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eradication","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [38584614]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":97492029,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Polio vaccine development in Canada: Contributions to global polio eradication”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/97492029/mini_magick20230119-1-1wgcchh.png?1674091493" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Polio vaccine development in Canada: Contributions to global polio eradication</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38584614" href="https://nrc-ca.academia.edu/LuisBarreto"><img alt="Profile image of Luis Barreto" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Luis Barreto</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2006, Biologicals</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 95262329; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=95262329"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper briefly describes Canada's distinctive experience in the control of polio and offers some lessons for governments and health policy leaders in other jurisdictions, particularly as they consider immunization policies for the post-polio-eradication era.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":97492029,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95262329/Polio_vaccine_development_in_Canada_Contributions_to_global_polio_eradication"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":97492029,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95262329/Polio_vaccine_development_in_Canada_Contributions_to_global_polio_eradication"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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Revue canadienne de santé publique</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">with the advice of a multi-agency working group, embarked on a review of the literature to examine the issues and barriers related to Canadian population and public health (PPH) knowledge generation, dissemination and exchange, and uptake. The literature review was complemented by interviews with more than 30 Canadian, American, and United Kingdom organizations that are active in PPH research, especially synthesis research. Research organizations were asked about the mechanisms they use to support PPH research generation, synthesis, transfer, and exchange, as well as their impressions of the need for new Canadian organizational structures to encourage a more integrated approach to these tasks, including challenges to be addressed. This research project complements and builds on previous work of the CIHR-IPPH* (in partnership with the Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Population Health Initiative (CIHI-CPHI)), which consulted PPH researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers to identify research and knowledge transfer and exchange priorities in population and public health. During these consultation sessions, a number of challenges and opportunities were raised in relation to the synthesis, exchange and transfer of the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conquering the crippler: Canada and the eradication of polio","attachmentId":69871912,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52763263/Conquering_the_crippler_Canada_and_the_eradication_of_polio","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52763263/Conquering_the_crippler_Canada_and_the_eradication_of_polio"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="94597554" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94597554/Experiences_and_Lessons_From_Polio_Eradication_Applied_to_Immunization_in_10_Focus_Countries_of_the_Polio_Endgame_Strategic_Plan">Experiences and Lessons From Polio Eradication Applied to Immunization in 10 Focus Countries of the Polio Endgame Strategic Plan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="222987732" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MrJohnAgborAgbor">Mr. John Agbor Agbor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nine polio areas of expertise were applied to broader immunization and mother, newborn and child health goals in ten focus countries of the Polio Eradication Endgame Strategic Plan: policy & strategy development, planning, management and oversight (accountability framework), implementation & service delivery, monitoring, communications & community engagement, disease surveillance & data analysis, technical quality & capacity building, and partnerships. Although coverage improvements depend on multiple factors and increased coverage cannot be attributed to the use of polio assets alone, 6 out of the 10 focus countries improved coverage in three doses of diphtheria tetanus pertussis containing vaccine between 2013 and 2015. Government leadership, evidence-based programming, country-driven comprehensive operational annual plans, community partnership and strong accountability systems are critical for all programs and polio eradication has illustrated these can be leveraged to increase immunization coverage and equity and enhance global health security in the focus countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Experiences and Lessons From Polio Eradication Applied to Immunization in 10 Focus Countries of the Polio Endgame Strategic Plan","attachmentId":97010494,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94597554/Experiences_and_Lessons_From_Polio_Eradication_Applied_to_Immunization_in_10_Focus_Countries_of_the_Polio_Endgame_Strategic_Plan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94597554/Experiences_and_Lessons_From_Polio_Eradication_Applied_to_Immunization_in_10_Focus_Countries_of_the_Polio_Endgame_Strategic_Plan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="96044226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96044226/The_path_towards_polio_eradication_over_40_years_of_the_Expanded_Program_on_Immunization_in_the_Americas">The path towards polio eradication over 40 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization in the Americas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31991704" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaElenaCh%C3%A9vez">Ana Elena Chévez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article synthesizes the important lessons learned from polio eradication in the Region of the Americas, including initial and more recent challenges and best practices, as well as particular factors surrounding attainment of this ambitious goal. Using documents, interviews, and country surveys, the authors describe and analyze the strategies and lessons learned during the 40 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization (1977 – 2017). Some major milestones and chxallenges specifically covered are: the Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (VDPV) outbreak in the Dominican Republic; the regional “mop-up operation;” poliovirus containment in essential facilities; the unprecedented introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); the synchronized switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV; and the countries’ unfailing commitment to the cause.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The path towards polio eradication over 40 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization in the Americas","attachmentId":98052974,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96044226/The_path_towards_polio_eradication_over_40_years_of_the_Expanded_Program_on_Immunization_in_the_Americas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96044226/The_path_towards_polio_eradication_over_40_years_of_the_Expanded_Program_on_Immunization_in_the_Americas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="45440183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45440183/Vaccinating_a_Nation_Lessons_from_the_Polio_Epidemic">Vaccinating a Nation: Lessons from the Polio Epidemic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="143581112" href="https://brown.academia.edu/ZacharyKapner">Zachary Kapner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rhode Island Medial Journal, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vaccinating a Nation: Lessons from the Polio Epidemic","attachmentId":65951362,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45440183/Vaccinating_a_Nation_Lessons_from_the_Polio_Epidemic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45440183/Vaccinating_a_Nation_Lessons_from_the_Polio_Epidemic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="68128323" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68128323/Polio_Eradication_From_the_Western_Hemisphere">Polio Eradication From the Western Hemisphere</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33198450" href="https://jhsph.academia.edu/JonAndrus">Jon Andrus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annual Review of Public Health, 1992</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">the process of vaccine manufacture had to be changed, thus resulting in a vaccine of substantially lower potency than that which had been used in prelicensure trials (19). Not surprisingly, there was an increase in polio incidence during 1958 and 1959, partly because of the use of low potency vaccine (12). This occurrence gave added impetus to the development of a live, oral polio vaccine, which was introduced in 1961. The OPV was initially a monovalent preparation, but, within three years, a trivalent preparation was substituted. The formulation was based on successful programs in Canada, where investigators used a trivalent OPV preparation comprised, respectively, of 1,000,000, 100,000, and 300,000 TCID50 of the poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 (36). By 1965, trivalent OPV had completely replaced the monovalent antecedents in the US (40). Since 1965, approximately 20 million doses of trivalent OPV have been administered each year in the US. Since 1968, only 0.5% of the polio vaccine doses applied in the US have been IPV (12). In 1974, nearly 20 years after polio vaccine was first introduced, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Expanded Programme on Im munization (EPI) (42). Thereafter, several vaccines were increasingly used. In addition to OPV, there are vaccines against measles and tuberculosis, as well as the familiar diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine. This review describes the experience of the program coordinated by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in the Americas. We focus on the OPV, which was first used to control, and then to interrupt, the indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus. In addition, we discuss the choice of vaccine,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Polio Eradication From the Western Hemisphere","attachmentId":78715098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68128323/Polio_Eradication_From_the_Western_Hemisphere","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68128323/Polio_Eradication_From_the_Western_Hemisphere"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="24491894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24491894/The_role_of_routine_polio_immunization_in_the_post_certification_era">The role of routine polio immunization in the post-certification era</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36107927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VictorMoranCaceres">Victor Moran Caceres</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The role of routine vaccination against poliomyelitis for the post-certification era remains an important area for policy decision-making. Two critical decisions need to be taken: first, to continue or discontinue vaccination with the live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV); and second, if OPV is to be discontinued, whether vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is needed. Four potential vaccination scenarios can be constructed: stop all polio vaccination; continue with current vaccination policies (OPV, IPV, or sequential schedule); discontinue OPV, but continue IPV universally; or discontinue OPV, but continue IPV in selected countries. All possible scenarios require continued investments in a surveillance and response strategy, including a stockpile of polio vaccine. Continuing vaccination would limit the savings that could be applied to the control of other health priorities. This report reviews the key issues associated with each scenario, highlights the ad...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of routine polio immunization in the post-certification era","attachmentId":44824598,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24491894/The_role_of_routine_polio_immunization_in_the_post_certification_era","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24491894/The_role_of_routine_polio_immunization_in_the_post_certification_era"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="125558088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125558088/Review_of_Polio_eradication_at_the_crossroads">Review of: "Polio eradication at the crossroads</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="327910755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DhanyaDharmapalan">Dhanya Dharmapalan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For reasons unknown, the failing global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) has not got the attention it deserves, from global experts of polio epidemiology, vaccinology and public health ethics, the three disciplines involved. All high-income countries had eliminated polio, decades ago, the disease and poliovirus infection, wild and vaccine, by the tactical use of polio immunisation. Some had started and continued with Salk inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) never allowing the Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV); some had eliminated wild polioviruses using OPV and then eliminated vaccine viruses with switch to IPV; some started with a mixed</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of: \"Polio eradication at the crossroads","attachmentId":119579605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125558088/Review_of_Polio_eradication_at_the_crossroads","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125558088/Review_of_Polio_eradication_at_the_crossroads"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86301988" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86301988/The_Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiatives_From_Past_to_Present">The Global Polio Eradication Initiatives: From Past to Present</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140958112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbdulBasitKhan37">Abdul Basit Khan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The war against infections is one that has been remuneration all through the history of human. In this centuries-long effort the worldwide population has prepared remarkable advancement in stopping infections, therapeutic infections, and enlarging living expectancies. Up till now for all our successes, only once in history 30 years ago, with smallpox made completely eliminate an infection from the earth. Now a days we are on the entrance of eradicating the earth of polio an infection able of crippling and killing many children. The story of polio is both lengthy and hesitant. The arrival of efficient vaccines in the 1950s facilitated polio prevention, and the resultant struggles were victorious wildly, however confronts still continue (Plan, 2011).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Global Polio Eradication Initiatives: From Past to Present","attachmentId":90784374,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86301988/The_Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiatives_From_Past_to_Present","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86301988/The_Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiatives_From_Past_to_Present"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="18548990" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18548990/Polio_vaccine_The_first_50_years_and_beyond">Polio vaccine: The first 50 years and beyond</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38584614" href="https://nrc-ca.academia.edu/LuisBarreto">Luis Barreto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biologicals, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A conference on ''Polio vaccine: the first 50 years and beyond'' was held in Toronto, Canada, June 2005. The purpose of the conference was to bring together regulators, manufacturers, academics and public health authorities to celebrate the accomplishments of the past 50 years, to consider the challenges of achieving and sustaining polio eradication and to review standardization and regulatory issues around existing and new poliovaccines. In the final session of the conference the following summary of the meeting was presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Polio vaccine: The first 50 years and beyond","attachmentId":40123513,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18548990/Polio_vaccine_The_first_50_years_and_beyond","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18548990/Polio_vaccine_The_first_50_years_and_beyond"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="106013846" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106013846/So_close_remaining_challenges_to_eradicating_polio">So close: remaining challenges to eradicating polio</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121894724" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TooleMike">Mike Toole</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC Medicine, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, launched in 1988, is close to achieving its goal. In 2015, reported cases of wild poliovirus were limited to just two countries-Afghanistan and Pakistan. Africa has been polio-free for more than 18 months. Remaining barriers to global eradication include insecurity in areas such as Northwest Pakistan and Eastern and Southern Afghanistan, where polio cases continue to be reported. Hostility to vaccination is either based on extreme ideologies, such as in Pakistan, vaccination fatigue by parents whose children have received more than 15 doses, and misunderstandings about the vaccine's safety and effectiveness such as in Ukraine. A further challenge is continued circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus in populations with low immunity, with 28 cases reported in 2015 in countries as diverse as Madagascar, Ukraine, Laos, and Myanmar. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology of wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus, and describes the remaining challenges to eradication and innovative approaches being taken to overcome them.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"So close: remaining challenges to eradicating polio","attachmentId":105323419,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106013846/So_close_remaining_challenges_to_eradicating_polio","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106013846/So_close_remaining_challenges_to_eradicating_polio"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97492029,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97492029,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_97492029" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/52558234/Synergized_immunization_programming_Pakistan_s_road_to_polio_eradication"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1646669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1646669/Achieving_Polio_Eradication_A_Need_for_Innovative_Strategies">Achieving Polio Eradication: A Need for Innovative Strategies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1075331" href="https://uclouvain.academia.edu/JeanMacq">Jean Macq</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biophysical Chemistry</p><div 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