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Unità d'Italia 1861: storia cronologia, battaglie e protagonisti | Studenti.it
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Telegram </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <figure class="article-opening-picture mobile"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2020/06/15/unita-d-italia-1861_600x400.jpeg" alt="Unità d'Italia 1861: storia, cronologia, battaglie e protagonisti della nascita dello Stato italiano" width="600" height="400" /> <figcaption class="photo"><i><span>getty-images</span></i></figcaption> </figure> <aside class="lista-argomenti propedeutici cf"> <h3 class="sans">Devi conoscere</h3> <ul class="list-metro"> <li><a href="https://www.studenti.it/giuseppe-garibaldi-biografia-eroe-due-mondi.html">Giuseppe Garibaldi e i mille: biografia dell'Eroe dei due mondi</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.studenti.it/il-risorgimento-italiano.html">Il Risorgimento italiano: caratteristiche, protagonisti e battaglie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.studenti.it/brigantaggio-questione-meridionale-cause-caratteristiche.html">Il brigantaggio e la questione meridionale: storia, cause e caratteristiche</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.studenti.it/goffredo-mameli-canto-italiani-inno-unita-italia.html">Goffredo Mameli e il canto degli italiani: l'inno dell'Unità d'Italia</a></li> </ul> </aside> <aside class="lista-argomenti imparerai cf"> <h3 class="sans">Cosa imparerai</h3> <ul class="list-metro"> <li>Le tappe fondamentali che portarono all'unità d'Italia nel 1861</li> <li>I protagonisti dell'Unità d'Italia: Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi</li> </ul> </aside> <div class="indice toolheaderIndiceSource"> <h4 class="label sans">Indice</h4> <ol> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23276">Unità d'Italia: introduzione</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23277">Cavour e il Piemonte</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23278">Mazzini e i repubblicani</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23279">Tra guerra e diplomazia</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23280">Garibaldi in Sicilia</a> <ol> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#f-259986">Garibaldi e la Spedizione dei Mille</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23281">Unità d'Italia: liberazione o annessione?</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-23282">Unità d'Italia, quando è avvenuta?</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-51139">Ascolta il podcast sull'Unità d'Italia</a> </li> <li class="sezione"> <a href="#s-32555">Guarda il video sul Risorgimento</a> </li> <li class="item-concetti-chiave"><a href="#concetti-chiave">Concetti chiave</a></li> </ol> </div> <aside class="infobox cf"> <h3 class="sans">Infobox</h3> <dl class="cf"> <dt>Cosa</dt> <dd> L'Unità d'Italia </dd> <dt>Quando</dt> <dd> 17 marzo 1861 </dd> <dt>Dove</dt> <dd> Italia </dd> <dt>Protagonisti</dt> <dd> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/camillo-benso-conte-di-cavour.html">Camillo Benso conte di Cavour</a>, <a href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/giuseppe-garibaldi.html">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, <a href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/giuseppe-mazzini.html">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, Vittorio Emanuele II </dd> <dt>Frase celebre</dt> <dd> «Vogliamo la patria, la patria una e rapidamente. Possiamo cedere su tutto; su questo no.» </dd> </dl> </aside> <div class="foglia-content"> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>1</span><a id="s-23276" name="s-23276">Unità d'Italia: introduzione</a></h2> <div data-fid="86423"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Alla fine dei <strong><a title="tutto su moti rivoluzionari" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/moti-rivoluzionari.html">moti rivoluzionari</a> del ‘48</strong>, nessuno avrebbe potuto sapere quale sarebbe stato il destino dell’<strong>Italia</strong>. I tentativi rivoluzionari del 1848 erano infatti falliti, e ciò era avvenuto in particolare per due motivi: </p> <ul> <li>le forze in gioco erano divise, i <strong>democratici radicali</strong> volevano una democrazia a suffragio universale (maschile), i<strong> liberali moderati</strong> volevano una monarchia costituzionale a suffragio limitato.</li> <li>Le <strong>masse contadine</strong>, ovvero la maggior parte della popolazione, erano sostanzialmente estranee alle <a title="Confessioni d'un italiano personaggi" href="https://www.studenti.it/confessioni-di-un-italiano-di-ippolito-nievo-trama-analisi-e-personaggi.html">idee risorgimentali</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Gli Austriaci erano ancora in Veneto ed in Lombardia, mentre nel centro e nel sud i tentativi di riforma, che pur c’erano stati, si erano fermati. Le <strong>costituzioni</strong> erano state revocate, lasciando spazio a brutali politiche repressive e autoritarie, in particolare nello Stato Pontificio e nel Regno delle due Sicilie. La principale eccezione a tutto questo era una: il <strong><span class="jq_css_nota" data-atype="nota" data-aid="1">Regno di Sardegna</span></strong>. </p> <ul> <li><a title="Tutto Storia: acquista la miglior sintesi di Storia dalle origini a oggi" href="https://www.amazon.it/Tutto-storia-Nuova-ediz/dp/8851195196?tag=studenti-21&ascsubtag=66034-widget-desktop" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Tutto Storia: schemi riassuntivi e quadri di approfondimento</strong></em></a><br />Per conoscere e ricordare i concetti, gli eventi e i principali avvenimenti della storia dalle origini a oggi.</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>2</span><a id="s-23277" name="s-23277">Cavour e il Piemonte</a></h2> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/27/cavour_200x300.jpeg" alt="Ritratto di Camillo Benso conte di Cavour" > <figcaption> Ritratto di Camillo Benso conte di Cavour — <i> Fonte: <span>ansa</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <!-- gpt mobile --> <div class="adv-gpt-wrapper-mobile amePlaceholderBox mobile"> <div id="adv-gpt-box-mobile-container1" class="adv-mobile"></div> </div> <div data-fid="86424"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Quando nel marzo del 1849 <a title="Tutto su Vittorio Emanuele II" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/vittorio-emanuele-2.html"><strong>Vittorio Emanuele II</strong></a> (1820-1878) diventa Re di Sardegna, il Piemonte era l’unico <strong>Stato dell’Italia</strong> pre unitaria a non aver ritirato la propria costituzione (lo <span class="jq_css_approfondimento" data-atype="approfondimento" data-aid="1">Statuto Albertino</span>). Nonostante questo, i rapporti tra il sovrano, dotato di ampi poteri, e la Camera elettiva, dominata da rappresentanti democratici, erano <strong>conflittuali</strong>.<br />Nell’agosto del ‘49 la Camera si rifiuta di approvare la <span class="jq_css_nota" data-atype="nota" data-aid="1">pace di Milano</span> con l’<a title="Tutto su Austria" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/austria.html">Austria</a>: il re ed il governo (di nomina regia), presieduto dal moderato <a title="Tutto su Massimo d'Azeglio" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/massimo-d-azeglio.html"><strong>Massimo D’Azeglio</strong></a> decidono allora di <strong>sciogliere la camera</strong>, invitando gli elettori, senza mezzi termini, a scegliersi rappresentanti più moderati - che verranno effettivamente eletti, per poi approvare la pace di <a title="Tutto su Milano" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/milano.html">Milano</a>. </p> </div> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://doc.studenti.it/appunti/storia/camillo-benso-conte-cavour-vita.html" title="Camillo Benso conte di Cavour biografia" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Appunti </small> <h4 class="title">Camillo Benso conte di Cavour: biografia e pensiero politico</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86425"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Sembrerebbe una <strong>svolta autoritaria</strong>, ma nel 1849 emerge la figura di <a title="tutto su Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/camillo-benso-conte-di-cavour.html"><strong>Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour</strong></a>: aristocratico, uomo d’affari e giornalista, che in gioventù aveva viaggiato molto, studiato, e amministrato il patrimonio di famiglia con un certo successo, tanto da ricevere la carica di <strong>Ministro dell’<a title="Tutto su agricoltura" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/agricoltura.html">Agricoltura</a> e del Commercio</strong>. Nel 1852, dopo essersi abilmente conquistato una maggioranza al centro del <a title="tutto su Parlamento" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/parlamento.html">parlamento</a>, verrà nominato primo ministro. <a title="Cavour e l'Unità d'Italia" href="https://www.studenti.it/camillo-benso-conte-di-cavour-biografia-e-pensiero-politico.html"><strong>Cavour</strong></a> era convinto che il diritto di voto e la rappresentazione parlamentare andavano ampliate, ma gradualmente. Voleva una <strong>monarchia costituzionale</strong> in grado di tutelare la proprietà privata, le <a title="tutto su libertà" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/liberta.html">libertà</a> individuali, ed un’economia libera. Su queste basi, <strong>Cavour</strong> riesce ad integrare lo Stato sabaudo al <strong>contesto europeo</strong>, tramite trattati commerciali con gli altri paesi e abolendo una serie di antiquate tasse sul grano. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Sotto il <strong>governo di Cavour</strong> vengono costruite strade e canali di irrigazione, ampliate le ferrovie e favorito lo sviluppo industriale: il Piemonte, pur con qualche ritardo e squilibrio di classe, si conferma come <strong>punto di riferimento in Italia</strong>, attirando numerosi intellettuali ed esuli politici tra 1849 e 1860. Nonostante questo, Cavour ancora non pensava all’<a title="Tutto su storia dell'unità d'Italia" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/storia-dell-unita-d-italia.html"><strong>unità d’Italia</strong></a>. </p> </div> <aside class="box-curiosita"> <h3>Curiosità</h3> <p class="sans"> Durante una visita nel sud Italia Vittorio Emanuele II non si lasciò baciare le mani dai sudditi e quando a Palermo gli staccarono i cavalli dalla carrozza decise di proseguire a piedi, dicendo “Non sono un cantante o una ballerina”.</p> </aside> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>3</span><a id="s-23278" name="s-23278">Mazzini e i repubblicani</a></h2> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/30/mazzini_200x300.jpeg" alt="Ritratto di Giuseppe Mazzini" > <figcaption> Ritratto di Giuseppe Mazzini — <i> Fonte: <span>ansa</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <div data-fid="86426"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Secondo <a title="tutto su Giuseppe Mazzini" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/giuseppe-mazzini.html"><strong>Mazzini</strong></a>, esule a Londra, l’unico modo per arrivare all’<strong>unità d’Italia</strong> sarebbe stato un <strong>grande moto insurrezionale</strong>, organizzato attraverso una fitta rete di attività cospirative in Italia, che però nei fatti ha scarso successo. La polizia austriaca arresta e giustizia molti mazziniani quando a Milano, nel febbraio del 1853, viene represso un altro moto insurrezionale. Mazzini restava la principale voce del <strong>movimento democratico</strong>, ma alcuni teorici, come Carlo Pisacane, iniziano a sviluppare posizioni alternative, secondo cui le masse lavoratrici sarebbero state la chiave per l’indipendenza nazionale. </p> </div> <div data-fid="86427"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Nel giugno del 1857 <strong>Pisacane</strong> prende possesso di un piroscafo di linea, giunge a Ponza, sede di un penitenziario borbonico, dove libera circa<strong> trecento detenuti</strong>, molti dei quali ordinari delinquenti. La prossima meta è Sapri, vicino Salerno, dove Pisacane spera di coinvolgere i contadini in una <strong>rivolta armata</strong>. Le cose vanno esattamente nel modo opposto: ostili a Pisacane, i contadini consentono alle truppe borboniche di annientare i rivoltosi. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">A fianco di questi tentativi falliti, si delinea nello stesso anno un’alternativa apertamente <strong>filopiemontese</strong>, ispirata da Daniele Manin, appoggiata da <a title="Giuseppe Garibaldi biografia" href="https://www.studenti.it/giuseppe-garibaldi-biografia-eroe-due-mondi.html"><strong>Giuseppe Garibaldi</strong></a>, che prende il nome di <strong>Società nazionale</strong>: questa nuova formazione si proponeva di appoggiare la politica piemontese finché sarebbe stata utile alla causa dell’<strong>unità</strong>. </p> </div> <blockquote class="box-citazione"> <a name="citazione1"> <span class="quote-label"></span> <div class="testo-citazione"> <p class="sans">Finché, domestica o straniera, voi avete tirannide, come potete aver patria? La patria è la casa dell'uomo, non dello schiavo.</p> <span class="cosa">Giuseppe Mazzini</span> </div> </a> <figure class="pic-quote"><img class="pic-quote-img" src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/30/mazzini-2_120x120.jpeg"></figure> </blockquote> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>4</span><a id="s-23279" name="s-23279">Tra guerra e diplomazia</a></h2> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/guerra-crimea-riassunto.html" title="guerra di Crimea" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Approfondisci </small> <h4 class="title">La guerra di Crimea</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86430"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Allo scopo di avvicinare il Piemonte alle potenze europee, Cavour invia un <strong>contingente di truppe in Crimea</strong> al fianco di <a title="Tutto su Francia" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/francia.html">Francia</a> ed <a title="Tutto su Inghilterra" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/inghilterra.html">Inghilterra</a>, grazie al quale potrà partecipare alla <strong>Conferenza di Parigi del 1856</strong>. Cavour aveva capito che per eliminare gli Austriaci dall’Italia del centro-nord bisognava appoggiarsi ad una grande potenza europea: la <strong>Francia di <a title="Tutto su Napoleone III" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/napoleone-3.html">Napoleone III</a></strong>. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Nel luglio del 1858 Cavour incontra Napoleone III a<strong> Plombières</strong>, una piccola cittadina termale, per pianificare un nuovo assetto per l’Italia: si immagina una <strong>Confederazione italiana</strong>, presieduta dal papa, che in questo periodo mostrava tendenze liberali. Napoleone III mirava in realtà a stabilire un’egemonia sull’Italia, mentre Cavour si stava servendo dell’appoggio francese per arrivare ad un’<strong>Italia indipendente</strong> guidata dal Piemonte. </p> </div> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/seconda-guerra-indipendenza-riassunto.html" title="seconda guerra di indipendenza riassunto" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Appunti </small> <h4 class="title">La seconda guerra di indipendenza</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86432"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Secondo gli accordi doveva scoppiare una guerra contro il vicino austriaco, possibilmente causata dagli stessi asburgici. Dopo una serie di provocazioni pretestuose, nell’aprile del 1859 l’Austria dà un ultimatum al Piemonte, respinto da Cavour: scoppia la<a title="Tutto su guerre di indipendenza italiane" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/guerre-di-indipendenza-italiane.html"><strong> seconda guerra di indipendenza</strong></a>, vinta nettamente dalle truppe franco-piemontesi a Magenta e a Solferino. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">A questo punto Napoleone III, dopo aver posto la Lombardia sotto la sovranità di <a title="Vittorio Emanuele II biografia" href="https://www.studenti.it/vittorio-emanuele-2-biografia-e-politica.html">Vittorio Emanuele II</a>, firma a <strong>Villafranca</strong> (luglio del 1859) un<strong> armistizio con gli austriaci</strong> senza il consenso piemontese: gli Asburgo avrebbero rinunciato alla Lombardia per cederla alla Francia (che l’avrebbe poi ceduta a sua volta al Piemonte), tenendosi però il Veneto, Mantova e Peschiera. Perché Napoleone III torna sui suoi passi? </p> <ul> <li>l’opinione pubblica francese era ostile ad una<strong> guerra costosa</strong></li> <li>c’era il rischio di possibili ripercussioni da parte dei Tedeschi, alleati degli Austriaci.</li> <li>punto più importante: c’erano state nel frattempo una serie di insurrezioni contro i vecchi sovrani in varie città toscane, a Modena, a Parma e nello <strong>Stato pontificio</strong></li> </ul> </div> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/27/napoleone-iii_200x300.jpeg" alt="Ritratto di Napoleone III" > <figcaption> Ritratto di Napoleone III — <i> Fonte: <span>istock</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <div data-fid="86434"> <p>Stavolta, a differenza che nel 1848, le<strong> insurrezioni</strong> erano saldamente tenute sotto controllo dalla Società nazionale: i governi provvisori in queste città intendevano essere <strong>annessi al Piemonte</strong>. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Tutto questo vanificava i progetti originari di una Confederazione italiana, e per questo, a Villafranca, Napoleone III e gli Asburgo desiderano che negli stati italiani tutto torni come prima. Dopo il trattato, <strong>Cavour si dimette</strong> immediatamente.<br />La situazione si rivolge ancora però quando in Toscana, Romagna ed Emilia le popolazioni vengono chiamate ad esprimere il proprio parere sull’annessione al Piemonte attraverso dei <strong>plebisciti</strong> (un sistema che Bonaparte conosceva bene), affermandosi in netta maggioranza per il sì. A Napoleone III non resta che accettare il fatto compiuto, anche se a un prezzo: Cavour, tornato al governo nel 1860, cederà <strong>Nizza e la Savoia</strong>, due antichi possedimenti della dinastia sabauda, alla Francia. Una decisione destinata a suscitare polemiche, se pensiamo che <a title="tutto su Giuseppe Garibaldi" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/giuseppe-garibaldi.html"><strong>Giuseppe Garibaldi</strong></a> era nato proprio a Nizza. </p> </div> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>5</span><a id="s-23280" name="s-23280">Garibaldi in Sicilia</a></h2> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/30/garibaldi-2_200x300.jpeg" alt="Ritratto di Giuseppe Garibaldi" > <figcaption> Ritratto di Giuseppe Garibaldi — <i> Fonte: <span>ansa</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <div data-fid="86435"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Il patriota Giuseppe Garibaldi, repubblicano ed avventuriero, era un <strong>uomo straordinario</strong>. In gioventù era stato un capitano al servizio del regno di Sardegna, per poi entrare in contatto con le<strong> idee rivoluzionarie</strong> di <a title="Giuseppe Mazzini pensiero" href="https://www.studenti.it/giuseppe_mazzini.html"><strong>Mazzini</strong></a>. A causa di queste idee era stato costretto ad un <strong>lungo esilio</strong> in Sud America, dove partecipa ad una serie di guerre di liberazione, che lo renderanno celebre come <strong>eroe dei due mondi</strong>. Dopo un ritorno in Italia per partecipare ai <a title="moti rivoluzionari del 1848" href="https://www.studenti.it/moti-rivoluzionari-1848-cause-protagonisti-conseguenze.html">moti del ’48</a> torna a viaggiare, tra Tangeri ed il Sud America. Nel 1854 Cavour gli permette di rimpatriare, e dal 1858 partecipa alla guerra contro l’Austria. </p> </div> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://doc.studenti.it/appunti/storia/spedizione-mille-breve-appunto.html" title="spedizione dei Mille riassunto" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Appunti </small> <h4 class="title">La spedizione dei Mille</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86436"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1"><a title="Tutto su Francesco Crispi" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/francesco-crispi.html"><strong>Francesco Crispi</strong></a> e <strong>Rosolino Pilo</strong>, due giovani intellettuali ed agitatori del movimento democratico, stavano organizzando un’<strong>insurrezione in Sicilia</strong>, isola dove il governo borbonico era in questi anni fortemente osteggiato. La persona adatta per assumerne il comando era Garibaldi, l’unico abbastanza carismatico, si pensava, da poter coinvolgere i contadini siciliani. Nonostante Cavour fosse inizialmente contrario all’iniziativa, il Piemonte lascia fare. Nel <strong>maggio del 1860</strong> Garibaldi si imbarca per la Sicilia su due piccole navi con poco più di <strong>mille volontari</strong>, a cui si aggiungeranno però, esattamente secondo i piani, numerosi siciliani. Dopo alcune vittorie e l’insurrezione di Palermo, Garibaldi, il 14 del mese, proclama la Sicilia indipendente in nome della corona Sabauda. </p> </div> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/francesco-crispi-sinistra-storica.html" title="crispi e la sinistra storica" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Approfondisci </small> <h4 class="title">Francesco Crispi e la sinistra storica</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="112125"> <p>La spedizione è un successo, ma non risolve i problemi dei contadini insorti, che hanno un principale obiettivo: liberarsi dalle tasse e <strong>conquistare terra</strong>. Obiettivi che non coincidono con quello dei patrioti venuti dal nord: trovare un appoggio politico. E l’appoggio politico passava necessariamente per la borghesia siciliana. A fronte dello scontento dei contadini, i proprietari terrieri iniziano a vedere nell’annessione al Piemonte l’unica possibile <strong>garanzia di pace sociale</strong>. </p> </div> <h3 class="title-paragrafo"><span>5.1</span><a name="f-259986" id="f-259986">Garibaldi e la Spedizione dei Mille</a></h3> <div data-fid="259991"> <p>La Spedizione dei Mille guidata da Giuseppe Garibaldi fu uno degli episodi più importanti e cruciali dell’intero <a title="Risorgimento" href="https://www.studenti.it/il-risorgimento-italiano.html">Risorgimento</a>. Il nome della missione che si protrasse dal 1860 al 1861, dipese dal migliaio di volontari che vi parteciparono sotto gli ordini dell’Eroe dei Due Mondi. Garibaldi e i mille partirono nella notte tra il 5 e il 6 maggio da Quarto, città nei pressi di Genova (allora territorio del Regno di Sardegna) alla volta della Sicilia, controllata dal Regno Borbonico delle Due Sicilie. L<strong>o scopo della spedizione era di appoggiare le rivolte scoppiate sull'isola e rovesciare il governo borbonico.</strong> I garibaldini sbarcarono l'11 maggio presso Marsala e grazie al contributo di volontari meridionali e a rinforzi alla spedizione, aumentarono di numero dando vita all’Esercito meridionale. Dopo una serie di battaglie vittoriose contro l'Esercito borbonico, i Mille e il neonato esercito italico riuscirono a conquistare tutto il Regno delle Due Sicilie, permettendone l'annessione al nascente Regno d'Italia. </p> </div> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>6</span><a id="s-23281" name="s-23281">Unità d'Italia: liberazione o annessione?</a></h2> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://doc.studenti.it/appunti/ricerche/carlo-cattaneo.html" title="Carlo Cattaneo pensiero riassunto" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Appunti </small> <h4 class="title">Il pensiero di Carlo Cattaneo</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86437"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">In estate Garibaldi sbarca in Calabria, e a settembre è a Napoli il giorno dopo che Francesco II di Borbone ha abbandonato la città per rifugiarsi a Gaeta. Quello di Garibaldi è un <strong>ingresso trionfale.</strong> Sempre a Napoli, poco dopo, arrivano anche <strong><a title="Tutto su Carlo Cattaneo" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/carlo-cattaneo.html">Cattaneo</a> e Mazzini</strong>: i democratici puntano a questo punto ad organizzare una<strong> spedizione su Roma</strong> da Napoli. A Cavour non resta che batterli sul tempo: con il beneplacito di Napoleone III, le truppe piemontesi attaccano lo Stato Pontificio ai confini, riportando un’importante vittoria a Castelfidardo. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Mentre Garibaldi sconfigge i borbonici sul Volturno, il parlamento piemontese autorizza il governo ad <strong>annettere le altre province italiane</strong>, purché le popolazioni esprimano il proprio consenso tramite una serie di plebisciti. Il 21 ottobre gli elettori del Mezzogiorno, delle Marche e dell’Umbria si esprimono con<strong> suffragio universale maschile</strong>. Le opzioni sono due: accettare o respingere l’annessione allo Stato sabaudo. L’affluenza è massiccia, e la stragrande maggioranza degli elettori si esprime per il sì. </p> </div> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/30/garibaldi-e-vittorio-emanuele-ii-orig.jpeg" alt="Affresco rappresentante l'incontro tra Garibaldi e Vittorio Emanuele II a Teano" > <figcaption> Affresco rappresentante l'incontro tra Garibaldi e Vittorio Emanuele II a Teano — <i> Fonte: <span>ansa</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <div data-fid="86438"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Garibaldi a questo punto non può che adeguarsi: a <strong>Teano</strong>, vicino Caserta, incontra il Re, <strong>cedendogli il governo delle province liberate</strong>. L’<strong>eroe dei due mondi</strong> si ritira per il momento a Caprera, splendida isola vicina alle coste nordorientali della Sardegna: qualche anno prima, grazie all’eredità di un fratello scomparso, ne aveva acquistato una metà. Nel frattempo, Mazzini, che continua ad osteggiare i Savoia, parte per un nuovo <strong>esilio a Londra</strong>, ed i Piemontesi sconfiggono definitivamente le truppe borboniche. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Il <strong>17 marzo del 1861</strong> Vittorio Emanuele II viene proclamato<strong> Re d’Italia</strong> dal primo parlamento nazionale, eletto, secondo la legge Piemontese, su una base rigidamente censitaria. Cavour verrà a mancare meno di due mesi dopo, il 6 giugno del 1861: gli storici non sono certi della causa precisa, ma sembra si trattasse di complicazioni della malaria. Secondo alcune testimonianze abbastanza affidabili, le sue ultime parole furono: «<em>l’Italia è fatta, tutto è salvo</em>». </p> </div> <aside class="box-curiosita"> <h3>Curiosità</h3> <p class="sans">L’inno d’Italia, o Canto nazionale degli italiani, noto anche come Fratelli d’Italia è stato scritto da Goffredo Mameli nel 1847, giovane poeta dallo spirito patriottico, e musicato da Michele Novaro. L’inno però, sebbene diffuso e amato dal popolo, venne scartato a livello ufficiale. All’indomani dell’Unità, infatti, i Savoia scelsero la loro Marcia Reale. Al termine della Seconda guerra mondiale l’inno di Mameli venne adottato in maniera provvisoria e solo nel 2017 è stato dichiarato ufficialmente Inno nazionale italiano. </p> </aside> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>7</span><a id="s-23282" name="s-23282">Unità d'Italia, quando è avvenuta?</a></h2> <aside class="box-contenuto-correlato "> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/ruolo-intellettuale-italia-post-unitaria.html" title="letteratura post-unitaria caratteristiche" > <div class="text"> <small class="serif"> Approfondisci </small> <h4 class="title">Il ruolo dell’intellettuale nell’Italia post-unitaria</h4> <span class="freccia freccia-medium freccia-white"></span> </div> </a> </aside> <div data-fid="86439"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Il <strong><a title="Risorgimento" href="https://www.studenti.it/il-risorgimento-italiano.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Risorgimento</a></strong> si presenta a prima vista come il <strong>successo di uno stato regionale</strong>, che riesce ad assorbire l’intera penisola, imponendo il proprio re e le proprie leggi. Innegabile è il <strong>ruolo di Cavour</strong> in questo processo, che tuttavia, senza l’ampio contributo del <a title="Tutto su Risorgimento" href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/risorgimento.html"><strong>Risorgimento</strong></a>, movimento culturale che coinvolgeva soprattutto intellettuali, borghesi, e studenti, non sarebbe mai avvenuto. Il Piemonte, tutt’altro che una potenza militare, era uno stato economicamente avanzato e liberale rispetto agli altri Stati d’Italia. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">Ma non bisogna sottovalutare poi il ruolo dei <strong>movimenti democratici</strong>, delle insurrezioni, delle iniziative militari di <strong>Garibaldi</strong>. I plebisciti non erano che una formalità, e tuttavia rappresentavano almeno un omaggio a quella <strong>sovranità popolare</strong> desiderata dai democratici, ma ancora lontana. </p> </div> <figure class="align-dx vertical"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/30/breccia-di-porta-pia-orig.jpeg" alt="La Breccia di Porta Pia del 20 settembre 1870" > <figcaption> La Breccia di Porta Pia del 20 settembre 1870 — <i> Fonte: <span>ansa</span> </i> </figcaption> </figure> <div data-fid="86440"> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="1">Non vanno sottovalutate nemmeno le condizioni geopolitiche generali, come l’ambiguo ma prezioso <strong>aiuto della Francia di Napoleone III</strong>, la benevola neutralità dell’Inghilterra, l’isolamento diplomatico austriaco e borbonico. </p> <p class="jq_css_titoloamargine" data-atype="titoloamargine" data-aid="2">L’<strong>unità nazionale</strong> non era ancora del tutto completa: mancavano ancora tasselli fondamentali, come il Veneto. La capitale è dapprima <strong>Torino</strong>, poi <strong>Firenze</strong> dal 1865. La città eterna verrà liberata soltanto dopo la caduta di Napoleone III, nel <strong>settembre del 1870</strong>, e sarà capitale d’Italia dal 1871. </p> </div> <blockquote class="box-citazione"> <a name="citazione1"> <span class="quote-label"></span> <div class="testo-citazione"> <p class="sans">"L'Italia è fatta, tutto è salvo". Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour</p> </div> </a> </blockquote> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>8</span><a id="s-51139" name="s-51139">Ascolta il podcast sull'Unità d'Italia</a></h2> <a class="spreaker-player" href="https://www.spreaker.com/user/???" data-resource="episode_id=51526610" data-color="2bc10f" data-theme="light" data-autoplay="false" data-playlist="false" data-cover="" data-width="100%" data-height="200px">Ascolta su Spreaker.</a> <script async src="https://widget.spreaker.com/widgets.js"></script> </section> <section class="sezione cf toolHeaderContenuto toolHeader2Step toolheaderProgressStart"> <h2 class="title-sezione toolHeaderTitolo"><span>9</span><a id="s-32555" name="s-32555">Guarda il video sul Risorgimento</a></h2> <div class="show-video nova"> <script language="javascript" src="https://ptp.stbm.it/v/lhewwjstfn"></script> </div> </section> <aside class="concetti-chiave toolHeaderContenuto"> <h3 class="toolHeaderTitolo"><a name="concetti-chiave" id="concetti-chiave">Concetti chiave</a></h3> <ul> <li> <h2>L'esempio del Piemonte</h2> <ul> <li>Nel marzo del 1849 Vittorio Emanuele II è Re di Sardegna. Lo Stato Piemontese è in questo periodo il più avanzato d’Italia da un punto di vista politico ed economico</li> <li>Ad agosto il re scioglie la camera a maggioranza democratica, ne viene eletta una più moderata</li> <li>Cavour è ministro dell’Agricoltura del nuovo governo (1849)</li> <li>Nel 1852 è primo ministro</li> <li>Avvia una modernizzazione del paese, che inizia ad attrarre esuli politici da tutta Italia</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2>Il fallimento dei moti insurrezionali</h2> <ul> <li>Nel febbraio del 1853 gli austriaci reprimono a Milano un moto insurrezionale</li> <li>Carlo Pisacane elabora nel frattempo l’idea di dover coinvolgere le masse popolari. Nell’estate del 1857 tenta di farlo a Sapri, ma è un fallimento</li> <li>Si sviluppa contemporaneamente la Società nazionale, ispirata da Daniele Manin, appoggiata da Garibaldi</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2>L'aiuto francese e la seconda guerra di indipendenza</h2> <ul> <li>Dopo aver inviato un contingente di truppe in Crimea, il Regno di Sardegna partecipa nel 1856 alla conferenza di Parigi, dove Cavour cerca l’appoggio di Francia e Gran Bretagna</li> <li>Nel 1858 Cavour e Napoleone III si incontrano a Plombières ed immaginano la Confederazione Italiana</li> <li>Hanno obiettivi diversi: Cavour vuole potenziare il Piemonte, Napoleone III vuole imporsi come potenza dominante in Italia</li> <li>Grazie ad un pretesto, nell’ Aprile del 1859 scoppia la Seconda Guerra di Indipendenza, vinta da Francesi e Piemontesi</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2>Il passo indietro della Francia: l'armistizio di Villafranca</h2> <ul> <li>Napoleone III torna tenta di riavvicinarsi all’Austria con l’Armistizio di Villafranca (luglio 1859)</li> <li>Nel frattempo scoppiano insurrezioni nell’Italia centrale, controllate dalla Società nazionale</li> <li>Nel 1860 Napoleone III accetta infine il fatto compiuto, in cambio di Nizza e della Savoia</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2>L'impresa dei Mille e l'unità d'Italia</h2> <ul> <li>Nel maggio del 1860 Garibaldi si imbarca per la Sicilia</li> <li>Il 14 Maggio la Sicilia viene proclamata indipendente, Garibaldi ne assume la dittatura per conto di Vittorio Emanuele II</li> <li>Nell’estate del 1860 Garibaldi, Mazzini, ed altri leader repubblicani si incontrano a Napoli. Pianificano di far partire da lì una spedizione su Roma</li> <li>Cavour è costretto a muoversi per tempo, attaccando lo Stato Pontificio con il consenso di Napoleone III</li> <li>Il 21 ottobre del 1860 ci sono i primi plebisciti</li> <li>Il 17 marzo del 1861 Vittorio Emanuele II è proclamato Re d’Italia</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> <!-- Domande --> <ul class="lista-faq"> <span class="faq-title"> Domande & Risposte <svg width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 22 22" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Combined-Shape"> <g id="faq-icon "> <path d="M11,0 C17.0751322,0 22,4.92486775 22,11 C22,17.0751322 17.0751322,22 11,22 C8.84595875,22 6.83652615,21.3808568 5.13995649,20.3108246 L1.00756836,21 L1.69106677,16.8630412 C0.619872855,15.1658411 0,13.1553101 0,11 C0,4.92486775 4.92486775,0 11,0 Z" id="Combined-Shape" fill="#2bc10f"></path> <path d="M10.844,13.816 C11.1853333,13.816 11.4493333,13.7546667 11.636,13.632 C11.8226667,13.5093333 11.916,13.3253333 11.916,13.08 L11.916,13.08 L11.916,12.968 C11.916,12.6906667 12.0146667,12.4426667 12.212,12.224 C12.4093333,12.0053333 12.6573333,11.7893333 12.956,11.576 C13.532,11.1493333 13.9613333,10.7093333 14.244,10.256 C14.5266667,9.80266667 14.668,9.26666667 14.668,8.648 C14.668,8.15733333 14.5773333,7.72266667 14.396,7.344 C14.2146667,6.96533333 13.972,6.648 13.668,6.392 C13.364,6.136 13.012,5.944 12.612,5.816 C12.212,5.688 11.788,5.624 11.34,5.624 C10.4546667,5.624 9.74,5.78133333 9.196,6.096 C8.652,6.41066667 8.21466667,6.792 7.884,7.24 C7.76666667,7.38933333 7.67333333,7.544 7.604,7.704 C7.53466667,7.864 7.5,8.03466667 7.5,8.216 C7.5,8.376 7.532,8.50933333 7.596,8.616 C7.66,8.72266667 7.772,8.824 7.932,8.92 C8.01733333,8.97333333 8.12133333,9.01866667 8.244,9.056 C8.36666667,9.09333333 8.48666667,9.112 8.604,9.112 C8.796,9.112 8.96133333,9.05866667 9.1,8.952 C9.23866667,8.84533333 9.38266667,8.67466667 9.532,8.44 C9.74533333,8.09866667 9.964,7.84533333 10.188,7.68 C10.412,7.51466667 10.716,7.432 11.1,7.432 C11.4946667,7.432 11.8146667,7.53866667 12.06,7.752 C12.3053333,7.96533333 12.428,8.29066667 12.428,8.728 C12.428,8.90933333 12.4066667,9.07466667 12.364,9.224 C12.3213333,9.37333333 12.2493333,9.52533333 12.148,9.68 C12.0466667,9.83466667 11.9106667,9.992 11.74,10.152 C11.5693333,10.312 11.3613333,10.4933333 11.116,10.696 C10.6253333,11.08 10.2813333,11.4293333 10.084,11.744 C9.88666667,12.0586667 9.788,12.4133333 9.788,12.808 L9.788,12.808 L9.788,12.888 C9.788,13.5066667 10.14,13.816 10.844,13.816 Z M10.994,17.256 C11.3353333,17.256 11.626,17.136 11.866,16.896 C12.106,16.656 12.226,16.3653333 12.226,16.024 C12.226,15.8533333 12.194,15.6906667 12.13,15.536 C12.066,15.3813333 11.978,15.248 11.866,15.136 C11.754,15.024 11.6233333,14.936 11.474,14.872 C11.3246667,14.808 11.1646667,14.776 10.994,14.776 C10.8233333,14.776 10.6633333,14.808 10.514,14.872 C10.3646667,14.936 10.234,15.024 10.122,15.136 C10.01,15.248 9.922,15.3813333 9.858,15.536 C9.794,15.6906667 9.762,15.8533333 9.762,16.024 C9.762,16.3653333 9.882,16.656 10.122,16.896 C10.362,17.136 10.6526667,17.256 10.994,17.256 Z" id="?" fill="#FFFFFF" fill-rule="nonzero"></path> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </span> <li class="item-faq"> <strong class="faq-question">Chi ha unito l’Italia?</strong> <p class="faq-answer"> <a title="Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour" href="https://www.studenti.it/camillo-benso-conte-di-cavour-biografia-e-pensiero-politico.html"> Cavour</a>, <a title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" href="https://www.studenti.it/giuseppe-garibaldi-biografia-eroe-due-mondi.html">Garibaldi</a> e Mazzini. </p> </li> <li class="item-faq"> <strong class="faq-question">Quando è avvenuta l’unità d’Italia?</strong> <p class="faq-answer"> 17 marzo 1861. </p> </li> <li class="item-faq"> <strong class="faq-question">Che succede in Italia nel 1861?</strong> <p class="faq-answer"> L’Italia smette di essere una penisola divisa in tanti piccoli stati e diventa un paese unitario, e Vittorio Emanuele II viene proclamato re d’Italia. </p> </li> </ul> <div class="topic-name"> <a href="https://www.studenti.it/topic/storia-dell-unita-d-italia.html" title="Tutto su Storia dell'Unità d'Italia"> <img src="https://cdn.studenti.stbm.it/images/2016/09/02/giuseppe-garibaldi_200x200.jpeg" alt="Unità d'Italia 1861: storia, cronologia, battaglie e protagonisti della nascita dello Stato italiano"> Storia dell'Unità d'Italia </a> </div> </article> </div> <div class="sidebar desktop"> <div id="scrolling_element"> <div class="sidebar-adv amePlaceholderBox"> <div class="adv300" id="adv-gpt-box-container1"></div> </div> <div class="promobox-desktop-wrapper"></div> <div id="native-sidebar-1"></div> <div id="native-sidebar-2"></div> <div id="native-sidebar-3"></div> <div id="flyfirst-placement" style="margin-top: 30px; 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'Apertura' : 'Chiusura'; // console.debug(INDICEtoggle.classList); // event.preventDefault(); // DEBUG ONLY!!!!111!!1 gtag('event', 'User Interaction', { 'event_category': 'User Interaction', 'event_action': 'Click su indice', 'event_label': INDICEtoggle.action, 'non_interaction': false }); }); } }); /* tracciamento sharing */ const share_links = document.querySelectorAll(".azioni-tools a, .social-tools a"); if (share_links.length > 0) { Array.from(share_links).forEach(function(el){ // si, ma quale? el.shareaction = el.classList.contains('print') ? 'Stampa' : 'Sharing' el.shareplatform = el.classList.contains('fb') ? 'Facebook' : el.classList.contains('tw') ? 'Twitter' : el.classList.contains('wa') ? 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