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Seeds of conflict during independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seeds_of_conflict_during_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Junagadh_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junagadh_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Junagadh issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junagadh_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmir_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmir_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kashmir conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmir_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars,_conflicts_and_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars,_conflicts_and_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wars, conflicts and disputes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars,_conflicts_and_disputes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wars, conflicts and disputes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wars,_conflicts_and_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>War of 1965</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>War of 1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kargil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Water disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_refugee_crisis_(1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_refugee_crisis_(1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bengal refugee crisis (1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_refugee_crisis_(1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_in_Kashmir_(1989–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_in_Kashmir_(1989–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Insurgency in Kashmir (1989–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_in_Kashmir_(1989–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_some_insurgent_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_some_insurgent_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>List of some insurgent attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_some_insurgent_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgent_activities_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgent_activities_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Insurgent activities elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgent_activities_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_Indian_Parliament_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>2001 Indian Parliament attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_Indian_Parliament_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–02_India–Pakistan_standoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–02_India–Pakistan_standoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–02_India–Pakistan_standoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Mumbai_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Mumbai_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>2008 Mumbai attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Mumbai_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_of_mass_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weapons of mass destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_of_mass_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terrorism charges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terrorism_charges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terrorism charges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-Border_Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-Border_Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cross-Border Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-Border_Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fugitives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fugitives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fugitives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fugitives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talks_and_other_confidence-building_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talks_and_other_confidence-building_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Talks and other confidence-building measures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Talks_and_other_confidence-building_measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Talks and other confidence-building measures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Talks_and_other_confidence-building_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_natural_calamities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_natural_calamities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Response to natural calamities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response_to_natural_calamities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response to natural calamities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response_to_natural_calamities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001_Gujarat_earthquake_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_Gujarat_earthquake_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>2001 Gujarat earthquake in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_Gujarat_earthquake_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_earthquake_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_earthquake_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>2005 earthquake in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_earthquake_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Pakistan_floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Pakistan_floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>2022 Pakistan floods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Pakistan_floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cultural links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Geographic links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Linguistic ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrimonial_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrimonial_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Matrimonial ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrimonial_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sporting ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diasporic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diasporic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Diasporic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diasporic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Cultural issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_skirmishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_skirmishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Wars and skirmishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_skirmishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Pakistan relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الهندية الباكستانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الهندية الباكستانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="Hindistan–Pakistan münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan–Pakistan münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индийско-пакистански отношения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийско-пакистански отношения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisch-pakistanische_Beziehungen" title="Indisch-pakistanische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indisch-pakistanische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_India-Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Relaciones India-Pakistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones India-Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Inde_et_le_Pakistan" title="Relations entre l'Inde et le Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Inde et le Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84-%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="인도-파키스탄 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도-파키스탄 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत-पाकिस्तान सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत-पाकिस्तान सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_India_dengan_Pakistan" title="Hubungan India dengan Pakistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan India dengan Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%E2%80%93%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="יחסי הודו–פקיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי הודו–פקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Үндістан мен Пәкістан қарым-қатынастары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үндістан мен Пәкістан қарым-қатынастары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="インド・パキスタン関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・パキスタン関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiston_%E2%80%94_Pokiston_munosabatlari" title="Hindiston — Pokiston munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindiston — Pokiston munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਭਾਰਤ-ਪਾਕਿ ਸੰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ-ਪਾਕਿ ਸੰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پاک بھارت تعلقات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاک بھارت تعلقات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_%C3%8Dndia_e_Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Relações entre Índia e Paquistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Índia e Paquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индийско-пакистанские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийско-пакистанские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Індійсько-пакистанські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійсько-пакистанські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پاک بھارت تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاک بھارت تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">India–Pakistan relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Pakistan and India"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Pakistan and India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/250px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/375px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/500px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/68px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/68px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/90px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_India,_Islamabad" title="High Commission of India, Islamabad">High Commission of India, Islamabad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> have a complex and largely hostile relationship that is rooted in a multitude of historical and political events, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of British India</a> in August 1947. </p><p>Two years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> formally dissolved <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, dividing it into two new sovereign nations: the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Union of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The partitioning of the former British colony resulted in the displacement of up to 15 million people, with the death toll estimated to have reached between several hundred thousand and one million people as <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> migrated in opposite directions across the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a> to reach India and Pakistan, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, India emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">secular republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hindu-majority population</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">large Muslim minority</a>. Shortly afterwards, in 1956, Pakistan emerged as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Muslim-majority population</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">large Hindu minority</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it later lost most of its Hindu population following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of 1971, which saw the secession of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> as the independent country of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p><p>While both countries established full diplomatic ties shortly after their formal independence, their relationship was quickly overshadowed by the mutual effects of the partition as well as by the emergence of conflicting territorial claims over various <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, with the most significant dispute being that of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">three major wars and one undeclared war</a>, and have also engaged in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs; the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> has served as the catalyst for every war between the two states, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, which instead occurred alongside the Bangladesh Liberation War. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">India–Pakistan border</a> is one of the most militarized international boundaries in the world. There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship, notably with the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Shimla summit</a>, 1999 <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore summit</a>, and the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Agra_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra summit">Agra summit</a> in addition to various peace and co-operation initiatives. Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism. The "minimalist engagement" by both countries allows them to keep a "<a href="/wiki/Cold_peace" title="Cold peace">cold peace</a>" with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a> and most of modern-day Pakistan overlap with each other in terms of their common <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan demographic</a>, natively speaking a variety of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi–Urdu</a>). Although the two countries have linguistic and cultural ties, the size of India-Pakistan trade is very small relative to the size of their economies and the fact that they share a land border.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the bulk of India-Pakistan trade is routed through <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> poll in 2017, only 5% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with 85% expressing a negative view, while 11% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 62% expressing a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Poll_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Poll-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seeds_of_conflict_during_independence">Seeds of conflict during independence</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg/220px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg/440px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Jinnah_having_a_difference_of_opinion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah">Jinnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> engaged in a heated conversation. A well-known photograph recently attributed to <a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Roy" title="Kulwant Roy">Kulwant Roy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/220px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/330px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/440px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A refugee special train at Ambala Station during the partition of India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Massive population exchanges</a> occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the partition. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in. However, while an exception was made for Punjab, where the transfer of populations was organised because of the communal violence affecting the province, this did not apply to other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The partition of British India split the former <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British province of Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab province</a>; the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much inter-communal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-washedu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washedu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total migration across Punjab during the partition is estimated at 12 million people;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 6.5 million Muslims moved from East Punjab to West Punjab, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Punjab to East Punjab. </p><p>According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship considerably in the years to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junagadh_issue">Junagadh issue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png/260px-Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png/390px-Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png/520px-Map_GujDist_Saurastra.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Junagadh is one of the modern districts of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurastra</a>, Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> was a state on the south-western end of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, with the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Manavadar" title="Manavadar">Manavadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrol_State" title="Mangrol State">Mangrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babariawad" title="Babariawad">Babriawad</a>. It was not contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it from Pakistan. The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which constituted more than 80% of its citizens, while its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Junagadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Junagadh">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahabat_Khanji_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III">Mahabat Khan</a>, was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acceded to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on 15 September 1947. </p><p>India did not accept the accession as legitimate. The Indian point of view was that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan, that the Hindu majority of Junagadh wanted it to be a part of India, and that the state was surrounded by Indian territory on three sides. </p><p>The Pakistani point of view was that since Junagadh had a ruler and governing body who chose to accede to Pakistan, it should be allowed to do so. Also, because Junagadh had a coastline, it could have maintained maritime links with Pakistan even as an <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within India. </p><p>Neither of the states was able to resolve this issue amicably and it only added fuel to an already charged environment. <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a>, India's <a href="/wiki/Home_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Minister">Home Minister</a>, felt that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would create communal unrest across Gujarat. The government of India gave Pakistan time to void the accession and hold a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> in Junagadh to pre-empt any violence in Gujarat. <a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas Gandhi</a> formed a government-in-exile, the <i>Arzi Hukumat</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <i>Arzi</i>: Transitional, <i>Hukumat</i>: Government) of the people of Junagadh. Patel ordered the annexation of Junagadh's three principalities. </p><p>India <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">cut off</a> supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a> of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the Government of India to take over the State's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Bhutto" title="Shah Nawaz Bhutto">Shah Nawaz Bhutto</a>, the father of the more famous <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, decided to invite the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the Regional Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> in the Government of India to this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> protested. The Government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the Dewan to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian troops occupied Junagadh on 9 November 1947. In February 1948, a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> held almost unanimously voted for accession to India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmir_conflict">Kashmir conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu king, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/Standstill_agreement_(India)" title="Standstill agreement (India)">standstill agreement</a> with Pakistan, teams of Pakistani forces were dispatched into Kashmir. Backed by Pakistani paramilitary forces, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehsud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehsud">Mehsud</a> tribals<sup id="cite_ref-Haroon2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haroon2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invaded Kashmir in October 1947 under the code name "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Gulmarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gulmarg">Operation Gulmarg</a>" to seize Kashmir. The Maharaja requested military assistance from India. The Governor General of India, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a>, required the Maharaja to accede to India before India could send troops. Accordingly, the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">instrument of accession</a> was signed and accepted during 26–27 October 1947. The accession as well as India's military assistance were supported by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>, the state's political leader heading the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">National Conference</a> party, and Abdullah was appointed as the Head of Emergency Administration of the state the following week. </p><p>Pakistan refused to accept the state's accession to India and escalated the conflict, by giving full-fledged support to the rebels and invading tribes. A constant replenishment of Pashtun tribes were organised, and provided arms and ammunition as well as military leadership. </p><p>Indian troops managed to evict the invading tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> but the onset of winter made much of the state impassable. In December 1947, India referred the conflict to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, requesting it to prevent the outbreak of a general war between the two fledgling nations. The Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_47" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 47">Resolution 47</a>, asking Pakistan to withdraw all its nationals from Kashmir, asking India to withdraw the bulk of its forces as a second step, and offering to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> to determine the people's wishes. Though India rejected the resolution, it accepted a suitably amended version of it negotiated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_for_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan">UN Commission</a> set up for the purpose, as did Pakistan towards the end of 1948. A ceasefire was declared on 1 January the following year. </p><p>However, India and Pakistan could not agree on the suitable steps for demilitarisation to occur as prelude to the plebiscite. Pakistan organised the rebel fighting forces of Azad Kashmir into a full-fledged military of 32 battalions, and India insisted that it should be disbanded as part of the demilitarisation. No agreement was reached and the plebiscite never took place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars,_conflicts_and_disputes"><span id="Wars.2C_conflicts_and_disputes"></span>Wars, conflicts and disputes</h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts"><span class="wrap">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">War of 1947–48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–02 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 standoff</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border skirmishes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li></ul> <p><b>Strikes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LoC 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">J&K 2019</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> <p>India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> in 1999 and some border skirmishes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both nations have held a shaky cease-fire agreement since 2003, they continue to trade fire across the disputed area. Both nations blame the other for breaking the cease-fire agreement, claiming that they are firing in retaliation for attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On both sides of the disputed border, an increase in territorial skirmishes that started in late 2016 and escalated into 2018 killed hundreds of civilians and made thousand homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1965">War of 1965</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></div> <p>The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish">skirmishes</a> that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 and Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a>, which was designed to infiltrate forces into <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to precipitate an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> against rule by India.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities between the two countries ended after a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. Most of the battles were fought by opposing <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured</a> units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. It ended in a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) mandated <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and the subsequent issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1971">War of 1971</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/220px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/330px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/440px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption> Pakistan's Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Niazi</a> (sitting second from right) signing the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">Instrument of Surrender</a>, following the defeat of Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971</a></div> <p>Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a>. After a Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">military operation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">genocide on Bengalis</a> in December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in the independence of East Pakistan. In the war, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> invaded East Pakistan from three sides, while the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> used the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/INS_Vikrant_(1961)" title="INS Vikrant (1961)">INS <i>Vikrant</i></a> to impose a naval blockade of East Pakistan. The war saw the first offensive operations undertaken by the Indian Navy against an enemy port, when Karachi harbour was attacked twice during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident (1971)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Python" title="Operation Python">Operation Python</a>. These attacks destroyed a significant portion of Pakistan's naval strength, whereas no Indian ship was lost. The Indian Navy did, however, lose a single ship, when <a href="/wiki/INS_Khukri_(F149)" title="INS Khukri (F149)">INS Khukri (F149)</a> was torpedoed by a Pakistani submarine. 13 days after the invasion of East Pakistan, 93,000 <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Military">Pakistani military</a> personnel surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>. After the surrender of Pakistani forces, East Pakistan became the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kargil_War">Kargil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></div> <p>During the winter months of 1998–99, the Indian army vacated its posts at very high peaks in <a href="/wiki/Kargil_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil town">Kargil</a> sector in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> as it used to do every year. <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Army">Pakistani Army</a> intruded across the Line of Control and occupied the posts. Indian army discovered this in May 1999 when the snow thawed. This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil conflict">Kargil conflict</a>. Backed by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army regained many of the posts that Pakistan had occupied. Pakistan later withdrew from the remaining portion under international pressure and high casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_disputes">Water disputes</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Water is cited as one possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Nimoo_Bazgo_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimoo Bazgo Project">Nimoo Bazgo Project</a> have been resolved through diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_refugee_crisis_(1949)"><span id="Bengal_refugee_crisis_.281949.29"></span>Bengal refugee crisis (1949)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></div> <p>In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded into <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and other states from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now Bangladesh), owing to communal violence, intimidation and repression from authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them. While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> for talks in Delhi. Although many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral conflicts through peaceful means. Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgency_in_Kashmir_(1989–present)"><span id="Insurgency_in_Kashmir_.281989.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Insurgency in Kashmir (1989–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> <p>According to some reports published by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Foreign Relations">Council of Foreign Relations</a>, the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan has denied any involvement in terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> groups who wish to escape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-administered Kashmir">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a>, which is cited as further proof by the Indian government. </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (journalist)">Stephen Suleyman Schwartz</a> notes that several militant and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_some_insurgent_attacks">List of some insurgent attacks</h4></div> <ul><li>Insurgents attack on Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly: A car bomb exploded near the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly on 1 October 2001, killing 27 people on an attack that was blamed on Kashmiri separatists. It was one of the most prominent attacks against India apart from on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a> in December 2001. The dead bodies of the terrorists and the data recovered from them revealed that Pakistan was solely responsible for the activity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Qasim Nagar Attack: On 13 July 2003, armed men believed to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a> threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing twenty-seven and injuring many more.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rediff_1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediff_1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rediff_2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediff_2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone: Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by an unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian occupied-forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_hrw"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_hrw">[2]</a></sup></li> <li>20 July 2005 <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> Bombing: A car bomb exploded near an armoured <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> vehicle in the famous Church Lane area in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> killing four <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> personnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a>, claimed responsibility for the attack.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_church"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_church">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar (city)">Budshah Chowk attack</a>: A terrorist attack on 29 July 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Srinagar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar (city)">Srinigar</a>'s city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed two and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Bud"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_Bud">[4]</a></sup></li> <li>Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone: On 18 October 2005, a suspected man killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. No Terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attack.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Nabi"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_Nabi">[5]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a>: A terrorist attack by four heavily armed terrorists on 18 September 2016, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Uri, Jammu and Kashmir">Uri</a> in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, killed 18 and left more than 20 people injured. It was reported as "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades".<sup id="cite_ref-uri_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uri-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a>: On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the Jammu Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-bound suicide bomber in Lethpora near Awantipora, Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The attack resulted in the death of 38 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel and the attacker. The responsibility of the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist militant group <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgent_activities_elsewhere">Insurgent activities elsewhere</h3></div> <p>The attack on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a> was by far the most dramatic attack carried out allegedly by Pakistani terrorists. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, an allegation which Pakistan strongly denied. The following <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a> raised concerns of a possible <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear</a> confrontation. However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-capable nations. </p><p>Apart from this, the most notable was the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacking</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814" title="Indian Airlines Flight 814">Indian Airlines Flight IC 814</a> en route New Delhi from <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, Nepal. The plane was hijacked on 24 December 1999 approximately one hour after takeoff and was taken to <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> airport and then to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in Pakistan. After refuelling the plane took off for <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and then finally landed in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Afghanistan. Under intense media pressure, New Delhi complied with the hijackers' demand and freed <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Masood_Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Masood Azhar">Maulana Masood Azhar</a> from its captivity in return for the freedom of the Indian passengers on the flight. The decision, however, cost New Delhi dearly. Maulana, who is believed to be hiding in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, later became the leader of <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>, an organisation which has carried out several terrorist acts against Indian security forces in Kashmir.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_814"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_814">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December 2000, a group of terrorists belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a> stormed the famous <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Fort</a> houses an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian military</a> unit and a high-security interrogation cell used both by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. The terrorists successfully breached the security cover around the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> and opened fire at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Military">Indian military personnel</a> on duty killing two of them on spot. The attack was significant because it was carried out just two days after the declaration of the cease-fire between India and Pakistan.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_red"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_red">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, India claimed again that terrorists from Jammu and Kashmir were infiltrating into India, a claim denied by Pakistan President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, who claimed that such infiltration had stopped—India's spokesperson for the External Affairs Ministry did away with Pakistan's claim, calling it "terminological inexactitude".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two months later, two Kashmiri terrorists belonging to <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> raided the <a href="/wiki/Akshardham_Gandhinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham Gandhinagar">Swami Narayan temple complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> killing 30 people, including 18 women and five children. The attack was carried out on 25 September 2002, just few days after state elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir. Two identical letters found on both the terrorists claimed that the attack was done in retaliation for the deaths of thousands of Muslims during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">Gujarat riots</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_attack"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_attack">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Two car bombs exploded in south <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> on 25 August 2003; one near the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a> and the other at the famous Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people. Though no terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attacks, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of India">Mumbai Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a> suspected <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a>'s hand in the twin blasts.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Mumbai"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_Mumbai">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>In an unsuccessful attempt, six terrorists belonging to <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a>, stormed the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Ram Janmbhomi complex</a> on 5 July 2005. Before the terrorists could reach the main <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">disputed site</a>, they were shot down by <a href="/wiki/Military_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of India">Indian security forces</a>. One <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> worshipper and two policemen were injured during the incident.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ram"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#endnote_ram">[10]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001_Indian_Parliament_attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a> was an attack at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in New Delhi on 13 December 2001, during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed. The perpetrators were <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> (Let) and <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> (JeM) terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-demarche_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demarche-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianembassy.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianembassy.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel and a gardener, in total 14<sup id="cite_ref-remember_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remember-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to increased tensions between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001–02_India–Pakistan_standoff"><span id="2001.E2.80.9302_India.E2.80.93Pakistan_standoff"></span>2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a> was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani border">border</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LoC) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. This was the first major military standoff between India and Pakistan since the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> in 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack">2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajesh_M._Basrur_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajesh_M._Basrur-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups, the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish-e-Mohammad">Jaish-e-Mohammad</a>, both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Services Intelligence">ISI</a><sup id="cite_ref-letjemisi_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letjemisi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a charge that Pakistan denied.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions de-escalated following international <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian<sup id="cite_ref-toiwithdraw_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toiwithdraw-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pakistani troops<sup id="cite_ref-bbcwithdraw_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcwithdraw-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the international border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a> was a terrorist attack targeted on the <a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a> train on 18 February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India-Pakistan border. At least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_Mumbai_attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a> by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman <a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Kasab" title="Ajmal Kasab">Ajmal Kasab</a> who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on four counts of murder, waging war against India, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> offences, and sentenced him to death.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India blamed the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and executing the attacks. Indian officials demanded Pakistan extradite suspects for trial. They also said that, given the sophistication of the attacks, the perpetrators "must have had the support of some official agencies in Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-BlameAgenciesWaPo_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlameAgenciesWaPo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-abc20091125_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc20091125-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, <a href="/wiki/Zakiur_Rehman_Lakhvi" title="Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi">Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Masood_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masood-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haider_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haider-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was granted bail against <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">surety</a> bonds of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">Rs. </span>200,000</span> (US$690) in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_of_mass_destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></div> <p>India has a long history of development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Origins of India's nuclear program dates back to 1944, when started its nuclear program soon after its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940s–1960s, India's nuclear program slowly matured towards militarisation and expanded the nuclear power infrastructure throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_nuclear_pgoram:_origin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions on the development of nuclear weapons were made by Indian political leaders after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Chinese invasion</a> and territorial annexation of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. In 1967, India's nuclear program was aimed at the development of nuclear weapons, with <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> carefully overseeing the development of weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, India gained military and political <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">momentum</a> over Pakistan, after a successful <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">military campaign</a> against Pakistan. Starting preparations for a nuclear test in 1972, India finally exploded its first nuclear bomb in <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran test</a> range, codename <i><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></i>, in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s–90s, India began development of space and nuclear <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Guided Missile Development Program">rockets</a>, which marked Pakistan's efforts to engage in the space race with India.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Space_Journal_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Space_Journal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Missile_Research_and_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme">own program</a> developed space and nuclear missiles and began uncrewed flight tests of its space vehicles in the mid-1990s, which continues in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Space_Journal_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Space_Journal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a>, Pakistan launched its own nuclear bomb program in 1972, and accelerated its efforts in 1974, after India exploded its first nuclear bomb in <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran test</a> range, codename <i><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India's_First_Bomb:_1967-1974-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_atomic_bomb_project:_The_Beginning_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_atomic_bomb_project:_The_Beginning-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This large-scale nuclear bomb program was directly in response to India's nuclear program.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Pakistan achieved a major milestone in its efforts after it covertly performed a series of <a href="/wiki/Subcritical_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcritical testing">non-fission tests</a>, codename <a href="/wiki/Kirana-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana-I">Kirana-I</a>. No official announcements of such <a href="/wiki/Subcritical_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcritical testing">cold tests</a> were made by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Government">Pakistan government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next several years, Pakistan expanded and modernised nuclear power projects around the country to supply its electricity sector and to provide back-up support and benefit to its national economy. In 1988, a mutual understanding was reached between the two countries in which each pledged not to attack nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated, also in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eighties:_Developing_Capabilities-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in 1998, India exploded its second nuclear test (see: <i><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></i>) which invited Pakistan to follow the latter's step and performed its own <a href="/wiki/Atomic_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic test">atomic tests</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chagai-II" title="Chagai-II">Chagai-II</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorism_charges">Terrorism charges</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-Border_Terrorism">Cross-Border Terrorism</h3></div> <p>Countries including India and the United States have demanded that Pakistan stop using its territory as a base for terrorist groups following multiple terrorist attacks by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic terrorism in India">Islamic jihadists</a> in Kashmir and other parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pakistani government has denied the accusation and accused so-called "state-backed terror" in India.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fugitives">Fugitives</h3></div> <p>India has accused some of the most wanted Indian fugitives, such as <a href="/wiki/Dawood_Ibrahim" title="Dawood Ibrahim">Dawood Ibrahim</a>, of having a presence in Pakistan. On 11 May 2011, India released a list of 50 "Most Wanted Fugitives" hiding in Pakistan. This was to tactically pressure Pakistan after the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">compound in Abbottabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two errors in the list received publicity, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> removed it from their website, pending review.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this incident, the Pakistani interior ministry rejected the list forwarded by India to Islamabad, saying it should first probe if those named in the list were even living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talks_and_other_confidence-building_measures">Talks and other confidence-building measures</h2></div> <p>After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow progress towards the normalisation of relations. In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> met in the Indian hill station of <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>. They signed the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Shimla Agreement</a>, by which India would return all Pakistani personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west, and the two countries would "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Diplomatic and trade relations were also re-established in 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> <p>In 1997, high-level Indo-Pakistan talks resumed after a three-year pause. The Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India met twice and the foreign secretaries conducted three rounds of talks. In June 1997, the foreign secretaries identified eight "outstanding issues" around which continuing talks would be focused. The conflict over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and Kashmir), an issue since Independence, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. India maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state/province must be taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, which calls for it to vacate all territories occupied. </p><p>In September 1997, the talks broke down over the structure of how to deal with the issues of Kashmir, and peace and security. Pakistan advocated that the issues be treated by separate <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working groups</a>. India responded that the two issues be taken up along with six others on a simultaneous basis. </p><p>Attempts to restart dialogue between the two nations were given a major boost by the February 1999 meeting of both Prime Ministers in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and their signing of three agreements. </p><p>A subsequent military coup in Pakistan that overturned the democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> government in October of the same year also proved a setback to relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3></div> <p>In 2001, a summit was called in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>; Pakistani <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> turned up to meet Indian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Atal_Behari_Vajpayee" class="mw-redirect" title="Atal Behari Vajpayee">Atal Behari Vajpayee</a>. The talks fell through. </p><p>On 20 June 2004, with a new government in place in India, both countries agreed to extend a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a> ban and to set up a <a href="/wiki/Hotline" title="Hotline">hotline</a> between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baglihar_Dam" title="Baglihar Dam">Baglihar Dam</a> issue was a new issue raised by Pakistan in 2005. </p><p> After Dr. Manmohan Singh become prime minister of India in May 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab provincial Government</a> declared it would develop <a href="/wiki/Gah,_Pakistan" title="Gah, Pakistan">Gah</a>, his place of birth, as a model village in his honour and name a school after him.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a village in India named <a href="/wiki/Pakistan,_India" title="Pakistan, India">Pakistan</a>, despite occasional pressure over the years to change its name the villagers have resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg/330px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg/440px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_flagging_off_the_Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus_in_Srinagar_on_April_7%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus</a> service has helped ease tensions between India and Pakistan. Shown here is India's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> flagging off the <a href="/wiki/Srinagar-Muzaffarabad_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> on 7 April 2005.</figcaption></figure><p> Violent activities in the region declined in 2004. There are two main reasons for this: warming of relations between <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> which consequently lead to a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> between the two countries in 2003 and the fencing of the Line of Control being carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. Moreover, coming under intense international pressure, Islamabad was compelled to take action against the militants' training camps on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present in the region. </p><p>Under pressure, Kashmiri militant organisations made an offer for talks and negotiations with New Delhi, which India welcomed. </p><p>India's <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> blamed the Pakistani military for providing cover-fire for the terrorists whenever they infiltrated into Indian territory from Pakistan. Pakistan in turn has also blamed India for providing support to terrorist organisations operating in Pakistan such as the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army" title="Balochistan Liberation Army">BLA</a>. </p><p>In 2005, Pakistan's information minister, Sheikh Rashid, was alleged to have run a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">terrorist training camp</a> in 1990 in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">N.W. Frontier</a>, Pakistan. The Pakistani government dismissed the charges against its minister as an attempt to hamper the ongoing peace process between the two neighbours. </p><p>Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_Security-Building_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence and Security-Building Measures">confidence-building measures</a> (CBMs) to ease tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks, easing <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a> restrictions, and restarting of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> matches between the two. The new bus service between <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a> has also helped bring the two sides closer. Pakistan and India have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts. </p><p>Some improvements in the relations are seen with the re-opening of a series of transportation networks near the India–Pakistan border, with the most important being bus routes and railway lines. </p><p>A major clash between <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian security forces</a> and militants occurred when a group of insurgents tried to infiltrate into Kashmir from Pakistan in July 2005. The same month also saw a Kashmiri militant attack on <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. However, these developments had little impact on the peace process. </p><p>An Indian man held in Pakistani prisons since 1975 as an accused spy walked across the border to freedom 3 March 2008, an unconditional release that Pakistan said was done to improve relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a "Friends Without Borders" scheme began with the help of two British tourists. The idea was that Indian and Pakistani children would make pen pals and write friendly letters to each other. The idea was so successful in both countries that the organisation found it "impossible to keep up". The World's Largest Love Letter was recently sent from India to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan,_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif,_at_Lahore,_Pakistan_on_December_25,_2015_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/330px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/440px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_warmly_received_by_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan%2C_Mr._Nawaz_Sharif%2C_at_Lahore%2C_Pakistan_on_December_25%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption> Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> received by Pakistani Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> in December 2015, during a visit to Pakistan by Modi.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>In December 2010, several Pakistani newspapers published stories about India's leadership and relationship with militants in Pakistan that the papers claimed were found in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a>. A British newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, which had the Wikileaks cables in its possession reviewed the cables and concluded that the Pakistani claims were "not accurate" and that "WikiLeaks [was] being exploited for propaganda purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 February 2011, India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan which were suspended after 26/11 Mumbai Attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-The_World_Reporter_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_World_Reporter-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India had put on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it will only continue if Pakistan will act against the accused of Mumbai attacks. </p><p>On 13 April 2012, following a thaw in relations whereby India gained <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">MFN</a> status in the country, India announced the removal of restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> investment from Pakistan to India.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Pakistan">Foreign Minister of Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar" title="Hina Rabbani Khar">Hina Rabbani Khar</a> on 11 July 2012, stated in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> that her country is willing to resolve some of the disputes like, Sir Creek and <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen</a> on the basis of agreements reached in past.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 2012, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian External Affairs Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a> would pay 3-day visit to Pakistan to review the progress of bilateral dialogue with his Pakistani counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, following the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Bill,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Indian_revocation_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir%27s_special_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status">revoked</a> the special status of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further tension was brought between the two countries, with Pakistan downgrading their diplomatic ties, closing its airspace, and suspending bilateral trade with India.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a> was opened in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3></div> <p>On 25 February 2021, India and Pakistan issued a joint statement indicating that both sides agreed to stop firing at each other at the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LOC, disputed <i>de facto</i> border) in Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, in July 2021 Indian government rejected Pakistan's call for talks, stating that "Peace, prosperity can't coexist with terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>on October 16, 2024, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to discuss topics at the SCO Summit dinner in Islamabad.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_to_natural_calamities">Response to natural calamities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_Gujarat_earthquake_in_India">2001 Gujarat earthquake in India</h3></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake" title="2001 Gujarat earthquake">2001 Gujarat earthquake</a>, Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Mushrraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervez Mushrraf">Pervez Mushrraf</a> sent a plane load of relief supplies from <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They carried 200 tents and more than 2,000 blankets.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the President called Indian PM to express his 'sympathy' over the loss from the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_earthquake_in_Pakistan">2005 earthquake in Pakistan</h3></div> <p>India offered aid to Pakistan in response to the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a> on 8 October. Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Large Indian companies such as <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a> offered aid up to $226,000. On 12 October, an <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin-76</a> cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior air force official also stated that they had been asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October, India dispatched the second consignment of relief material to Pakistan, by train through the <a href="/wiki/Wagah_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagah Border">Wagah Border</a>. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. A third consignment of medicine and relief material was also sent shortly afterwards by train.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in <a href="/wiki/Poonch_district,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonch district, India">Poonch</a>, on the Line of Control between India and Pakistan for earthquake relief work.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Pakistan_floods">2022 Pakistan floods</h3></div> <p>Amid the <a href="/wiki/2022_Pakistan_floods" title="2022 Pakistan floods">2022 Pakistan floods</a>, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed his "heartfelt condolences to families of the victims".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 30 August, it has been reported that the government of India is considering sending relief aid to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_relations">Social relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_links">Cultural links</h3></div> <p>India and Pakistan, particularly Northern India and Eastern Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and languages due to common <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> heritage which span through the two countries and throughout much of the northern subcontinent which also underpin the historical ties between the two. <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani singers">Pakistani singers</a>, musicians, <a href="/wiki/List_of_stand-up_comedians#Pakistan" title="List of stand-up comedians">comedians</a> and entertainers have enjoyed widespread popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian film industry <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Bollywood</a>. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian music">Indian music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">film</a> are very popular in Pakistan. Being located in the northernmost region of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, Pakistan's culture is somewhat similar to that of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">northwest</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> was split into <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a> following the independence and partition of the two countries in 1947. The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a> are today the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and also an important ethnic group of northern India. The founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> was born in the modern-day Pakistani Punjab province, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>. Each year, millions of Indian Sikh pilgrims cross over to visit holy Sikh sites in <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi people</a> are the native ethnic group of the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. Many Hindu Sindhis migrated to India in 1947, making the country home to a sizeable Sindhi community. In addition, the millions of Muslims who migrated from India to the newly created Pakistan during independence came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajir people</a>; they are settled predominantly in Karachi and still maintain family links in India. </p><p>Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumed through platforms such as media and communications. <a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a> is a joint venture and campaign between <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Jang_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Group">Jang Group</a></i> calling for mutual peace and development of diplomatic and cultural relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_links">Geographic links</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">India–Pakistan border</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/220px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/330px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/440px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">evening flag lowering ceremony</a> at the India–Pakistan border near <a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The India–Pakistan border is the official international boundary that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The <a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a> border is the only road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the famous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan with <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, India. Each evening, the <a href="/wiki/Wagah-Attari_border_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagah-Attari border ceremony">Wagah-Attari border ceremony</a> takes place, in which the flags are lowered and guards on both sides make a pompous military display and exchange handshakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_ties">Linguistic ties</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of North India and Pakistan, as well as the official language of both countries, under the standard registers <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, respectively. Standard Urdu is <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with standard Hindi. Hindustani is also widely understood and used as a lingua franca amongst South Asians including <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a>, and is the language of Bollywood, which is enjoyed throughout much of the subcontinent. </p><p>Apart from <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, India and Pakistan also share a distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script in Indian Punjab, and the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> script in Pakistani Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a>, mainly due to population exchange. These languages belong to a common <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan family</a> that are spoken in countries across the subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrimonial_ties">Matrimonial ties</h3></div> <p>Some Indian and Pakistani people marry across the border at instances. Many Indians and Pakistanis in the diaspora, especially in the United States, intermarry, as there are large cultural similarities between the two countries respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2010 a high-profile Pakistani cricketer, <a href="/wiki/Shoaib_Malik" title="Shoaib Malik">Shoaib Malik</a> married the Indian tennis star <a href="/wiki/Sania_Mirza" title="Sania Mirza">Sania Mirza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding received much media attention and was said to transfix both India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_ties">Sporting ties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_diplomacy#Cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports diplomacy">Sports diplomacy § Cricket</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">India–Pakistan sports rivalries</a></div> <p>Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC games) have often been political in nature. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> General <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul Haq">Zia-ul Haq</a> travelled to India for a bout of "cricket diplomacy" to keep India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervez Musharaff">Pervez Musharaff</a> also tried to do the same more than a decade later but to no avail. </p><p>From 2012, India stopped playing bilateral cricket series against Pakistan. Now it only plays against them in <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Cricket_Council" title="Asian Cricket Council">Asian Cricket Council</a> events such as the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">T20 World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cup" title="Asia Cup">Asia Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="ICC Champions Trophy">ICC Champions Trophy</a>. In 2017, the then Sports Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Goel_(politician)" title="Vijay Goel (politician)">Vijay Goel</a> opposed further bilateral series due to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan's alleged sponsoring of terrorism</a>, saying that "there cannot be sports relations between the two countries [while] there is terrorism from the Pakistani side."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India" title="Board of Control for Cricket in India">Board of Control for Cricket in India</a> (BCCI) also opposed any further series without the permission of the Indian government.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BCCI also does not allow Pakistani players to play in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna" title="Rohan Bopanna">Rohan Bopanna</a> of India and <a href="/wiki/Aisam-ul-Haq_Qureshi" title="Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi">Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi</a> of Pakistan have formed a successful duo and have been dubbed as the "Indo-Pak Express".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diasporic_relations">Diasporic relations</h3></div> <p>The large size of the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">Pakistani diaspora</a> in many different countries throughout the world has created strong diasporic relations. <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">British Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">British Pakistanis</a>, the largest and second-largest ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom respectively, are said to have friendly relations with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is quite common for a "<a href="/wiki/Little_India_(location)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little India (location)">Little India</a>" and a "<a href="/wiki/Little_Pakistan" title="Little Pakistan">Little Pakistan</a>" to co-exist in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian ethnic enclaves</a> in overseas countries. There are various cities such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> where <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">British Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">British Pakistanis</a> live alongside each other in peace and harmony. Both Indians and Pakistanis living in the UK fit under the category of <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asian</a>. The UK is also home to the Pakistan & India friendship forum.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, Indians and Pakistanis are classified under the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian American">South Asian American</a> category and share many cultural traits. In the US, intermarriage between Indians and Pakistanis is common.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British MEP <a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Karim" title="Sajjad Karim">Sajjad Karim</a> is of Pakistani origin. He is a member of the European Parliament Friends of India Group, Karim was also responsible for opening up Europe to free trade with India.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He narrowly escaped the Mumbai attacks at Hotel Taj in November 2008. Despite the atrocity, Karim does not wish the remaining killer <a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Kasab" title="Ajmal Kasab">Ajmal Kasab</a> to be sentenced to death. He said: "I believe he had a fair and transparent trial and I support the guilty verdict. But I am not a supporter of capital punishment. I believe he should be given a life sentence, but that life should mean life."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_issues">Cultural issues</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indophobia">Indophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_and_skirmishes">Wars and skirmishes</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani Wars">Indo-Pakistani Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="India–Pakistan border skirmishes (disambiguation)">India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India-Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pakistan cricket rivalry">India-Pakistan cricket rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pakistan field hockey rivalry">India-Pakistan field hockey rivalry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 221–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html">Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185234/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish2006" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA396"><i>World and Its Peoples</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-age-of-minimalism-in-india-pakistan-ties/article66108192.ece">"The age of minimalism in India-Pakistan ties"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+age+of+minimalism+in+India-Pakistan+ties&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Flead%2Fthe-age-of-minimalism-in-india-pakistan-ties%2Farticle66108192.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/pakistan-india-trade-what-needs-to-be-done-what-does-it-matter">Pakistan-India Trade: What Needs to Be Done? What Does It Matter?</a> Asia Centre Program. <i>The Wilson Centre</i>. Accessed 1 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisha_Taneja_(Indian_Council_for_Research_on_International_Economic_Relations)Shaheen_Rafi_KhanMoeed_YusufShahbaz_Bokhari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nisha Taneja (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations); Shaheen Rafi Khan; Moeed Yusuf; Shahbaz Bokhari; Shoaib Aziz (January 2007). Zareen Fatima Naqvi and Philip Schuler (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nub.academia.edu/NishaAkter/Papers/910718/The_Challenges_and_Potential_of_Pakistan-India_Trade">"<i>Chapter 4: India–Pakistan Trade: The View from the Indian Side</i> (p. 72-77) <i>Chapter 5: Quantifying Informal Trade Between Pakistan and India</i> (p. 87-104)"</a>. <i>The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade</i>. (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, June 2007)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Challenges+and+Potential+of+Pakistan-India+Trade&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+India%E2%80%93Pakistan+Trade%3A+The+View+from+the+Indian+Side+%28p.+72-77%29+Chapter+5%3A+Quantifying+Informal+Trade+Between+Pakistan+and+India+%28p.+87-104%29&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=Nisha+Taneja+%28Indian+Council+for+Research+on+International+Economic+Relations%29&rft.au=Shaheen+Rafi+Khan&rft.au=Moeed+Yusuf&rft.au=Shahbaz+Bokhari&rft.au=Shoaib+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnub.academia.edu%2FNishaAkter%2FPapers%2F910718%2FThe_Challenges_and_Potential_of_Pakistan-India_Trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedGhani" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Sadiq; Ghani, Ejaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1171648504958/SAR_integration_overview.pdf">"<i>South Asia's Growth and Regional Integration: An Overview</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Bank</i>. p. 33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=South+Asia%27s+Growth+and+Regional+Integration%3A+An+Overview&rft.pages=33&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Sadiq&rft.au=Ghani%2C+Ejaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FSOUTHASIAEXT%2FResources%2FPublications%2F448813-1171648504958%2FSAR_integration_overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Poll-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Poll_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608143515/https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf">"2017 BBC World Service Global Poll"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. BBC World Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+BBC+World+Service+Global+Poll&rft.pub=BBC+World+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globescan.com%2Fimages%2Fimages%2Fpressreleases%2Fbbc2017_country_ratings%2FBBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazira_Fazila-Yacoobali_Zamindar2010" class="citation book cs1">Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA40"><i>The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13847-5</bdi></a>. <q>Second, it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in Punjab, ' there was the likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent to force Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan. If that happened, we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx.' Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent. Given that Muslims in the rest of India, some 42 million, formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time, economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration. However, in divided Punjab, millions of people were already on the move, and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement. Thus, despite these important reservations, the establishment of the MEO led to an acceptance of a 'transfer of populations' in divided Punjab, too, 'to give a sense of security' to ravaged communities on both sides. A statement of the Indian government's position of such a transfer across divided Punjab was made in the legislature by Neogy on November 18, 1947. He stated that although the Indian government's policy was 'to discourage mass migration from one province to another.' Punjab was to be an exception. In the rest of the subcontinent migrations were not to be on a planned basis, but a matter of individual choice. This exceptional character of movements across divided Punjab needs to be emphasized, for the agreed and 'planned evacuations' by the two governments formed the context of those displacements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13847-5&rft.au=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali+Zamindar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5c9ta97GeoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Gatrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Gatrell (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&pg=PA149"><i>The Making of the Modern Refugee</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967416-9"><bdi>978-0-19-967416-9</bdi></a>. <q>Notwithstanding the accumulated evidence of inter-communal tension, the signatories to the agreement that divided the Raj did not expect the transfer of power and the partition of India to be accompanied by a mass movement of population. Partition was conceived as a means of preventing migration on a large scale because the borders would be adjusted instead. Minorities need not be troubled by the new configuration. As Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, affirmed, 'the division of India into Pakistan and India Dominions was based on the principle that minorities will stay where they were and that the two states will afford all protection to them as citizens of the respective states'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Refugee&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967416-9&rft.au=Peter+Gatrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAkarK3gLDgC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washedu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washedu_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111514/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamindar2013" class="citation book cs1">Zamindar, Vazira Fazila‐Yacoobali (2013). <i>India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration</i>. Wiley Online Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444334890" title="Special:BookSources/9781444334890"><bdi>9781444334890</bdi></a>. <q>Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%E2%80%93Pakistan+Partition+1947+and+forced+migration&rft.pub=Wiley+Online+Library&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781444334890&rft.aulast=Zamindar&rft.aufirst=Vazira+Fazila%E2%80%90Yacoobali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumby1954">Lumby 1954</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326005939/http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx">"Letter Inviting India to Intervene"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx">the original</a> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+Inviting+India+to+Intervene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellojunagadh.com%2Fhistory_letter.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumby1954">Lumby 1954</a>, pp. 238–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haroon2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haroon2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon2007" class="citation book cs1">Haroon, Sana (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20VIdFUoC3UC&pg=PA179"><i>Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan borderland</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70013-9"><bdi>978-0-231-70013-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+of+faith%3A+Islam+in+the+Indo-Afghan+borderland&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70013-9&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Sana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20VIdFUoC3UC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly2020" class="citation cs2">Ganguly, Sumit (17 December 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1926">"India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: Civil-Military Relations"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.1926">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh%3A+Civil-Military+Relations&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.1926&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyeSchofield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pye, Lucian W.; Schofield, Victoria (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20050024">"Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unfinished War"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>79</b> (6): 190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20050024">10.2307/20050024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20050024">20050024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129061164">129061164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Kashmir+in+Conflict%3A+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+the+Unfinished+War&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=190&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129061164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20050024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20050024&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=Lucian+W.&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F20050024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm">Chandigarh, India – Main News</a>. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_R._Higgins2016">David R. Higgins 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachna_Bisht2015">Rachna Bisht 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11"><i>Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-712-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted/articleshow/8560151.cms">the original</a> on 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pakistan+rejects+India%27s+list+of+50+most+wanted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fpakistan%2FPakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted%2Farticleshow%2F8560151.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/06/20/india.pakistan">"Nuke hotline for India, Pakistan"</a>. CNN. 20 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nuke+hotline+for+India%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2004-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2004%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F06%2F20%2Findia.pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100250/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355601600.htm">"Schoolmate wants to meet PM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 23 June 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/04/india.prison.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freed+Indian+man+arrives+back+home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F03%2F04%2Findia.prison.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendswithoutborders.org/index.html">"Friends Without Borders – international penpal program between India and Pakistan"</a>. <i>friendswithoutborders.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=friendswithoutborders.org&rft.atitle=Friends+Without+Borders+%E2%80%93+international+penpal+program+between+India+and+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendswithoutborders.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-modi-arrival-idUKKBN0U80MQ20151225">"A hug and high tea: Indian PM makes surprise visit to Pakistan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Kartarpur, Pakistan: The prime ministers of India and Pakistan inaugurated on Saturday a visa-free border crossing for Sikh pilgrims from India, allowing thousands of pilgrims to easily visit a Sikh shrine just inside Pakistan each day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+opens+visa-free+border+crossing+for+India+Sikhs&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia%2Fpakistan-opens-visa-free-border-crossing-for-india-sikhs-1.1573309104454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-agree-to-stop-firing-at-kashmir-border/a-56683894">"India, Pakistan agree to stop firing at Kashmir border"</a>. 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(2019), "Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", <i>Science Advances</i>, <b>5</b> (10): eaay5478, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.5478T">2019SciA....5.5478T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay5478">10.1126/sciadv.aay5478</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6774726">6774726</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31616796">31616796</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Rapidly+expanding+nuclear+arsenals+in+Pakistan+and+India+portend+regional+and+global+catastrophe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=eaay5478&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6774726%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31616796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay5478&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.5478T&rft.aulast=Toon&rft.aufirst=Owen+B.&rft.au=Bardeen%2C+Charles+G.&rft.au=Robock%2C+Alan&rft.au=Xia%2C+Lili&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Hans&rft.au=McKinzie%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Peterson%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Cheryl+S.&rft.au=Lovenduski%2C+Nicole+S.&rft.au=Turco%2C+Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93Pakistan+relations" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Budania, Rajpal, "India's Pakistan Policy: A Study in the Context of Security," <i>South Asian Studies</i>, Vol.30:2,1995.</li> <li>Burke, S.M.,<i>Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies</i>, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1974.</li> <li>Brines Russel, <i>The Indo-Pakistan Conflict</i>, London, Pall Mall Press, 1968.</li> <li>Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. <i>The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/">excerpt</a> pp 370–83.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Powers" title="Thomas Powers">Thomas Powers</a>, "The War without End" (review of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a>, <i>Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan</i>, Penguin, 2018, 757 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXV, no. 7 (19 April 2018), pp. 42–43. "Forty-plus years after our failure in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is again fighting an endless war in a faraway place against a culture and a people we don't understand for political reasons that make sense in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, but nowhere else." (p. 43.) <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s support of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrillas</a>, including provision of <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a>, relates to Pakistan's hope of acquiring India's <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. (p. 42.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907043651/http://amankiasha.com/">Aman ki Asha – A Peace initiative by Jang Group, Pakistan & Times of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130422032631/http://indiapakistantrade.org">India-Pakistan Trade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/airtel/guest01_rahu.html">Building a bridge of friendship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222031428/http://ibnlive.in.com/airtel/guest01_rahu.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-30/india/27772896_1_kashmir-singh-forum-ekta-kapoor">A Long Distance Relationship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514232235/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552636">Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/899589/1/02_IX_16-11-1959_p81_p83_PII.pdf">Statement Re Indo-Pakistan Border Conference</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this 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selflink">India–Pakistan relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High Commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indo-Pakistani Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration:_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">Category:India–Pakistan relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Algeria–India relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Angola–India relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Benin–India relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Botswana–India relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burkina Faso–India relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burundi–India relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cameroon–India relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Central African Republic–India relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chad–India relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Comoros–India relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo–India relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Djibouti–India relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Egypt–India relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eritrea–India relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eswatini–India relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ethiopia–India relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–India relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Gabon–India relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–India relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ghana–India relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea–India relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–India relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="India–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="India–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="India–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="India–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="India–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="India–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="India–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="India–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="India–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="India–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="India–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="India–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="India–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="India–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="India–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="India–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="India–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="India–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="India–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="India–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="India–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="India–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="India–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="India–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="India–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="India–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="India–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="India–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="India–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–India relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Argentina–India relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–India relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Barbados–India relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belize–India relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bolivia–India relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cayman Islands–India relations">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chile–India relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Colombia–India relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Costa Rica–India relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cuba–India relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominica–India relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominican Republic–India relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ecuador–India relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="El Salvador–India relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Grenada–India relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guatemala–India relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guyana–India relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Haiti–India relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Honduras–India relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="India–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="India–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="India–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="India–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="India–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="India–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_relations" title="India–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Lucia_relations" title="India–Saint Lucia relations">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations" title="India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="India–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="India–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="India–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="India–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Armenia–India relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Azerbaijan–India relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bahrain–India relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brunei–India relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cambodia–India relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hong Kong–India relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93India_relations" title="East Timor–India relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="India–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="India–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="India–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="India–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="India–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="India–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="India–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="India–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="India–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="India–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="India–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="India–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="India–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="India–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="India–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="India–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="India–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="India–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="India–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="India–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="India–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="India–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="India–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="India–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="India–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="India–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="India–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Albania–India relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Austria–India relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belarus–India relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belgium–India relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bulgaria–India relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–India relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Croatia–India relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cyprus–India relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Czech Republic–India relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Denmark–India relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Estonia–India relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Finland–India relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Greece–India relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hungary–India relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Holy See–India relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Iceland–India relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="India–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="India–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="India–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="India–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="India–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="India–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="India–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="India–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="India–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="India–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="India–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="India–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="India–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="India–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="India–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="India–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="India–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="India–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="India–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="India–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="India–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Fiji–India relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="India–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="India–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="India–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="India–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="India–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cook Islands–India relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="India–Niue relations">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="India–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="India–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="India–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="India–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="India–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="India–Tuvalu relations">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pacific_Islands_Relations#Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pacific Islands Relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="India–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2 Ministerial Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">13th summit</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Central_Asia" title="Connect Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">Indian Ocean Naval Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_relations" title="India–Pacific Islands relations">India–Pacific Islands relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">Mekong–Ganga Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th Summit</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">in Chennai</a>)</li> <li>Ambassadors and High Commissioners <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li> <li>Foreign aid <a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas citizens</a></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Indira Gandhi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)#Act_East_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Act East</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts with Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Disputes with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State visits to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State visits by prime ministers of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Manmohan_Singh" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Foreign relations of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Algeria–Pakistan relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Egypt–Pakistan relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kenya–Pakistan relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Libya–Pakistan relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Mauritius–Pakistan relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Morocco–Pakistan relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Nigeria–Pakistan relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Pakistan–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Pakistan–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Pakistan–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Pakistan–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Pakistan–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Argentina–Pakistan relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Brazil–Pakistan relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Canada–Pakistan relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Chile–Pakistan relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Cuba–Pakistan relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Mexico–Pakistan relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Armenia–Pakistan relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Pakistan relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bahrain–Pakistan relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bhutan–Pakistan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Brunei–Pakistan relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Cambodia–Pakistan relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Hong Kong–Pakistan relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Indonesia–Pakistan relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iraq–Pakistan relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Israel–Pakistan relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Japan–Pakistan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Jordan–Pakistan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Pakistan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kuwait–Pakistan relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Laos–Pakistan relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Lebanon–Pakistan relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Maldives–Pakistan relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Malaysia–Pakistan relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Myanmar–Pakistan relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Nepal–Pakistan relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="North Korea–Pakistan relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Oman–Pakistan relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Pakistan–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Pakistan–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Pakistan–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Pakistan–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Pakistan–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Pakistan–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Pakistan–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Pakistan–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Pakistan–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Pakistan–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Austria–Pakistan relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Belarus–Pakistan relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Belgium–Pakistan relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Pakistan relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Czech Republic–Pakistan relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Denmark–Pakistan relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Finland–Pakistan relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="France–Pakistan relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Greece–Pakistan relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Holy See–Pakistan relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Hungary–Pakistan relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Ireland–Pakistan relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Italy–Pakistan relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kosovo–Pakistan relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Malta–Pakistan relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Netherlands–Pakistan relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Norway–Pakistan relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Pakistan–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Pakistan–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Pakistan–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Pakistan–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Pakistan–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Pakistan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Australia–Pakistan relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="New Zealand–Pakistan relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="Pakistan–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="East Germany–Pakistan relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Pakistan–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/68px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/90px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Pakistan relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Pakistan and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Pakistan–NATO relations">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy and initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments">Foreign deployments of the Pakistani military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan" title="United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan">UN peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Foreign_military_relations" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Foreign military assistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Nathiagali_Summer_College_on_Physics" title="International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics">International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Technical_Assistance_Programme" title="Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme">Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">killing intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_and_conflicts_between_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan">Conflicts with India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_diplomatic_missions_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions of Pakistan">Terrorist attacks on embassies of Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Pakistan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan">Diplomatic missions of Pakistan</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Pakistan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Karachi" title="List of diplomatic missions in Karachi">in Karachi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Foreign trade of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">Pakistani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_diplomats" title="Category:Pakistani diplomats">Pakistani diplomats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India–Pakistan_relations&oldid=1259200495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India–Pakistan_relations&oldid=1259200495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan 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