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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General guidelines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_guidelines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General guidelines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Format_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recipients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchs_and_consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs_and_consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Monarchs and consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs_and_consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_ruling_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_ruling_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Members of the ruling family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_ruling_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use_and_discontinuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use_and_discontinuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern use and discontinuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use_and_discontinuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Korea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Korea subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Japan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shigō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shigō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Shigō</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shigō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese-style_(Han-style)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese-style_(Han-style)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Chinese-style (Han-style)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-style_(Han-style)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese-style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese-style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Japanese-style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsuigō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsuigō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Tsuigō</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsuigō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Malay world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Posthumous name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_p%C3%B3stumu" title="Nome póstumu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nome póstumu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93-h%C5%8D" title="Sē-hō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sē-hō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_a_t%C3%ADtol_p%C3%B2stum" title="Nom a títol pòstum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom a títol pòstum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmrtn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Posmrtné jméno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Posmrtné jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumer_Titel" title="Postumer Titel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postumer Titel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_p%C3%B3stumo" title="Nombre póstumo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre póstumo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نام پسامرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام پسامرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_posthume" title="Nom posthume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom posthume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%98%B8" title="시호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="मरणोपरांत नाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मरणोपरांत नाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_anumerta" title="Nama anumerta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama anumerta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_postumo" title="Nome postumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nome postumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomirtinis_vardas" title="Pomirtinis vardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pomirtinis vardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_selepas_mati" title="Nama selepas mati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nama selepas mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamgeving_van_Chinese_keizers" title="Naamgeving van Chinese keizers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naamgeving van Chinese keizers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%A1" title="諡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="諡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumt_navn" title="Posthumt navn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Posthumt navn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi%C4%99_po%C5%9Bmiertne" title="Imię pośmiertne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imię pośmiertne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_p%C3%B3stumo" title="Nome póstumo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nome póstumo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Посмертный титул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Посмертный титул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Posthumous name" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmrtno_ime" title="Posmrtno ime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Posmrtno ime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumno_ime" title="Posthumno ime – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Posthumno ime" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumt_namn" title="Postumt namn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Postumt namn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="สมัญญานาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัญญานาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_sonras%C4%B1_ad%C4%B1" title="Ölüm sonrası adı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölüm sonrası adı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F" title="Посмертне ім'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Посмертне ім'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="پس مرگ نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پس مرگ نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5y_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Thụy hiệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụy hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%A1" title="諡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Honorary name given after death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shi Hao" redirects here. For the Chinese bobsledder, see <a href="/wiki/Shi_Hao_(bobsledder)" title="Shi Hao (bobsledder)">Shi Hao (bobsledder)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Era_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Era names">Era names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Posthumous_name" title="Special:EditPage/Posthumous name">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Posthumous+name%22">"Posthumous name"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Posthumous+name%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Posthumous+name%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Posthumous+name%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Posthumous+name%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Posthumous+name%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Posthumous name</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AB%A1%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:諡號">諡號</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9A%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:謚號">謚號</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A5%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:谥号">谥号</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shì hào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">si3 hou6</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/th%E1%BB%A5y_hi%E1%BB%87u" class="extiw" title="wikt:thụy hiệu">thụy hiệu</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AB%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:諡">諡</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:號">號</a></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">시호</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">諡號</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">siho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">siho</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AB%A1%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:諡号">諡号</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">しごう / おくりごう</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">shigō/okurigō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>posthumous name</b> is an honorary <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">name</a> given mainly to revered dead people in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian culture</a>. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or reputation, the title is assigned after death and essentially replaces the name used during life. Although most posthumous names are given to royalty, some posthumous names are given to honour significant people without <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">hereditary titles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">military generals</a>. </p><p>To create a posthumous name, one or more adjectives are inserted before the deceased's title. The name of the state or domain of the owner may be added to avoid ambiguity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early mythological rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a> were known to have posthumous names.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> discoveries have shown that the titles of kings as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>1046 to 256 BC) are posthumous names, as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen</a>. Posthumous names commonly made tracing linear <a href="/wiki/Genealogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogies">genealogies</a> simpler and kept a bloodline apparent. </p><p>In the Zhou dynasty, the posthumous name was usually only one character, such as <i>Wen</i> ('cultured') or <i>Wu</i> ('martial'). Over time, rulers began adding more characters to their ancestors' posthumous names. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">first emperor of Tang</a>, the length had grown to seven characters, which was taxing to pronounce or write. Therefore, emperors after the Tang dynasty are commonly referred to by either their <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> (Tang through Yuan dynasties) or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> (Ming and Qing dynasties), both of which are always two characters long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of posthumous names temporarily stopped when emperor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> proclaimed it disrespectful for the descendants of emperors to judge their elders by assigning them descriptive titles. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> resumed using posthumous names after the fall of the Qin. </p><p>Posthumous names were used by non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, Japan, and Vietnam. King names of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_monarchs_of_Korea#Mahan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legendary monarchs of Korea">Mahan</a> followed the posthumous naming but are considered later works. Some rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> or rebel leaders, had similarly styled <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name#Sinosphere" title="Regnal name">regnal names</a> when they were alive. </p><p>Most monarchs inherited the throne and did not give negative posthumous names to the previous monarch. Later monarchs lengthened or changed some names. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Emperor Aizong of Jin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> were referred to by different names by different people. <a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(Song_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Hui (Song dynasty)">Qin Hui</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> had a name with a positive connotation, was then given a negative one, and later had the positive name restored.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Song dynasty, few received negative names.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Korea, the disfavored monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> did not receive posthumous names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_guidelines">General guidelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Posthumous_name" title="Special:EditPage/Posthumous name">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posthumous names can be praises (<span lang="zh-Hant">褒字</span>) or deprecations (<span lang="zh-Hant">貶字</span>). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called <i>respectful names</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">尊號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zūnhào</span></i>) in Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> extensively outlines the rules behind choosing the names. Most qualifications for a given name are subjective, repetitive, and highly <a href="/wiki/Stereotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypical">stereotypical</a>, meaning posthumous names are often chosen arbitrarily. Court historians usually provide such names according to the deceased's notable deeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a></div> <p>When combining an emperor's temple name and posthumous name, the temple name is placed first. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>, whose full posthumous title would be "Shizu, Emperor Zhang" (<span lang="zh">世祖章皇帝</span>), combines his temple name and the last three characters of his posthumous reputation, which is the form most commonly seen in formal documents. Some monarchs' and royal members' posthumous names were extended, such as <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Hyomyeong" title="Crown Prince Hyomyeong">Crown Prince Hyomyeong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunjo_of_Joseon" title="Sunjo of Joseon">Sunjo of Joseon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>. </p><p>Some monarchs did not follow these guidelines; for example, monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qi</a> used place names, while some monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> had Chinese transliterated posthumous words, and some monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> had differently styled posthumous names. Some early Japanese monarchs also had Japanese-style posthumous names<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和風諡号</span></span>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_posthumous_names" title="List of posthumous names">List of posthumous names</a></div> <p><i>Shihao</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">諡號</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">谥号</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shì hào</span></i>) is a Chinese term that means posthumous name and title.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of living Chinese people may be any combination of characters. Most often, posthumous names are chosen from a relatively small list, with their literal meaning eroding as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-nordvall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordvall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format_2">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese language format for posthumous names is "[<i>state</i>] [<i>adjective</i>] [<i>title</i>]". When translated into English, they take on the format "[<i>title</i>] [<i>adjective</i>] of [<i>state</i>]", such as <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of Zhou</a> ('Cultured King of Zhou'), <a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a> ('Solemn Duke of Qin'), and <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Chu" title="King Cheng of Chu">King Cheng of Chu</a> ('Accomplished King of Chu'). The literal meaning of the adjective usually needs to be translated.<sup id="cite_ref-nordvall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordvall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recipients">Recipients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recipients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monarchs_and_consorts">Monarchs and consorts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monarchs and consorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">characters</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a>", <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">huángdì</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皇帝</span></span>), which can be shortened to <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Dì</i></span>, except about a dozen less-recognized ones who have had only <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Dì</i></span> and not <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</i></span>. </p><p>Starting with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Xiaowen of Han</a> (more commonly Emperor Wen), every single Han emperor, except the first of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>, has the character of '<a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial</a>' (<span lang="zh-Hant">孝</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiào</span></i>) at the beginning of his posthumous name. 'Filial' is also used in the full posthumous names of virtually all emperors and empresses of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties. For Qing emperors, the character <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">xiào</i></span> is placed in various positions in the string of characters. For Qing empresses given posthumous names, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">xiào</i></span> is always initial. </p><p>The number of characters in posthumous names increased over time. The emperors of the Tang dynasty have posthumous names between 7 and 18 characters, while most in the Qing dynasty have more than 20 characters. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>'s posthumous name has 25 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The woman with the longest posthumous name (also 25 characters) is <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the shortened version of the name was <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孝欽顯皇后</span></span> ('the Distinguished Empress who was Admirably Filial').<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members_of_the_ruling_family">Members of the ruling family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Members of the ruling family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the noble system since the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, the immediate family members of the emperor were given the titles like King, Prince, Duke, or Earl, with or without actual control over a region. After their death, they would be referred to by the same title, with the posthumous name (usually one character) inserted in the middle. The characters used are mainly those used for emperors. For example, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong" title="Prince Gong">Prince Gong</a> of the Qing dynasty was posthumously named Zhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠</span></span>) and thus is referred to as Prince Gongzhong (<span lang="zh-Hant">恭忠親王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gōngzhōng qīnwáng</span></i>). <a href="/wiki/Yixuan,_Prince_Chun" title="Yixuan, Prince Chun">Prince Chun</a> was posthumously named Xian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賢</span></span>), and is therefore referred to as Prince Chunxian (<span lang="zh-Hant">醇賢親王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chúnxián qīnwáng</span></i>). </p><p>The posthumous name could include more than one character. For example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekdehun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekdehun (page does not exist)">Prince Shuncheng Lekdehun</a> was posthumously honoured as Prince Shuncheng Gonghui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">多罗顺承恭惠郡王</span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Yinxiang,_Prince_Yi" title="Yinxiang, Prince Yi">Yinxiang, Prince Yi</a> was granted a posthumous name consisting of 9 characters, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Zhongjing chengzhi qinshen lianming xian</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠敬诚直勤慎廉明贤</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officials">Officials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was also common for people with no hereditary titles, primarily accomplished <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-officials</a> or ministers, to be given posthumous names by the imperial court. The characters used are mainly the same as those used for emperors. The length, however, was restricted to one or two characters. The posthumous name is sometimes rendered <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> in English, for the scholar-official to <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> is considered analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. However, the process is shorter. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> has been given long posthumous names in almost every prominent dynasty; one of the most commonly used was <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Zhìshèngxiānshī</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">至聖先師</span></span>). Sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names (<span lang="zh-Hant">私諡</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">sīshì</span></i>). For example, the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">sīshì</i></span> given to <a href="/wiki/Tao_Yuanming" title="Tao Yuanming">Tao Qian</a> was <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Jìngjié</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">靖節</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use_and_discontinuation">Modern use and discontinuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern use and discontinuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emperors of China continued to receive posthumous names of increasing length as a matter of ritual long after the naming convention had been abandoned in casual speech and writing. The <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>, who died in 1908 and was the last emperor to receive a posthumous name, has a 21-character title: "Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing". <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last emperor of China, did not receive a posthumous name upon his death in 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea">Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, every monarch was given the title of <i>wang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">왕</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">王</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> king) with two characters in posthumous names from <a href="/wiki/Jijeung_of_Silla" title="Jijeung of Silla">Jijeung of Silla</a>. On the other hand, all posthumous names for kings of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> were restricted to one character. Most of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> were more often given <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple names</a> than posthumous names, unlike in the dynasties of ancient Korea. All posthumous names for the rulers of Goryeo and Joseon end in two of the characters for <i>Daewang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대왕</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">大王</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> great king). This is a longer name made up of adjectives characteristic of the king's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Details of the system of posthumous names were recorded during the Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon dynasty, officials discussed and decided on the king's posthumous name five days after the king's funeral. Before his temple and posthumous names were chosen, the deceased king was called <i>Daehaeng daewang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대행대왕</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">大行大王</span></span>). The Ministry of Culture and Education (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">예조</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">禮曹</span></span>) was in charge of the naming. The Ministry of Culture and Education selected three candidates and reported them to the next king, who chose the name he liked best. </p><p>The deposed kings' names were made up of three parts: the temple name (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">묘호</span></span>), eulogistic names (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">존호</span></span>), and posthumous names (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시호</span></span>). A deposed king was not given any posthumous names with temple names unless reinstated. They were degraded to the rank of a <i>gun</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">군</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">君</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> prince); <a href="/wiki/Yeonsangun_of_Joseon" title="Yeonsangun of Joseon">Yeonsan-gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwanghaegun_of_Joseon" title="Gwanghaegun of Joseon">Gwanghae-gun</a> are notable examples. Some men did not ascend to the throne in their lifetime but were proclaimed kings after they died by their descendants who became kings. In Joseon, nine men were raised to the status of emeritus kings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of Joseon">Gojong of Joseon</a> proclaimed Korea an empire in 1897, receiving the title of emperor, thus the posthumous names of Gojong and <a href="/wiki/Sunjong_of_Korea" title="Sunjong of Korea">Sunjong</a> end in two of the characters for <i>Hwangje</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">황제</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">皇帝</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> emperor). <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Hyomyeong" title="Crown Prince Hyomyeong">Crown Prince Hyomyeong</a> has been given the longest posthumous name in Korea. He was posthumously elevated in status and given the title Emperor Munjo with 117 characters in posthumous names in 1899. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="height:14em;"> <caption>Examples of full and shortened posthumous names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Shortened name </th> <th>Posthumous name </th> <th>Posthumous name (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">romanized</a>) </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwangjong_of_Goryeo" title="Gwangjong of Goryeo">Gwangjong of Goryeo</a> </td> <td><i>Gwangjong</i> </td> <td>Korean: <span lang="ko">홍도 선열 평세 숙헌 의효 강혜 대성 대왕</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Hongdo Seonyeol Pyeongse Sukheon Uihyo Ganghye Daeseong Daewang</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of Joseon">Gojong of Joseon</a> </td> <td><i>Taehwangje</i> </td> <td>Korean: <span lang="ko">통천 융운 조극 돈륜 정성 광의 명공 대덕 요준 순휘 우모 탕경 응명 입기 지화 신열 외훈 홍업 계기 선력 건행 곤정 영의 홍휴 수강 문헌 무장 인익 정효 태황제</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Tongcheon Yung-un Jogeuk Dollyun Jeongseong Gwang-ui Myeonggong Daedeok Yojun Sunhwi Umo Tanggyeong Eungmyeong Ipgi Jihwa Sinyeol Oehun Hong-eop Gyegi Seonryeok Geonhaeng Gonjeong Yeong-ui Honghyu Sugang Munheon Mujang Inik Jeonghyo Taehwangje</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Republic of Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Jeonju_Lee_Royal_Family_Association" title="Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association">Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association</a> has issued posthumous names, without the recognition the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">government</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Empress_Sunjeonghyo" title="Empress Sunjeonghyo">Empress Sunjeonghyo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Euimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Euimin">Crown Prince Euimin</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Gu,_Prince_Imperial_Hoeun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu, Prince Imperial Hoeun">Gu, Prince Imperial Hoeun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, posthumous names are divided into two types: <i>shigō</i> (Japanese: <span lang="ja">諡号</span>) and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuigō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">追号</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>In addition to the title, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天皇</span></span>, 'heavenly sovereign', usually translated as 'emperor')</span> is a part of all Japanese emperors' posthumous names, most of them consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters, although a few have three. Some names are given several generations later—this is the case for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a>, for example. Others are provided immediately after death, like that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shigō"><span id="Shig.C5.8D"></span><i>Shigō</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shigō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shigō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">諡号</span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">okuri-na</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">諡</span></span>)</span>, name describes the accomplishments and the virtues of the rulers. There are two styles of emperors' <i>shigō</i>: Chinese or Han style<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漢風諡号</span></span>)</span> and Japanese style<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和風諡号</span></span>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese-style_(Han-style)"><span id="Chinese-style_.28Han-style.29"></span>Chinese-style (Han-style)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese-style (Han-style)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jinmu Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神武天皇</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Divine Might</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a></li> <li>Nintoku Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仁徳天皇</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Benevolent and Virtuous</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nintoku" title="Emperor Nintoku">Emperor Nintoku</a></li> <li>Ōjin Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">応神天皇</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Answering the Deities</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cjin" title="Emperor Ōjin">Emperor Ōjin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese-style">Japanese-style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japanese-style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ōhatsuse Wakatake no Sumera-mikoto (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大泊瀬幼武天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%ABryaku" title="Emperor Yūryaku">Emperor Yūryaku</a>, better known by his Chinese-style <i>shigō</i> of Yūryaku Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雄略天皇</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Mighty Strategist</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</li> <li>Nunakuranofutotamashiki no Sumeramikoto (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">渟中倉太珠敷天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bidatsu" title="Emperor Bidatsu">Emperor Bidatsu</a>, better known by his Chinese-style <i>shigō</i> of Bidatsu Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">敏達天皇</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Intelligent and Virtuous</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsuigō"><span id="Tsuig.C5.8D"></span><i>Tsuigō</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tsuigō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tsuigō</i> names are derived from the name of locations and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era names</a>, among others. Those Japanese emperors are also sometimes called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">teigō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">帝号</span></span>, 'emperor name(s)')</span>. </p><p>Those who were named after the place where the emperor was born, lived or frequented: </p> <ul><li>Saga Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">嵯峨天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a>, named after a palace (<i>in</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">院</span></span>)</li> <li>Ichijō Tennō (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">一条天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ichijō">Emperor Ichijō</a>, named after an official residence (<i>tei</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">邸</span></span>)</li> <li>Kōmyō Tennō (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">光明天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōmyō">Emperor Kōmyō</a>, named after a temple</li> <li>Higashiyama Tennō (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">東山天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Higashiyama" title="Emperor Higashiyama">Emperor Higashiyama</a>, named after a hill</li> <li>Meiji Tennō (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">明治天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">his era name</a></li></ul> <p>Those who were named after an emperor whose admirable characteristics resemble those of an earlier one by adding <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Go</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">後</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">later</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> as a prefix to the earlier emperor's name: </p> <ul><li>Go-Ichijō Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">後一条天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Ichijō">Emperor Go-Ichijō</a>, who was preceded by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ichijō">Emperor Ichijō</a></li> <li>Go-Daigo Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">後醍醐天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a>, who was preceded by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daigo" title="Emperor Daigo">Emperor Daigo</a></li> <li>Go-Sakuramachi Tennō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">後桜町天皇</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a>, who was preceded by her father <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sakuramachi" title="Emperor Sakuramachi">Emperor Sakuramachi</a></li></ul> <p>The posthumous name of some emperors was derived from the combination of characters from two previous emperors' posthumous names: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Gen<u>mei</u></a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gensh%C5%8D" title="Empress Genshō">Empress Gen<u>shō</u></a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> → <a href="/wiki/Empress_Meish%C5%8D" title="Empress Meishō">Empress Meishō</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress <u>Shō</u>toku</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Emperor <u>Kō</u>nin</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> → <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shōkō">Emperor Shōkō</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use_2">Modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official posthumous names are still used in Japan. This tradition began with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>. Since the death of Emperor Meiji<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明治天皇</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Meiji Tennō</i></span>)</span> in 1912, the posthumous name of an emperor has always been the era name of his reign. In such cases, the posthumous names belong to the category of <i>tsuigō</i>. After his death, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> was formally renamed Emperor Shōwa<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和天皇</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōwa Tennō</i></span>)</span> after <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">his era</a>; Japanese people now refer to him by only that name, and not by his given name Hirohito. Most Japanese people never refer to emperors by their given names, as it is <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo#In_other_countries" title="Naming taboo">considered disrespectful</a>. A non-royal deceased person may be given a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Buddhist name</a> known as <i>kaimyō</i> but is, in practice, still referred to by the living name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malay_world">Malay world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malay world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Malay_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay sultanate">Malay sultanates</a> and other related sultanates and kingdoms of Southeast Asia, the posthumous names of the sultans and rulers always begin with the word <i>Marhum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">مرحوم</span></span>), an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> meaning 'the late ruler'. The word <i>Marhum</i> is followed by either the place of death or the burial site. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud II of Johor">Mahmud II of Johor</a>, who was killed while being carried on a royal <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">litter</a> in 1699, was posthumously known as Marhum Mangkat dijulang, which literally means 'the late ruler who died while being carried'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Malay posthumous names include: </p> <ul><li>Marhum Kampar (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">مرحوم كمڤر</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the late ruler who was buried at Kampar</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mahmud Shah of Malacca">Mahmud Shah of Malacca</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marhum Langgar (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">مرحوم لڠݢر</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the late ruler who was buried at Langgar</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Pahang" title="Muhammad Shah of Pahang">Muhammad Shah of Pahang</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thailand">Thailand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the death of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">King Chulalongkorn</a> in 1910, the king has been named for his <a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">reigning era</a> formally used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gazette_(Thailand)" title="Royal Gazette (Thailand)">Royal Gazette</a></i>. Some were given posthumous names to elevate their title, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">King Ananda</a>, who was posthumously titled Phra Athamaramathibodin. Kings Ananda and <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol</a> do not have specific reign names, and other kings, such as Chulalongkorn, are referred to using personal names. Most Thai people never refer to the king by their unique name or the informal Chula Chom Klao, as it is considered disrespectful. The personal name of King <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> will be regarded as casual until his death, when it will be replaced with the reign name Vajilaklao.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of posthumous names ceased in Vietnam with the <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định Emperor</a>, who died in 1925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead#Taboo_against_naming_the_dead" title="Taboo on the dead">Taboo against naming the dead</a></li> <li>Naming customs of East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay name">Malay name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese name</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tǐ tiān lóng yùn dìng tǒng jiàn jí yīng ruì qīn wén xiǎn wǔ dà dé hóng gōng zhì rén chún xiào zhāng huángdì</span></i> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Chinese-Emperor_Shunzhi_posthumous_name.ogg\/Chinese-Emperor_Shunzhi_posthumous_name.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chinese-Emperor Shunzhi posthumous name.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Chinese-Emperor_Shunzhi_posthumous_name.ogg/Chinese-Emperor_Shunzhi_posthumous_name.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese-Emperor_Shunzhi_posthumous_name.ogg" title="File:Chinese-Emperor Shunzhi posthumous name.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">孝欽慈禧端佑康頤昭豫莊誠壽恭欽獻崇熙配天興聖顯皇后</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiào qīn cí xǐ duān yòu kāng yí zhāo yù zhuāng chéng shòu gōng qīn xiàn chóng xī pèi tiān xīng shèng xiǎn huánghòu</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanja: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">弘道宣烈平世肅憲懿孝康惠大成大王</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanja: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">統天隆運肇極敦倫正聖光義明功大德堯峻舜徽禹謨湯敬應命立紀至化神烈巍勳洪業啓基宣曆乾行坤定英毅弘休壽康文憲武章仁翼貞孝太皇帝</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Genmei Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元明天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Genshō Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元正天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Meishō Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明正天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōtoku Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">称徳天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kōnin Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">光仁天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōkō Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">称光天皇</span></span>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yiwen Leiju</i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%97%9D%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A/%E5%8D%B7014" class="extiw" title="zh:s:藝文類聚/卷014">014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010033/http://news.xinhuanet.com/xhfk/2010-08/11/c_12433570.htm">韩侂胄——《宋史》中的一缕冤魂</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncue.edu.tw/~ccource/data/12.doc">從文臣諡號看明清諡法理論，宋秉仁</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152451/http://www.ncue.edu.tw/~ccource/data/12.doc">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E8%AB%A1%E8%99%9F">shì hào</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordvall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nordvall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordvall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordvall, L. Christian (2020)."The Inconsistent Translation of Posthumous Epithets". Translation Quarterly, no. 96, pp. 69–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwswAAAAMAAJ">"中和月刊"</a> (in Chinese). <b>2</b> (7–12). 新民印書舘. 1941: 25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1554571">1554571</a>. <q>...配天興聖顯皇后。后為<a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">穆宗</a>聖母，故云「興聖」也。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1554571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwswAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131919/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/common/printpreview.asp?categoryCode=628&newsIdx=153615">"Rediscovering aesthetics of Jongmyo Shrine"</a>. <i>Korea Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/common/printpreview.asp?categoryCode=628&newsIdx=153615">the original</a> on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+aesthetics+of+Jongmyo+Shrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fcommon%2Fprintpreview.asp%3FcategoryCode%3D628%26newsIdx%3D153615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085954/http://www.archontology.org/nations/korea/01_notes.php">"Korea: Notes"</a>. archontology.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/korea/01_notes.php">the original</a> on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Notes&rft.pub=archontology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fkorea%2F01_notes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART000927530">"조선시대 국왕호칭의 종류와 의미 The Kinds and Meaning of King's Name in the Chosun Dynasty"</a>. <i>역사와경계</i> (in English and Korean) (52). NRF: 46–67. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%99%80%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%95%ED%98%B8%EC%B9%AD%EC%9D%98+%EC%A2%85%EB%A5%98%EC%99%80+%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%B8+The+Kinds+and+Meaning+of+King%27s+Name+in+the+Chosun+Dynasty&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=46-67&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kci.go.kr%2Fkciportal%2Fci%2FsereArticleSearch%2FciSereArtiView.kci%3FsereArticleSearchBean.artiId%3DART000927530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2015" class="citation book cs1">Said, Tengku (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/959200554"><i>Sejarah Melayu: Sulalatus-salatin versi Siak</i></a>. Penerbit Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-12078-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-12078-5-7"><bdi>978-967-12078-5-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959200554">959200554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Melayu%3A+Sulalatus-salatin+versi+Siak&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kolej+Universiti+Islam+Melaka&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959200554&rft.isbn=978-967-12078-5-7&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Tengku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F959200554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan1973" class="citation cs2">Linehan, William (1973), <i>History of Pahang</i>, Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, p. 20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710-101-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710-101-37-2"><bdi>978-0710-101-37-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pahang&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Malaysian+Branch+Of+The+Royal+Asiatic+Society%2C+Kuala+Lumpur&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0710-101-37-2&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan1973" class="citation cs2">Linehan, William (1973), <i>History of Pahang</i>, Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710-101-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710-101-37-2"><bdi>978-0710-101-37-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pahang&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Malaysian+Branch+Of+The+Royal+Asiatic+Society%2C+Kuala+Lumpur&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0710-101-37-2&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posthumous_name&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:s:逸周書">54 (meanings of posthumous names)</a>". <bdi lang="zh">《逸周書》</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/Yizhoushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yizhoushu">Yizhoushu</a></i>] (in Traditional Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=54+%28meanings+of+posthumous+names%29&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosthumous+name" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696100#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568811">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998007252">Korea</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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