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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Użądlenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Użądlenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasyfikacja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasyfikacja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klasyfikacja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasyfikacja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gatunki_występujące_w_Polsce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatunki_występujące_w_Polsce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gatunki występujące w Polsce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatunki_występujące_w_Polsce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zagrożenia_i_ochrona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zagrożenia_i_ochrona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zagrożenia i ochrona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zagrożenia_i_ochrona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trzmiele_w_kulturze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trzmiele_w_kulturze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trzmiele w kulturze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trzmiele_w_kulturze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Spis treści" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bombus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 101 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommelby" title="Hommelby – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hommelby" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نحل طنان – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحل طنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A2ng%C3%A2naru" title="Zângânaru – arumuński" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zângânaru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamanga" title="Mamanga – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mamanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamulilingan" title="Tamulilingan – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tamulilingan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-koe-phang" title="Kim-koe-phang – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-koe-phang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Иңкештәр – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иңкештәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чмялі – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чмялі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Земни пчели – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земни пчели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тĕкĕлтура – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕкĕлтура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cmel%C3%A1k" title="Čmelák – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čmelák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufonu" title="Bufonu – korsykański" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bufonu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsykański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humlebier" title="Humlebier – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humlebier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummel" title="Hummel – pensylwański" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hummel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pensylwański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummeln" title="Hummeln – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hummeln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADs%CA%BCn%C3%A1tsoh" title="Tsísʼnátsoh – nawaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsísʼnátsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="nawaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bmjel" title="Tśmjel – dolnołużycki" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tśmjel" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalane" title="Kimalane – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kimalane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βομβίνος – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βομβίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bumblebee" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdo" title="Burdo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlastar" title="Erlastar – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlastar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="زنبورهای گرده – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنبورهای گرده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humla" title="Humla – farerski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Humla" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumb%C3%B3g" title="Bumbóg – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bumbóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abesouro" title="Abesouro – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abesouro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бурилгмоза – inguski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бурилгмоза" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%92%A4%EC%98%81%EB%B2%8C%EC%86%8D" title="뒤영벌속 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뒤영벌속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cmje%C5%82y" title="Čmjeły – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čmjeły" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbari" title="Bumbari – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bumbari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdono" title="Burdono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Burdono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Burdon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igutchaq" title="Igutchaq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Igutchaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Хъæддаг мыдыбындз – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъæддаг мыдыбындз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunangsflugur" title="Hunangsflugur – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hunangsflugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בומבוס – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בומבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ბაზი (გვარი) – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზი (გვარი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="بۆمبُر – kaszmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بۆمبُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaszmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyukibambi" title="Nyukibambi – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyukibambi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivbivink" title="Bivbivink – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bivbivink" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Пыйылмы – zachodniomaryjski" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пыйылмы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="zachodniomaryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenes" title="Kamenes – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamenes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaman%C4%97s" title="Kamanės – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamanės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoksahaine" title="Vuoksahaine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vuoksahaine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poszm%C3%A9h" title="Poszméh – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poszméh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80" title="ബംബിൾബീ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംബിൾബീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نحل طنان – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحل طنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Булхай зөгий – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Булхай зөгий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပိတုန်း – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိတုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommels" title="Hommels – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hommels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="भँवरा – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भँवरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%90%E3%83%81" title="マルハナバチ – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルハナバチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бумбари – czeczeński" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бумбари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="czeczeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imk%C3%B6nger" title="Imkönger – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Imkönger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humler" title="Humler – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humler" title="Humler – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Humler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ошымшӱлыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ошымшӱлыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukli_arilar" title="Tukli arilar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tukli arilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malot" title="Malot – pikardyjski" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Malot" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamangaba" title="Mamangaba – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamangaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azman" title="Azman – krymskotatarski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Azman" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krymskotatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondar" title="Bondar – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bondar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Шмели – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шмели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D2%A5%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0" title="Тойон ыҥырыа – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тойон ыҥырыа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bum-bee" title="Bum-bee – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bum-bee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grer%C3%ABza_zhurmuese" title="Grerëza zhurmuese – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grerëza zhurmuese" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bumblebee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cme%C4%BE" title="Čmeľ – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čmeľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cmrlj" title="Čmrlj – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čmrlj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бумбар – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бумбар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbar" title="Bumbar – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bumbar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalaiset" title="Kimalaiset – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kimalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="polecany artykuł"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humlor" title="Humlor – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Humlor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humuhugong_na_bubuyog" title="Humuhugong na bubuyog – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Humuhugong na bubuyog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80" title="வண்டுத் தேனீ – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வண்டுத் தேனீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agayemru" title="Agayemru – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agayemru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6" title="తుమ్మెద – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుమ్మెద" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80" title="Говзанбӯр – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Говзанбӯр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2hpe%27%C3%A2s%C3%A9hahnoma" title="Tâhpe'âséhahnoma – czejeński" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tâhpe'âséhahnoma" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="czejeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Майсы – udmurcki" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Майсы" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurcki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джміль – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джміль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%8Dubrasad" title="Učubrasad – wepski" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Učubrasad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="wepski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_ngh%E1%BB%87" title="Ong nghệ – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ong nghệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommels" title="Hommels – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hommels" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Bombus – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bombus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%9C%82" title="熊蜂 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="熊蜂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%9C%82" title="熊蜂 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熊蜂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamonie" title="Kamonie – żmudzki" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kamonie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="żmudzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E8%9C%82" title="熊蜂 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熊蜂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25407#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombus" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Bombus" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombus"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombus"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Bombus" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Bombus" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&oldid=74576478" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Bombus&id=74576478&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBombus"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBombus"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bombus"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bombus&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bombus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bombus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25407" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67504987">.mw-parser-output .infobox-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}</style> <table class="infobox infobox-zwierzeta"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; color:black; background-color:#D3D3A4; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold;"><i>Bombus</i><sup id="cite_ref-itis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center; font-size:x-small; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0px;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre-André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Przedstawiciel rodzaju: trzmiel ziemny"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg/240px-Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg/360px-Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg/480px-Bumblebee_October_2007-3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="1842" /></a></span><br />Przedstawiciel rodzaju: <a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_ziemny" title="Trzmiel ziemny">trzmiel ziemny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">Typ</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stawonogi" title="Stawonogi">stawonogi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podtyp </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Tchawkowce" title="Tchawkowce">tchawkodyszne</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gromada_(biologia)" title="Gromada (biologia)">Gromada</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Owady" title="Owady">owady</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(biologia)" title="Rząd (biologia)">Rząd</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82onkoskrzyd%C5%82e" title="Błonkoskrzydłe">błonkoskrzydłe</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podrząd </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Trzonk%C3%B3wki" title="Trzonkówki">trzonkówki</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nadrodzina </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Pszczo%C5%82y" title="Pszczoły">pszczoły</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rodzina_(biologia)" title="Rodzina (biologia)">Rodzina</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Pszczo%C5%82owate" title="Pszczołowate">pszczołowate</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plemi%C4%99_(biologia)" title="Plemię (biologia)">Plemię</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trzmielowate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trzmielowate (strona nie istnieje)">trzmielowate</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rodzaj_(biologia)" title="Rodzaj (biologia)">Rodzaj</a> </th> <td> <p><i>Bombus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bombus" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bombus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bombus">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bombus" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bombus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bombus">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/trzmiel" title="Wikisłownik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/trzmiel" class="extiw" title="wikt:trzmiel">Hasło w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg/240px-Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg/360px-Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg/480px-Bumblebee_2007-04-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bumblebee_heuchera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bumblebee_heuchera.jpg/250px-Bumblebee_heuchera.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bumblebee_heuchera.jpg/500px-Bumblebee_heuchera.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>Trzmiel wysuwający <a href="/wiki/Ssawka" title="Ssawka">trąbkę</a> w kierunku kwiatostanu <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBurawka_(ro%C5%9Blina)" title="Żurawka (roślina)">żurawki</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bombus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bombus.jpg/240px-Bombus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bombus.jpg/360px-Bombus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bombus.jpg/480px-Bombus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Trzmiele wylatujące z podziemnego gniazda</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bumblebee-2009-04-19-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bumblebee-2009-04-19-01.jpg/250px-Bumblebee-2009-04-19-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bumblebee-2009-04-19-01.jpg/500px-Bumblebee-2009-04-19-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3606" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Trzmiel pokryty pyłkiem</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Bombus</b></i> – <a href="/wiki/Rodzaj_(biologia)" title="Rodzaj (biologia)">rodzaj</a> <a href="/wiki/Owady" title="Owady">owadów</a> z rodziny <a href="/wiki/Pszczo%C5%82owate" title="Pszczołowate">pszczołowatych</a>, obejmujący <b><a href="/wiki/Trzmiel" title="Trzmiel">trzmiele</a></b> i <b><a href="/wiki/Psithyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psithyrus">trzmielce</a></b> (brzmiki). Mają bardzo duże znaczenie w gospodarce rolnej, ponieważ poszukując <a href="/wiki/Py%C5%82ek" title="Pyłek">pyłku</a> i nektaru, którym się żywią, zapylają wiele gatunków roślin uprawnych, polowych i szklarniowych, oraz dziko rosnących<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Niektóre z nich są <a href="/wiki/Organizmy_modelowe" title="Organizmy modelowe">organizmami modelowymi</a> w badaniach zachowania, fizjologii, strategii żerowania oraz ewolucji relacji społecznych wśród owadów. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Występowanie"><span id="Wyst.C4.99powanie"></span>Występowanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Występowanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Występowanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Przedstawiciele tego rodzaju występują na większości lądów świata, z wyjątkiem <a href="/wiki/Antarktyda" title="Antarktyda">Antarktydy</a> i większości <a href="/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka">Afryki</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Azja_Mniejsza" title="Azja Mniejsza">Azji Mniejszej</a> i nizin <a href="/wiki/Indie" title="Indie">Indii</a><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Do <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Zelandia" title="Nowa Zelandia">Nowej Zelandii</a> zostały <a href="/wiki/Introdukcja" title="Introdukcja">introdukowane</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Najliczniejsze są w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego. Wczesna dywersyfikacja gatunków przebiegała początkowo prawdopodobnie w <a href="/wiki/Kraina_palearktyczna" title="Kraina palearktyczna">krainie palearktycznej</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kawakita_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawakita-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Są pospolitymi owadami łąk, pól i sadów. </p><p>W Polsce stwierdzono występowanie ok. 30 gatunków trzmieli oraz 9 gatunków trzmielców<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dokładna liczba może się wahać w zależności od klasyfikacji takich gatunków jak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trzmiel_zamaskowany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trzmiel zamaskowany (strona nie istnieje)">trzmiel zamaskowany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_wielki" title="Trzmiel wielki">wielki</a> czy <a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_grzbietoplam" title="Trzmiel grzbietoplam">grzbietoplam</a>, które były w przeszłości uznawane za odrębne gatunki lub podgatunki<sup id="cite_ref-:122_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Użądlenia"><span id="U.C5.BC.C4.85dlenia"></span>Użądlenia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Użądlenia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Użądlenia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samice trzmieli (królowa i <a href="/wiki/Robotnica" title="Robotnica">robotnice</a>) oraz trzmielców mają <a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C4%85d%C5%82o" title="Żądło">żądło</a> służące im do obrony<sup id="cite_ref-:122_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BC%C4%85dlenie" title="Użądlenie">Użądlenia</a> tych owadów są bardzo bolesne<sup id="cite_ref-:122_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jednocześnie są one notowane o wiele rzadziej niż np. w przypadku <a href="/wiki/Pszczo%C5%82a_miodna" title="Pszczoła miodna">pszczoły miodnej</a>, gdyż trzmiele są od niej o wiele mniej agresywne i rzadziej dochodzi do ich interakcji z człowiekiem<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bardziej narażone na użądlenia mogą być osoby pracujące w szklarniach, gdzie pewne gatunki trzmieli są używane do zapylania upraw<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Na ich żądle nie ma haczykowatych zakończeń, dlatego po użądleniu nie pozostaje ono w skórze człowieka. Jad trzmieli ma podobny, choć nie identyczny, skład jak jad pszczoły miodnej<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Po użądleniu mogą wystąpić miejscowe obrzęki tkanki podskórnej, a u osób uczulonych – w różnym stopniu nasilone (rzadko silne) objawy <a href="/wiki/Anafilaksja" title="Anafilaksja">wstrząsu anafilaktycznego</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rudzki_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudzki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasyfikacja">Klasyfikacja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Klasyfikacja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Klasyfikacja"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trzmiele obecnie zaliczane do rodzaju <i>Bombus</i> były przez większość z ostatnich 200 lat zaliczane do dwóch rodzajów: <i>Bombus</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) i <i><a href="/wiki/Psithyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psithyrus">Psithyrus</a></i> (rzadziej trzech, jeśli uwzględnić <i>Bombias</i><sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), klasyfikowanych w obrębie <a href="/wiki/Plemi%C4%99_(biologia)" title="Plemię (biologia)">plemienia</a> Bombini<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Czasem umieszczano je w obecnie nieuznawanej podrodzinie Bombinae. Kryterium podziału na rodzaje stanowiły różnice w ich morfologii i biologii. <i>Bombus</i> <i>s. str.</i> obejmował owady określane nazwą trzmiele – są to owady <a href="/wiki/Eusocjalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Eusocjalność">eusocjalne</a>, budujące gniazda, natomiast przedstawicieli rodzaju <i>Psithyrus</i> nazwano trzmielcami – to obligatoryjne pasożyty społeczne trzmieli, zewnętrznie bardzo do nich podobne, ale prowadzące odmienną strategię rozrodczą. </p><p>Analizy morfologiczne i molekularne wykazały, że tak definiowane plemię Bombini (<i>Bombus</i> i <i>Psithyrus</i>) stanowi <a href="/wiki/Takson_parafiletyczny" title="Takson parafiletyczny">takson parafiletyczny</a><sup id="cite_ref-Williams1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 1991 roku Paul H. Williams zaproponował włączenie trzmielców do rodzaju <i>Bombus</i>. Liczne badania molekularne wykazały, że trzmiele i trzmielce są ze sobą bardzo blisko spokrewnione. Propozycja Williamsa została szeroko zaakceptowana – trzmielce (<i>Psithyrus</i>) zaliczono do rodzaju <i>Bombus</i>, który stał się <a href="/wiki/Takson_monofiletyczny" title="Takson monofiletyczny">taksonem monofiletycznym</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kawakita_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawakita-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Rodzaj <i>Bombus</i> <i>sensu lato</i> obejmuje ponad 250 <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia)">gatunków</a> pogrupowanych w podrodzajach. Odkrycie relacji pokrewieństwa pomiędzy tymi podrodzajami było przedmiotem wielu analiz, począwszy od 1880 roku. Liczba proponowanych podrodzajów wynosi około 40<sup id="cite_ref-NHM_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. W 2008 roku Wiliams zaproponował podział na 9 monofiletycznych podrodzajów, podając jednocześnie klucz do ich identyfikacji na podstawie cech morfologicznych (odrębnie dla samic i samców). Autor sugeruje również istnienie pomiędzy nimi różnic behawioralnych i ekologicznych<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (przedstawiona kolejność uwzględnia filogenezę): </p> <ul><li><i>B. (Mendacibombus)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Bombias)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Kallobombus)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Orientalibombus)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Subterraneobombus)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Megabombus)</i></li> <li><i>B. (Thoracobombus)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psithyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psithyrus">B. (Psithyrus)</a></i></li> <li><i>B. (Bombus)</i> <i>s. str.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gatunki_występujące_w_Polsce"><span id="Gatunki_wyst.C4.99puj.C4.85ce_w_Polsce"></span>Gatunki występujące w Polsce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Gatunki występujące w Polsce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Gatunki występujące w Polsce"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bombus_muscorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bombus_muscorum.jpg/240px-Bombus_muscorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bombus_muscorum.jpg/360px-Bombus_muscorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bombus_muscorum.jpg/480px-Bombus_muscorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82ty" title="Trzmiel żółty">Trzmiel żółty</a> (<i>Bombus muscorum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg/240px-Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg/360px-Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg/480px-Bombus.lucorum2.-.lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_gajowy" title="Trzmiel gajowy">Trzmiel gajowy</a> (<i>Bombus lucorum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg/240px-Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg/360px-Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg/480px-Bombus.campestris8.-.lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trzmielec_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82ty" title="Trzmielec żółty">Trzmielec żółty</a> (<i>Bombus campestris</i>)</figcaption></figure><p>Trzmiele opisano w osobnym artykule: </p><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span> </span><i>Osobny artykuł: <a href="/wiki/Trzmiel" title="Trzmiel">Trzmiel</a>.</i></div> <p>Trzmielce opisano w odrębnym artykule: </p> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span> </span><i>Osobny artykuł: <a href="/wiki/Psithyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psithyrus">Psithyrus</a>.</i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zagrożenia_i_ochrona"><span id="Zagro.C5.BCenia_i_ochrona"></span>Zagrożenia i ochrona</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zagrożenia i ochrona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zagrożenia i ochrona"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Według European Red List of Bees z 2014 roku, ok. 24% europejskich gatunków trzmieli jest zagrożonych wyginięciem (kategorie CR+EN+VU wg <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Unia_Ochrony_Przyrody" title="Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody">IUCN</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ok. 45% europejskich gatunków odnotowuje trend spadkowy liczebności populacji<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Do ważnych czynników zagrażających trzmielom należą zmiany klimatu<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zmiany zachodzące w rolnictwie<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, utrata i degradacja siedlisk (w tym utrata bazy pokarmowej i miejsc do gniazdowania)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, toksyczne działanie pestycydów<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, choroby pasożytnicze i wirusowe<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Niektóre gatunki trzmieli są hodowane komercyjnie, a kolonie sprzedawane do zapylania upraw. Takie hodowlane trzmiele mogą stanowić zagrożenie dla dzikich populacji na kilka sposobów. Często są one nosicielami pasożytów, którymi (po ucieczce owada ze szklarni lub w przypadku stosowania trzmieli hodowlanych na nieosłoniętych uprawach) mogą zarazić dziko żyjące trzmiele<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Krzyżowanie się osobników dzikich i uciekinierów z hodowli prowadzi do wymieszania się puli genowych<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, niejednokrotnie pomiędzy podgatunkami. Gatunki wprowadzane na tereny, gdzie dotąd nie występowały, mogą po ucieczce z hodowli tworzyć samodzielne populacje i stać się <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_inwazyjny" title="Gatunek inwazyjny">inwazyjne</a>. Sprowadzony do Japonii <a href="/wiki/Trzmiel_ziemny" title="Trzmiel ziemny">trzmiel ziemny</a> wypiera inne, rodzime gatunki trzmieli, prawdopodobnie przez konkurencję o pokarm i miejsce do gniazdowania<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dla jednego z japońskich trzmieli, <i>Bombus hypocrita,</i> dodatkowym zagrożeniem ze strony trzmiela ziemnego są kopulacje międzygatunkowe. Jaja <i>B. hypocrita</i> zapłodnione w wyniku takiej międzygatunkowej kopulacji nie rozwijają się, wskutek czego królowe nie są w stanie wyprodukować robotnic i założyć kolonii<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ochrona trzmieli powinna polegać przede wszystkim na ochronie ich siedlisk, zapewnianiu roślin pokarmowych i naturalnych miejsc do gniazdowania<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Stosuje się również sztuczne skrzynki lęgowe<sup id="cite_ref-Teper_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teper-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Charakteryzują się one różnym, nie zawsze satysfakcjonującym stopniem zasiedlenia<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a ich efektywność może być zależna od jednoczesnej poprawy wiosennej bazy pokarmowej w siedlisku<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trzmiele_w_kulturze">Trzmiele w kulturze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Trzmiele w kulturze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Trzmiele w kulturze"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Od 1954 roku zagadnienia znaczenia trzmieli w przyrodzie i upowszechniania ich ochrony stały się przedmiotem zainteresowania <a href="/wiki/Filatelistyka" title="Filatelistyka">filatelistyki</a>. Liczne gatunki przedstawiono na znaczkach pocztowych i innych walorach filatelistycznych w 30 krajach. Pierwsze ukazały się w <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria">Szwajcarii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandii</a>, a w 1961 w Polsce i byłej <a href="/wiki/Czechos%C5%82owacja" title="Czechosłowacja">Czechosłowacji</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chmielewski_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chmielewski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-itis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-itis_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154397"><i>Bombus</i></a>, [w:] Integrated Taxonomic Information System<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bombus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D154397" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Aneta</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Aneta" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Sikora</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Aneta</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Aneta">A.</span></span>, <i>Pszczoły w mieście : trzmiele Wrocławia</i>, wyd. 1, Wrocław: Stowarzyszenie Natura i Człowiek, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788394584405" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788394584405">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-945844-0-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1088968846">1088968846</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-14]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.edition=1&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rft.aulast=Sikora&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-83-945844-0-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Pszczo%C5%82y+w+mie%C5%9Bcie+%3A+trzmiele+Wroc%C5%82awia&rft.pub=Stowarzyszenie+Natura+i+Cz%C5%82owiek&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088968846" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Paul</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul" style="display:none">P.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Williams</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Paul</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul">P.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/bombus/regions.html"><i>Bumblebees of the world</i></a> [online], Natural History Museum, London, 3 marca 2000<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Bumblebees+of+the+world&rft.date=2000-03-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresearch-curation%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fbombus%2Fregions.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Wojciech</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Wojciech" style="display:none">W.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Bresiński</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Wojciech</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Wojciech">W.</span></span>, <i>Encyklopedia audiowizualna Britannica. Zoologia. Cz. 2</i>, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Kurpisz, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8360563144" title="Specjalna:Książki/8360563144">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-60563-14-4</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.aulast=Bresi%C5%84ski&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=83-60563-14-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+audiowizualna+Britannica.+Zoologia.+Cz.+2&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Kurpisz" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawakita-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kawakita_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kawakita_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Atsushi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Atsushi" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kawakita</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Atsushi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Atsushi">A.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Atsushi Kawakita, Teiji Sota, Masao Ito, John S. Ascher, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Makoto Kato, David W. Roubik"> i inni</span>, <i>Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and character evolution in bumble bees (Bombus: Apidae) based on simultaneous analysis of three nuclear gene sequences</i>, „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”, 31 (2), <span title="maj 2004">2004</span>, s. 799–804, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.12.003">10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.003</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2004-05&rft.atitle=Phylogeny%2C+historical+biogeography%2C+and+character+evolution+in+bumble+bees+%28Bombus%3A+Apidae%29+based+on+simultaneous+analysis+of+three+nuclear+gene+sequences&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.volume=31&rft.edition=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.12.003" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:122_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:122_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:122_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Pierre</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Pierre" style="display:none">P.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Rasmont</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Pierre</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Pierre">P.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Guillaime</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Guillaime" style="display:none">G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Ghisbain</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Guillaime</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Guillaime">G.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Michael</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michael" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Terzo</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Michael</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michael">M.</span></span>, <i>Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions</i>, Verrières-le-Buisson 2021, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9782913688384" title="Specjalna:Książki/9782913688384">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-2-913688-38-4</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1299145852">1299145852</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-15]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Bumblebees+of+Europe+and+neighbouring+regions&rft.isbn=978-2-913688-38-4&rft.place=Verri%C3%A8res-le-Buisson&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Rasmont&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1299145852" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Silas</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Silas" style="display:none">S.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Bossert</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Silas</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Silas">S.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dez.pensoft.net/article/4786/"><i>Recognition and identification of bumblebee species in the Bombus lucorum-complex (Hymenoptera, Apidae) – A review and outlook</i></a>, „Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift”, 62 (1), <span title="25 lutego 2015">2015</span>, s. 19–28, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fdez.62.9000">10.3897/dez.62.9000</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1860-1324">1860-1324</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-15]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Recognition+and+identification+of+bumblebee+species+in+the+Bombus+lucorum-complex+%28Hymenoptera%2C+Apidae%29+%E2%80%93+A+review+and+outlook&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.issn=1860-1324&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Entomologische+Zeitschrift&rft.volume=62&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fdez.62.9000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdez.pensoft.net%2Farticle%2F4786%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Hans de</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hans de" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Groot</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Hans de</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hans de">H.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00130832-200608000-00010"><i>Allergy to bumblebees</i></a>, „Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology”, 6 (4), <span title="sierpień 2006">2006</span>, s. 294–297, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.all.0000235905.87676.09">10.1097/01.all.0000235905.87676.09</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1528-4050">1528-4050</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-26]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Allergy+to+bumblebees&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2006-08&rft.issn=1528-4050&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Allergy+%26+Clinical+Immunology&rft.volume=6&rft.edition=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.all.0000235905.87676.09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00130832-200608000-00010" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Donald R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Donald R." style="display:none">D.R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Hoffman</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Donald R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Donald R.">D.R.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Robert S.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Robert S." style="display:none">R.S.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Jacobson</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Robert S.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Robert S.">R.S.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009167499680159X"><i>Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXVII: Bumblebee venom allergy and allergens</i></a>, „Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”, 97 (3), <span title="marzec 1996">1996</span>, s. 812–821, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2896%2980159-X">10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80159-X</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-26]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1996-03&rft.atitle=Allergens+in+Hymenoptera+venom+XXVII%3A+Bumblebee+venom+allergy+and+allergens&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.volume=97&rft.edition=3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2896%2980159-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009167499680159X" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudzki-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudzki_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Rudzki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Rudzki (strona nie istnieje)"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Edward</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edward" style="display:none">E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Rudzki</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Edward</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edward">E.</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alergie.mp.pl/alergeny/jadowadow/show.html?id=59834"><i>Uczulenie na jad trzmiela</i></a>, [w:] Alergeny [online], Medycyna Praktyczna, 2009<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2009&rft.jtitle=Medycyna+Praktyczna&rft.atitle=Uczulenie+na+jad+trzmiela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falergie.mp.pl%2Falergeny%2Fjadowadow%2Fshow.html%3Fid%3D59834" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008_11-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Paul H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul H." style="display:none">P.H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Williams</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Paul H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul H.">P.H.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Paul H. Williams, Sydney A. Cameron, Heather M. Hines, Bjorn Cederberg, Pierre Rasmont"> i inni</span>, <i>A simplified subgeneric classification of the bumblebees (genus Bombus )</i>, „Apidologie”, 39 (1), <span title="styczeń 2008">2008</span>, s. 46–74, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A2007052">10.1051/apido:2007052</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008-01&rft.atitle=A+simplified+subgeneric+classification+of+the+bumblebees+%28genus+Bombus+%29&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.volume=39&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%3A2007052" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1995-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1995_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Paul H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul H." style="display:none">P.H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Williams</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Paul H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Paul H.">P.H.</span></span>, <i>Phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees (Bombus Latr.): a reappraisal of morphological evidence</i>, „Systematic Entomology”, 19 (4), <span title="październik 1994">1994</span>, s. 327–344, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1994.tb00594.x">10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00594.x</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1994-10&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+among+bumble+bees+%28Bombus+Latr.%29%3A+a+reappraisal+of+morphological+evidence&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Entomology&rft.volume=19&rft.edition=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1994.tb00594.x" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">S.A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">S.A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Cameron</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">S.A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">S.A.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">H.M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">H.M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Hines</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">H.M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">H.M.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">P.H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">P.H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Williams</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">P.H.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">P.H.</span></span>, <i>A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus)</i>, „Biological Journal of the Linnean Society”, 91 (1), <span title="maj 2007">2007</span>, s. 161–188, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2007.00784.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00784.x</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2007-05&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+phylogeny+of+the+bumble+bees+%28Bombus%29&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.volume=91&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2007.00784.x" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NHM_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/bombus/subgenericlist.html"><i>''Bombus'' – Species world-wide listed by old and new subgenera</i></a> [online], Natural History Museum, London<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%27%27Bombus%27%27+%E2%80%93+Species+world-wide+listed+by+old+and+new+subgenera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresearch-curation%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fbombus%2Fsubgenericlist.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273768609_European_Red_List_of_Bees"><i>(PDF) European Red List of Bees</i></a> [online], ResearchGate<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%28PDF%29+European+Red+List+of+Bees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273768609_European_Red_List_of_Bees" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C399881%2Ceuropejskie-trzmiele-zagrozone.html"><i>Europejskie trzmiele zagrożone</i></a> [online], Nauka w Polsce<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Europejskie+trzmiele+zagro%C5%BCone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaukawpolsce.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fnews%252C399881%252Ceuropejskie-trzmiele-zagrozone.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni.wroc.pl/marcin-kadej-chcesz-pomoc-trzmielom-ratuj-siedliska/"><i>Marcin Kadej: Chcesz pomóc trzmielom? Ratuj siedliska!</i></a> [online], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, 12 lutego 2019<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Marcin+Kadej%3A+Chcesz+pom%C3%B3c+trzmielom%3F+Ratuj+siedliska%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi.wroc.pl%2Fmarcin-kadej-chcesz-pomoc-trzmielom-ratuj-siedliska%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Richard J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard J." style="display:none">R.J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Gill</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Richard J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard J.">R.J.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Oscar</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Oscar" style="display:none">O.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Ramos-Rodriguez</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Oscar</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Oscar">O.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Nigel E.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Nigel E." style="display:none">N.E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Raine</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Nigel E.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Nigel E.">N.E.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11585"><i>Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees</i></a>, „<a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>”, 491 (7422), <span title="listopad 2012">2012</span>, s. 105–108, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11585">10.1038/nature11585</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Combined+pesticide+exposure+severely+affects+individual-+and+colony-level+traits+in+bees&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2012-11&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.volume=491&rft.edition=7422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature11585" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Helen M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Helen M." style="display:none">H.M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Thompson</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Helen M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Helen M.">H.M.</span></span>, <i>Assessing the exposure and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees (Bombus sp.)</i>, „Apidologie”, 32 (4), <span title="1 lipca 2001">2001</span>, s. 305–321, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A2001131">10.1051/apido:2001131</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0044-8435">0044-8435</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+exposure+and+toxicity+of+pesticides+to+bumblebees+%28Bombus+sp.%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.issn=0044-8435&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.volume=32&rft.edition=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%3A2001131" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">IVAN</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="IVAN" style="display:none">I.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">MEEUS</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">IVAN</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="IVAN">I.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="IVAN MEEUS, MARK J.F. BROWN, DIRK C. DE GRAAF, GUY SMAGGHE"> i inni</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01707.x"><i>Effects of Invasive Parasites on Bumble Bee Declines</i></a>, „Conservation Biology”, 25 (4), <span title="19 lipca 2011">2011</span>, s. 662–671, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2011.01707.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01707.x</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Invasive+Parasites+on+Bumble+Bee+Declines&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.volume=25&rft.edition=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2011.01707.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2011.01707.x" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Sheila R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sheila R." style="display:none">S.R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Colla</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Sheila R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sheila R.">S.R.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Sheila R. Colla, Michael C. Otterstatter, Robert J. Gegear, James D. Thomson"> i inni</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705004994"><i>Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations</i></a>, „Biological Conservation”, 129 (4), <span title="1 maja 2006">2006</span>, s. 461–467, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.11.013">10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.013</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Plight+of+the+bumble+bee%3A+Pathogen+spillover+from+commercial+to+wild+populations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.volume=129&rft.edition=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.11.013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0006320705004994" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">F. Bernhard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="F. Bernhard" style="display:none">F.B.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kraus</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">F. Bernhard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="F. Bernhard">F.B.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="F. Bernhard Kraus, H. Szentgyörgyi, E. Rożej, M. Rhode, D. Moroń"> i inni</span>, <i>Greenhouse bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) spread their genes into the wild</i>, „Conservation Genetics”, 12 (1), <span title="1 lutego 2011">2011</span>, s. 187–192, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-010-0131-7">10.1007/s10592-010-0131-7</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1572-9737">1572-9737</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+bumblebees+%28Bombus+terrestris%29+spread+their+genes+into+the+wild&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.issn=1572-9737&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&rft.volume=12&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-010-0131-7" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Maki N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maki N." style="display:none">M.N.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Inoue</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Maki N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maki N.">M.N.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Jun</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Jun" style="display:none">J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Yokoyama</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Jun</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Jun">J.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Izumi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Izumi" style="display:none">I.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Washitani</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Izumi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Izumi">I.</span></span>, <i>Displacement of Japanese native bumblebees by the recently introduced Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)</i>, „Journal of Insect Conservation”, 12 (2), <span title="1 kwietnia 2008">2008</span>, s. 135–146, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10841-007-9071-z">10.1007/s10841-007-9071-z</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1572-9753">1572-9753</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Displacement+of+Japanese+native+bumblebees+by+the+recently+introduced+Bombus%C2%A0terrestris+%28L.%29+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Apidae%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.issn=1572-9753&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Conservation&rft.volume=12&rft.edition=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10841-007-9071-z" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Yuya</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Yuya" style="display:none">Y.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kanbe</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Yuya</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Yuya">Y.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Yuya Kanbe, Ikuko Okada, Masahiro Yoneda, Koichi Goka, Koji Tsuchida"> i inni</span>, <i>Interspecific mating of the introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris and the native Japanese bumblebee Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis results in inviable hybrids</i>, „Naturwissenschaften”, 95 (10), <span title="1 października 2008">2008</span>, s. 1003–1008, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0415-7">10.1007/s00114-008-0415-7</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1432-1904">1432-1904</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Interspecific+mating+of+the+introduced+bumblebee+Bombus+terrestris+and+the+native+Japanese+bumblebee+Bombus+hypocrita+sapporoensis+results+in+inviable+hybrids&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.issn=1432-1904&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.volume=95&rft.edition=10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0415-7" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teper-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Teper_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Damian</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Damian" style="display:none">D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Teper</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Damian</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Damian">D.</span></span>, <i>Sezonowa hodowla trzmieli</i>, „Hasło Ogrodnicze”, 10/2007<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10%2F2007&rft.jtitle=Has%C5%82o+Ogrodnicze&rft.atitle=Sezonowa+hodowla+trzmieli" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w czasopiśmie</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Kevin J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Kevin J." style="display:none">K.J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Gaston</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Kevin J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Kevin J.">K.J.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Kevin J. Gaston, Richard M. Smith, Ken Thompson, Philip H. Warren"> i inni</span>, <i>Urban domestic gardens (II): experimental tests of methods for increasing biodiversity</i>, „Biodiversity & Conservation”, 14 (2), <span title="1 lutego 2005">2005</span>, s. 395, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-004-6066-x">10.1007/s10531-004-6066-x</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1572-9710">1572-9710</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Urban+domestic+gardens+%28II%29%3A+experimental+tests+of+methods+for+increasing+biodiversity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft.issn=1572-9710&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+%26+Conservation&rft.volume=14&rft.edition=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-004-6066-x" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Ehsan</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ehsan" style="display:none">E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Rahimi</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Ehsan</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ehsan">E.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Shahindokht</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Shahindokht" style="display:none">S.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Barghjelveh</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Shahindokht</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Shahindokht">S.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Pinliang</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Pinliang" style="display:none">P.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Dong</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Pinliang</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Pinliang">P.</span></span>, <i>How effective are artificial nests in attracting bees? A review</i>, „Journal of Ecology and Environment”, 45 (1), <span title="10 września 2021">2021</span>, s. 16, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41610-021-00192-z">10.1186/s41610-021-00192-z</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2288-1220">2288-1220</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=How+effective+are+artificial+nests+in+attracting+bees%3F+A+review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.issn=2288-1220&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology+and+Environment&rft.volume=45&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41610-021-00192-z" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">M.C.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">M.C.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Barron</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">M.C.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">M.C.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">S.D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">S.D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Wratten</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">S.D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">S.D.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">B.J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">B.J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Donovan</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">B.J.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">B.J.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2000.00059.x"><i>A four-year investigation into the efficacy of domiciles for enhancement of bumble bee populations</i></a>, „Agricultural and Forest Entomology”, 2 (2), <span title="maj 2000">2000</span>, s. 141–146, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1461-9563.2000.00059.x">10.1046/j.1461-9563.2000.00059.x</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1461-9555">1461-9555</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-12]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=A+four-year+investigation+into+the+efficacy+of+domiciles+for+enhancement+of+bumble+bee+populations&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2000-05&rft.issn=1461-9555&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+and+Forest+Entomology&rft.volume=2&rft.edition=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1461-9563.2000.00059.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.1461-9563.2000.00059.x" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chmielewski-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chmielewski_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Wit</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Wit" style="display:none">W.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Chmielewski</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Wit</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Wit">W.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pte.au.poznan.pl/we/2010/Suplement/16_Chmielewski_2.pdf"><i>Ochrona trzmieli Bombus LATR. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombinae) jako temat w filatelistyce światowej</i></a>, „<a href="/wiki/Wiadomo%C5%9Bci_Entomologiczne" title="Wiadomości Entomologiczne">Wiadomości Entomologiczne</a>”, 29 Supl., 2010, s. 119–122<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-05-28]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2010&rft.jtitle=Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+Entomologiczne&rft.volume=29+Supl.&rft.atitle=Ochrona+trzmieli+Bombus+LATR.+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Apoidea%3A+Bombinae%29+jako+temat+w+filatelistyce+%C5%9Bwiatowej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpte.au.poznan.pl%2Fwe%2F2010%2FSuplement%2F16_Chmielewski_2.pdf" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562624">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten 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<li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P846" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P846">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1340278">1340278</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3151" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3151">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/52775">52775</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154397">154397</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P685" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P685">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28641">28641</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5055" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P5055">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1025452">1025452</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombus&oldid=74576478">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombus&oldid=74576478</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Bombus</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" 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id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>101 języków</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Dodaj temat</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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