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2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 508</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: unconventional hydrocarbon</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">418</span> Effects of Benzo(k)Fluoranthene, a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, on DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Marine Gastropod Morula Granulata</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacky%20Bhagat">Jacky Bhagat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baban%20S%20Ingole"> Baban S Ingole</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]F), on marine gastropod, Morula granulata collected from Goa, west coast of India. Snails were exposed to different concentrations of B(k)F (1, 10, 25 and 50 µg/L) for 96 h. The genotoxic effects were evaluated by measuring DNA strand breaks using alkaline comet assay and oxidative stress were measured with the help of battery of biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Concentration-dependent increase in percentage tail DNA (TDNA) was observed in snails exposed to B(k)F. Exposure concentrations above 1 µg/L of B(k)F, showed significant increase in SOD activity and LPO value in snails. After 96 h, SOD activity were found to be doubled for 50 µg/L of B(k)F with reference to control. Significant increase in CAT and GST activity was observed at all exposure conditions at the end of the exposure time. Our study showed that B(k)F induces oxidative stress in snails which further lead to genotoxic damage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzo%28k%29fluoranthene" title="benzo(k)fluoranthene">benzo(k)fluoranthene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comet%20assay" title=" comet assay"> comet assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gastropod" title=" gastropod"> gastropod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39775/effects-of-benzokfluoranthene-a-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-on-dna-damage-and-oxidative-stress-in-marine-gastropod-morula-granulata" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">417</span> Production of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by a Thermophilic Strain of Bacillus and Pseudomonas Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patience%20Orobosa%20Olajide">Patience Orobosa Olajide</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Five hydrocarbon degrading bacterial strains isolated from contaminated environment were investigated with respect to polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis. Screening for bioplastic production was done on assay mineral salts agar medium containing 0.2% poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) as the sole carbon source. Two of the test bacteria were positive for PHB biosynthesis and were identified based on gram staining, biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis which grew at 37 and up to 65 °C respectively, thus suggesting the later to be thermotolerant. In this study, the effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on PHB production in these strains were investigated. Maximum PHB production was obtained in 48 hr for the two strains and amounted to yields of 72.86 and 62.22 percentages for Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. In these strains, glycine was the most efficient carbon sources for the production of PHB compared with other carbon (glucose, lactose, sucrose, Arabinose) and nitrogen (L- glycine, L-cysteine, DL-Tryptophan, and Potassium Nitrate) sources. The screening of microbial strains for industrial PHB production should be based on several factors including the cell’s capability to mineralize an inexpensive substrate, rate of growth and the extent of polymer accumulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly-3-hydroxybutyrate%20%28PHB%29" title=" poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)"> poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon" title=" hydrocarbon"> hydrocarbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermotolerant" title=" thermotolerant"> thermotolerant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57001/production-of-poly-v-hydroxybutyrate-phb-by-a-thermophilic-strain-of-bacillus-and-pseudomonas-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">416</span> Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Cenozoic Mudstones, NE Bengal Basin, Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Zakir%20Hossain">H. M. Zakir Hossain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cenozoic mudstone samples, obtained from drilled cored and outcrop in northeastern Bengal Basin of Bangladesh were organic geochemically analyzed to identify vertical variations of organic facies, thermal maturity, hydrocarbon potential and depositional environments. Total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges from 0.11 to 1.56 wt% with an average of 0.43 wt%, indicating a good source rock potential. Total sulphur content is variable with values ranging from ~0.001 to 1.75 wt% with an average of 0.065 wt%. Rock-Eval S1 and S2 yields range from 0.03 to 0.14 mg HC/g rock and 0.01 to 0.66 mg HC/g rock, respectively. The hydrogen index values range from 2.71 to 56.09 mg HC/g TOC. These results revealed that the samples are dominated by type III kerogene. Tmax values of 426 to 453 °C and vitrinite reflectance of 0.51 to 0.66% indicate the organic matter is immature to mature. Saturated hydrocarbon ratios such as pristane, phytane, steranes, and hopanes, indicate mostly terrigenous organic matter with small influence of marine organic matter. Organic matter in the succession was accumulated in three different environmental conditions based on the integration of biomarker proxies. First phase (late Eocene to early Miocene): Deposition occurred entirely in seawater-dominated oxic conditions, with high inputs of land plants organic matter including angiosperms. Second phase (middle to late Miocene): Deposition occurred in freshwater-dominated anoxic conditions, with phytoplanktonic organic matter and a small influence of land plants. Third phase (late Miocene to Pleistocene): Deposition occurred in oxygen-poor freshwater conditions, with abundant input of planktonic organic matter and high influx of angiosperms. The lower part (middle Eocene to early Miocene) of the succession with moderate TOC contents and primarily terrestrial organic matter could have generated some condensates and oils in and around the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20potential" title=" hydrocarbon potential"> hydrocarbon potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mudstone" title=" mudstone"> mudstone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14260/organic-geochemical-characteristics-of-cenozoic-mudstones-ne-bengal-basin-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">415</span> Unconventional Explorers: Gen Z Travelers Redefinding the Travel Experience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Panidou">M. Panidou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Kilipiris"> F. Kilipiris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Christou"> E. Christou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Alexandris"> K. Alexandris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study intends to investigate the travel preferences of Generation Z (born between 1996 and 2012), focusing on their inclination towards unique and unconventional travel experiences, prioritization of authentic cultural immersion and local experiences over traditional tourist attractions, and their value for flexibility and spontaneity in travel plans. By examining these aspects, the research aims to provide insights into the preferences and behaviors of Generation Z travelers, contributing to a better understanding of their travel choices and informing the tourism industry in catering to their needs and desires. Secondary data was gathered from academic literature and industry reports to offer a thorough study of the topic. A quantitative method was used, and primary data was collected through an online questionnaire. One hundred Greek people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven were the study's sample. SPSS software was used to assist in the analysis of the data. The findings of the research showed that Gen Z is attracted to unusual and distinctive travel experiences, prioritizing genuine cultural immersion over typical tourist attractions, and they highly value flexibility in their travel decision-making. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how Gen Z travelers are reshaping the travel industry. Travel companies, marketers, and destination management organizations will find the findings useful in adjusting their products to suit this influential demographic's changing demands and preferences. Considering the limitations of the sample size, future studies could expand the sample size to include individuals from different cultural backgrounds for a more comprehensive understanding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20immersion" title="cultural immersion">cultural immersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexibility" title=" flexibility"> flexibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generation%20Z" title=" generation Z"> generation Z</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20preferences" title=" travel preferences"> travel preferences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unique%20experiences" title=" unique experiences"> unique experiences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182263/unconventional-explorers-gen-z-travelers-redefinding-the-travel-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">414</span> Eco-Hammam Initiative: Replicating the FSAC Model for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Resource Reuse in Dar Bouazza, Morocco</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihad%20Chakri">Nihad Chakri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Btissam%20El%20Amrani"> Btissam El Amrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faouzi%20Berrada"> Faouzi Berrada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halima%20Jounaid"> Halima Jounaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouad%20Amraoui"> Fouad Amraoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of the increasing water resource scarcity in Morocco in recent years, the use of unconventional resources has become imperative. Although efforts have been made in the field of sanitation in urban areas, rural areas, due to their specificities, such as scattered dwellings and limited accessibility, suffer from a lack of basic infrastructure. This work focuses on replicating the Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock (FSAC) model for the treatment and reuse of wastewater from a peri-urban traditional hammam in Casablanca, specifically in the municipality of Dar Bouazza. This initiative is part of the Eco-Hammam project, which aims to minimize the negative impacts of traditional hammams in terms of irrational and uncontrolled consumption of water and wood energy resources. To achieve this, a comprehensive environmental diagnosis of all hammams in the municipality of Dar Bouazza, our study site, has been undertaken. Then, a feasibility study is also conducted to assess the possibility of replicating the FSAC mini-station to treat the wastewater of the selected pilot hammam, namely, My Yacoub II. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resource%20scarcity" title="water resource scarcity">water resource scarcity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconventional%20resources" title=" unconventional resources"> unconventional resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=per-urban%20areas" title=" per-urban areas"> per-urban areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20areas" title=" rural areas"> rural areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20infrastructure" title=" basic infrastructure"> basic infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=replication" title=" replication"> replication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reuse%20of%20wastewater" title=" reuse of wastewater"> reuse of wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20hammam" title=" traditional hammam"> traditional hammam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Casablanca" title=" Casablanca"> Casablanca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Municipality%20of%20Dar%20Bouazza" title=" Municipality of Dar Bouazza"> Municipality of Dar Bouazza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20impacts" title=" negative impacts"> negative impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20diagnosis" title=" environmental diagnosis"> environmental diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feasibility%20study" title=" feasibility study"> feasibility study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pilot%20hammam" title=" pilot hammam"> pilot hammam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=My%20Yacoub%20II" title=" My Yacoub II"> My Yacoub II</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176379/eco-hammam-initiative-replicating-the-fsac-model-for-sustainable-wastewater-treatment-and-resource-reuse-in-dar-bouazza-morocco" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">413</span> 3d Property Modelling of the Lower Acacus Reservoir, Ghadames Basin, Libya </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aimen%20Saleh">Aimen Saleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Silurian Lower Acacus sandstone is one of the main reservoirs in North West Libya. Our aim in this study is to grasp a robust understanding of the hydrocarbon potential and distribution in the area. To date, the depositional environment of the Lower Acacus reservoir still open to discussion and contradiction. Henceforth, building three dimensional (3D) property modelling is one way to support the analysis and description of the reservoir, its properties and characterizations, so this will be of great value in this project. The 3D model integrates different data set, these incorporates well logs data, petrophysical reservoir properties and seismic data as well. The finalized depositional environment model of the Lower Acacus concludes that the area is located in a deltaic transitional depositional setting, which ranges from a wave dominated delta into tide dominated delta type. This interpretation carried out through a series of steps of model generation, core description and Formation Microresistivity Image tool (FMI) interpretation. After the analysis of the core data, the Lower Acacus layers shows a strong effect of tidal energy. Whereas these traces found imprinted in different types of sedimentary structures, for examples; presence of some crossbedding, such as herringbones structures, wavy and flaser cross beddings. In spite of recognition of some minor marine transgression events in the area, on the contrary, the coarsening upward cycles of sand and shale layers in the Lower Acacus demonstrate presence of a major regressive phase of the sea level. However, consequently, we produced a final package of this model in a complemented set of facies distribution, porosity and oil presence. And also it shows the record of the petroleum system, and the procedure of Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Finally, this model suggests that the area can be outlined into three main segments of hydrocarbon potential, which can be a textbook guide for future exploration and production strategies in the area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acacus" title="Acacus">Acacus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghadames" title=" Ghadames "> Ghadames </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title=" Libya"> Libya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silurian" title=" Silurian"> Silurian</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126166/3d-property-modelling-of-the-lower-acacus-reservoir-ghadames-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">412</span> Study of Structural Styles and Hydrocarbon Potential of Rajan Pur Area, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakiullah%20Kalwar">Zakiullah Kalwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shabeer%20Abbassi"> Shabeer Abbassi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research encompasses the study of structural styles and evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of Kotrum and Drigri anticlines located in Rajanpur Area, Midddle Indus Basin of Pakistan with the approach of geophysical data integration. The study area is situated between the Sulaiman Foldbelt on the west and Indus River in the east. It is an anticlinal fold, located to the southeast of Sakhi Sarwar anticline and separated from a prominent syncline. The structure has a narrow elongated crest, with the axis running in SSW-NNE direction. In the east, the structure is bounded by a gentle syncline. Structural Styles are trending East-West and perpendicular to tectonic transport and stress direction and the base of the structures gradually dipping Eastward beneath the deformation frontal part in Eastern Sulaiman Fold Belt. Middle Indus Basin can be divided into Foreland, Sulaiman fold belt and a broad foredeep. Sulaiman represents a blind thrust front, which suggests that all frontal folds of the fold belt are cored by blind thrust. The deformation of frontal part of Sulaiman Lobe represents the passive roof duplex stacked beneath the frontal passive roof thrust. The passive roof thrust, which has a back thrust sense of motion and extends into the interior of Fold belt. Left lateral Kingri Fault separates Eastern and Central Sulaiman fold belt. In Central Sulaiman fold belt the deformation front moved further towards fore deep as compared to Eastern Sulaiman. Two wells (Kotrum-01, Drigri-01) have been drilled in the study area with the objective to determine the potential of oil and gas in Habib Rahi Limestone of Eocene age, Dunghan Limestone of Paleocene age and Pab Sandstone of cretaceous age and role of structural styles in hydrocarbon potential of study area. Kotrum-01 well was drilled to its T.D of 4798m. Besides fishing and side tracking, tight whole conditions, high pressure, and losses of circulation were also encountered. During production, testing Pab sandstone were tested but abandoned found. Drigri-01 well was drilled to its T.D 3250 m. RFT was carried out at different points, but all points showed no pressure / seal failure and the well was plugged and declared abandoned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20potential" title="hydrocarbon potential">hydrocarbon potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20style" title=" structural style"> structural style</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reserve%20calculation" title=" reserve calculation"> reserve calculation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhance%20production" title=" enhance production"> enhance production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39878/study-of-structural-styles-and-hydrocarbon-potential-of-rajan-pur-area-middle-indus-basin-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">411</span> The Aesthetic Manifestations of Nothingness in Contemporary Visual Arts Practice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robyn%20Therese%20Munnick">Robyn Therese Munnick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to report on a qualitative practice-based research study which explores the notion of nothingness and how it (nothingness) is the conceptual and theoretical foundation for artistic practice. Furthermore, this study explicates how the artist used their mother’s battle with cancer and the subsequent void it created as source material for the artistic expression of nothingness. The diagnosis which was followed by a physical and emotional absence of the matriarch of the artist family led to an emotional trauma that triggered a feeling of nothingness within the artist. The overarching problem in the study is thus: how this ‘nothingness’ could be expressed in visual art? Nothingness, as a product of expectation, is a notion which refers to where something used to be, should be or isn’t anymore, which attempts to grasp what is there by not being there. In attempting to express nothingness, the research aims to build on an exploration of various materials and modes utilized in order to underpin the research objectives. The primary mode of delivery for the art-making process is painting. However, through strengthening the messages and meaning of the hypothesis of nothingness within the art and research, the use of further modes and materials became pivotal. This involves the use of unconventional contrasting modes within a painting such as the cloth doily, thread, tubing, ceramics, food colour, spray paint, polyvinyl acetate paint, plaster, wooden boxes and fragments thereof. These materials and modes were vital in visualising and aestheticising the conceptual underpinnings of the research. As a result, this strengthened and emancipated the art from the traditional bounds of pure painting. Methods of data gathering took the form of artefacts, document analysis, and field notes in the form of photographic journaling. Ultimately the body of work and research validates that the idea of nothingness can be artistically explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual" title="conceptual">conceptual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nothingness" title=" nothingness"> nothingness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modes" title=" modes"> modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconventional" title=" unconventional"> unconventional</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109447/the-aesthetic-manifestations-of-nothingness-in-contemporary-visual-arts-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">410</span> Use of the Gas Chromatography Method for Hydrocarbons' Quality Evaluation in the Offshore Fields of the Baltic Sea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Shcherban">Pavel Shcherban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vlad%20Golovanov"> Vlad Golovanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, there is an active geological exploration and development of the subsoil shelf of the Kaliningrad region. To carry out a comprehensive and accurate assessment of the volumes and degree of extraction of hydrocarbons from open deposits, it is necessary to establish not only a number of geological and lithological characteristics of the structures under study, but also to determine the oil quality, its viscosity, density, fractional composition as accurately as possible. In terms of considered works, gas chromatography is one of the most capacious methods that allow the rapid formation of a significant amount of initial data. The aspects of the application of the gas chromatography method for determining the chemical characteristics of the hydrocarbons of the Kaliningrad shelf fields are observed in the article, as well as the correlation-regression analysis of these parameters in comparison with the previously obtained chemical characteristics of hydrocarbon deposits located on the land of the region. In the process of research, a number of methods of mathematical statistics and computer processing of large data sets have been applied, which makes it possible to evaluate the identity of the deposits, to specify the amount of reserves and to make a number of assumptions about the genesis of the hydrocarbons under analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20processing%20of%20large%20databases" title="computer processing of large databases">computer processing of large databases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation-regression%20analysis" title=" correlation-regression analysis"> correlation-regression analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20deposits" title=" hydrocarbon deposits"> hydrocarbon deposits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method%20of%20gas%20chromatography" title=" method of gas chromatography"> method of gas chromatography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88054/use-of-the-gas-chromatography-method-for-hydrocarbons-quality-evaluation-in-the-offshore-fields-of-the-baltic-sea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">409</span> Breaking Stress Criterion that Changes Everything We Know About Materials Failure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Nour%20El%20Hajj">Ali Nour El Hajj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The perennial deficiencies of the failure models in the materials field have profoundly and significantly impacted all associated technical fields that depend on accurate failure predictions. Many preeminent and well-known scientists from an earlier era of groundbreaking discoveries attempted to solve the issue of material failure. However, a thorough understanding of material failure has been frustratingly elusive. Objective: The heart of this study is the presentation of a methodology that identifies a newly derived one-parameter criterion as the only general failure theory for noncompressible, homogeneous, and isotropic materials subjected to multiaxial states of stress and various boundary conditions, providing the solution to this longstanding problem. This theory is the counterpart and companion piece to the theory of elasticity and is in a formalism that is suitable for broad application. Methods: Utilizing advanced finite-element analysis, the maximum internal breaking stress corresponding to the maximum applied external force is identified as a unified and universal material failure criterion for determining the structural capacity of any system, regardless of its geometry or architecture. Results: A comparison between the proposed criterion and methodology against design codes reveals that current provisions may underestimate the structural capacity by 2.17 times or overestimate the capacity by 2.096 times. It also shows that existing standards may underestimate the structural capacity by 1.4 times or overestimate the capacity by 2.49 times. Conclusion: The proposed failure criterion and methodology will pave the way for a new era in designing unconventional structural systems composed of unconventional materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20criteria" title="failure criteria">failure criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20theory" title=" strength theory"> strength theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20mechanics" title=" failure mechanics"> failure mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20mechanics" title=" materials mechanics"> materials mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mechanics" title=" rock mechanics"> rock mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20strength" title=" concrete strength"> concrete strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite-element%20analysis" title=" finite-element analysis"> finite-element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20engineering" title=" mechanical engineering"> mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aeronautical%20engineering" title=" aeronautical engineering"> aeronautical engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20engineering" title=" civil engineering"> civil engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167552/breaking-stress-criterion-that-changes-everything-we-know-about-materials-failure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">408</span> Petroleum Play Fairway Analysis of the Middle Paleocene Lower Beda Formation, Concession 71, South-Central Sirt Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20K.%20Hamed">Hatem K. Hamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Hrouda"> Mohamed S. Hrouda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Middle Paleocene Lower Beda Formation was deposited in a ramp system with local shoaling. The main constituent is limestone, with subordinate dolomites and Shales. Reservoir quality is largely influenced by depositional environments and diagenesis processes. Generally the reservoir quality of Lower Beda Formation is low risk on the Inferred Horst and in the Southern Shelf where the Lower Beda formation comprises mainly of calcarenties. In the vicinity of the well GG1 the Lower Beda comprise mainly of argillaceous calcilutites and shale. The reservoir quality gradually improves from high risk to moderate risk towards KK1, LL1 and NN1 wells. The average gross thickness of Lower Beda Formation is about 300 ft. The net thickness varies from about 270 ft. in the E1-71 well to about 30 ft. in the vicinity of GG1-71 well. The net thickest of Lower Beda form a NNW-SSW trend with an average of 250 ft. the change in facies is due to change in the depositional environment, from lagoonal to shoal barrier to open marine affected the reservoir quality. The Upper Cretaceous Sirte Shale is the main source rock. It is developed within the three troughs surrounding the study area. S-Marada Trough to the N- E, Gerad Trough to the N N-W, and Abu Tummym Sub-basin to the S-W of the Inferred Horst. Sirte shale reaches 1000ft, of organically rich section. It has good organic contents over large area 2% to 3%. Hydrocarbon shows were encountered in several wells in Beda Formation this is an indication of vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbon. The overlying Upper Paleocene Khalifa Formation is a transgressive shale, it is an effective regional top seal. Lithofacies variations in Khalifa Shale, from shales to limestones in the southern shelf in R1-71 well approximately 50-75% of the secession is limestone. About 47 million barrel of hydrocarbon recoverable reserves is expected to be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps in Beda Formation in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirte%20basin" title="Sirte basin">Sirte basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beda%20formation" title=" Beda formation"> Beda formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%2071" title=" concession 71"> concession 71</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20play%20fairway%20analysis" title=" petroleum play fairway analysis"> petroleum play fairway analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159363/petroleum-play-fairway-analysis-of-the-middle-paleocene-lower-beda-formation-concession-71-south-central-sirt-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">407</span> Unmet English Needs of the Non-Engineering Staff: The Case of Algerian Hydrocarbon Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Khiati">N. Khiati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper attempts to report on some findings that emerged out of a larger scale doctorate research into English language needs of a renowned Algerian company of Hydrocarbon industry. From a multifaceted English for specific purposes (ESP) research perspective, the paper considers the English needs of the finance/legal department staff in the midst of the conflicting needs perspectives involving both objective needs indicators (i.e., the pressure of globalised business) and the general negative attitudes among the administrative -mainly jurists- staff towards English (favouring a non-adaptation strategy). The researcher’s unearthing of the latter’s needs is an endeavour to concretise the concepts of unmet, or unconscious needs, among others. This is why, these initially uncovered hidden needs will be detailed questioning educational background, namely previous language of instruction; training experiences and expectations; as well as the actual communicative practices derived from the retrospective interviews and preliminary quantitative data of the questionnaire. Based on these rough clues suggesting real needs, the researcher will tentatively propose some implications for both pre-service and in-service training organisers as well as for educational policy makers in favour of an English course in legal English for the jurists mainly from pre-graduate phases to in-service training. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20for%20specific%20purposes%20%28ESP%29" title="English for specific purposes (ESP)">English for specific purposes (ESP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20and%20finance%20staff" title=" legal and finance staff"> legal and finance staff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=needs%20analysis" title=" needs analysis"> needs analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmet%2Funconscious%20needs" title=" unmet/unconscious needs"> unmet/unconscious needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training%20implications" title=" training implications"> training implications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73394/unmet-english-needs-of-the-non-engineering-staff-the-case-of-algerian-hydrocarbon-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">406</span> Isolation, Identification and Crude Oil Biodegradation Potential of Providencia sp. BAZ 01</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisami%20A.">Aisami A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Adamu"> Z. A. Adamu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lawan%20Bulama"> Lawan Bulama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to growing issues of crude oil pollution in both marine and terrestrial environments, Billions to Trillions of US Dollars were spent over the years for the treatment of this spill. There is an urgent need for effective bioremediation strategies. This current study focuses on the isolation and characterization of a crude oil-degrading bacterium from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples. Soil samples were collected from an oil spill site and subjected to enrichment culture techniques in a mineral salt medium supplemented with crude oil as the singular carbon source. The isolates were screened for their crude oil-degrading capabilities using gravimetric analysis. The most efficient isolation was identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cultural and physical conditions such pH, temperature salinity and crude oil concentrations were optimized. The isolates showed significant crude oil degradation efficiency, reducing oil concentration (2.5%) by 75% within 15 days of incubation. The strain was identified as Providencia sp. through molecular characterization, the sequence was deposited at the NCBI Genbank with accession number MN880494. The bacterium exhibited optimal growth at 32.5°C, pH 7.0 to 7.5, and in the presence of 1.5% (w/v) NaCl. The isolated Providencia sp. shows encouraging potential for bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated environments. This study successfully isolated and characterized a crude oil-degrading Providencia sp., highlighting its potential in bioremediation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20oil%20degradation" title="crude oil degradation">crude oil degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=providencia%20sp." title=" providencia sp."> providencia sp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioremediation" title=" bioremediation"> bioremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20utilization" title=" hydrocarbon utilization"> hydrocarbon utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20pollution." title=" environmental pollution."> environmental pollution.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188258/isolation-identification-and-crude-oil-biodegradation-potential-of-providencia-sp-baz-01" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">405</span> Adsorbent Removal of Oil Spills Using Bentonite Clay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Mohamed%20Elsaid%20Abdelrahman">Saad Mohamed Elsaid Abdelrahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The adsorption method is one of the best modern techniques used in removing pollutants, especially organic hydrocarbon compounds, from polluted water. Through this research, bentonite clay can be used to remove organic hydrocarbon compounds, such as heptane and octane, resulting from oil spills in seawater. Bentonite clay can be obtained from the Kholayaz area, located north of Jeddah, at a distance of 80 km. Chemical analysis shows that bentonite clay consists of a mixture of silica, alumina and oxides of some elements. Bentonite clay can be activated in order to raise its adsorption efficiency and to make it suitable for removing pollutants using an ionic organic solvent. It is necessary to study some of the factors that could be in the efficiency of bentonite clay in removing oily organic compounds, such as the time of contact of the clay with heptane and octane solutions, pH and temperature, in order to reach the highest adsorption capacity of bentonite clay. The temperature can be a few degrees Celsius higher. The adsorption capacity of the clay decreases when the temperature is raised more than 4°C to reach its lowest value at the temperature of 50°C. The results show that the friction time of 30 minutes and the pH of 6.8 is the best conditions to obtain the highest adsorption capacity of the clay, 467 mg in the case of heptane and 385 mg in the case of octane compound. Experiments conducted on bentonite clay were encouraging to select it to remove heavy molecular weight pollutants such as petroleum compounds under study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorbent" title="adsorbent">adsorbent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bentonite%20clay" title=" bentonite clay"> bentonite clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20spills" title=" oil spills"> oil spills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=removal" title=" removal"> removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163185/adsorbent-removal-of-oil-spills-using-bentonite-clay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">404</span> Delineation of Oil – Polluted Sites in Ibeno LGA, Nigeria, Using Geophysical Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ime%20R.%20Udotong">Ime R. Udotong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justina%20I.%20R.%20Udotong"> Justina I. R. Udotong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ofonime%20U.%20M.%20John"> Ofonime U. M. John</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ibeno, Nigeria hosts the operational base of Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (MPNU), a subsidiary of ExxonMobil and the current highest oil and condensate producer in Nigeria. Besides MPNU, other oil companies operate onshore, on the continental shelf and deep offshore of the Atlantic Ocean in Ibeno, Nigeria. This study was designed to delineate oil polluted sites in Ibeno, Nigeria using geophysical methods of electrical resistivity (ER) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Results obtained revealed that there have been hydrocarbon contaminations of this environment by past crude oil spills as observed from high resistivity values and GPR profiles which clearly show the distribution, thickness and lateral extent of hydrocarbon contamination as represented on the radargram reflector tones. Contaminations were of varying degrees, ranging from slight to high, indicating levels of substantial attenuation of crude oil contamination over time. Moreover, the display of relatively lower resistivities of locations outside the impacted areas compared to resistivity values within the impacted areas and the 3-D Cartesian images of oil contaminant plume depicted by red, light brown and magenta for high, low and very low oil impacted areas, respectively confirmed significant recent pollution of the study area with crude oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20resistivity" title="electrical resistivity">electrical resistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geophysical%20investigations" title=" geophysical investigations"> geophysical investigations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20penetrating%20radar" title=" ground penetrating radar"> ground penetrating radar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil-polluted%20sites" title=" oil-polluted sites"> oil-polluted sites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31443/delineation-of-oil-polluted-sites-in-ibeno-lga-nigeria-using-geophysical-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31443.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">403</span> Sequence Stratigraphy and Petrophysical Analysis of Sawan Gas Field, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Ur%20Rehman%20Chaudhry">Saeed Ur Rehman Chaudhry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of the study are to reconstruct sequence stratigraphic framework and petrophysical analysis of the reservoir marked by using sequence stratigraphy of Sawan Gas Field. The study area lies in Central Indus Basin, District Khairpur, Sindh province, Pakistan. The study area lies tectonically in an extensional regime. Lower Goru Formation and Sembar Formation act as a reservoir and source respectively. To achieve objectives, data set of seismic lines, consisting of seismic lines PSM96-114, PSM96-115, PSM96-133, PSM98-201, PSM98-202 and well logs of Sawan-01, Sawan-02 and Gajwaro-01 has been used. First of all interpretation of seismic lines has been carried out. Interpretation of seismic lines shows extensional regime in the area and cut entire Cretaceous section. Total of seven reflectors has been marked on each seismic line. Lower Goru Formation is thinning towards west. Seismic lines also show eastward tilt of stratigraphy due to uplift at the western side. Sequence stratigraphic reconstruction has been done by integrating seismic and wireline log data. Total of seven sequence boundaries has been interpreted between the top of Chiltan Limestone to Top of Lower Goru Formation. It has been observed on seismic lines that Sembar Formation initially generated shelf margin profile and then ramp margin on which Lower Goru deposition took place. Shelf edge deltas and slope fans have been observed on seismic lines, and signatures of slope fans are also observed on wireline logs as well. Total of six sequences has been interpreted. Stratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic correlation has been carried out by using Sawan 01, Sawan 02 and Gajwaro 01 and a Low Stand Systems tract (LST) within Lower Goru C sands has been marked as a zone of interest. The petrophysical interpretation includes shale volume, effective porosity, permeability, saturation of water and hydrocarbon. On the basis of good effective porosity and hydrocarbon saturation petrophysical analysis confirms that the LST in Sawan-01 and Sawan-02 has good hydrocarbon potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrophysical%20analysis" title="petrophysical analysis">petrophysical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20potential" title=" reservoir potential"> reservoir potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sawan%20Gas%20Field" title=" Sawan Gas Field"> Sawan Gas Field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20stratigraphy" title=" sequence stratigraphy"> sequence stratigraphy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69196/sequence-stratigraphy-and-petrophysical-analysis-of-sawan-gas-field-central-indus-basin-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">402</span> Marzuq Basin Palaeozoic Petroleum System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Dieb">M. Dieb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Hodairi">T. Hodairi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Southwest Libya area, the Palaeozoic deposits are an important petroleum system, with Silurian shale considered a hydrocarbon source rock and Cambro-Ordovician recognized as a good reservoir. The Palaeozoic petroleum system has the greatest potential for conventional and is thought to represent the significant prospect of unconventional petroleum resources in Southwest Libya. Until now, the lateral and vertical heterogeneity of the source rock was not well evaluated, and oil-source correlation is still a matter of debate. One source rock, which is considered the main source potential in Marzuq Basin, was investigated for its uranium contents using gamma-ray logs, rock-eval pyrolysis, and organic petrography for their bulk kinetic characteristics to determine the petroleum potential qualitatively and quantitatively. Thirty source rock samples and fifteen oil samples from the Tannezzuft source rock were analyzed by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, microscopely investigation, GC, and GC-MS to detect acyclic isoprenoids and aliphatic, aromatic, and NSO biomarkers. Geochemistry tools were applied to screen source and age-significant biomarkers to high-spot genetic relationships. A grating heterogeneity exists among source rock zones from different levels of depth with varying uranium contents according to gamma-ray logs, rock-eval pyrolysis results, and kinetic features. The uranium-rich Tannezzuft Formations (Hot Shales) produce oils and oil-to-gas hydrocarbons based on their richness, kerogen type, and thermal maturity. Biomarker results such as C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉ steranes concentrations and C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane/C₂₉ tricyclic terpane ratios, with sterane and hopane ratios, are considered the most promising biomarker information in differentiating within the Silurian Shale Tannezzuft Formation and in correlating with its expelled oils. The Tannezzuft Hot Shale is considered the main source rock for oil and gas accumulations in the Cambro-Ordovician reservoirs within the Marzuq Basin. Migration of the generated and expelled oil and gas from the Tannezzuft source rock to the reservoirs of the Cambro-Ordovician petroleum system was interpreted to have occurred along vertical and lateral pathways along the faults in the Palaeozoic Strata. The Upper Tannezzuft Formation (cold shale) is considered the primary seal in the Marzuq Basin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneity" title="heterogeneity">heterogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20shale" title=" hot shale"> hot shale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kerogen" title=" kerogen"> kerogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silurian" title=" Silurian"> Silurian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uranium" title=" uranium"> uranium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182006/marzuq-basin-palaeozoic-petroleum-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">401</span> Rhizoremediation of Contaminated Soils in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experimental Insights of Microbe Growth and Effects of Paspalum Spp. for Degrading Hydrocarbons in Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Adade-Boateng">David Adade-Boateng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benard%20Fei%20Baffoe"> Benard Fei Baffoe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20A.%20Booth"> Colin A. Booth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20A.%20Fullen"> Michael A. Fullen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Remediation of diesel fuel, oil and grease in contaminated soils obtained from a mine site in Ghana are explored using rhizoremediation technology with different levels of nutrient amendments (i.e. N (nitrogen) in Compost (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%), Urea (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%) and Topsoil (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%)) for a native species. A Ghanaian native grass species, Paspalum spp. from the Poaceae family, indicative across Sub-Saharan Africa, was selected following the development of essential and desirable growth criteria. Vegetative parts of the species were subjected to ten treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates. The plant-associated microbial community was examined in Paspalum spp. An assessment of the influence of Paspalum spp on the abundance and activity of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere revealed a build-up of microbial communities over a three month period. This was assessed using the MPN method, which showed rhizospheric samples from the treatments were significantly different (P <0.05). Multiple comparisons showed how microbial populations built-up in the rhizosphere for the different treatments. Treatments G (0.2% compost), H (0.5% compost) and I (0.8% compost) performed significantly better done other treatments, while treatments D (0.2% topsoil) and F (0.8% topsoil) were insignificant. Furthermore, treatment A (0.2% urea), B (0.5% urea), C (0.8% urea) and E (0.5% topsoil) also performed the same. Residual diesel and oil concentrations (as total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH and oil and grease) were measured using infra-red spectroscopy and gravimetric methods, respectively. The presence of single species successfully enhanced the removal of hydrocarbons from soil. Paspalum spp. subjected to compost levels (0.5% and 0.8%) and topsoil levels (0.5% and 0.8%) showed significantly lower residual hydrocarbon concentrations compared to those treated with Urea. A strong relationship (p<0.001) between the abundance of hydrocarbon degrading micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and hydrocarbon biodegradation was demonstrated for rhizospheric samples with treatment G (0.2% compost), H (0.5% compost) and I (0.8% compost) (P <0.001). The same level of amendment with 0.8% compost (N-level) can improve the application effectiveness. These findings have wide-reaching implications for the environmental management of soils contaminated by hydrocarbons in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is necessary to further investigate the in situ rhizoremediation potential of Paspalum spp. at the field scale. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizoremediation" title="rhizoremediation">rhizoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20population" title=" microbial population"> microbial population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizospheric%20sample" title=" rhizospheric sample"> rhizospheric sample</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatments" title=" treatments"> treatments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51358/rhizoremediation-of-contaminated-soils-in-sub-saharan-africa-experimental-insights-of-microbe-growth-and-effects-of-paspalum-spp-for-degrading-hydrocarbons-in-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51358.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">400</span> Petroleum Generative Potential of Eocene-Paleocene Sequences of Potwar Basin, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Bilawal%20Ali%20Shah">Syed Bilawal Ali Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The investigation of the hydrocarbon source rock potential of Eocene-Paleocene formations of Potwar Basin, part of Upper Indus Basin Pakistan, was done using geochemical and petrological techniques. Analysis was performed on forty-five core-cutting samples from two wells. The sequences analysed are Sakesar, Lockhart and Patala formations of Potwar Basin. Patala Formation is one of Potwar Basin's major petroleum-bearing source rocks. The Lockhart Formation samples VR (%Ro) and Tmax data indicate that the formation is early mature to immature for petroleum generation for hydrocarbon generation; samples from the Patala and Sakesar formations, however, have a peak oil generation window and an early maturity (oil window). With 3.37 weight percent mean TOC and HI levels up to 498 mg HC/g TOC, the source rock characteristics of the Sakesar and Patala formations generally exhibit good to very strong petroleum generative potential. The majority of sediments representing Lockhart Formation have 1.5 wt.% mean TOC having fair to good potential with HI values ranging between 203-498 mg HC/g TOC. 1. The analysed sediments of all formations possess primarily mixed Type II/III and Type III kerogen. Analysed sediments indicate that both the Sakesar and Patala formations can possess good oil-generation potential and may act as an oil source rock in the Potwar Basin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Potwar%20Basin" title="Potwar Basin">Potwar Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patala%20Shale" title=" Patala Shale"> Patala Shale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rock-Eval%20pyrolysis" title=" Rock-Eval pyrolysis"> Rock-Eval pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indus%20Basin" title=" Indus Basin"> Indus Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VR%20%25Ro" title=" VR %Ro"> VR %Ro</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179984/petroleum-generative-potential-of-eocene-paleocene-sequences-of-potwar-basin-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">399</span> Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air PM2.5 in an Urban Site of Győr, Hungary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Szab%C3%B3%20Nagy">A. Szabó Nagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Szab%C3%B3"> J. Szabó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zs.%20Csan%C3%A1di"> Zs. Csanádi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Erd%C5%91s"> J. Erdős</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Hungary, the measurement of ambient PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations is great importance for a number of reasons related to human health, the environment and compliance with European Union legislation. However, the monitoring of PAHs associated with PM2.5 aerosol fraction is still incomplete. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the concentration levels of PAHs in PM2.5 urban aerosol fraction. PM2.5 and associated PAHs were monitored in November 2014 in an urban site of Győr (Northwest Hungary). The aerosol samples were collected every day for 24-hours over two weeks with a high volume air sampler provided with a PM2.5 cut-off inlet. The levels of 19 PAH compounds associated with PM2.5 aerosol fraction were quantified by a gas chromatographic method. Polluted air quality for PM2.5 (>25 g/m3) was indicated in 50% of the collected samples. The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 37.3 ng/m3 with the mean value of 12.4 ng/m3. Indeno(123-cd)pyrene (IND) and sum of three benzofluoranthene isomers were the most dominant PAH species followed by benzo(ghi)perylene and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Using BaP-equivalent approach on the concentration data of carcinogenic PAH species, BaP, and IND contributed the highest carcinogenic exposure equivalent (1.50 and 0.24 ng/m3 on average). A selected number of concentration ratios of specific PAH compounds were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contamination. The ratios reflected that the major source of PAH compounds in the PM2.5 aerosol fraction of Győr during the study period was fossil fuel combustion from automobiles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air" title="air">air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM2.5" title=" PM2.5"> PM2.5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzo%28a%29pyrene" title=" benzo(a)pyrene"> benzo(a)pyrene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycyclic%20aromatic%20hydrocarbon" title=" polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"> polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48972/characterization-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-in-ambient-air-pm25-in-an-urban-site-of-gyor-hungary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">398</span> Effect of Wettability Alteration on Production Performance in Unconventional Tight Oil Reservoirs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rashid%20S.%20Mohammad">Rashid S. Mohammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shicheng%20Zhang"> Shicheng Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinzhe%20Zhao"> Xinzhe Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In tight oil reservoirs, wettability alteration has generally been considered as an effective way to remove fracturing fluid retention on the surface of the fracture and consequently improved oil production. However, there is a lack of a reliable productivity prediction model to show the relationship between the wettability and oil production in tight oil well. In this paper, a new oil productivity prediction model of immiscible oil-water flow and miscible CO₂-oil flow accounting for wettability is developed. This mathematical model is established by considering two different length scales: nonporous network and propped fractures. CO₂ flow diffuses in the nonporous network and high velocity non-Darcy flow in propped fractures are considered by taking into account the effect of wettability alteration on capillary pressure and relative permeability. A laboratory experiment is also conducted here to validate this model. Laboratory experiments have been designed to compare the water saturation profiles for different contact angle, revealing the fluid retention in rock pores that affects capillary force and relative permeability. Four kinds of brines with different concentrations are selected here to create different contact angles. In water-wet porous media, as the system becomes more oil-wet, water saturation decreases. As a result, oil relative permeability increases. On the other hand, capillary pressure which is the resistance for the oil flow increases as well. The oil production change due to wettability alteration is the result of the comprehensive changes of oil relative permeability and capillary pressure. The results indicate that wettability is a key factor for fracturing fluid retention removal and oil enhancement in tight reservoirs. By incorporating laboratory test into a mathematical model, this work shows the relationship between wettability and oil production is not a simple linear pattern but a parabolic one. Additionally, it can be used for a better understanding of optimization design of fracturing fluids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability" title="wettability">wettability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20permeability" title=" relative permeability"> relative permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20retention" title=" fluid retention"> fluid retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20production" title=" oil production"> oil production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconventional%20and%20tight%20reservoirs" title=" unconventional and tight reservoirs"> unconventional and tight reservoirs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76547/effect-of-wettability-alteration-on-production-performance-in-unconventional-tight-oil-reservoirs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">397</span> Green Hydrogen: Exploring Economic Viability and Alluring Business Scenarios</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sakthivel">S. Sakthivel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the global economy is based on the hydrocarbon economy, which is referencing the global hydrocarbon industry. Problems of using these fossil fuels (like oil, NG, coal) are emitting greenhouse gases (GHGs) and price fluctuation, supply/distribution, etc. These challenges can be overcome by using clean energy as hydrogen. The hydrogen economy is the use of hydrogen as a low carbon fuel, particularly for hydrogen vehicles, alternative industrial feedstock, power generation, and energy storage, etc. Engineering consulting firms have a significant role in this ambition and green hydrogen value chain (i.e., integration of renewables, production, storage, and distribution to end-users). Typically, the cost of green hydrogen is a function of the price of electricity needed, the cost of the electrolyser, and the operating cost to run the system. This article focuses on economic viability and explores the alluring business scenarios globally. Break-even analysis was carried out for green hydrogen production and in order to evaluate and compare the impact of the electricity price on the production costs of green hydrogen and relate it to fossil fuel-based brown/grey/blue hydrogen costs. It indicates that the cost of green hydrogen production will fall drastically due to the declining costs of renewable electricity prices and along with the improvement and scaling up of electrolyser manufacturing. For instance, in a scenario where electricity prices are below US$ 40/MWh, green hydrogen cost is expected to reach cost competitiveness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20hydrogen" title="green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20analysis" title=" cost analysis"> cost analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=break-even%20analysis" title=" break-even analysis"> break-even analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewables" title=" renewables"> renewables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrolyzer" title=" electrolyzer"> electrolyzer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131861/green-hydrogen-exploring-economic-viability-and-alluring-business-scenarios" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131861.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">396</span> A Review of Paleo-Depositional Environment and Thermal Alteration Index of Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic of A1-9 Well, NW Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Alrabib">M. A. Alrabib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sherif"> Y. Sherif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Mohamed"> A. K. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20A.%20Elfandi"> E. A. Elfandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20I.%20Fandi"> E. I. Fandi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces a paleo-environmental and hydrocarbon show in this well was identified in the interval of Dembaba formation to the Hassaona Formation was poor to very poor oil show. And from palaeo-environmental analysis there is neither particularly good reservoir nor source rock have been developed in the area. Recent palaeo-environment work undertakes that the sedimentary succession in this area comprises the Upper Paleozoic rock of the Carboniferous and Permian and the Mesozoic (Triassic) sedimentary sequences. No early Paleozoic rocks have been found in this area, these rocks were eroding during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian time. During Latest Permian and earliest Triassic time evidence for major marine transgression has occurred. From depths 5930-5940 feet, to 10800-10810 feet, the TAI of the Al Guidr, the Bir Al Jaja Al Uotia, Hebilia and the top varies between 3+ to 4-(mature-dry gas). This interval corporate the rest part of the Dembaba Formation. From depth 10800- 10810 feet, until total sediment depth (11944 feet Log) which corporate the rest of the Dembaba and underlying equivalents of the Assedjefar and M Rar Formations and the underlying Indeterminate unit (Hassouna Formation) the TAI varies between 4 and 5 (dry gas-black and deformed). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleoenvironmental" title="paleoenvironmental">paleoenvironmental</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20alteration%20index" title=" thermal alteration index"> thermal alteration index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=north%20western%20Libya" title=" north western Libya"> north western Libya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon" title=" hydrocarbon"> hydrocarbon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22229/a-review-of-paleo-depositional-environment-and-thermal-alteration-index-of-carboniferous-permian-and-triassic-of-a1-9-well-nw-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">395</span> Activated Carbon Content Influence in Mineral Barrier Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raul%20Guerrero">Raul Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandro%20Machado"> Sandro Machado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miriam%20Carvalho"> Miriam Carvalho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Soil and aquifer pollution, caused by hydrocarbon liquid spilling, is induced by misguided operational practices and inefficient safety guidelines. According to the Environmental Brazilian Institute (IBAMA), during 2013 alone, over 472.13 m3 of diesel oil leaked into the environment nationwide for those reported cases only. Regarding the aforementioned information, there’s an indisputable need to adopt appropriate environmental safeguards specially in those areas intended for the production, treatment, transportation and storage of hydrocarbon fluids. According to Brazilian norm, ABNT-NBR 7505-1:2000, compacted soil or mineral barriers used in structural contingency levees, such as storage tanks, are required to present a maximum water permeability coefficient, k, of 1x10-6 cm/s. However, as discussed by several authors, water can not be adopted as the reference fluid to determine the site’s containment performance against organic fluids. Mainly, due to the great discrepancy observed in polarity values (dielectric constant) between water and most organic fluids. Previous studies, within this same research group, proposed an optimal range of values for the soil’s index properties for mineral barrier composition focused on organic fluid containment. Unfortunately, in some circumstances, it is not possible to encounter a type of soil with the required geotechnical characteristics near the containment site, increasing prevention and construction costs, as well as environmental risks. For these specific cases, the use of an organic product or material as an additive to enhance mineral-barrier containment performance may be an attractive geotechnical solution. This paper evaluates the effect of activated carbon (AC) content additions into a clayey soil towards hydrocarbon fluid permeability. Variables such as compaction energy, carbon texture and addition content (0%, 10% and 20%) were analyzed through laboratory falling-head permeability tests using distilled water and commercial diesel as percolating fluids. The obtained results showed that the AC with smaller particle-size reduced k values significantly against diesel, indicating a direct relationship between particle-size reduction (surface area increase) of the organic product and organic fluid containment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title="activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clayey%20soils" title=" clayey soils"> clayey soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20area" title=" surface area"> surface area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56613/activated-carbon-content-influence-in-mineral-barrier-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">394</span> Delineation of Oil – Polluted Sites in Ibeno LGA, Nigeria, Using Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ime%20R.%20Udotong">Ime R. Udotong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justina%20I.%20R.%20Udotong"> Justina I. R. Udotong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ofonime%20U.%20M.%20John"> Ofonime U. M. John</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (MPNU), a subsidiary of ExxonMobil and the highest crude oil & condensate producer in Nigeria has its operational base and an oil terminal, the Qua Iboe terminal (QIT) located at Ibeno, Nigeria. Other oil companies like Network Exploration and Production Nigeria Ltd, Frontier Oil Ltd; Shell Petroleum Development Company Ltd; Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and Nigerian Agip Energy, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI E&P operate onshore, on the continental shelf and in deep offshore of the Atlantic Ocean, respectively with the coastal waters of Ibeno, Nigeria as the nearest shoreline. This study was designed to delineate the oil-polluted sites in Ibeno, Nigeria using microbiological and physico-chemical characterization of soils, sediments and ground and surface water samples from the study area. Results obtained revealed that there have been significant recent hydrocarbon inputs into this environment as observed from the high counts of hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in excess of 1% at all the stations sampled. Moreover, high concentrations of THC, BTEX and heavy metals contents in all the samples analyzed corroborate the high recent crude oil input into the study area. The results also showed that the pollution of the different environmental media sampled were of varying degrees, following the trend: Ground water > surface water > sediments > soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiological%20characterization" title="microbiological characterization">microbiological characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil-polluted%20sites" title=" oil-polluted sites"> oil-polluted sites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physico-chemical%20analyses" title=" physico-chemical analyses"> physico-chemical analyses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20hydrocarbon%20content" title=" total hydrocarbon content"> total hydrocarbon content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31329/delineation-of-oil-polluted-sites-in-ibeno-lga-nigeria-using-microbiological-and-physicochemical-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">393</span> A Review on Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Controlling Its Produced Hydrogen Sulfide Effects on Reservoir and Transporting Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Haratian">Ali Haratian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soroosh%20Emami%20Meybodi"> Soroosh Emami Meybodi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using viable microbial cultures within hydrocarbon reservoirs so as to the enhancement of oil recovery through metabolic activities is exactly what we recognize as microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). In similar to many other processes in industries, there are some cons and pros following with MEOR. The creation of sulfides such as hydrogen sulfide as a result of injecting the sulfate-containing seawater into hydrocarbon reservoirs in order to maintain the required reservoir pressure leads to production and growth of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) approximately near the injection wells, turning the reservoir into sour; however, SRB is not considered as the only microbial process stimulating the formation of sulfides. Along with SRB, thermochemical sulfate reduction or thermal redox reaction (TSR) is also known to be highly effective at resulting in having extremely concentrated zones of ?2S in the reservoir fluids eligible to cause corrosion. Owing to extent of the topic, more information on the formation of ?₂S is going to be put finger on. Besides, confronting the undesirable production of sulfide species in the reservoirs can lead to serious operational, environmental, and financial problems, in particular the transporting pipelines. Consequently, conjuring up reservoir souring control strategies on the way production of oil and gas is the only way to prevent possible damages in terms of environment, finance, and manpower which requires determining the compound’s reactivity, origin, and partitioning behavior. This article is going to provide a comprehensive review of progress made in this field and the possible advent of new strategies in this technologically advanced world of the petroleum industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title="corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20sulfide" title=" hydrogen sulfide"> hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NRB" title=" NRB"> NRB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20souring" title=" reservoir souring"> reservoir souring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRB" title=" SRB"> SRB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140114/a-review-on-microbial-enhanced-oil-recovery-and-controlling-its-produced-hydrogen-sulfide-effects-on-reservoir-and-transporting-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">392</span> Barrier Characteristics of Molecular Semiconductor-Based Organic/Inorganic Au/C₄₂H₂₈/n-InP Hybrid Junctions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahattin%20Abay">Bahattin Abay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin film of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon rubrene, C₄₂H₂₈ (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene), has been surfaced on Moderately Doped (MD) n-InP substrate as an interfacial layer by means of spin coating technique for the electronic modification of Au/MD n-InP structure. Ex situ annealing has been carried out at 150 °C for three minutes under a brisk flow of nitrogen for the better adhesion of the deposited film with the substrate surface. Room temperature electrical characterization has been performed on the C₄₂H₂₈/MD n-InP hybrid junctions by current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement in the dark. It has been seen that the C₄₂H₂₈/MD n-InP structure demonstrated extraordinary rectifying behavior. An effective barrier height (BH) as high as 0.743 eV, along with an ideality factor very close to unity (n=1.203), has been achieved for C₄₂H₂₈/n-InP organic/inorganic device. A thin C₄₂H₂₈ interfacial layer between Au and MD n-InP also reduce the reverse leakage current by almost four orders of magnitude and enhance the BH about 0.278 eV. This good performance of the device is ascribed to the passivation effect of organic interfacial layer between Au and n-InP. By using C-V measurement, in addition, the value of BH of the C₄₂H₂₈/n-InP organic/inorganic hybrid junctions have been obtained as 0.796 eV. It has been seen that both of the BH value (0.743 and 0.796 eV) for the organic/inorganic hybrid junction obtained I-V and C-V measurement, respectively are significantly larger than that of the conventional Au/n-InP structure (0.465 and 0.503 eV). It was also seen that the device had good sensitivity to the light under 100 mW/cm² illumination conditions. The obtained results indicated that modification of the interfacial potential barrier for Metal/n-InP junctions might be attained using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon thin interlayer C₄₂H₂₈. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-V%20and%20C-V%20measurements" title="I-V and C-V measurements">I-V and C-V measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterojunction" title=" heterojunction"> heterojunction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-InP" title=" n-InP"> n-InP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rubrene" title=" rubrene"> rubrene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20passivation" title=" surface passivation"> surface passivation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83795/barrier-characteristics-of-molecular-semiconductor-based-organicinorganic-auc42h28n-inp-hybrid-junctions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">391</span> The Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Organo-Clay-Modified Bitumen, Calcareous Aggregate, and Organo-Clay Blends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G%C3%BCrses">A. Gürses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20B.%20Bar%C4%B1n"> T. B. Barın</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%87.%20Do%C4%9Far"> Ç. Doğar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bitumen has been widely used as the binder of aggregate in road pavement due to its good viscoelastic properties, as a viscous organic mixture with various chemical compositions. Bitumen is a liquid at high temperature and it becomes brittle at low temperatures, and this temperature-sensitivity can cause the rutting and cracking of the pavement and limit its application. Therefore, the properties of existing asphalt materials need to be enhanced. The pavement with polymer modified bitumen exhibits greater resistance to rutting and thermal cracking, decreased fatigue damage, as well as stripping and temperature susceptibility; however, they are expensive and their applications have disadvantages. Bituminous mixtures are composed of very irregular aggregates bound together with hydrocarbon-based asphalt, with a low volume fraction of voids dispersed within the matrix. Montmorillonite (MMT) is a layered silicate with low cost and abundance, which consists of layers of tetrahedral silicate and octahedral hydroxide sheets. Recently, the layered silicates have been widely used for the modification of polymers, as well as in many different fields. However, there are not too much studies related with the preparation of the modified asphalt with MMT, currently. In this study, organo-clay-modified bitumen, and calcareous aggregate and organo-clay blends were prepared by hot blending method with OMMT, which has been synthesized using a cationic surfactant (Cetyltrymethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and long chain hydrocarbon, and MMT. When the exchangeable cations in the interlayer region of pristine MMT were exchanged with hydrocarbon attached surfactant ions, the MMT becomes organophilic and more compatible with bitumen. The effects of the super hydrophobic OMMT onto the micro structural and mechanic properties (Marshall Stability and volumetric parameters) of the prepared blends were investigated. Stability and volumetric parameters of the blends prepared were measured using Marshall Test. Also, in order to investigate the morphological and micro structural properties of the organo-clay-modified bitumen and calcareous aggregate and organo-clay blends, their SEM and HRTEM images were taken. It was observed that the stability and volumetric parameters of the prepared mixtures improved significantly compared to the conventional hot mixes and even the stone matrix mixture. A micro structural analysis based on SEM images indicates that the organo-clay platelets dispersed in the bitumen have a dominant role in the increase of effectiveness of bitumen - aggregate interactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20mix%20asphalt" title="hot mix asphalt">hot mix asphalt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stone%20matrix%20asphalt" title=" stone matrix asphalt"> stone matrix asphalt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organo%20clay" title=" organo clay"> organo clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marshall%20test" title=" Marshall test"> Marshall test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcareous%20aggregate" title=" calcareous aggregate"> calcareous aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20bitumen" title=" modified bitumen"> modified bitumen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53072/the-microstructural-and-mechanical-characterization-of-organo-clay-modified-bitumen-calcareous-aggregate-and-organo-clay-blends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">390</span> Optimization of Shale Gas Production by Advanced Hydraulic Fracturing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fazl%20Ullah">Fazl Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmat%20Ullah"> Rahmat Ullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper shows a comprehensive learning focused on the optimization of gas production in shale gas reservoirs through hydraulic fracturing. Shale gas has emerged as an important unconventional vigor resource, necessitating innovative techniques to enhance its extraction. The key objective of this study is to examine the influence of fracture parameters on reservoir productivity and formulate strategies for production optimization. A sophisticated model integrating gas flow dynamics and real stress considerations is developed for hydraulic fracturing in multi-stage shale gas reservoirs. This model encompasses distinct zones: a single-porosity medium region, a dual-porosity average region, and a hydraulic fracture region. The apparent permeability of the matrix and fracture system is modeled using principles like effective stress mechanics, porous elastic medium theory, fractal dimension evolution, and fluid transport apparatuses. The developed model is then validated using field data from the Barnett and Marcellus formations, enhancing its reliability and accuracy. By solving the partial differential equation by means of COMSOL software, the research yields valuable insights into optimal fracture parameters. The findings reveal the influence of fracture length, diversion capacity, and width on gas production. For reservoirs with higher permeability, extending hydraulic fracture lengths proves beneficial, while complex fracture geometries offer potential for low-permeability reservoirs. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of hydraulic cracking dynamics in shale gas reservoirs and provides essential guidance for optimizing gas production. The research findings are instrumental for energy industry professionals, researchers, and policymakers alike, shaping the future of sustainable energy extraction from unconventional resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid-solid%20coupling" title="fluid-solid coupling">fluid-solid coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apparent%20permeability" title=" apparent permeability"> apparent permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shale%20gas%20reservoir" title=" shale gas reservoir"> shale gas reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20property" title=" fracture property"> fracture property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175223/optimization-of-shale-gas-production-by-advanced-hydraulic-fracturing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175223.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">389</span> A Green Process for Drop-In Liquid Fuels from Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Solar Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian%20Yu">Jian Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbo dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion is a prime green-house gas emission. It can be mitigated by microalgae through conventional photosynthesis. The algal oil is a feedstock of biodiesel, a carbon neutral liquid fuel for transportation. The conventional CO2 fixation, however, is quite slow and affected by the intermittent solar irradiation. It is also a technical challenge to reform the bio-oil into a drop-in liquid fuel that can be directly used in the modern combustion engines with expected performance. Here, an artificial photosynthesis system is presented to produce a biopolyester and liquid fuels from CO2, water, and solar power. In this green process, solar energy is captured using photovoltaic modules and converted into hydrogen as a stable energy source via water electrolysis. The solar hydrogen is then used to fix CO2 by Cupriavidus necator, a hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. Under the autotrophic conditions, CO2 was reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) that is further utilized for cell growth and biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The maximum cell growth rate reached 10.1 g L-1 day-1, about 25 times faster than that of a typical bio-oil-producing microalga (Neochloris Oleoabundans) under stable indoor conditions. With nitrogen nutrient limitation, a large portion of the reduced carbon is stored in PHB (C4H6O2)n, accounting for 50-60% of dry cell mass. PHB is a biodegradable thermoplastic that can find a variety of environmentally friendly applications. It is also a platform material from which small chemicals can be derived. At a high temperature (240 - 290 oC), the biopolyester is degraded into crotonic acid (C4H6O2). On a solid phosphoric acid catalyst, PHB is deoxygenated via decarboxylation into a hydrocarbon oil (C6-C18) at 240 oC or so. Aromatics and alkenes are the major compounds, depending on the reaction conditions. A gasoline-grade liquid fuel (77 wt% oil) and a biodiesel-grade fuel (23 wt% oil) were obtained from the hydrocarbon oil via distillation. The formation routes of hydrocarbon oil from crotonic acid, the major PHB degradation intermediate, are revealed and discussed. This work shows a novel green process from which biodegradable plastics and high-grade liquid fuels can be directly produced from carbon dioxide, water and solar power. The productivity of the green polyester (5.3 g L-1 d-1) is much higher than that of microalgal oil (0.13 g L-1 d-1). Other technical merits of the new green process may include continuous operation under intermittent solar irradiation and convenient scale up in outdoor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioplastics" title="bioplastics">bioplastics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20fixation" title=" carbon dioxide fixation"> carbon dioxide fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop-in%20liquid%20fuels" title=" drop-in liquid fuels"> drop-in liquid fuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20process" title=" green process"> green process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76018/a-green-process-for-drop-in-liquid-fuels-from-carbon-dioxide-water-and-solar-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn 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