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id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Kartografi" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Kartografi" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Kartografi" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Kartografi" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Förhistoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Förhistoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Förhistoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Förhistoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Äldsta_kartorna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Äldsta_kartorna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Äldsta kartorna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Äldsta_kartorna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grekerna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grekerna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Grekerna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grekerna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romarna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romarna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romarna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romarna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medeltiden_och_renässansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medeltiden_och_renässansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Medeltiden och renässansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medeltiden_och_renässansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_tid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_tid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern tid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_tid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kartprojektion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartprojektion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kartprojektion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kartprojektion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Kartprojektion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kartprojektion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kartprojektionsmetoder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartprojektionsmetoder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kartprojektionsmetoder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kartprojektionsmetoder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kartprojektioner_i_Sverige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartprojektioner_i_Sverige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kartprojektioner i Sverige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kartprojektioner_i_Sverige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kända_historiska_kartografer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kända_historiska_kartografer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kända historiska kartografer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kända_historiska_kartografer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kartografi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 94 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خرائطية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرائطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafiya" title="Kartoqrafiya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कार्टोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्टोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennouriezh" title="Kartennouriezh – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kartennouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograffeg" title="Cartograffeg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cartograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograafia" title="Kartograafia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kartograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χαρτογραφία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cartography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشه‌نگاری – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographie" title="Cartographie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografy" title="Kartografy – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kartografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Cartagrafaíocht – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cartagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%ED%95%99" title="지도학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քարտեզագրություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարտեզագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मानचित्रकला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortager%C3%B0" title="Kortagerð – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortagerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרטוגרפיה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרטוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografia" title="Katografia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartogr%C4%81fija" title="Kartogrāfija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kartogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p%C3%A9szet" title="Térképészet – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Térképészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="كارتوجرافى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارتوجرافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – mirandesiska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Зурагзүй – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зурагзүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="地図学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地図学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafiya" title="Xaritagrafiya – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="نقشه جوړونه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نقشه جوړونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartografia" title="Hartografia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hartografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartugraf%C3%ACa" title="Cartugrafìa – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cartography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoitus" title="Kartoitus – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலப்படவரைவியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலப்படவரைவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="การทำแผนที่ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografya" title="Kartografya – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kartografya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografi_-_Asaase_ho_mfoniny%C9%9B" title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картографія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشہ نگاری – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقشہ نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bản đồ học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản đồ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地圖學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografiye" title="Kartografiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kartografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Weltkarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Weltkarte.jpg/500px-Weltkarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Weltkarte.jpg/750px-Weltkarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Weltkarte.jpg/1000px-Weltkarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>En modern världskarta.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kartografi</b> (kartläggning) är läran om att framställa <a href="/wiki/Karta" title="Karta">kartor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartografins ålder beror på vad man menar med begreppet karta. Att i bild återge naturföremål från omgivningarna mer eller mindre troget förekommer mycket tidigt i mänsklighetens historia. I vilken utsträckning och i sådana fall när dessa börjar användas som kartor är svårare att avgöra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Förhistoria"><span id="F.C3.B6rhistoria"></span>Förhistoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Förhistoria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Förhistoria"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartografin utvecklades för många år sedan i olika kulturer oberoende av varandra, vilket visar på att det under alla år och i alla områden på jorden funnits ett behov av att förmedla rumslig information. Kartan hade i vissa fall även en <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religiös</a> innebörd. På grund av att kartografin uppstått på detta sätt, är det svårt att prata om kartografins ursprung, ungefär som det inte går att säga att <a href="/wiki/Christofer_Columbus" title="Christofer Columbus">Christofer Columbus</a> upptäckte <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> – där bodde ju redan folk när han kom dit. Det går dock att spåra någon sorts ursprung till enkla kartor som hittats i klippor och grottor i <a href="/wiki/Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Mellanöstern">Mellanöstern</a>. Dessa beräknas vara 30 000–<span style="white-space:nowrap">10 000 år</span> gamla. Dessa kartor är dock något omstridda, och en karta från en stenåldersbosättning i <a href="/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet">Turkiet</a> från omkring år 6200 f.Kr. brukar ses som den första kartan, men även denna avbildnings funktion som karta har ifrågasatts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Äldsta_kartorna"><span id=".C3.84ldsta_kartorna"></span>Äldsta kartorna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Äldsta kartorna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Äldsta kartorna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De äldsta med säkerhet skapade kartorna härrör från <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a>, där det har hittats bland annat <a href="/wiki/Stadsplanering" title="Stadsplanering">stadsplaneringskartor</a>, skattkartor och världskartor. Dessa äldsta av dessa kartor härrör från 2300–2400 f.Kr, även om vissa forskare velat datera kartorna tidigare än så. En av de första stadskartorna härrör från 1500 f.Kr.,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kartor har också funnits i <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a> (den äldsta bevarade geologiska kartan är <i><a href="/wiki/Turin_papyruskartan" title="Turin papyruskartan">Turin papyruskartan</a></i>), men dessa anses inte ha bidragit så mycket till den kartografiska utvecklingen, främst eftersom de förmedlat sin geografiska information genom <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyf">hieroglyfer</a> istället för genom kartor. </p><p>I Oceanien har så kallade ribbkartor, som består av vass- eller träribbor där snäckskal markerat öars position i förhållande till havsströmmarna. Hos <a href="/wiki/Inuiter" title="Inuiter">inuiterna</a> har det förekommit kustkartor snidade i trä.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Man kan i samband med detta även nämna betraktelsen av hur jorden såg ut. Under denna äldre tid var jordens och universums utseende ofta något filosofiskt, där man utgick ifrån religion och exempelvis såg jorden som ett träd (<a href="/wiki/Nordisk_mytologi" title="Nordisk mytologi">nordisk mytologi</a>) eller som fyrkantig (<a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>). De antika grekerna var först med att på vetenskaplig basis kunna fastställa att jorden var ett klot. Huruvida solen kretsade runt jorden eller tvärtom kunde slutligen fastställas av <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a> på 1500-talet, även om debatten redan fördes av grekerna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grekerna">Grekerna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grekerna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grekerna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under de antika grekernas tid (500 f.Kr. – 200 e.Kr.) fick som nämnt ovan den <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapliga</a> processen sitt genomslag. Det var nu man började mäta positioner och på allvar började räkna ut sådant som jordens omkrets och försök att upprätta en riktig världskarta. <a href="/wiki/Pytagoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Pytagoras">Pytagoras</a> ansåg att cirkelns perfekta geometri var bevis för att jorden måste vara rund. Man kunde även se att himlen roterade runt en axel med tanke på hur man kunde observera stjärnors rörelse på himlen. Senare under grekernas tid kunde <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a> utveckla modellen genom sina egna erfarenheter han upplevt på sina resor. Han upptäckte att jorden var större än vad som tidigare ansetts, då han varit utanför de gränser som tidigare definierats. Aristoteles kombinerade till slut Pytagoras och Herodotos slutsatser till ett bevis för att jorden är ett klot. <a href="/wiki/Aristarchos_(astronom)" title="Aristarchos (astronom)">Aristarchos</a>, som levde 310 f.Kr. till 230 f.Kr. var den första som hävdade att jorden kretsade runt solen istället för tvärtom. Han fick dock inte gehör för sina idéer, men det visar åtminstone att tanken fanns redan då. </p><p>Under grekernas tid utvecklades även gradsystemet som används än idag, och Eratosthenes var den första som räknade ut jordens storlek med relativ noggrannhet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romarna">Romarna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Romarna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Romarna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romarna (30 f.Kr. – 400 e.Kr.) var mer fokuserade på den praktiska aspekten av kartor, och vägkartor blev ett vanligt inslag. Vikten av <a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">geopolitik</a> slog här också för första gången igenom. Detaljerade <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gkarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vägkarta">vägkartor</a> var viktiga med tanke på rikets stora spridning, och de administrativa gränserna var också ofta utmärkta. Vägkartorna skapades baserat på muntliga vägbeskrivningar, och en viktig sådan skapades omkring år 250 e.Kr. Den var sju meter lång och inkluderade 555 städer med vägar och mötesplatser mellan dessa. <a href="/wiki/Lantm%C3%A4teri" title="Lantmäteri">Lantmäteri</a> fick sitt genomslag under denna tid, då landreformer genomfördes för att kunna organisera de nya kolonierna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medeltiden_och_renässansen"><span id="Medeltiden_och_ren.C3.A4ssansen"></span>Medeltiden och renässansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Medeltiden och renässansen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Medeltiden och renässansen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltiden</a> fick religionen på nytt ett genomslag, och många av de framsteg som tidigare gjorts glömdes bort. Det är under dessa tider som <a href="/wiki/TO-karta" class="mw-redirect" title="TO-karta">TO-kartan</a> framkom. Denna karta består av ett T med <a href="/wiki/Asien" title="Asien">Asien</a> i topp och <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> och <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> nere till vänster respektive till höger. De delas upp av större floder och hav. Öst var uppåt, eftersom <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> ansågs som jordens medelpunkt. Ett undantag är dock <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a> från 1154. </p><p>Under renässansen började åter mer detaljerade kartor ritas enligt de olika upptäcktsresor som gjordes. Religionen hade inte heller samma grepp i och med att äldre verk åter blev mer populära. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_tid">Modern tid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Modern tid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Modern tid"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg/250px-Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg/375px-Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg/500px-Gerhard_von_Buhrman_-_Karta_%C3%B6ver_Sk%C3%A5ne_1684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Buhrman" title="Gerhard von Buhrman">Gerhard von Buhrmans</a> karta över <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> från 1684.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg/250px-Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg/375px-Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg/500px-Map_Ystad_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Handgjord karta över <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a> ca 1850.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under 1600-talet började fler och fler <a href="/wiki/Kartbok" title="Kartbok">atlaser</a> ges ut, och folket blev mer och mer nyfikna på kartografi. Teknisk utveckling under denna tid gjorde också att man kunde utveckla mer och mer precisa kartor. Jordens form klargjordes också mer och mer med hjälp av vetenskapliga uppmätningar. </p><p>Under 1800-talet började man använda flygbilder för dokumentation, i och med tidiga fotografiska experiment från luftballong. Världskrigen ledde också till att fler tekniker angående flygfotografering utvecklades, och länder började karteras i allt större detalj. På 1960-talet kunde slutligen hela jorden karteras med hjälp av satellitbilder och några vita områden på jordens yta finns inte längre att tala om. <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> började utvecklas under ungefär samma tid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kartprojektion">Kartprojektion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kartprojektion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kartprojektion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Kartprojektion" title="Kartprojektion">Kartprojektion</a></dd></dl></div> <p>En tvådimensionell karta över en större del av jordytan är behäftad med betydande avbildningsfel. Felens karaktär beror på projektionsmetoden som måste väljas med hänsyn till vad man önskar skall återges korrekt, till exempel areor, riktningar eller avstånd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kartprojektionsmetoder">Kartprojektionsmetoder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kartprojektionsmetoder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kartprojektionsmetoder"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:World-lambert-cylindrical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/World-lambert-cylindrical.png/250px-World-lambert-cylindrical.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/World-lambert-cylindrical.png/500px-World-lambert-cylindrical.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Lamberts cylindriska ytriktiga projektion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mercator-proj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mercator-proj.jpg/250px-Mercator-proj.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mercator-proj.jpg/500px-Mercator-proj.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Mercators projektion</figcaption></figure> <p>Exempel på kartprojektionsmetoder för att framställa kartor över ett större område: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylindrisk_projektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cylindrisk projektion [inte skriven än]">Cylindrisk projektion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamberts_cylindriska_ytriktiga_projektion" title="Lamberts cylindriska ytriktiga projektion">Lamberts cylindriska ytriktiga projektion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator-projektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercator-projektion">Mercator-projektion</a> (korrekta riktningar)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azimutal_projektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azimutal projektion [inte skriven än]">Azimutala projektioner</a>: <ul><li>Azimutal projektion för korrekt area</li> <li>Azimutal projektion för korrekt längd</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomonic_projektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnomonic projektion [inte skriven än]">Gnomonic projektion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografisk_projektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografisk projektion [inte skriven än]">Ortografisk projektion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereografisk_projektion" title="Stereografisk projektion">Stereografisk projektion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konisk_projektion" title="Konisk projektion">Koniska projektioner</a>: <ul><li>Vanlig <a href="/wiki/Konisk_projektion" title="Konisk projektion">konisk projektion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_konformal_konisk_projektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert konformal konisk projektion">Lambert konformal konisk projektion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykonisk_projektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykonisk projektion [inte skriven än]">Polykonisk projektion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollweides_projektion" title="Mollweides projektion">Mollweides projektion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kartprojektioner_i_Sverige">Kartprojektioner i Sverige</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kartprojektioner i Sverige" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kartprojektioner i Sverige"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss-Kr%C3%BCger" title="Gauss-Krüger">Gauss-Krüger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rikets_n%C3%A4t" title="Rikets nät">Rikets nät</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT90" class="mw-redirect" title="RT90">RT90</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTM" class="mw-redirect" title="UTM">UTM</a> (Universal Transverse Mercator) (<a href="/wiki/SWEREF_99_TM" title="SWEREF 99 TM">SWEREF 99 TM</a> ersätter RT90 för civilt bruk och baseras på UTM zon 33)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kända_historiska_kartografer"><span id="K.C3.A4nda_historiska_kartografer"></span>Kända historiska kartografer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kända historiska kartografer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kända historiska kartografer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> och <a href="/wiki/Carta_marina" title="Carta marina">Carta marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Bure" title="Anders Bure">Anders Bure</a>, den svenska kartografins fader.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gripenhielm" title="Carl Gripenhielm">Carl Gripenhielm</a> och hans berömda <a href="/wiki/Gripenhielms_M%C3%A4larkarta" title="Gripenhielms Mälarkarta">Gripenhielms Mälarkarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Herlin" title="Olga Herlin">Olga Herlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesi" title="Geodesi">Geodesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartografiska_s%C3%A4llskapet" title="Kartografiska sällskapet">Kartografiska sällskapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karttekniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karttekniker">Karttekniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_kart-_och_m%C3%A4tningstekniska_f%C3%B6rening" title="Sveriges kart- och mätningstekniska förening">Sveriges kart- och mätningstekniska förening (SKMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiska_kartor_%C3%B6ver_Stockholm" title="Historiska kartor över Stockholm">Historiska kartor över Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_karta" title="Mental karta">Mental karta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHall_Ola2003">Hall Ola, red (2003). ”4”. <i><span>Introduktion till kartografi och geografisk information</span></i>. Lund: Studentlitteratur. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/8425115">8425115</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-44-04050-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-44-04050-4">ISBN 91-44-04050-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=4&rft.atitle=Introduktion+till+kartografi+och+geografisk+information&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.isbn=91-44-04050-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kartografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Den svenska staden. Planering och gestaltning - från medeltid till industrialism</i> red. Thomas Hall & Katarina Dunér. <i>Aspekter på stadskartografins historia</i>, Ulla Ehrensvärd s. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i> multimedia plus, 2000 (uppslagsord karta)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lantmateriet.se/templates/LMV_Page.aspx?id=3014"><i>Översikt över kartprojektioner - Lantmäteriet</i></a></li> <li>Om <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0619.html">Kartprojektion i Nordiskfamiljebok</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://privat.bahnhof.se/wb261402/kartanshistoria.htm">Kartans historia</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&oldid=56182020">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&oldid=56182020</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kartografi" title="Kategori:Kartografi">Kartografi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 7 november 2024 kl. 21.20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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