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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Music of the Anglophone Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goombay" title="Goombay">Goombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake-and-scrape" title="Rake-and-scrape">Rake-and-scrape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">Rapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw_music" title="Ripsaw music">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch band">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Local forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">British Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Caymans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">UK Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Other Anglophone islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Template:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Template talk:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #0072C6; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Culture of Antigua and Barbuda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG/130px-Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG/195px-Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG/260px-Das_kleinste_Haus_auf_Antigua.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #CC0033;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Antigua and Barbuda">Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Antiguans_and_Barbudans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Antiguans and Barbudans">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Indian Antiguans and Barbudans">East Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Guyanese Antiguans and Barbudans">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserratian_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Montserratian Antiguans and Barbudans">Montserratian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Antigua and Barbuda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Public holidays in Antigua and Barbuda">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #CC0033;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Art in Antigua and Barbuda">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_cuisine" title="Antigua and Barbuda cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Mass media in Antigua and Barbuda">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of newspapers in Antigua and Barbuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in Antigua and Barbuda">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Antigua and Barbuda">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #CC0033;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Antigua and Barbuda">Anthem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #FCD116;border-bottom:1px solid #FCD116;font-size:95%;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Template:Culture of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Template talk:Culture of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of Antigua and Barbuda</b> is largely African in character, and has only felt a limited influence from European styles due to the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">population of Antigua and Barbuda</a> descending mostly from West Africans who were made slaves by Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> is a Caribbean nation in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> island chain. The country is a second home for many of the pan-Caribbean genres of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, and has produced stars in <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steeldrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Steeldrum">steeldrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. Of these, steeldrum and calypso are the most integral parts of modern Antiguan popular music; both styles are imported from the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">music of Trinidad and Tobago</a>. </p><p>Little to no musical research has been undertaken on Antigua and Barbuda other than this. As a result, much knowledge on the topic derives from novels, essays and other secondary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Banjar</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a> (plucked.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">321.32<br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banjar_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Banjar_range.png/130px-Banjar_range.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Banjar_range.png/195px-Banjar_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Banjar_range.png/260px-Banjar_range.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="center">(a standard tuned banjar)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked</a> string instruments</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Documented music in Antigua and Barbuda began only with the discovery of Antigua, then populated by <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1493. The islands' early music, however, remains little studied. In the 1780s, documentation exists for African workers participating in outdoor dances accompanied by the <i>banjar</i> (later <i>bangoe</i>, perhaps related to the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Toombah" class="mw-redirect" title="Toombah">toombah</a></i> (later <i>tum tum</i>), a drum decorated with shell and tin jingles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1840s, sophisticated subscription <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance party)">balls</a> were common, held biweekly with European-derived <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrilles</a> accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial era churches and missionary activity displaced and otherwise influenced the music of the African slaves, who adopted elements of European-derived religious music. The <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> are an important example.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid- to late 19th century, a number of Portuguese indentured workers came to Antigua, bringing with them <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">their styles of music</a>. When most of the Portuguese left in the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanese music</a> was brought to the island by immigrants from that country.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of British and French colonial rule, African slaves were prohibited from celebrating in <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>; they continued to do so, secretly, at home. There, an Afro-Caribbean style of <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a>, dance and song called <a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">benna</a> developed. Later, Antiguan and Barbudan folk music became more dominated by Trinidadian <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>. </p><p>Most forms of modern Antiguan and Barbudan music are not indigenous to the islands, and were imported from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Jamaica and Trinidad. Colonial dance styles like the <a href="/wiki/Highland_fling" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland fling">highland fling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a> remain popular in Africanized form. The loss of Antiguan traditions can be ascribed to the lack of a French colonial past (French islands of the Lesser Antilles retain much African-derived music and dance), the influence of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Codrington" title="Christopher Codrington">Codrington</a> family, a relatively unified African ethnic identity, the lack of African immigration after the peak of slavery importation, the British military presence at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Heights_(Antigua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Heights (Antigua) (page does not exist)">Shirley Heights</a> and a modern history of unstable economy and government.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Time_Christmas_Festival">Old Time Christmas Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Time Christmas Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Time_Christmas_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Time Christmas Festival (page does not exist)">Old Time Christmas Festival</a> was a culturally significant celebration, replaced in 1957 by a <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad Carnival">Trinidadian-inspired Carnival</a>. The Antiguan Christmas Festival included several elements that have been adopted into the modern Carnival.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christmas Festival traditions include both music and dance, especially related to <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerades</a> and iron bands. The <a href="/wiki/Highland_fling" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland fling">highland fling</a> is a common Christmas Festival dance, also played in the modern Carnival, performed by people wearing Scottish <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">kilts</a>, masks made of wire and bearing whips of cowhide. Dancers wearing banana leaves and animal horns took part in the <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a>, while carolers paraded with long poles covered in <a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">lanterns</a>, called <i>carol trees</i>, singing with accompaniment by the <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>. Stilt dancers in robes, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Moko_jumbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Moko jumbie">Moko jumbie</a></i>, <i>Jumpa-Ben</i> or <i>Long Ghosts</i>, were also common, and were accompanied by kettle and bass drums, fife, triangle (<i>cling-a-ching</i>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boompipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boompipe (page does not exist)">boompipe</a>, made from a plumbing joint one meter long.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benna">Benna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a> (or <i>bennah</i>) is an uptempo Antiguan folk song that was introduced following the prohibition of slavery. Songs usually focused on scandalous and bawdy rumors and gossip, and were in a <a href="/wiki/Call-and-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-and-response">call-and-response</a> form with a leader and an audience. Benna's popularity and similarity to calypso helped make the island receptive to that genre's introduction. The modern performer <a href="/wiki/King_Short_Shirt" title="King Short Shirt">King Short Shirt</a> has attempted to revive the benna in modern years, with his 1977 album <i>Harambee</i> an influential work that began updating benna with social and political awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 20th century, it had become a method of folk communication, disseminating news and reports from across the island. In the 1940s and 50s, an improvisational benna singer named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarkoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarkoo (page does not exist)">John "Quarkoo" Thomas</a> sang up-to-date stories on legal scandals, and the sexual affairs of the upper-class. He was eventually imprisoned because of the lyrics to "Cocoatea", which was about the daughter of a respected citizen, and her secret pregnancy while in a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other popular genres of music Antigua is best known for oldest and most successful soca band the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Flames" title="Burning Flames">Burning Flames</a>, who have claimed the road march title for many years, most recently 2005. Another well-known Antiguan musician was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_%22Johnny%22_Gomes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick "Johnny" Gomes (page does not exist)">Patrick "Johnny" Gomes</a>, who worked for, among many others, the calypso giant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mighty_Swallow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mighty Swallow (page does not exist)">Mighty Swallow</a>. The most famous indigenous musician in Antigua and Barbuda may be <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mason" title="Oscar Mason">Oscar Mason</a>, whose son <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Neill_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Neill Mason (page does not exist)">O'Neill</a> is also a noted <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombonist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_Community_Players&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigua Community Players (page does not exist)">Antigua Community Players</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been active for more than 52 years, performing a variety of musical productions in many styles, including the Antiguan folk song, <i>benna</i>. </p><p>Jazz guitarist <a href="/wiki/Roland_Prince" title="Roland Prince">Roland Prince</a> was from Antigua. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Hill (page does not exist)">Basil Hill</a>, owner of <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Midas_Records&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Midas Records (page does not exist)">King Midas Records</a> in New York, built a large international nightclub called the Atmosphere in 1978, creating a direct outlet for Antigua and Barbudan singers and bands. </p><p>Elements of non-Antiguan and Barbudan music have continued to be imported to the islands in the latter 20th century, including the electronic <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> of the American Baptist church, and the Afro-Jamaican drumming of <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian music">Rastafarian music</a>. </p><p>Platinum-selling Antiguan-German singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Au/Ra" title="Au/Ra">Au/Ra</a> was also raised in Antigua, who has excelled in dance and pop music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival">Carnival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carnival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See full article: <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua Carnival</a></i> </p><p>The Antiguan <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> is a celebration of music and dance held annually from the end of July to the first Tuesday in August. The most important day is that of the <i>j'ouvert</i> (or <i>juvé</i>), in which brass and steel bands perform for much of the island's population. Barbuda's Carnival in June, and is known as <a href="/wiki/Caribana" title="Caribana">Caribana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Time_Christmas_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Time Christmas Festival (page does not exist)">Old Time Christmas Festival</a> in 1957, with hopes of inspiring <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Antigua and Barbuda">tourism in Antigua and Barbuda</a>. Some elements of the Christmas Festival remain in the modern Carnival celebrations, which are otherwise largely based on the Trinidadian Carnival.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author Frank Manning has argued that this change, from indigenous traditions to tourist-oriented elements, has reduced Antiguans to "positions as service personnel and 'mimic men', robbing the culture of its natural integrity and cultural history".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_festival">Music festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Antigua and Barbuda international music festival, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Rhythms">Romantic Rhythms</a>, is a new addition to the summer line-up that peaks in August at the notorious Carnival celebrations. Geared to becoming a competing counterpart to the Carnival, the festival could eventually become the leading musical event in the entire Caribbean region. In its first year of establishment, the music festival already had some of the world's top artists perform.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steelpan">Steelpan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Steelpan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a> comes in many different forms, and put together is called a <i>steel orchestra</i>. Steel bands traditionally are made up of old pieces of metal such as old irons, tire rims, or steel pipes. Antigua's steel orchestras and iron bands can be found in churches and in many villages, and have been popular since their introduction. Every Carnival there is a competition to dub the best band of the island. Antigua's largest and oldest steel orchestra that still competes is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hell%27s_Gate_(steel_orchestra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hell's Gate (steel orchestra) (page does not exist)">Hell's Gate</a>. It is said that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brute_Force_Steel_Band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brute Force Steel Band (page does not exist)">Brute Force Steel Band</a> was the first steelpan band to record an album. </p><p>Steel orchestras have evolved to using highly technical instruments costing up to US$1500 for one instrument. These pans are meticulously honed out of the steel drum, sunken and burned over a hot fire, chromed and tuned. This process was perfected in Trinidad and Tobago and exported to Antigua and Barbuda through various collaborations between several of the bands in both island-nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calypso">Calypso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Calypso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a></div> <p>Calypso was sung throughout the English-speaking Caribbean, and was used by the poor as a platform for social and political commentary, using complex <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloric</a> references to obscure their meaning to outsiders. Later, beginning in the 1960s, a popularized kind of calypso was developed for use in <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist</a> hotels. The first hotel calypsonians were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Shirt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Shirt (musician) (page does not exist)">Black Shirt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeetch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeetch (page does not exist)">Skeetch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadian (page does not exist)">Dadian</a>, who were accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string</a> ensemble of two <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a> (created out of an oil drum). The Antigua Carnival, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiguan_Calypso_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiguan Calypso King (page does not exist)">Antiguan Calypso King</a> competition, began in 1957; the King that year was <a href="/wiki/Styler" title="Styler">Styler</a>. This era also saw a growth in patriotic calypsos, focused on an emerging sense of victorious nationalism in the wake of growing autonomy. By the middle of the 1960s, two rival calypsonians dominated the Antiguan scene, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemaki (page does not exist)">Zemaki</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Canary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Canary (page does not exist)">Lord Canary</a>. Their conflict was perpetuated as the <a href="/wiki/King_Short_Shirt" title="King Short Shirt">King Short Shirt</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swallow_(calypsonian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swallow (calypsonian) (page does not exist)">Swallow</a> rivalry during the 1970s and 1980s. In the middle of the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Flames" title="Burning Flames">Burning Flames</a> emerged, winning the road march with "Styley Tight" in 1985. They achieved pan-Caribbean acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is clear that the genre of music now called calypso had strong roots in Trinidad and Tobago, but it would be inaccurate to suggest that this music started in any one island. Every island in the Caribbean has a form of music that resembles "kaiso", more commonly referred to as calypso. It is inaccurate to attribute the origin of calypso to any island. In Belize, they call their variation <i><a href="/wiki/Punta_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta music">punta</a></i>. In Antigua they call theirs <i>benna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly in the English-speaking islands and Belize, African cultural roots have greatly influenced the beats and form of the music. All these musical forms borrow beats from West African highlife music and have fused North American pop and R&B with the Latin beats of central and South America and Cuba to form distinct musical genres which have significant variations in islands that were influenced by the French. <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">Zouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadence-lypso" title="Cadence-lypso">cadence</a> are other popular variations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soca">Soca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca music</a></div> <p>The defining staccato bass was the creation of the late Lord Shorty from Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago, and rose to fame as Lord Shorty with his 1963 hit "Clock and Dagger". He started out writing songs and performing in the calypso genre. In the 1970s, he began experimenting with calypso by blending it with the local chutney — the music of Trinidad's East Indian population — using instruments such as the sitar and tabla. The style was dubbed "soca". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_Rhythms_Music_Festival" title="Romantic Rhythms Music Festival">Romantic Rhythms Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">History of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel1998" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Lorna (1998). Olsen, Dale A.; Sheehy, Daniel E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/garlandencyclope0001unse"><i>The Garland encyclopedia of World Music: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York : Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6035-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-6035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+America%2C+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-6035-0&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarlandencyclope0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuffman1788" class="citation book cs1">Luffman, John (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAFAmgEACAAJ"><i>A Brief Account of the Island of Antigua: Together with the Customs and Manners of Its Inhabitants</i></a>. T. Cadell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Account+of+the+Island+of+Antigua%3A+Together+with+the+Customs+and+Manners+of+Its+Inhabitants&rft.pub=T.+Cadell&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Luffman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAFAmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannigan/Lanaghan1844" class="citation book cs1">Flannigan/Lanaghan (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/antiguaandantig00lanagoog"><i>Antigua and the Antiguans: Also, an Impartial View of Slavery and the Free Labour Systems; the ...</i></a> Harvard University. Saunders and Otley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigua+and+the+Antiguans%3A+Also%2C+an+Impartial+View+of+Slavery+and+the+Free+Labour+Systems%3B+the+...&rft.pub=Saunders+and+Otley&rft.date=1844&rft.au=Flannigan%2FLanaghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiguaandantig00lanagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026090344/http://www.antiguamuseums.org/cultural.htm">"Antigua & Barbuda's Cultural Heritage"</a>. <i>Museum of Antigua and Barbuda</i>. 2005-10-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiguamuseums.org/cultural.htm">the original</a> on 2005-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.atitle=Antigua+%26+Barbuda%27s+Cultural+Heritage&rft.date=2005-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguamuseums.org%2Fcultural.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ledesma_CharlesGeorgia_Popplewell2000" class="citation book cs1">De Ledesma Charles & Georgia Popplewell (2000). "Put Water in the Brandy?". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James & Duane, Orla (eds.). <i>World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>. Rough Guides. pp. 507–526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Put+Water+in+the+Brandy%3F&rft.btitle=World+Music%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Latin+%26+North+America%2C+Caribbean%2C+India%2C+Asia+and+Pacific&rft.pages=507-526&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.au=De+Ledesma+Charles&rft.au=Georgia+Popplewell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050106035025/http://www.londonparade.co.uk/history/participants/details.asp?id=1408">"Antigua Community Players"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonparade.co.uk/history/participants/details.asp?id=1408">the original</a> on 2005-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua+Community+Players&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonparade.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fparticipants%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D1408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron,_Sarah1996" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Sarah (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyEqAQAAMAAJ&q=Caribbean%20Islands%20Handbook%20with%20the%20Bahamas"><i>Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas</i></a>. Passport Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-4907-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-4907-6"><bdi>0-8442-4907-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35960026">35960026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Islands+Handbook+with+the+Bahamas&rft.pub=Passport+Books&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35960026&rft.isbn=0-8442-4907-6&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyEqAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DCaribbean%2520Islands%2520Handbook%2520with%2520the%2520Bahamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from McDaniel, pp 798–800, describing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning,_Frank1977" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, Frank (1977). Sally F. Moore; Barbara G. Myerhoff (eds.). "Cup March and Carnival: Secular Rites of Revitalization in Decolonizing Tourist-Oriented Societies". <i>Secular Ritual</i>. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum: 265–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Secular+Ritual&rft.atitle=Cup+March+and+Carnival%3A+Secular+Rites+of+Revitalization+in+Decolonizing+Tourist-Oriented+Societies&rft.pages=265-281&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Manning%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiguamusicfestival.com">"Antigua and Barbuda Music Festival"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+Music+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguamusicfestival.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026090344/http://www.antiguamuseums.org/cultural.htm">"History of Calypso"</a>. <i>Museum of Antigua and Barbuda</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiguamuseums.org/cultural.htm#Calypso">the original</a> on October 26, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.atitle=History+of+Calypso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguamuseums.org%2Fcultural.htm%23Calypso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Dave (2002). <i>Reggae & Caribbean Music</i>, Backbeat Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-655-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-655-6">0-87930-655-6</a>, p. 225</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Template:Music of the Lesser Antilles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Template talk:Music of the Lesser Antilles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of the Lesser Antilles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Music of the Lesser Antilles">Music of the Lesser Antilles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_festivals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_festivals" title="Template:Music festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_festivals" title="Template talk:Music festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festivals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bluegrass_music_festivals" title="List of bluegrass music festivals">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of blues festivals in Canada">Canadian blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Music_festivals_and_venues" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_music_festivals" title="List of maritime music festivals">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music#Festivals" title="World music">World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_classical_music_festivals" title="List of Indian classical music festivals">Indian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">Reggae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_festival" title="Bach festival">Bach festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_festivals" title="List of chamber music festivals">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_choral_festivals" title="List of choral festivals">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">Opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_festival" title="Free festival">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jam_band_music_festivals" title="List of jam band music festivals">Jam band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop#Conventions_and_music_festivals" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Squat party">Squat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_classical_music_festivals" title="List of Indian classical music festivals">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">Electronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">Electronic dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_music_festivals" title="List of industrial music festivals">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">Technoparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance festival">Trance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nigeria#Music_festivals_in_Nigeria" title="List of festivals in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia" title="List of festivals in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of music festivals in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Israel" title="List of music festivals in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_South_Korea" title="List of music festivals in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Taiwan" title="List of music festivals in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Estonia" title="List of music festivals in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Italy" title="List of music festivals in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of music festivals in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of music festivals in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of music festivals in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_States" title="List of music festivals in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago#Music" title="List of festivals in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Massachusetts" title="List of music festivals in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Australia" title="List of music festivals in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_music_festivals" title="New Zealand music festivals">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_South_America" title="List of festivals in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of music festivals in Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_festivals" title="Lists of festivals">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&oldid=1253384964">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&oldid=1253384964</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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