Search results for: W. Krzemien

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Krzemien</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: W. Krzemien"> <meta name="keywords" content="W. Krzemien"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="W. 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Krzemien"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: W. Krzemien</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Hyaluronic Acid Binding to Link Domain of Stabilin-2 Receptor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksandra%20Twarda">Aleksandra Twarda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dobros%C5%82awa%20Krzemie%C5%84"> Dobrosława Krzemień</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grzegorz%20Dubin"> Grzegorz Dubin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tad%20A.%20Holak"> Tad A. Holak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stabilin-2 belongs to the group of scavenger receptors and plays a crucial role in clearance of more than 10 ligands from the bloodstream, including hyaluronic acid, products of degradation of extracellular matrix and metabolic products. The Link domain, a defining feature of stabilin-2, has a sequence similar to Link domains in other hyaluronic acid receptors, such as CD44 or TSG-6, and is responsible for most of ligands binding. Present knowledge of signal transduction by stabilin-2, as well as ligands’ recognition and binding mechanism, is limited. Until now, no experimental structures have been solved for any segments of stabilin-2. It has recently been demonstrated that the stabilin-2 knock-out or blocking of the receptor by an antibody effectively opposes cancer metastasis by elevating the level of circulating hyaluronic acid. Moreover, loss of expression of stabilin-2 in a peri-tumourous liver correlates with increased survival. Solving of the crystal structure of stabilin-2 and elucidation of the binding mechanism of hyaluronic acid could enable the precise characterization of the interactions in the binding site. These results may allow for designing specific small-molecule inhibitors of stabilin-2 that could be used in cancer therapy. To carry out screening for crystallization of stabilin-2, we cloned constructs of the Link domain of various lengths with or without surrounding domains. The folding properties of the constructs were checked by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It is planned to show the binding of hyaluronic acid to the Link domain using several biochemical methods, i.a. NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence polarization assay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilin-2" title="stabilin-2">stabilin-2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Link%20domain" title=" Link domain"> Link domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20crystallography" title=" X-ray crystallography"> X-ray crystallography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NMR" title=" NMR"> NMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyaluronic%20acid" title=" hyaluronic acid"> hyaluronic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title=" cancer"> cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18350/hyaluronic-acid-binding-to-link-domain-of-stabilin-2-receptor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Transformation of Positron Emission Tomography Raw Data into Images for Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawe%C5%82%20Konieczka">Paweł Konieczka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lech%20Raczy%C5%84ski"> Lech Raczyński</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Wi%C5%9Blicki"> Wojciech Wiślicki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleksandr%20Fedoruk"> Oleksandr Fedoruk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konrad%20Klimaszewski"> Konrad Klimaszewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Przemys%C5%82aw%20Kopka"> Przemysław Kopka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Krzemie%C5%84"> Wojciech Krzemień</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roman%20Shopa"> Roman Shopa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakub%20Baran"> Jakub Baran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aur%C3%A9lien%20Coussat"> Aurélien Coussat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Chug"> Neha Chug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catalina%20Curceanu"> Catalina Curceanu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eryk%20Czerwi%C5%84ski"> Eryk Czerwiński</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meysam%20Dadgar"> Meysam Dadgar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamil%20Dulski"> Kamil Dulski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksander%20Gajos"> Aleksander Gajos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrix%20C.%20Hiesmayr"> Beatrix C. Hiesmayr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krzysztof%20Kacprzak"> Krzysztof Kacprzak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%82ukasz%20Kap%C5%82on"> łukasz Kapłon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grzegorz%20Korcyl"> Grzegorz Korcyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Kozik"> Tomasz Kozik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Kumar"> Deepak Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Szymon%20Nied%C5%BAwiecki"> Szymon Niedźwiecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominik%20Panek"> Dominik Panek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Szymon%20Parzych"> Szymon Parzych</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20P%C3%A9rez%20Del%20R%C3%ADo"> Elena Pérez Del Río</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sushil%20Sharma"> Sushil Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivani%20Shivani"> Shivani Shivani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Skurzok"> Magdalena Skurzok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ewa%20%C5%82ucja%20St%C4%99pie%C5%84"> Ewa łucja Stępień</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faranak%20Tayefi"> Faranak Tayefi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawe%C5%82%20Moskal"> Paweł Moskal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper develops the transformation of non-image data into 2-dimensional matrices, as a preparation stage for classification based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In positron emission tomography (PET) studies, CNN may be applied directly to the reconstructed distribution of radioactive tracers injected into the patient's body, as a pattern recognition tool. Nonetheless, much PET data still exists in non-image format and this fact opens a question on whether they can be used for training CNN. In this contribution, the main focus of this paper is the problem of processing vectors with a small number of features in comparison to the number of pixels in the output images. The proposed methodology was applied to the classification of PET coincidence events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convolutional%20neural%20network" title="convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kernel%20principal%20component%20analysis" title=" kernel principal component analysis"> kernel principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20imaging" title=" medical imaging"> medical imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positron%20emission%20tomography" title=" positron emission tomography"> positron emission tomography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150734/transformation-of-positron-emission-tomography-raw-data-into-images-for-classification-using-convolutional-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Jagiellonian-PET: A Novel TOF-PET Detector Based on Plastic Scintillators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Moskal">P. Moskal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Bednarski"> T. Bednarski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Bialas"> P. Bialas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Czerwinski"> E. Czerwinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gajos"> A. Gajos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gruntowski"> A. Gruntowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kaminska"> D. Kaminska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kaplon"> L. Kaplon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Korcyl"> G. Korcyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Kowalski"> P. Kowalski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kozik"> T. Kozik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Krzemien"> W. Krzemien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Kubicz"> E. Kubicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sz.%20Niedzwiecki"> Sz. Niedzwiecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Palka"> M. Palka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Raczynski"> L. Raczynski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Rudy"> Z. Rudy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Salabura"> P. Salabura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20G.%20Sharma"> N. G. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Silarski"> M. Silarski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Slomski"> A. Slomski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Smyrski"> J. Smyrski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Strzelecki"> A. Strzelecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Wieczorek"> A. Wieczorek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Wislicki"> W. Wislicki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zielinski"> M. Zielinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Zon"> N. Zon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new concept and results of the performance tests of the TOF-PET detection system developed at the Jagiellonian University will be presented. The novelty of the concept lies in employing long strips of polymer scintillators instead of crystals as detectors of annihilation quanta, and in using predominantly the timing of signals instead of their amplitudes for the reconstruction of Lines-of-Response. The diagnostic chamber consists of plastic scintillator strips readout by pairs of photo multipliers arranged axially around a cylindrical surface. To take advantage of the superior timing properties of plastic scintillators the signals are probed in the voltage domain with the accuracy of 20 ps by a newly developed electronics, and the data are collected by the novel trigger-less and reconfigurable data acquisition system. The hit-position and hit-time are reconstructed by the dedicated reconstruction methods based on the compressing sensing theory and the library of synchronized model signals. The solutions are subject to twelve patent applications. So far a time-of-flight resolution of ~120 ps (sigma) was achieved for a double-strip prototype with 30 cm field-of-view (FOV). It is by more than a factor of two better than TOF resolution achievable in current TOF-PET modalities and at the same time the FOV of 30 cm long prototype is significantly larger with respect to typical commercial PET devices. The Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) detector with plastic scintillators arranged axially possesses also another advantage. Its diagnostic chamber is free of any electronic devices and magnetic materials thus giving unique possibilities of combining J-PET with CT and J-PET with MRI for scanning the same part of a patient at the same time with both methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET-MRI" title=" PET-MRI"> PET-MRI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TOF-PET" title=" TOF-PET"> TOF-PET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scintillator" title=" scintillator"> scintillator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28952/jagiellonian-pet-a-novel-tof-pet-detector-based-on-plastic-scintillators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Reconstruction of Signal in Plastic Scintillator of PET Using Tikhonov Regularization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Raczynski">L. Raczynski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Moskal"> P. Moskal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Kowalski"> P. Kowalski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Wislicki"> W. Wislicki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Bednarski"> T. Bednarski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Bialas"> P. Bialas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Czerwinski"> E. Czerwinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gajos"> A. Gajos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kaplon"> L. Kaplon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kochanowski"> A. Kochanowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Korcyl"> G. Korcyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Kowal"> J. Kowal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kozik"> T. Kozik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Krzemien"> W. Krzemien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Kubicz"> E. Kubicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sz.%20Niedzwiecki"> Sz. Niedzwiecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Palka"> M. Palka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Rudy"> Z. Rudy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Rundel"> O. Rundel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Salabura"> P. Salabura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.G.%20Sharma"> N.G. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Silarski"> M. Silarski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Slomski"> A. Slomski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Smyrski"> J. Smyrski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Strzelecki"> A. Strzelecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Wieczorek"> A. Wieczorek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zielinski"> M. Zielinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Zon"> N. Zon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The J-PET scanner, which allows for single bed imaging of the whole human body, is currently under development at the Jagiellonian University. The J-PET detector improves the TOF resolution due to the use of fast plastic scintillators. Since registration of the waveform of signals with duration times of few nanoseconds is not feasible, a novel front-end electronics allowing for sampling in a voltage domain at four thresholds was developed. To take fully advantage of these fast signals a novel scheme of recovery of the waveform of the signal, based on ideas from the Tikhonov regularization (TR) and Compressive Sensing methods, is presented. The prior distribution of sparse representation is evaluated based on the linear transformation of the training set of waveform of the signals by using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) decomposition. Beside the advantage of including the additional information from training signals, a further benefit of the TR approach is that the problem of signal recovery has an optimal solution which can be determined explicitly. Moreover, from the Bayes theory the properties of regularized solution, especially its covariance matrix, may be easily derived. This step is crucial to introduce and prove the formula for calculations of the signal recovery error. It has been proven that an average recovery error is approximately inversely proportional to the number of samples at voltage levels. The method is tested using signals registered by means of the single detection module of the J-PET detector built out from the 30 cm long BC-420 plastic scintillator strip. It is demonstrated that the experimental and theoretical functions describing the recovery errors in the J-PET scenario are largely consistent. The specificity and limitations of the signal recovery method in this application are discussed. It is shown that the PCA basis offers high level of information compression and an accurate recovery with just eight samples, from four voltage levels, for each signal waveform. Moreover, it is demonstrated that using the recovered waveform of the signals, instead of samples at four voltage levels alone, improves the spatial resolution of the hit position reconstruction. The experiment shows that spatial resolution evaluated based on information from four voltage levels, without a recovery of the waveform of the signal, is equal to 1.05 cm. After the application of an information from four voltage levels to the recovery of the signal waveform, the spatial resolution is improved to 0.94 cm. Moreover, the obtained result is only slightly worse than the one evaluated using the original raw-signal. The spatial resolution calculated under these conditions is equal to 0.93 cm. It is very important information since, limiting the number of threshold levels in the electronic devices to four, leads to significant reduction of the overall cost of the scanner. The developed recovery scheme is general and may be incorporated in any other investigation where a prior knowledge about the signals of interest may be utilized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20scintillators" title="plastic scintillators">plastic scintillators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positron%20emission%20tomography" title=" positron emission tomography"> positron emission tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20analysis" title=" statistical analysis"> statistical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tikhonov%20regularization" title=" tikhonov regularization "> tikhonov regularization </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29765/reconstruction-of-signal-in-plastic-scintillator-of-pet-using-tikhonov-regularization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29765.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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