Docs logo, featuring a blue accent color, displayed on a solid black background."/><meta property="og:site_name" content="MDN Web Docs"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="MozDevNet"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox"/><style media="print">.article-actions-container,.document-toc-container,.language-menu,.main-menu-toggle,.on-github,.page-footer,.place,.sidebar,.top-banner,.top-navigation-main,ul.prev-next{display:none!important}.main-page-content,.main-page-content pre{padding:2px}.main-page-content pre{border-left-width:2px}</style><script src="/static/js/gtag.js" defer=""></script><script defer="" src="/static/js/main.1b60bff1.js"></script><link href="/static/css/main.959b5ea9.css" rel="stylesheet"/></head><body><script>if(document.body.addEventListener("load",(t=>{t.target.classList.contains("interactive")&&t.target.setAttribute("data-readystate","complete")}),{capture:!0}),window&&document.documentElement){const t={light:"#ffffff",dark:"#1b1b1b"};try{const e=window.localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&(document.documentElement.className=e,document.documentElement.style.backgroundColor=t[e]);const o=window.localStorage.getItem("nop");o&&(document.documentElement.dataset.nop=o)}catch(t){console.warn("Unable to read theme from localStorage",t)}}</script><div id="root"><ul id="nav-access" class="a11y-nav"><li><a id="skip-main" href="#content">Skip to main content</a></li><li><a id="skip-search" href="#top-nav-search-input">Skip to search</a></li><li><a id="skip-select-language" href="#languages-switcher-button">Skip to select language</a></li></ul><div class="page-wrapper category-css document-page"><div class="top-banner loading"><section class="place top container"></section></div><div class="sticky-header-container"><header class="top-navigation "><div class="container "><div class="top-navigation-wrap"><a href="/en-US/" class="logo" aria-label="MDN homepage"><svg id="mdn-docs-logo" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 694.9 104.4" style="enable-background:new 0 0 694.9 104.4" xml:space="preserve" role="img"><title>MDN Web Docs</title><path d="M40.3 0 11.7 92.1H0L28.5 0h11.8zm10.4 0v92.1H40.3V0h10.4zM91 0 62.5 92.1H50.8L79.3 0H91zm10.4 0v92.1H91V0h10.4z" class="logo-m"></path><path d="M627.9 95.6h67v8.8h-67v-8.8z" class="logo-_"></path><path d="M367 42h-4l-10.7 30.8h-5.5l-10.8-26h-.4l-10.5 26h-5.2L308.7 42h-3.8v-5.6H323V42h-6.5l6.8 20.4h.4l10.3-26h4.7l11.2 26h.5l5.7-20.3h-6.2v-5.6H367V42zm34.9 20c-.4 3.2-2 5.9-4.7 8.2-2.8 2.3-6.5 3.4-11.3 3.4-5.4 0-9.7-1.6-13.1-4.7-3.3-3.2-5-7.7-5-13.7 0-5.7 1.6-10.3 4.7-14s7.4-5.5 12.9-5.5c5.1 0 9.1 1.6 11.9 4.7s4.3 6.9 4.3 11.3c0 1.5-.2 3-.5 4.7h-25.6c.3 7.7 4 11.6 10.9 11.6 2.9 0 5.1-.7 6.5-2 1.5-1.4 2.5-3 3-4.9l6 .9zM394 51.3c.2-2.4-.4-4.7-1.8-6.9s-3.8-3.3-7-3.3c-3.1 0-5.3 1-6.9 3-1.5 2-2.5 4.4-2.8 7.2H394zm51 2.4c0 5-1.3 9.5-4 13.7s-6.9 6.2-12.7 6.2c-6 0-10.3-2.2-12.7-6.7-.1.4-.2 1.4-.4 2.9s-.3 2.5-.4 2.9h-7.3c.3-1.7.6-3.5.8-5.3.3-1.8.4-3.7.4-5.5V22.3h-6v-5.6H416v27c1.1-2.2 2.7-4.1 4.7-5.7 2-1.6 4.8-2.4 8.4-2.4 4.6 0 8.4 1.6 11.4 4.7 3 3.2 4.5 7.6 4.5 13.4zm-7.7.6c0-4.2-1-7.4-3-9.5-2-2.2-4.4-3.3-7.4-3.3-3.4 0-6 1.2-8 3.7-1.9 2.4-2.9 5-3 7.7V57c0 3 1 5.6 3 7.7s4.5 3.1 7.6 3.1c3.6 0 6.3-1.3 8.1-3.9 1.8-2.7 2.7-5.9 2.7-9.6zm69.2 18.5h-13.2v-7.2c-1.2 2.2-2.8 4.1-4.9 5.6-2.1 1.6-4.8 2.4-8.3 2.4-4.8 0-8.7-1.6-11.6-4.9-2.9-3.2-4.3-7.7-4.3-13.3 0-5 1.3-9.6 4-13.7 2.6-4.1 6.9-6.2 12.8-6.2 5.7 0 9.8 2.2 12.3 6.5V22.3h-8.6v-5.6h15.8v50.6h6v5.5zM493.2 56v-4.4c-.1-3-1.2-5.5-3.2-7.3s-4.4-2.8-7.2-2.8c-3.6 0-6.3 1.3-8.2 3.9-1.9 2.6-2.8 5.8-2.8 9.6 0 4.1 1 7.3 3 9.5s4.5 3.3 7.4 3.3c3.2 0 5.8-1.3 7.8-3.8 2.1-2.6 3.1-5.3 3.2-8zm53.1-1.4c0 5.6-1.8 10.2-5.3 13.7s-8.2 5.3-13.9 5.3-10.1-1.7-13.4-5.1c-3.3-3.4-5-7.9-5-13.5 0-5.3 1.6-9.9 4.7-13.7 3.2-3.8 7.9-5.7 14.2-5.7s11 1.9 14.1 5.7c3 3.7 4.6 8.1 4.6 13.3zm-7.7-.2c0-4-1-7.2-3-9.5s-4.8-3.5-8.2-3.5c-3.6 0-6.4 1.2-8.3 3.7s-2.9 5.6-2.9 9.5c0 3.7.9 6.8 2.8 9.4 1.9 2.6 4.6 3.9 8.3 3.9 3.6 0 6.4-1.3 8.4-3.8 1.9-2.6 2.9-5.8 2.9-9.7zm45 5.8c-.4 3.2-1.9 6.3-4.4 9.1-2.5 2.9-6.4 4.3-11.8 4.3-5.2 0-9.4-1.6-12.6-4.8-3.2-3.2-4.8-7.7-4.8-13.7 0-5.5 1.6-10.1 4.7-13.9 3.2-3.8 7.6-5.7 13.2-5.7 2.3 0 4.6.3 6.7.8 2.2.5 4.2 1.5 6.2 2.9l1.5 9.5-5.9.7-1.3-6.1c-2.1-1.2-4.5-1.8-7.2-1.8-3.5 0-6.1 1.2-7.7 3.7-1.7 2.5-2.5 5.7-2.5 9.6 0 4.1.9 7.3 2.7 9.5 1.8 2.3 4.4 3.4 7.8 3.4 5.2 0 8.2-2.9 9.2-8.8l6.2 1.3zm34.7 1.9c0 3.6-1.5 6.5-4.6 8.5s-7 3-11.7 3c-5.7 0-10.6-1.2-14.6-3.6l1.2-8.8 5.7.6-.2 4.7c1.1.5 2.3.9 3.6 1.1s2.6.3 3.9.3c2.4 0 4.5-.4 6.5-1.3 1.9-.9 2.9-2.2 2.9-4.1 0-1.8-.8-3.1-2.3-3.8s-3.5-1.3-5.8-1.7-4.6-.9-6.9-1.4c-2.3-.6-4.2-1.6-5.7-2.9-1.6-1.4-2.3-3.5-2.3-6.3 0-4.1 1.5-6.9 4.6-8.5s6.4-2.4 9.9-2.4c2.6 0 5 .3 7.2.9 2.2.6 4.3 1.4 6.1 2.4l.8 8.8-5.8.7-.8-5.7c-2.3-1-4.7-1.6-7.2-1.6-2.1 0-3.7.4-5.1 1.1-1.3.8-2 2-2 3.8 0 1.7.8 2.9 2.3 3.6 1.5.7 3.4 1.2 5.7 1.6 2.2.4 4.5.8 6.7 1.4 2.2.6 4.1 1.6 5.7 3 1.4 1.6 2.2 3.7 2.2 6.6zM197.6 73.2h-17.1v-5.5h3.8V51.9c0-3.7-.7-6.3-2.1-7.9-1.4-1.6-3.3-2.3-5.7-2.3-3.2 0-5.6 1.1-7.2 3.4s-2.4 4.6-2.5 6.9v15.6h6v5.5h-17.1v-5.5h3.8V51.9c0-3.8-.7-6.4-2.1-7.9-1.4-1.5-3.3-2.3-5.6-2.3-3.2 0-5.5 1.1-7.2 3.3-1.6 2.2-2.4 4.5-2.5 6.9v15.8h6.9v5.5h-20.2v-5.5h6V42.4h-6.1v-5.6h13.4v6.4c1.2-2.1 2.7-3.8 4.7-5.2 2-1.3 4.4-2 7.3-2s5.3.7 7.5 2.1c2.2 1.4 3.7 3.5 4.5 6.4 1.1-2.5 2.7-4.5 4.9-6.1s4.8-2.4 7.9-2.4c3.5 0 6.5 1.1 8.9 3.3s3.7 5.6 3.7 10.2v18.2h6.1v5.5zm42.5 0h-13.2V66c-1.2 2.2-2.8 4.1-4.9 5.6-2.1 1.6-4.8 2.4-8.3 2.4-4.8 0-8.7-1.6-11.6-4.9-2.9-3.2-4.3-7.7-4.3-13.3 0-5 1.3-9.6 4-13.7 2.6-4.1 6.9-6.2 12.8-6.2s9.8 2.2 12.3 6.5V22.7h-8.6v-5.6h15.8v50.6h6v5.5zm-13.3-16.8V52c-.1-3-1.2-5.5-3.2-7.3s-4.4-2.8-7.2-2.8c-3.6 0-6.3 1.3-8.2 3.9-1.9 2.6-2.8 5.8-2.8 9.6 0 4.1 1 7.3 3 9.5s4.5 3.3 7.4 3.3c3.2 0 5.8-1.3 7.8-3.8 2.1-2.6 3.1-5.3 3.2-8zm61.5 16.8H269v-5.5h6V51.9c0-3.7-.7-6.3-2.2-7.9-1.4-1.6-3.4-2.3-5.7-2.3-3.1 0-5.6 1-7.4 3s-2.8 4.4-2.9 7v15.9h6v5.5h-19.3v-5.5h6V42.4h-6.2v-5.6h13.6V43c2.6-4.6 6.8-6.9 12.7-6.9 3.6 0 6.7 1.1 9.2 3.3s3.7 5.6 3.7 10.2v18.2h6v5.4h-.2z" class="logo-text"></path></svg></a><button title="Open main menu" type="button" class="button action has-icon main-menu-toggle" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-label="Open main menu" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-menu "></span><span class="visually-hidden">Open main menu</span></span></button></div><div class="top-navigation-main"><nav class="main-nav" aria-label="Main menu"><ul class="main-menu nojs"><li class="top-level-entry-container "><button type="button" id="references-button" class="top-level-entry menu-toggle" aria-controls="references-menu" aria-expanded="false">References</button><a href="/en-US/docs/Web" class="top-level-entry">References</a><ul id="references-menu" class="submenu references hidden inline-submenu-lg" aria-labelledby="references-button"><li class="apis-link-container mobile-only "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Overview / Web Technology</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Web technology reference for developers</p></div></a></li><li class="html-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon html"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">HTML</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Structure of content on the web</p></div></a></li><li class="css-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon css"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">CSS</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Code used to describe document style</p></div></a></li><li class="javascript-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon javascript"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">JavaScript</div><p class="submenu-item-description">General-purpose scripting language</p></div></a></li><li class="http-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon http"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">HTTP</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Protocol for transmitting web resources</p></div></a></li><li class="apis-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/API" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon apis"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Web APIs</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Interfaces for building web applications</p></div></a></li><li class="apis-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Web Extensions</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Developing extensions for web browsers</p></div></a></li><li class="apis-link-container desktop-only "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Web Technology</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Web technology reference for developers</p></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="top-level-entry-container active"><button type="button" id="guides-button" class="top-level-entry menu-toggle" aria-controls="guides-menu" aria-expanded="false">Guides</button><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn" class="top-level-entry">Guides</a><ul id="guides-menu" class="submenu guides hidden inline-submenu-lg" aria-labelledby="guides-button"><li class="apis-link-container mobile-only "><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon learn"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Overview / MDN Learning Area</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn web development</p></div></a></li><li class="apis-link-container desktop-only "><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon learn"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">MDN Learning Area</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn web development</p></div></a></li><li class="html-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon html"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">HTML</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn to structure web content with HTML</p></div></a></li><li class="css-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon css"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">CSS</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn to style content using CSS</p></div></a></li><li class="javascript-link-container "><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon javascript"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">JavaScript</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn to run scripts in the browser</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Accessibility</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn to make the web accessible to all</p></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="top-level-entry-container "><button type="button" id="mdn-plus-button" class="top-level-entry menu-toggle" aria-controls="mdn-plus-menu" aria-expanded="false">Plus</button><a href="/en-US/plus" class="top-level-entry">Plus</a><ul id="mdn-plus-menu" class="submenu mdn-plus hidden inline-submenu-lg" aria-labelledby="mdn-plus-button"><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Overview</div><p class="submenu-item-description">A customized MDN experience</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus/ai-help" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">AI Help</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Get real-time assistance and support</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus/updates" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Updates</div><p class="submenu-item-description">All browser compatibility updates at a glance</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus/docs/features/overview" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Documentation</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Learn how to use MDN Plus</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus/docs/faq" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">FAQ</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus</p></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="top-level-entry-container "><a class="top-level-entry menu-link" href="/en-US/curriculum/">Curriculum <sup class="new">New</sup></a></li><li class="top-level-entry-container "><a class="top-level-entry menu-link" href="/en-US/blog/">Blog</a></li><li class="top-level-entry-container "><button type="button" id="tools-button" class="top-level-entry menu-toggle" aria-controls="tools-menu" aria-expanded="false">Tools</button><ul id="tools-menu" class="submenu tools hidden inline-submenu-lg" aria-labelledby="tools-button"><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/play" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">Playground</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Write, test and share your code</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/observatory" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">HTTP Observatory</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Scan a website for free</p></div></a></li><li class=" "><a href="/en-US/plus/ai-help" class="submenu-item "><div class="submenu-icon"></div><div class="submenu-content-container"><div class="submenu-item-heading">AI Help</div><p class="submenu-item-description">Get real-time assistance and support</p></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><div class="header-search"><form action="/en-US/search" class="search-form search-widget" id="top-nav-search-form" role="search"><label id="top-nav-search-label" for="top-nav-search-input" class="visually-hidden">Search MDN</label><input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="top-nav-search-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="top-nav-search-label" autoComplete="off" id="top-nav-search-input" role="combobox" type="search" class="search-input-field" name="q" placeholder=" " required="" value=""/><button type="button" class="button action has-icon clear-search-button"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-cancel "></span><span class="visually-hidden">Clear search input</span></span></button><button type="submit" class="button action has-icon search-button"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-search "></span><span class="visually-hidden">Search</span></span></button><div id="top-nav-search-menu" role="listbox" aria-labelledby="top-nav-search-label"></div></form></div><div class="theme-switcher-menu"><button type="button" class="button action has-icon theme-switcher-menu small" aria-haspopup="menu"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-theme-os-default "></span>Theme</span></button></div><ul class="auth-container"><li><a href="/users/fxa/login/authenticate/?next=%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FLearn%2FCSS%2FCSS_layout%2FFlexbox" class="login-link" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></li><li><a href="/users/fxa/login/authenticate/?next=%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FLearn%2FCSS%2FCSS_layout%2FFlexbox" target="_self" rel="nofollow" class="button primary mdn-plus-subscribe-link"><span class="button-wrap">Sign up for free</span></a></li></ul></div></div></header><div class="article-actions-container"><div class="container"><button type="button" class="button action has-icon sidebar-button" aria-label="Expand sidebar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidebar-quicklinks"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-sidebar "></span></span></button><nav class="breadcrumbs-container" aria-label="Breadcrumb"><ol typeof="BreadcrumbList" vocab="https://schema.org/" aria-label="breadcrumbs"><li property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn" class="breadcrumb" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Guides</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"/></li><li property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS" class="breadcrumb" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">CSS</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"/></li><li property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout" class="breadcrumb" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">CSS layout</span></a><meta property="position" content="3"/></li><li property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="breadcrumb-current-page" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Flexbox</span></a><meta property="position" content="4"/></li></ol></nav><div class="article-actions"><button type="button" class="button action has-icon article-actions-toggle" aria-label="Article actions"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-ellipses "></span><span class="article-actions-dialog-heading">Article Actions</span></span></button><ul class="article-actions-entries"><li class="article-actions-entry"><div class="languages-switcher-menu open-on-focus-within"><button id="languages-switcher-button" type="button" class="button action small has-icon languages-switcher-menu" aria-haspopup="menu"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-language "></span>English (US)</span></button><div class="hidden"><ul class="submenu language-menu " aria-labelledby="language-menu-button"><li class=" "><form class="submenu-item locale-redirect-setting"><div class="group"><label class="switch"><input type="checkbox" name="locale-redirect"/><span class="slider"></span><span class="label">Remember language</span></label><a href="https://github.com/orgs/mdn/discussions/739" rel="external noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" title="Enable this setting to automatically switch to this language when it's available. (Click to learn more.)"><span class="icon icon-question-mark "></span></a></div></form></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="de" href="/de/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>Deutsch</span><span title="Diese Übersetzung ist Teil eines Experiments."><span class="icon icon-experimental "></span></span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="es" href="/es/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="fr" href="/fr/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="ja" href="/ja/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="ko" href="/ko/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="pt-BR" href="/pt-BR/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>Português (do Brasil)</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="ru" href="/ru/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class=" "><a data-locale="zh-CN" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" class="button submenu-item"><span>中文 (简体)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="main-wrapper"><div class="sidebar-container"><aside id="sidebar-quicklinks" class="sidebar" data-macro="LearnSidebar"><button type="button" class="button action backdrop" aria-label="Collapse sidebar"><span class="button-wrap"></span></button><nav aria-label="Related Topics" class="sidebar-inner"><header class="sidebar-actions"><section class="sidebar-filter-container"><div class="sidebar-filter "><label id="sidebar-filter-label" class="sidebar-filter-label" for="sidebar-filter-input"><span class="icon icon-filter"></span><span class="visually-hidden">Filter sidebar</span></label><input id="sidebar-filter-input" autoComplete="off" class="sidebar-filter-input-field false" type="text" placeholder="Filter" value=""/><button type="button" class="button action has-icon clear-sidebar-filter-button"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-cancel "></span><span class="visually-hidden">Clear filter input</span></span></button></div></section></header><div class="sidebar-inner-nav"><div class="in-nav-toc"><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#why_flexbox">Why flexbox?</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#introducing_a_simple_example">Introducing a simple example</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes">Specifying what elements to lay out as flexible boxes</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#the_flex_model">The flex model</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#columns_or_rows">Columns or rows?</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#wrapping">Wrapping</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flex-flow_shorthand">flex-flow shorthand</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flexible_sizing_of_flex_items">Flexible sizing of flex items</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flex_shorthand_versus_longhand">flex: shorthand versus longhand</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#horizontal_and_vertical_alignment">Horizontal and vertical alignment</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#ordering_flex_items">Ordering flex items</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#nested_flex_boxes">Nested flex boxes</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#see_also">See also</a></li></ul></section></div></div><div class="sidebar-body"><ol><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web">Complete beginners start here!</a></li><li><details><summary>Getting started with the web</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web">Getting started with the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Installing_basic_software">Installing basic software</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/What_will_your_website_look_like">What will your website look like?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Dealing_with_files">Dealing with files</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/HTML_basics">HTML basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/CSS_basics">CSS basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/JavaScript_basics">JavaScript basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Publishing_your_website">Publishing your website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works">How the web works</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML">HTML — Structuring the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to HTML</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML">Introduction to HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">What's in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators">Combinators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">The box model</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links">Styling links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=""><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow">Normal Flow</a></li><li><em><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox" aria-current="page">Flexbox</a></em></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">Grids</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats">Floats</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning">Positioning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays">Arrays</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code">Looping code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values">Function return values</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">Your first form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls">Other form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance">The "why" of web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Common questions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#why_flexbox">Why flexbox?</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#introducing_a_simple_example">Introducing a simple example</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes">Specifying what elements to lay out as flexible boxes</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#the_flex_model">The flex model</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#columns_or_rows">Columns or rows?</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#wrapping">Wrapping</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flex-flow_shorthand">flex-flow shorthand</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flexible_sizing_of_flex_items">Flexible sizing of flex items</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#flex_shorthand_versus_longhand">flex: shorthand versus longhand</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#horizontal_and_vertical_alignment">Horizontal and vertical alignment</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#ordering_flex_items">Ordering flex items</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#nested_flex_boxes">Nested flex boxes</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#see_also">See also</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="en-US"><header><h1>Flexbox</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: CSS layout</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul> <p><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout">Flexbox</a> is a one-dimensional layout method for arranging items in rows or columns. Items <em>flex</em> (expand) to fill additional space or shrink to fit into smaller spaces. This article explains all the fundamentals.</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> <td> HTML basics (study <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML">Introduction to HTML</a>), and an idea of how CSS works (study <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">Introduction to CSS</a>.) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Objective:</th> <td>To learn how to use the flexbox layout system to create web layouts.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="why_flexbox"><h2 id="why_flexbox"><a href="#why_flexbox">Why flexbox?</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>CSS flexible box layout enables you to:</p> <ul> <li>Vertically center a block of content inside its parent.</li> <li>Make all the children of a container take up an equal amount of the available width/height, regardless of how much width/height is available.</li> <li>Make all columns in a multiple-column layout adopt the same height even if they contain a different amount of content.</li> </ul> <p>Flexbox features may be the perfect solution for your one dimensional layout needs. Let's dig in and find out!</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="introducing_a_simple_example"><h2 id="introducing_a_simple_example"><a href="#introducing_a_simple_example">Introducing a simple example</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>In this article, you'll work through a series of exercises to help you understand how flexbox works. To get started, you should make a local copy of the first starter file — <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html" class="external" target="_blank">flexbox0.html</a> from our GitHub repo. Load it in a modern browser (like Firefox or Chrome) and have a look at the code in your code editor. You can also <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live here</a>.</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/bih741v.png" alt="Image showing the starting point of flexbox tutorial" width="1310" height="670" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>You'll see that we have a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/header"><code><header></code></a> element with a top level heading inside it and a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> element containing three <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a>s. We're going to use these to create a fairly standard three column layout.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes"><h2 id="specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes"><a href="#specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes">Specifying what elements to lay out as flexible boxes</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>To start with, we need to select which elements are to be laid out as flexible boxes. To do this, we set a special value of <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display"><code>display</code></a> on the parent element of the elements you want to affect. In this case we want to lay out the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> elements, so we set this on the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>section { display: flex; } </code></pre></div> <p>This causes the <code><section></code> element to become a <strong>flex container</strong> and its children become <strong>flex items</strong>. This is what it looks like:</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example2.png" alt="A two row container that includes a single column in the first row and a 3-column layout in the second row that shows how a webpage can be divided into different layouts depending on the contents" width="800" height="348" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>This single declaration gives us everything we need. Incredible, right? We have a multiple column layout with equal-sized columns, and the columns are all the same height. This is because the default values given to flex items (the children of the flex container) are set up to solve common problems such as this.</p> <p>Let's recap what's happening here. Adding a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display"><code>display</code></a> value of <code>flex</code> to an element makes it a flex container. The container is displayed as <a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block-level_content">Block-level content</a> in terms of how it interacts with the rest of the page. When the element is converted to a flex container, its children are converted to (and laid out as) flex items.</p> <p> You can make the container inline using an <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display#outside">outside <code>display</code> value</a> (e.g., <code>display: inline flex</code>), which affects how the container itself is laid out in the page. The legacy <code>inline-flex</code> display value displays the container as inline as well. We'll focus on how the contents of the container behave in this tutorial, but if you want to see the effect of inline versus block layout, you can have a look at the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display#display_value_comparison">value comparison</a> on the <code>display</code> property page. </p> <p>The next sections explain in more detail what flex items are and what happens inside an element when you make it a flex container.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="the_flex_model"><h2 id="the_flex_model"><a href="#the_flex_model">The flex model</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>When elements are laid out as flex items, they are laid out along two axes:</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flex_terms.png" alt="Three flex items in a left-to-right language are laid out side-by-side in a flex container. The main axis — the axis of the flex container in the direction in which the flex items are laid out — is horizontal. The ends of the axis are main-start and main-end and are on the left and right respectively. The cross axis is vertical; perpendicular to the main axis. The cross-start and cross-end are at the top and bottom respectively. The length of the flex item along the main axis, in this case, the width, is called the main size, and the length of the flex item along the cross axis, in this case, the height, is called the cross size." width="563" height="333" loading="lazy"> </p> <ul> <li>The <strong>main axis</strong> is the axis running in the direction the flex items are laid out in (for example, as a row across the page, or a column down the page.) The start and end of this axis are called the <strong>main start</strong> and <strong>main end</strong>. The length from the main-start edge to the main-end edge is the <strong>main size</strong>.</li> <li>The <strong>cross axis</strong> is the axis running perpendicular to the direction the flex items are laid out in. The start and end of this axis are called the <strong>cross start</strong> and <strong>cross end</strong>. The length from the cross-start edge to the cross-end edge is the <strong>cross size</strong>.</li> <li>The parent element that has <code>display: flex</code> set on it (the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> in our example) is called the <strong>flex container</strong>.</li> <li>The items laid out as flexible boxes inside the flex container are called <strong>flex items</strong> (the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> elements in our example).</li> </ul> <p>Bear this terminology in mind as you go through subsequent sections. You can always refer back to it if you get confused about any of the terms being used.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="columns_or_rows"><h2 id="columns_or_rows"><a href="#columns_or_rows">Columns or rows?</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Flexbox provides a property called <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction"><code>flex-direction</code></a> that specifies which direction the main axis runs (which direction the flexbox children are laid out in). By default this is set to <code>row</code>, which causes them to be laid out in a row in the direction your browser's default language works in (left to right, in the case of an English browser).</p> <p>Try adding the following declaration to your <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> rule:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>flex-direction: column; </code></pre></div> <p>You'll see that this puts the items back in a column layout, much like they were before we added any CSS. Before you move on, delete this declaration from your example.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can also lay out flex items in a reverse direction using the <code>row-reverse</code> and <code>column-reverse</code> values. Experiment with these values too!</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="wrapping"><h2 id="wrapping"><a href="#wrapping">Wrapping</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>One issue that arises when you have a fixed width or height in your layout is that eventually your flexbox children will overflow their container, breaking the layout. Have a look at our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox-wrap0.html" class="external" target="_blank">flexbox-wrap0.html</a> example and try <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox-wrap0.html" class="external" target="_blank">viewing it live</a> (take a local copy of this file now if you want to follow along with this example):</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example3.png" alt="The Sample flexbox example has all the flex items laid out in a single row of the flex container. The eighth flex item overflows the browser window, and the page has visible horizontal and vertical scroll bars as it cannot be accommodated within the width of the window as the previous seven flex items have taken the space available within the viewport." width="1003" height="795" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>Here we see that the children are indeed breaking out of their container. By default, the browser tries to place all the flex items in a single row if the <code>flex-direction</code> is set to <code>row</code> or a single column if the <code>flex-direction</code> is set to <code>column</code>. One way in which you can fix this is to add the following declaration to your <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> rule:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>flex-wrap: wrap; </code></pre></div> <p>Also, add the following declaration to your <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> rule:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>flex: 200px; </code></pre></div> <p>Try this now. You'll see that the layout looks much better with this included:</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example4.png" alt="Flex items are laid out in multiple rows in the flex container. The flex-wrap property is set to 'wrap' in the flex container which displays the flex items in a new row if the flex items in the previous row overflow outside the flexbox container. Each flex item is given a width of 200 pixels. All the items are stretched to be the same height, as tall as the flex item with the most content." width="1005" height="793" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>We now have multiple rows. Each row has as many flexbox children fitted into it as is sensible. Any overflow is moved down to the next line. The <code>flex: 200px</code> declaration set on the articles means that each will be at least <code>200px</code> wide. We'll discuss this property in more detail later on. You might also notice that the last few children on the last row are each made wider so that the entire row is still filled.</p> <p>But there's more we can do here. First of all, try changing your <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction"><code>flex-direction</code></a> property value to <code>row-reverse</code>. Now you'll see that you still have your multiple row layout, but it starts from the opposite corner of the browser window and flows in reverse.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="flex-flow_shorthand"><h2 id="flex-flow_shorthand"><a href="#flex-flow_shorthand">flex-flow shorthand</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>At this point it's worth noting that a shorthand exists for <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction"><code>flex-direction</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-wrap"><code>flex-wrap</code></a>: <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-flow"><code>flex-flow</code></a>. So, for example, you can replace</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; </code></pre></div> <p>with</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>flex-flow: row wrap; </code></pre></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="flexible_sizing_of_flex_items"><h2 id="flexible_sizing_of_flex_items"><a href="#flexible_sizing_of_flex_items">Flexible sizing of flex items</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Let's now return to our first example and look at how we can control what proportion of space flex items take up compared to the other flex items. Open your local copy of <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html" class="external" target="_blank">flexbox0.html</a>, or take a copy of <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox1.html" class="external" target="_blank">flexbox1.html</a> as a new starting point (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox1.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live</a>).</p> <p>First, add the following rule to the bottom of your CSS:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>article { flex: 1; } </code></pre></div> <p>This is a unitless proportion value that dictates how much available space along the main axis each flex item will take up compared to other flex items. In this case, we're giving each <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> element the same value (a value of <code>1</code>), which means they'll all take up an equal amount of the spare space left after properties like padding and margin have been set. This value is proportionally shared among the flex items: giving each flex item a value of <code>400000</code> would have exactly the same effect.</p> <p>Now add the following rule below the previous one:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>article:nth-of-type(3) { flex: 2; } </code></pre></div> <p>Now when you refresh, you'll see that the third <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> takes up twice as much of the available width as the other two. There are now four proportion units available in total (since 1 + 1 + 2 = 4). The first two flex items have one unit each, so they each take 1/4 of the available space. The third one has two units, so it takes up 2/4 of the available space (or one-half).</p> <p>You can also specify a minimum size value within the flex value. Try updating your existing article rules like so:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>article { flex: 1 200px; } article:nth-of-type(3) { flex: 2 200px; } </code></pre></div> <p>This basically states, "Each flex item will first be given <code>200px</code> of the available space. After that, the rest of the available space will be shared according to the proportion units." Try refreshing and you'll see a difference in how the space is shared.</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example1.png" alt="A flex container with three flex items. The third flex item is slightly larger than the first two." width="800" height="324" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>All the flex items have a minimum width of 200 pixels—set using 'flex'. The value of flex for first two flex items is 1 and for the third item is 2. This splits the remaining space in the flex container into 4 proportion units. One unit is assigned to each of the first two flex items and 2 units are assigned to the third flex item, making the third flex item wider than the other two, which are of the same width.</p> <p>The real value of flexbox can be seen in its flexibility/responsiveness. If you resize the browser window or add another <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> element, the layout continues to work just fine.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="flex_shorthand_versus_longhand"><h2 id="flex_shorthand_versus_longhand"><a href="#flex_shorthand_versus_longhand">flex: shorthand versus longhand</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex"><code>flex</code></a> is a shorthand property that can specify up to three different values:</p> <ul> <li>The unitless proportion value we discussed above. This can be specified separately using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-grow"><code>flex-grow</code></a> longhand property.</li> <li>A second unitless proportion value, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-shrink"><code>flex-shrink</code></a>, which comes into play when the flex items are overflowing their container. This value specifies how much an item will shrink in order to prevent overflow. This is quite an advanced flexbox feature and we won't be covering it any further in this article.</li> <li>The minimum size value we discussed above. This can be specified separately using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-basis"><code>flex-basis</code></a> longhand value.</li> </ul> <p>We'd advise against using the longhand flex properties unless you really have to (for example, to override something previously set). They lead to a lot of extra code being written and can be somewhat confusing.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="horizontal_and_vertical_alignment"><h2 id="horizontal_and_vertical_alignment"><a href="#horizontal_and_vertical_alignment">Horizontal and vertical alignment</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You can also use flexbox features to align flex items along the main or cross axis. Let's explore this by looking at a new example: <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flex-align0.html" class="external" target="_blank">flex-align0.html</a> (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flex-align0.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live also</a>). We're going to turn this into a neat, flexible button/toolbar. At the moment you'll see a horizontal menu bar with some buttons jammed into the top left-hand corner.</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example5.png" alt="Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. The buttons are jammed into the top left-hand corner that doesn't look neat." width="600" height="77" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>First, take a local copy of this example.</p> <p>Now, add the following to the bottom of the example's CSS:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>div { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; } </code></pre></div> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox_center_space-around.png" alt="Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. The flex items are positioned vertically centered and they are evenly spaced out horizontally." width="1217" height="209" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>Refresh the page and you'll see that the buttons are now nicely centered horizontally and vertically. We've done this via two new properties. The flex items are positioned at the center of the cross-axis by setting the <code>align-items</code> property to <code>center</code>. The flex items are spaced evenly along the main-axis by setting the <code>justify-content</code> property to <code>space-around</code>.</p> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items"><code>align-items</code></a> property controls where the flex items sit on the cross axis.</p> <ul> <li>By default, the value <code>normal</code> which behaves as <code>stretch</code> in flexbox. This stretches all flex items to fill the parent in the direction of the cross axis. If the parent doesn't have a fixed size in the cross axis direction, then all flex items will become as tall (or wide) as the tallest (or widest) flex item. This is how our first example had columns of equal height by default.</li> <li>The <code>center</code> value that we used in our above code causes the items to maintain their intrinsic dimensions, but be centered along the cross axis. This is why our current example's buttons are centered vertically.</li> <li>You can also have values like <code>flex-start</code>, <code>self-start</code> or <code>start</code> and <code>flex-end</code>, <code>self-end</code> or <code>end</code>, which will align all items at the start and end of the cross axis respectively. The <code>baseline</code> values will line up the flex items by their baseline; basically the bottom of each flex items first line of text will be lined up with the bottom of the first line of the element with the greatest distance between the cross start and that baseline. See <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items"><code>align-items</code></a> for the full details.</li> </ul> <p>You can override the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items"><code>align-items</code></a> behavior for individual flex items by applying the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-self"><code>align-self</code></a> property to them. For example, try adding the following to your CSS:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button:first-child { align-self: flex-end; } </code></pre></div> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox_first-child_flex-end.png" alt="Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. All the flex items except the first one are positioned at the center of the cross-axis, or vertically centered. The first item is flush against the bottom of the flex container, at the end of the cross-axis The flex items are spaced evenly along the main-axis, or width, of the container." width="1219" height="217" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>Have a look at what effect this has and remove it again when you've finished.</p> <p><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justify-content"><code>justify-content</code></a> controls where the flex items sit on the main axis.</p> <ul> <li>The default value is <code>normal</code>, which behaves as <code>start</code>, which makes all the items sit at the start of the main axis.</li> <li>You can use <code>end</code> or <code>flex-end</code> to make them sit at the end.</li> <li>The <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> values behave as <code>start</code> or <code>end</code> depending on the writing mode direction.</li> <li><code>center</code> is also a value for <code>justify-content</code>. It'll make the flex items sit in the center of the main axis.</li> <li>The value we've used above, <code>space-around</code>, is useful — it distributes all the items evenly along the main axis with a bit of space left at either end.</li> <li>There is another value, <code>space-between</code>, which is very similar to <code>space-around</code> except that it doesn't leave any space at either end.</li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justify-items"><code>justify-items</code></a> property is ignored in flexbox layouts.</p> <p>We'd like to encourage you to play with these values to see how they work before you continue.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="ordering_flex_items"><h2 id="ordering_flex_items"><a href="#ordering_flex_items">Ordering flex items</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Flexbox also has a feature for changing the layout order of flex items without affecting the source order. This is another thing that is impossible to do with traditional layout methods.</p> <p>Try adding the following CSS to your button bar example code:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button:first-child { order: 1; } </code></pre></div> <p>Refresh and you'll see that the "Smile" button has moved to the end of the main axis. Let's talk about how this works in a bit more detail:</p> <ul> <li>By default, all flex items have an <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/order"><code>order</code></a> value of <code>0</code>.</li> <li>Flex items with higher specified order values will appear later in the display order than items with lower order values.</li> <li>Flex items with the same order value will appear in their source order. So if you have four items whose order values have been set as <code>2</code>, <code>1</code>, <code>1</code>, and <code>0</code> respectively, their display order would be 4th, 2nd, 3rd, then 1st.</li> <li>The 3rd item appears after the 2nd because it has the same order value and is after it in the source order.</li> </ul> <p>You can set negative order values to make items appear earlier than items whose value is <code>0</code>. For example, you could make the "Blush" button appear at the start of the main axis using the following rule:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button:last-child { order: -1; } </code></pre></div> <p>While you can change the order using <code>order</code>, the tabbing order remains the same as the code order. Changing the order of focusable elements can negatively impact usability for your keyboard users!</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="nested_flex_boxes"><h2 id="nested_flex_boxes"><a href="#nested_flex_boxes">Nested flex boxes</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>It's possible to create some pretty complex layouts with flexbox. It's perfectly OK to set a flex item to also be a flex container, so that its children are also laid out like flexible boxes. Have a look at <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/complex-flexbox.html" class="external" target="_blank">complex-flexbox.html</a> (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/complex-flexbox.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live also</a>).</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example7.png" alt="The Sample flexbox example has three flex item children laid out in a row. The first two are the same width, the third is slightly wider. The third flex item is also a flex container. It has a set of buttons in two rows followed by text. The first row of buttons has 4 buttons that are laid out in a row; the buttons are the same width, taking up the full width of the container. The second row has a single button that takes up the entire width of the row on its own." width="800" height="347" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>This complex layout has a few flex items that are also flex containers. The HTML for this is fairly straightforward. We've got a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> element containing three <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a>s. The third <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> contains three <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div"><code><div></code></a>s, and the first <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div"><code><div></code></a> contains five <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button"><code><button></code></a>s:</p> <pre class="brush: plain notranslate">section - article article article - div - button div button div button button button </pre> <p>Let's look at the code we've used for the layout.</p> <p>First of all, we set the children of the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section"><code><section></code></a> to be laid out as flexible boxes.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>section { display: flex; } </code></pre></div> <p>Next, we set some flex values on the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a>s themselves. Take special note of the second rule here: we're setting the third <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> to have its children laid out like flex items too, but this time we're laying them out like a column.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>article { flex: 1 200px; } article:nth-of-type(3) { flex: 3 200px; display: flex; flex-flow: column; } </code></pre></div> <p>Next, we select the first <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div"><code><div></code></a>. We first use <code>flex: 1 100px;</code> to effectively give it a minimum height of <code>100px</code>, then we set its children (the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button"><code><button></code></a> elements) to also be laid out like flex items. Here we lay them out in a wrapping row and align them in the center of the available space as we did with the individual button example we saw earlier.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>article:nth-of-type(3) div:first-child { flex: 1 100px; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; } </code></pre></div> <p>Finally, we set some sizing on the button. This time by giving it a flex value of <code>1 auto</code>. This has a very interesting effect, which you'll see if you try resizing your browser window width. The buttons will take up as much space as they can. As many will fit on a line as is comfortable; beyond that, they'll drop to a new line.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button { flex: 1 auto; margin: 5px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; } </code></pre></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="test_your_skills!"><h2 id="test_your_skills!"><a href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox_skills">Test your skills: Flexbox</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="summary"><h2 id="summary"><a href="#summary">Summary</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun and will have a good play around with it as you proceed further with your learning. Next, we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts: <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">CSS grids</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="see_also"><h2 id="see_also"><a href="#see_also">See also</a></h2><div class="section-content"><ul> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Basic_concepts_of_flexbox">Basic concepts of flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Aligning_items_in_a_flex_container">Aligning items in a flex container</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Ordering_flex_items">Ordering flex items</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Controlling_ratios_of_flex_items_along_the_main_axis">Controlling ratios of flex items along the main axis</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout">CSS flexible box layout</a> module</li> <li><a href="https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/a-guide-to-flexbox/" class="external" target="_blank">CSS-Tricks guide to flexbox</a> — an article explaining everything about flexbox in a visually appealing way</li> <li><a href="https://flexboxfroggy.com/" class="external" target="_blank">Flexbox Froggy</a> — an educational game to learn and better understand the basics of flexbox</li> </ul><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: CSS layout</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul></div></section></article><aside class="article-footer"><div class="article-footer-inner"><div class="svg-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="162" height="162" viewBox="0 0 162 162" fill="none" role="none"><mask id="b" fill="#fff"><path d="M97.203 47.04c8.113-7.886 18.004-13.871 28.906-17.492a78 78 0 0 1 33.969-3.39c11.443 1.39 22.401 5.295 32.024 11.411s17.656 14.28 23.476 23.86c5.819 9.579 9.269 20.318 10.083 31.385a69.85 69.85 0 0 1-5.387 32.44c-4.358 10.272-11.115 19.443-19.747 26.801-8.632 7.359-18.908 12.709-30.034 15.637l-6.17-21.698c7.666-2.017 14.746-5.703 20.694-10.773 5.948-5.071 10.603-11.389 13.606-18.467a48.14 48.14 0 0 0 3.712-22.352c-.561-7.625-2.938-15.025-6.948-21.625s-9.544-12.226-16.175-16.44-14.181-6.904-22.065-7.863a53.75 53.75 0 0 0-23.405 2.336c-7.513 2.495-14.327 6.62-19.918 12.053z"></path></mask><path stroke="url(#a)" stroke-dasharray="6, 6" stroke-width="2" d="M97.203 47.04c8.113-7.886 18.004-13.871 28.906-17.492a78 78 0 0 1 33.969-3.39c11.443 1.39 22.401 5.295 32.024 11.411s17.656 14.28 23.476 23.86c5.819 9.579 9.269 20.318 10.083 31.385a69.85 69.85 0 0 1-5.387 32.44c-4.358 10.272-11.115 19.443-19.747 26.801-8.632 7.359-18.908 12.709-30.034 15.637l-6.17-21.698c7.666-2.017 14.746-5.703 20.694-10.773 5.948-5.071 10.603-11.389 13.606-18.467a48.14 48.14 0 0 0 3.712-22.352c-.561-7.625-2.938-15.025-6.948-21.625s-9.544-12.226-16.175-16.44-14.181-6.904-22.065-7.863a53.75 53.75 0 0 0-23.405 2.336c-7.513 2.495-14.327 6.62-19.918 12.053z" mask="url(#b)" style="stroke:url(#a)" transform="translate(-63.992 -25.587)"></path><ellipse cx="8.066" cy="111.597" fill="var(--background-tertiary)" rx="53.677" ry="53.699" transform="matrix(.71707 -.697 .7243 .6895 0 0)"></ellipse><g clip-path="url(#c)" transform="translate(-63.992 -25.587)"><path fill="#9abff5" d="m144.256 137.379 32.906 12.434a4.41 4.41 0 0 1 2.559 5.667l-9.326 24.679a4.41 4.41 0 0 1-5.667 2.559l-8.226-3.108-2.332 6.17c-.466 1.233-.375 1.883-1.609 1.417l-2.253-.527c-.411-.155-.95-.594-1.206-1.161l-4.734-10.484-12.545-4.741a4.41 4.41 0 0 1-2.559-5.667l9.325-24.679a4.41 4.41 0 0 1 5.667-2.559m9.961 29.617 8.227 3.108 3.264-8.638-.498-6.768-4.113-1.555.548 7.258-4.319-1.632zm-12.339-4.663 8.226 3.108 3.264-8.637-.498-6.769-4.113-1.554.548 7.257-4.319-1.632z"></path></g><g clip-path="url(#d)" transform="translate(-63.992 -25.587)"><path fill="#81b0f3" d="M135.35 60.136 86.67 41.654c-3.346-1.27-7.124.428-8.394 3.775L64.414 81.938c-1.27 3.347.428 7.125 3.774 8.395l12.17 4.62-3.465 9.128c-.693 1.826-1.432 2.457.394 3.15l3.014 1.625c.609.231 1.637.274 2.477-.104l15.53-6.983 18.56 7.047c3.346 1.27 7.124-.428 8.395-3.775l13.862-36.51c1.27-3.346-.428-7.124-3.775-8.395M95.261 83.207l-12.17-4.62 4.852-12.779 7.19-7.017 6.085 2.31-7.725 7.51 6.389 2.426zm18.255 6.93-12.17-4.62 4.852-12.778 7.189-7.017 6.085 2.31-7.725 7.51 6.39 2.426z"></path></g><defs><clipPath id="c"><path fill="#fff" d="m198.638 146.586-65.056-24.583-24.583 65.057 65.056 24.582z"></path></clipPath><clipPath id="d"><path fill="#fff" d="m66.438 14.055 96.242 36.54-36.54 96.243-96.243-36.54z"></path></clipPath><linearGradient id="a" x1="97.203" x2="199.995" y1="47.04" y2="152.793" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop stop-color="#086DFC"></stop><stop offset="0.246" stop-color="#2C81FA"></stop><stop offset="0.516" stop-color="#5497F8"></stop><stop offset="0.821" stop-color="#80B0F6"></stop><stop offset="1" stop-color="#9ABFF5"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><h2>Help improve MDN</h2><fieldset class="feedback"><label>Was this page helpful to you?</label><div class="button-container"><button type="button" class="button primary has-icon yes"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-thumbs-up "></span>Yes</span></button><button type="button" class="button primary has-icon no"><span class="button-wrap"><span class="icon icon-thumbs-down "></span>No</span></button></div></fieldset><a class="contribute" href="https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" title="This will take you to our contribution guidelines on GitHub." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Learn how to contribute</a>.<p class="last-modified-date">This page was last modified on <time dateTime="2024-08-08T06:59:08.000Z">Aug 8, 2024</time> by <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/contributors.txt" rel="nofollow">MDN contributors</a>.</p><div id="on-github" class="on-github"><a href="https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn/css/css_layout/flexbox/index.md?plain=1" title="Folder: en-us/learn/css/css_layout/flexbox (Opens in a new tab)" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View this page on GitHub</a> • <a href="https://github.com/mdn/content/issues/new?template=page-report.yml&mdn-url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FLearn%2FCSS%2FCSS_layout%2FFlexbox&metadata=%3C%21--+Do+not+make+changes+below+this+line+--%3E%0A%3Cdetails%3E%0A%3Csummary%3EPage+report+details%3C%2Fsummary%3E%0A%0A*+Folder%3A+%60en-us%2Flearn%2Fcss%2Fcss_layout%2Fflexbox%60%0A*+MDN+URL%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FLearn%2FCSS%2FCSS_layout%2FFlexbox%0A*+GitHub+URL%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmdn%2Fcontent%2Fblob%2Fmain%2Ffiles%2Fen-us%2Flearn%2Fcss%2Fcss_layout%2Fflexbox%2Findex.md%0A*+Last+commit%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmdn%2Fcontent%2Fcommit%2F07f80557969d0e30aa294bdf4603be05c3a61a50%0A*+Document+last+modified%3A+2024-08-08T06%3A59%3A08.000Z%0A%0A%3C%2Fdetails%3E" title="This will take you to GitHub to file a new issue." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Report a problem with this content</a></div></div></aside></main></div></div><footer id="nav-footer" class="page-footer"><div class="page-footer-grid"><div class="page-footer-logo-col"><a href="/" class="mdn-footer-logo" aria-label="MDN homepage"><svg width="48" height="17" viewBox="0 0 48 17" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title id="mdn-footer-logo-svg">MDN logo</title><path d="M20.04 16.512H15.504V10.416C15.504 9.488 15.344 8.824 15.024 8.424C14.72 8.024 14.264 7.824 13.656 7.824C12.92 7.824 12.384 8.064 12.048 8.544C11.728 9.024 11.568 9.64 11.568 10.392V14.184H13.008V16.512H8.472V10.416C8.472 9.488 8.312 8.824 7.992 8.424C7.688 8.024 7.232 7.824 6.624 7.824C5.872 7.824 5.336 8.064 5.016 8.544C4.696 9.024 4.536 9.64 4.536 10.392V14.184H6.6V16.512H0V14.184H1.44V8.04H0.024V5.688H4.536V7.32C5.224 6.088 6.32 5.472 7.824 5.472C8.608 5.472 9.328 5.664 9.984 6.048C10.64 6.432 11.096 7.016 11.352 7.8C11.992 6.248 13.168 5.472 14.88 5.472C15.856 5.472 16.72 5.776 17.472 6.384C18.224 6.992 18.6 7.936 18.6 9.216V14.184H20.04V16.512Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M33.6714 16.512H29.1354V14.496C28.8314 15.12 28.3834 15.656 27.7914 16.104C27.1994 16.536 26.4154 16.752 25.4394 16.752C24.0154 16.752 22.8954 16.264 22.0794 15.288C21.2634 14.312 20.8554 12.984 20.8554 11.304C20.8554 9.688 21.2554 8.312 22.0554 7.176C22.8554 6.04 24.0634 5.472 25.6794 5.472C26.5594 5.472 27.2794 5.648 27.8394 6C28.3994 6.352 28.8314 6.8 29.1354 7.344V2.352H26.9754V0H32.2314V14.184H33.6714V16.512ZM29.1354 11.04V10.776C29.1354 9.88 28.8954 9.184 28.4154 8.688C27.9514 8.176 27.3674 7.92 26.6634 7.92C25.9754 7.92 25.3674 8.176 24.8394 8.688C24.3274 9.2 24.0714 10.008 24.0714 11.112C24.0714 12.152 24.3114 12.944 24.7914 13.488C25.2714 14.032 25.8394 14.304 26.4954 14.304C27.3114 14.304 27.9514 13.96 28.4154 13.272C28.8954 12.584 29.1354 11.84 29.1354 11.04Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M47.9589 16.512H41.9829V14.184H43.4229V10.416C43.4229 9.488 43.2629 8.824 42.9429 8.424C42.6389 8.024 42.1829 7.824 41.5749 7.824C40.8389 7.824 40.2709 8.056 39.8709 8.52C39.4709 8.968 39.2629 9.56 39.2469 10.296V14.184H40.6869V16.512H34.7109V14.184H36.1509V8.04H34.5909V5.688H39.2469V7.344C39.9669 6.096 41.1269 5.472 42.7269 5.472C43.7509 5.472 44.6389 5.776 45.3909 6.384C46.1429 6.992 46.5189 7.936 46.5189 9.216V14.184H47.9589V16.512Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a><p>Your blueprint for a better internet.</p><ul class="social-icons"><li><a href="https://mozilla.social/@mdn" target="_blank" rel="me noopener noreferrer"><span class="icon icon-mastodon"></span><span class="visually-hidden">MDN on Mastodon</span></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/mozdevnet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="icon icon-twitter-x"></span><span class="visually-hidden">MDN on X (formerly Twitter)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/mdn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="icon icon-github-mark-small"></span><span class="visually-hidden">MDN on GitHub</span></a></li><li><a href="/en-US/blog/rss.xml" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon-feed"></span><span class="visually-hidden">MDN Blog RSS Feed</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-nav-col-1"><h2 class="footer-nav-heading">MDN</h2><ul class="footer-nav-list"><li class="footer-nav-item"><a href="/en-US/about">About</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a href="/en-US/blog/">Blog</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/careers/listings/?team=ProdOps" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a href="/en-US/advertising">Advertise with us</a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-nav-col-2"><h2 class="footer-nav-heading">Support</h2><ul class="footer-nav-list"><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="https://support.mozilla.org/products/mdn-plus">Product help</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/en-US/docs/MDN/Community/Issues">Report an issue</a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-nav-col-3"><h2 class="footer-nav-heading">Our communities</h2><ul class="footer-nav-list"><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/en-US/community">MDN Community</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="https://discourse.mozilla.org/c/mdn/236" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDN Forum</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/discord" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDN Chat</a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-nav-col-4"><h2 class="footer-nav-heading">Developers</h2><ul class="footer-nav-list"><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/en-US/docs/Web">Web Technologies</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/en-US/docs/Learn">Learn Web Development</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a class="footer-nav-link" href="/en-US/plus">MDN Plus</a></li><li class="footer-nav-item"><a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hacks Blog</a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-moz"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/" class="footer-moz-logo-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg width="112" height="32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title id="mozilla-footer-logo-svg">Mozilla logo</title><path d="M41.753 14.218c-2.048 0-3.324 1.522-3.324 4.157 0 2.423 1.119 4.286 3.29 4.286 2.082 0 3.447-1.678 3.447-4.347 0-2.826-1.522-4.096-3.413-4.096Zm54.89 7.044c0 .901.437 1.618 1.645 1.618 1.427 0 2.949-1.024 3.044-3.352-.649-.095-1.365-.185-2.02-.185-1.426-.005-2.668.397-2.668 1.92Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M0 0v32h111.908V0H0Zm32.56 25.426h-5.87v-7.884c0-2.423-.806-3.352-2.39-3.352-1.924 0-2.702 1.365-2.702 3.324v4.868h1.864v3.044h-5.864v-7.884c0-2.423-.806-3.352-2.39-3.352-1.924 0-2.702 1.365-2.702 3.324v4.868h2.669v3.044H6.642v-3.044h1.863v-7.918H6.642V11.42h5.864v2.11c.839-1.489 2.3-2.39 4.252-2.39 2.02 0 3.878.963 4.566 3.01.778-1.862 2.361-3.01 4.566-3.01 2.512 0 4.812 1.522 4.812 4.84v6.402h1.863v3.044h-.005Zm9.036.307c-4.314 0-7.296-2.635-7.296-7.106 0-4.096 2.484-7.481 7.514-7.481s7.481 3.38 7.481 7.29c0 4.472-3.228 7.297-7.699 7.297Zm22.578-.307H51.942l-.403-2.11 7.7-8.846h-4.376l-.621 2.17-2.888-.313.498-4.907h12.294l.313 2.11-7.767 8.852h4.533l.654-2.172 3.167.308-.872 4.908Zm7.99 0h-4.191v-5.03h4.19v5.03Zm0-8.976h-4.191v-5.03h4.19v5.03Zm2.618 8.976 6.054-21.358h3.945l-6.054 21.358h-3.945Zm8.136 0 6.048-21.358h3.945l-6.054 21.358h-3.939Zm21.486.307c-1.863 0-2.887-1.085-3.072-2.792-.805 1.427-2.232 2.792-4.498 2.792-2.02 0-4.314-1.085-4.314-4.006 0-3.447 3.323-4.253 6.518-4.253.778 0 1.584.034 2.3.124v-.465c0-1.427-.034-3.133-2.3-3.133-.84 0-1.488.061-2.143.402l-.453 1.578-3.195-.34.549-3.224c2.45-.996 3.692-1.27 5.992-1.27 3.01 0 5.556 1.55 5.556 4.75v6.083c0 .805.314 1.085.963 1.085.184 0 .375-.034.587-.095l.034 2.11a5.432 5.432 0 0 1-2.524.654Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a><ul class="footer-moz-list"><li class="footer-moz-item"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/websites/" class="footer-moz-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website Privacy Notice</a></li><li class="footer-moz-item"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/websites/#cookies" class="footer-moz-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cookies</a></li><li class="footer-moz-item"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/about/legal/terms/mozilla" class="footer-moz-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Legal</a></li><li class="footer-moz-item"><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/about/governance/policies/participation/" class="footer-moz-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Community Participation Guidelines</a></li></ul></div><div class="page-footer-legal"><p id="license" class="page-footer-legal-text">Visit <a href="https://www.mozilla.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mozilla Corporation’s</a> not-for-profit parent, the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://foundation.mozilla.org/">Mozilla Foundation</a>.<br/>Portions of this content are ©1998–2024 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under <a href="/en-US/docs/MDN/Writing_guidelines/Attrib_copyright_license">a Creative Commons license</a>.</p></div></div></footer></div><script type="application/json" id="hydration">{"url":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox","doc":{"isMarkdown":true,"isTranslated":false,"isActive":true,"flaws":{},"title":"Flexbox","mdn_url":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox","locale":"en-US","native":"English (US)","sidebarHTML":"<ol><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web\">Complete beginners start here!</a></li><li><details><summary>Getting started with the web</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web\">Getting started with the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Installing_basic_software\">Installing basic software</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/What_will_your_website_look_like\">What will your website look like?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Dealing_with_files\">Dealing with files</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/HTML_basics\">HTML basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/CSS_basics\">CSS basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/JavaScript_basics\">JavaScript basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Publishing_your_website\">Publishing your website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works\">How the web works</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML\">HTML — Structuring the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to HTML</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">Introduction to HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started\">Getting started with HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML\">What's in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals\">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks\">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting\">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure\">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML\">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter\">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding\">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML\">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content\">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies\">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web\">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images\">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page\">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables\">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics\">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced\">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data\">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS\">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured\">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works\">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page\">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors\">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors\">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors\">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements\">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators\">Combinators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance\">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers\">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\">The box model</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content\">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units\">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS\">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements\">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables\">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects\">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS\">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing\">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper\">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box\">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text\">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals\">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists\">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links\">Styling links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage\">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=\"\"><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction\">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\">Normal Flow</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox\" aria-current=\"page\">Flexbox</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">Grids</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats\">Floats</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning\">Positioning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout\">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods\">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers\">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps\">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript\">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash\">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong\">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables\">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math\">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings\">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods\">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays\">Arrays</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator\">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks\">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals\">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code\">Looping code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions\">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function\">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values\">Function return values</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events\">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling\">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery\">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects\">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics\">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes\">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming\">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON\">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice\">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous\">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing\">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises\">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers\">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations\">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs\">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction\">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents\">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data\">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage\">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\">Other form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation\">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers\">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia\">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile\">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance\">The \"why\" of web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance\">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance\">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia\">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video\">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML\">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS\">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML\">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps\">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers\">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots\">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts\">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables\">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas\">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games\">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction\">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques\">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials\">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games\">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing\">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools\">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview\">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management\">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment\">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction\">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features\">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started\">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components\">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started\">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization\">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state\">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer\">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing\">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources\">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started\">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component\">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists\">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models\">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling\">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties\">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering\">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management\">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources\">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning\">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components\">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility\">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores\">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript\">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next\">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started\">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling\">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component\">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering\">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building\">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub\">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing\">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction\">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies\">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS\">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript\">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility\">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection\">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing\">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side\">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps\">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django\">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Common questions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto\">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto\">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto\">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics\">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup\">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility\">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol>","sidebarMacro":"LearnSidebar","body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: CSS layout</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout\">Flexbox</a> is a one-dimensional layout method for arranging items in rows or columns. Items <em>flex</em> (expand) to fill additional space or shrink to fit into smaller spaces. This article explains all the fundamentals.</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Prerequisites:</th>\n <td>\n HTML basics (study\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">Introduction to HTML</a>), and an idea of how CSS works (study\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">Introduction to CSS</a>.)\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Objective:</th>\n <td>To learn how to use the flexbox layout system to create web layouts.</td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"why_flexbox","title":"Why flexbox?","isH3":false,"content":"<p>CSS flexible box layout enables you to:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Vertically center a block of content inside its parent.</li>\n <li>Make all the children of a container take up an equal amount of the available width/height, regardless of how much width/height is available.</li>\n <li>Make all columns in a multiple-column layout adopt the same height even if they contain a different amount of content.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Flexbox features may be the perfect solution for your one dimensional layout needs. Let's dig in and find out!</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"introducing_a_simple_example","title":"Introducing a simple example","isH3":false,"content":"<p>In this article, you'll work through a series of exercises to help you understand how flexbox works. To get started, you should make a local copy of the first starter file — <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">flexbox0.html</a> from our GitHub repo. Load it in a modern browser (like Firefox or Chrome) and have a look at the code in your code editor. You can also <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live here</a>.</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/bih741v.png\" alt=\"Image showing the starting point of flexbox tutorial\" width=\"1310\" height=\"670\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>You'll see that we have a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/header\"><code><header></code></a> element with a top level heading inside it and a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> element containing three <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a>s. We're going to use these to create a fairly standard three column layout.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes","title":"Specifying what elements to lay out as flexible boxes","isH3":false,"content":"<p>To start with, we need to select which elements are to be laid out as flexible boxes. To do this, we set a special value of <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display\"><code>display</code></a> on the parent element of the elements you want to affect. In this case we want to lay out the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> elements, so we set this on the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>section {\n display: flex;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>This causes the <code><section></code> element to become a <strong>flex container</strong> and its children become <strong>flex items</strong>. This is what it looks like:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example2.png\" alt=\"A two row container that includes a single column in the first row and a 3-column layout in the second row that shows how a webpage can be divided into different layouts depending on the contents\" width=\"800\" height=\"348\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>This single declaration gives us everything we need. Incredible, right? We have a multiple column layout with equal-sized columns, and the columns are all the same height. This is because the default values given to flex items (the children of the flex container) are set up to solve common problems such as this.</p>\n<p>Let's recap what's happening here. Adding a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display\"><code>display</code></a> value of <code>flex</code> to an element makes it a flex container. The container is displayed as <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block-level_content\">Block-level content</a> in terms of how it interacts with the rest of the page. When the element is converted to a flex container, its children are converted to (and laid out as) flex items.</p>\n<p>\n You can make the container inline using an <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display#outside\">outside <code>display</code> value</a> (e.g., <code>display: inline flex</code>), which affects how the container itself is laid out in the page.\n The legacy <code>inline-flex</code> display value displays the container as inline as well.\n We'll focus on how the contents of the container behave in this tutorial, but if you want to see the effect of inline versus block layout, you can have a look at the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display#display_value_comparison\">value comparison</a> on the <code>display</code> property page.\n</p>\n<p>The next sections explain in more detail what flex items are and what happens inside an element when you make it a flex container.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"the_flex_model","title":"The flex model","isH3":false,"content":"<p>When elements are laid out as flex items, they are laid out along two axes:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flex_terms.png\" alt=\"Three flex items in a left-to-right language are laid out side-by-side in a flex container. The main axis — the axis of the flex container in the direction in which the flex items are laid out — is horizontal. The ends of the axis are main-start and main-end and are on the left and right respectively. The cross axis is vertical; perpendicular to the main axis. The cross-start and cross-end are at the top and bottom respectively. The length of the flex item along the main axis, in this case, the width, is called the main size, and the length of the flex item along the cross axis, in this case, the height, is called the cross size.\" width=\"563\" height=\"333\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The <strong>main axis</strong> is the axis running in the direction the flex items are laid out in (for example, as a row across the page, or a column down the page.) The start and end of this axis are called the <strong>main start</strong> and <strong>main end</strong>. The length from the main-start edge to the main-end edge is the <strong>main size</strong>.</li>\n <li>The <strong>cross axis</strong> is the axis running perpendicular to the direction the flex items are laid out in. The start and end of this axis are called the <strong>cross start</strong> and <strong>cross end</strong>. The length from the cross-start edge to the cross-end edge is the <strong>cross size</strong>.</li>\n <li>The parent element that has <code>display: flex</code> set on it (the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> in our example) is called the <strong>flex container</strong>.</li>\n <li>The items laid out as flexible boxes inside the flex container are called <strong>flex items</strong> (the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> elements in our example).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Bear this terminology in mind as you go through subsequent sections. You can always refer back to it if you get confused about any of the terms being used.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"columns_or_rows","title":"Columns or rows?","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Flexbox provides a property called <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction\"><code>flex-direction</code></a> that specifies which direction the main axis runs (which direction the flexbox children are laid out in). By default this is set to <code>row</code>, which causes them to be laid out in a row in the direction your browser's default language works in (left to right, in the case of an English browser).</p>\n<p>Try adding the following declaration to your <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> rule:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>flex-direction: column;\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>You'll see that this puts the items back in a column layout, much like they were before we added any CSS. Before you move on, delete this declaration from your example.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can also lay out flex items in a reverse direction using the <code>row-reverse</code> and <code>column-reverse</code> values. Experiment with these values too!</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"wrapping","title":"Wrapping","isH3":false,"content":"<p>One issue that arises when you have a fixed width or height in your layout is that eventually your flexbox children will overflow their container, breaking the layout. Have a look at our <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox-wrap0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">flexbox-wrap0.html</a> example and try <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox-wrap0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">viewing it live</a> (take a local copy of this file now if you want to follow along with this example):</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example3.png\" alt=\"The Sample flexbox example has all the flex items laid out in a single row of the flex container. The eighth flex item overflows the browser window, and the page has visible horizontal and vertical scroll bars as it cannot be accommodated within the width of the window as the previous seven flex items have taken the space available within the viewport.\" width=\"1003\" height=\"795\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>Here we see that the children are indeed breaking out of their container. By default, the browser tries to place all the flex items in a single row if the <code>flex-direction</code> is set to <code>row</code> or a single column if the <code>flex-direction</code> is set to <code>column</code>. One way in which you can fix this is to add the following declaration to your <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> rule:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>flex-wrap: wrap;\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Also, add the following declaration to your <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> rule:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>flex: 200px;\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Try this now. You'll see that the layout looks much better with this included:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example4.png\" alt=\"Flex items are laid out in multiple rows in the flex container. The flex-wrap property is set to 'wrap' in the flex container which displays the flex items in a new row if the flex items in the previous row overflow outside the flexbox container. Each flex item is given a width of 200 pixels. All the items are stretched to be the same height, as tall as the flex item with the most content.\" width=\"1005\" height=\"793\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>We now have multiple rows. Each row has as many flexbox children fitted into it as is sensible. Any overflow is moved down to the next line. The <code>flex: 200px</code> declaration set on the articles means that each will be at least <code>200px</code> wide. We'll discuss this property in more detail later on. You might also notice that the last few children on the last row are each made wider so that the entire row is still filled.</p>\n<p>But there's more we can do here. First of all, try changing your <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction\"><code>flex-direction</code></a> property value to <code>row-reverse</code>. Now you'll see that you still have your multiple row layout, but it starts from the opposite corner of the browser window and flows in reverse.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"flex-flow_shorthand","title":"flex-flow shorthand","isH3":false,"content":"<p>At this point it's worth noting that a shorthand exists for <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-direction\"><code>flex-direction</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-wrap\"><code>flex-wrap</code></a>: <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-flow\"><code>flex-flow</code></a>. So, for example, you can replace</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>flex-direction: row;\nflex-wrap: wrap;\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>with</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>flex-flow: row wrap;\n</code></pre></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"flexible_sizing_of_flex_items","title":"Flexible sizing of flex items","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Let's now return to our first example and look at how we can control what proportion of space flex items take up compared to the other flex items. Open your local copy of <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">flexbox0.html</a>, or take a copy of <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox1.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">flexbox1.html</a> as a new starting point (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flexbox1.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live</a>).</p>\n<p>First, add the following rule to the bottom of your CSS:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>article {\n flex: 1;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>This is a unitless proportion value that dictates how much available space along the main axis each flex item will take up compared to other flex items. In this case, we're giving each <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> element the same value (a value of <code>1</code>), which means they'll all take up an equal amount of the spare space left after properties like padding and margin have been set. This value is proportionally shared among the flex items: giving each flex item a value of <code>400000</code> would have exactly the same effect.</p>\n<p>Now add the following rule below the previous one:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>article:nth-of-type(3) {\n flex: 2;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Now when you refresh, you'll see that the third <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> takes up twice as much of the available width as the other two. There are now four proportion units available in total (since 1 + 1 + 2 = 4). The first two flex items have one unit each, so they each take 1/4 of the available space. The third one has two units, so it takes up 2/4 of the available space (or one-half).</p>\n<p>You can also specify a minimum size value within the flex value. Try updating your existing article rules like so:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>article {\n flex: 1 200px;\n}\n\narticle:nth-of-type(3) {\n flex: 2 200px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>This basically states, \"Each flex item will first be given <code>200px</code> of the available space. After that, the rest of the available space will be shared according to the proportion units.\" Try refreshing and you'll see a difference in how the space is shared.</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example1.png\" alt=\"A flex container with three flex items. The third flex item is slightly larger than the first two.\" width=\"800\" height=\"324\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>All the flex items have a minimum width of 200 pixels—set using 'flex'. The value of flex for first two flex items is 1 and for the third item is 2. This splits the remaining space in the flex container into 4 proportion units. One unit is assigned to each of the first two flex items and 2 units are assigned to the third flex item, making the third flex item wider than the other two, which are of the same width.</p>\n<p>The real value of flexbox can be seen in its flexibility/responsiveness. If you resize the browser window or add another <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> element, the layout continues to work just fine.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"flex_shorthand_versus_longhand","title":"flex: shorthand versus longhand","isH3":false,"content":"<p><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex\"><code>flex</code></a> is a shorthand property that can specify up to three different values:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The unitless proportion value we discussed above. This can be specified separately using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-grow\"><code>flex-grow</code></a> longhand property.</li>\n <li>A second unitless proportion value, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-shrink\"><code>flex-shrink</code></a>, which comes into play when the flex items are overflowing their container. This value specifies how much an item will shrink in order to prevent overflow. This is quite an advanced flexbox feature and we won't be covering it any further in this article.</li>\n <li>The minimum size value we discussed above. This can be specified separately using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-basis\"><code>flex-basis</code></a> longhand value.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>We'd advise against using the longhand flex properties unless you really have to (for example, to override something previously set). They lead to a lot of extra code being written and can be somewhat confusing.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"horizontal_and_vertical_alignment","title":"Horizontal and vertical alignment","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You can also use flexbox features to align flex items along the main or cross axis. Let's explore this by looking at a new example: <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/flex-align0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">flex-align0.html</a> (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/flex-align0.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live also</a>). We're going to turn this into a neat, flexible button/toolbar. At the moment you'll see a horizontal menu bar with some buttons jammed into the top left-hand corner.</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example5.png\" alt=\"Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. The buttons are jammed into the top left-hand corner that doesn't look neat.\" width=\"600\" height=\"77\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>First, take a local copy of this example.</p>\n<p>Now, add the following to the bottom of the example's CSS:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>div {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-around;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox_center_space-around.png\" alt=\"Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. The flex items are positioned vertically centered and they are evenly spaced out horizontally.\" width=\"1217\" height=\"209\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>Refresh the page and you'll see that the buttons are now nicely centered horizontally and vertically. We've done this via two new properties. The flex items are positioned at the center of the cross-axis by setting the <code>align-items</code> property to <code>center</code>. The flex items are spaced evenly along the main-axis by setting the <code>justify-content</code> property to <code>space-around</code>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items\"><code>align-items</code></a> property controls where the flex items sit on the cross axis.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>By default, the value <code>normal</code> which behaves as <code>stretch</code> in flexbox. This stretches all flex items to fill the parent in the direction of the cross axis. If the parent doesn't have a fixed size in the cross axis direction, then all flex items will become as tall (or wide) as the tallest (or widest) flex item. This is how our first example had columns of equal height by default.</li>\n <li>The <code>center</code> value that we used in our above code causes the items to maintain their intrinsic dimensions, but be centered along the cross axis. This is why our current example's buttons are centered vertically.</li>\n <li>You can also have values like <code>flex-start</code>, <code>self-start</code> or <code>start</code> and <code>flex-end</code>, <code>self-end</code> or <code>end</code>, which will align all items at the start and end of the cross axis respectively. The <code>baseline</code> values will line up the flex items by their baseline; basically the bottom of each flex items first line of text will be lined up with the bottom of the first line of the element with the greatest distance between the cross start and that baseline. See <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items\"><code>align-items</code></a> for the full details.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can override the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items\"><code>align-items</code></a> behavior for individual flex items by applying the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-self\"><code>align-self</code></a> property to them. For example, try adding the following to your CSS:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button:first-child {\n align-self: flex-end;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox_first-child_flex-end.png\" alt=\"Five buttons are laid out in a row in a flex container. All the flex items except the first one are positioned at the center of the cross-axis, or vertically centered. The first item is flush against the bottom of the flex container, at the end of the cross-axis The flex items are spaced evenly along the main-axis, or width, of the container.\" width=\"1219\" height=\"217\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>Have a look at what effect this has and remove it again when you've finished.</p>\n<p><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justify-content\"><code>justify-content</code></a> controls where the flex items sit on the main axis.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The default value is <code>normal</code>, which behaves as <code>start</code>, which makes all the items sit at the start of the main axis.</li>\n <li>You can use <code>end</code> or <code>flex-end</code> to make them sit at the end.</li>\n <li>The <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> values behave as <code>start</code> or <code>end</code> depending on the writing mode direction.</li>\n <li><code>center</code> is also a value for <code>justify-content</code>. It'll make the flex items sit in the center of the main axis.</li>\n <li>The value we've used above, <code>space-around</code>, is useful — it distributes all the items evenly along the main axis with a bit of space left at either end.</li>\n <li>There is another value, <code>space-between</code>, which is very similar to <code>space-around</code> except that it doesn't leave any space at either end.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justify-items\"><code>justify-items</code></a> property is ignored in flexbox layouts.</p>\n<p>We'd like to encourage you to play with these values to see how they work before you continue.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"ordering_flex_items","title":"Ordering flex items","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Flexbox also has a feature for changing the layout order of flex items without affecting the source order. This is another thing that is impossible to do with traditional layout methods.</p>\n<p>Try adding the following CSS to your button bar example code:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button:first-child {\n order: 1;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Refresh and you'll see that the \"Smile\" button has moved to the end of the main axis. Let's talk about how this works in a bit more detail:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>By default, all flex items have an <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/order\"><code>order</code></a> value of <code>0</code>.</li>\n <li>Flex items with higher specified order values will appear later in the display order than items with lower order values.</li>\n <li>Flex items with the same order value will appear in their source order. So if you have four items whose order values have been set as <code>2</code>, <code>1</code>, <code>1</code>, and <code>0</code> respectively, their display order would be 4th, 2nd, 3rd, then 1st.</li>\n <li>The 3rd item appears after the 2nd because it has the same order value and is after it in the source order.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can set negative order values to make items appear earlier than items whose value is <code>0</code>. For example, you could make the \"Blush\" button appear at the start of the main axis using the following rule:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button:last-child {\n order: -1;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>While you can change the order using <code>order</code>, the tabbing order remains the same as the code order. Changing the order of focusable elements can negatively impact usability for your keyboard users!</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"nested_flex_boxes","title":"Nested flex boxes","isH3":false,"content":"<p>It's possible to create some pretty complex layouts with flexbox. It's perfectly OK to set a flex item to also be a flex container, so that its children are also laid out like flexible boxes. Have a look at <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/css/css-layout/flexbox/complex-flexbox.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">complex-flexbox.html</a> (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/css-layout/flexbox/complex-flexbox.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live also</a>).</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox/flexbox-example7.png\" alt=\"The Sample flexbox example has three flex item children laid out in a row. The first two are the same width, the third is slightly wider. The third flex item is also a flex container. It has a set of buttons in two rows followed by text. The first row of buttons has 4 buttons that are laid out in a row; the buttons are the same width, taking up the full width of the container. The second row has a single button that takes up the entire width of the row on its own.\" width=\"800\" height=\"347\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>This complex layout has a few flex items that are also flex containers. The HTML for this is fairly straightforward. We've got a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> element containing three <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a>s. The third <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> contains three <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div\"><code><div></code></a>s, and the first <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div\"><code><div></code></a> contains five <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button\"><code><button></code></a>s:</p>\n<pre class=\"brush: plain notranslate\">section - article\n article\n article - div - button\n div button\n div button\n button\n button\n</pre>\n<p>Let's look at the code we've used for the layout.</p>\n<p>First of all, we set the children of the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section\"><code><section></code></a> to be laid out as flexible boxes.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>section {\n display: flex;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Next, we set some flex values on the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a>s themselves. Take special note of the second rule here: we're setting the third <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> to have its children laid out like flex items too, but this time we're laying them out like a column.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>article {\n flex: 1 200px;\n}\n\narticle:nth-of-type(3) {\n flex: 3 200px;\n display: flex;\n flex-flow: column;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Next, we select the first <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div\"><code><div></code></a>. We first use <code>flex: 1 100px;</code> to effectively give it a minimum height of <code>100px</code>, then we set its children (the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button\"><code><button></code></a> elements) to also be laid out like flex items. Here we lay them out in a wrapping row and align them in the center of the available space as we did with the individual button example we saw earlier.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>article:nth-of-type(3) div:first-child {\n flex: 1 100px;\n display: flex;\n flex-flow: row wrap;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-around;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Finally, we set some sizing on the button. This time by giving it a flex value of <code>1 auto</code>. This has a very interesting effect, which you'll see if you try resizing your browser window width. The buttons will take up as much space as they can. As many will fit on a line as is comfortable; beyond that, they'll drop to a new line.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button {\n flex: 1 auto;\n margin: 5px;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n}\n</code></pre></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"test_your_skills!","title":"Test your skills!","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox_skills\">Test your skills: Flexbox</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isH3":false,"content":"<p>That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun and will have a good play around with it as you proceed further with your learning. Next, we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts: <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">CSS grids</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"see_also","title":"See also","isH3":false,"content":"<ul>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Basic_concepts_of_flexbox\">Basic concepts of flexbox</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Aligning_items_in_a_flex_container\">Aligning items in a flex container</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Ordering_flex_items\">Ordering flex items</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Controlling_ratios_of_flex_items_along_the_main_axis\">Controlling ratios of flex items along the main axis</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout\">CSS flexible box layout</a> module</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/a-guide-to-flexbox/\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">CSS-Tricks guide to flexbox</a> — an article explaining everything about flexbox in a visually appealing way</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://flexboxfroggy.com/\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">Flexbox Froggy</a> — an educational game to learn and better understand the basics of flexbox</li>\n</ul><ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: CSS layout</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>"}}],"toc":[{"text":"Why flexbox?","id":"why_flexbox"},{"text":"Introducing a simple example","id":"introducing_a_simple_example"},{"text":"Specifying what elements to lay out as flexible boxes","id":"specifying_what_elements_to_lay_out_as_flexible_boxes"},{"text":"The flex model","id":"the_flex_model"},{"text":"Columns or rows?","id":"columns_or_rows"},{"text":"Wrapping","id":"wrapping"},{"text":"flex-flow shorthand","id":"flex-flow_shorthand"},{"text":"Flexible sizing of flex items","id":"flexible_sizing_of_flex_items"},{"text":"flex: shorthand versus longhand","id":"flex_shorthand_versus_longhand"},{"text":"Horizontal and vertical alignment","id":"horizontal_and_vertical_alignment"},{"text":"Ordering flex items","id":"ordering_flex_items"},{"text":"Nested flex boxes","id":"nested_flex_boxes"},{"text":"Test your skills!","id":"test_your_skills!"},{"text":"Summary","id":"summary"},{"text":"See also","id":"see_also"}],"summary":"That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun and will have a good play around with it as you proceed further with your learning. Next, we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts: CSS grids.","popularity":0.3542,"modified":"2024-08-08T06:59:08.000Z","other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Flexbox","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"es","title":"Flexbox","native":"Español"},{"locale":"fr","title":"Flexbox","native":"Français"},{"locale":"ja","title":"フレックスボックス","native":"日本語"},{"locale":"ko","title":"Flexbox","native":"한국어"},{"locale":"pt-BR","title":"Flexbox","native":"Português (do Brasil)"},{"locale":"ru","title":"Flexbox","native":"Русский"},{"locale":"zh-CN","title":"弹性盒子","native":"中文 (简体)"}],"pageType":"learn-module-chapter","source":{"folder":"en-us/learn/css/css_layout/flexbox","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn/css/css_layout/flexbox/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/commit/07f80557969d0e30aa294bdf4603be05c3a61a50","filename":"index.md"},"short_title":"Flexbox","parents":[{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn","title":"Guides"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS","title":"CSS"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout","title":"CSS layout"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox","title":"Flexbox"}],"pageTitle":"Flexbox - Learn web development | MDN","noIndexing":false}}</script></body></html>