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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_human_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early human control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_human_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_human_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_human_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Later human control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_human_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Use in war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productive_use_for_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productive_use_for_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Productive use for energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productive_use_for_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_adiabatic_temperatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_adiabatic_temperatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Typical adiabatic temperatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_adiabatic_temperatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fire science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fire_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fire science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fire_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firefighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firefighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Firefighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firefighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management,_prevention_and_protection_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management,_prevention_and_protection_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Management, prevention and protection systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management,_prevention_and_protection_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 206 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-206" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">206 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuur" title="Vuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuer" title="Feuer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Feuer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B5" title="እሳት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እሳት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="आगिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आगिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3r" title="Fȳr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuego" title="Fuego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fuego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90_(%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%A9%DC%90)" title="ܢܘܪܐ (ܕܠܩܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܘܪܐ (ܕܠܩܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focu" title="Focu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Focu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87" title="জুই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জুই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueu" title="Fueu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fueu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickote" title="Ickote – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickote" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="आगी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आगी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata" title="Tata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina" title="Nina – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nina" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od" title="Od – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Od" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF" title="اود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="আগুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e" title="Hóe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82" title="Ут – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ут" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Агонь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агонь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Агонь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Агонь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayo" title="Kalayo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kalayo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Огън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Огън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feia" title="Feia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Feia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vatra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="Tan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foc" title="Foc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Foc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Çулăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayo_(butang)" title="Kalayo (butang) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalayo (butang)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohe%C5%88" title="Oheň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oheň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto" title="Moto – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moto" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focu" title="Focu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Focu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n" title="Tân – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tân" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C9%A3im" title="Buɣim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buɣim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ild" title="Ild – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ild" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عافية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عافية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feier" title="Feier – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Feier" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuer" title="Feuer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C7%AB%CA%BC" title="Kǫʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kǫʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="आगो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आगो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Φωτιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBg" title="Fûg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fûg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuego" title="Fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajro" title="Fajro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fajro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueu" title="Hueu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hueu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Su" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aagi" title="Aagi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aagi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu" title="Feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjoer" title="Fjoer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fjoer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBc" title="Fûc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fûc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine" title="Tine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine" title="Teine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lume" title="Lume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%97" title="આગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3" title="Fó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88" title="불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuta" title="Wuta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wuta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կրակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97" title="आग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vatra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairo" title="Fairo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fairo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cku" title="Ọku – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọku" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuy" title="Apuy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Apuy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foco" title="Foco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Foco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foy" title="Foy – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Foy" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%91%AF%E1%92%AA" title="ᐃᑯᒪ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᑯᒪ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldur" title="Eldur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuoco" title="Fuoco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9" title="אש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni" title="Geni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B" title="Miŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೆಂಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಂಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ცეცხლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცეცხლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82" title="От – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="От" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="Tan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto" title="Moto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dife" title="Dife – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dife" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dif%C3%A9" title="Difé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Difé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agir" title="Agir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Agir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignis" title="Ignis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ignis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguns" title="Uguns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uguns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feier" title="Feier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Feier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="ЦӀай – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЦӀай" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnis" title="Ugnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alit%C3%B6" title="Alitö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Alitö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuur" title="Vuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Mɔ̌tɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ch" title="Föch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Föch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1z" title="Tűz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оган – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оган" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afo" title="Afo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80" title="തീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahi" title="Ahi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ahi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დაჩხირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დაჩხირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="تش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯃꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%8Di" title="Huōi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huōi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuogo" title="Fuogo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fuogo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Тол – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тол" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tletl" title="Tletl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tletl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukawaqa" title="Bukawaqa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bukawaqa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuur" title="Vuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Vüür – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vüür" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="आगो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आगो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffuoco" title="Ffuoco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ffuoco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ial_(brant)" title="Ial (brant) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ial (brant)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ild" title="Ild – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ild" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eld" title="Eld – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eld" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%B2c" title="Fuòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fuòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olov" title="Olov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਅੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuer" title="Feuer – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Feuer" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namal" title="Namal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Namal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="اگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela" title="Candela – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Candela" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faya" title="Faya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Faya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="ភ្លើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្លើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu" title="Fu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu" title="Feu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Feu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapuy" title="sapuy – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="sapuy" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Füür – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Füür" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogie%C5%84" title="Ogień – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogień" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogo" title="Fogo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fogo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foc" title="Foc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Foc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina" title="Nina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Огонь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Огонь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Уот – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lamal" title="lamal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lamal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" title="Fire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puniq" title="Puniq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Puniq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molelo" title="Molelo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Molelo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjarri" title="Zjarri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zjarri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focu" title="Focu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Focu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB" title="ගින්දර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගින්දර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" title="Fire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="باھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohe%C5%88" title="Oheň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oheň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogenj" title="Ogenj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogenj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94gy%C5%84" title="Ôgyń – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôgyń" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dab" title="Dab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="ئاگر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاگر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ватра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ватра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vatra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuneu" title="Seuneu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Seuneu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eld" title="Eld – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoy" title="Apoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நெருப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெருப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timess" title="Timess – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timess" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%A8che" title="Fuèche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Fuèche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82" title="Ут – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ут" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="ၽႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႆး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/puniq" title="puniq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="puniq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81)" title="అగ్ని (నిప్పు) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగ్ని (నిప్పు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Оташ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оташ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi" title="Afi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Afi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎪᏛᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏛᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27%C3%ABsta" title="Ho'ësta – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'ësta" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C5%9F" title="Ateş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ateş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вогонь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вогонь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF" title="آگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ئوت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feiz" title="Feiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Feiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3go" title="Fógo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fógo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4moi" title="Lämoi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lämoi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%ADa" title="Lửa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lửa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil" title="Fil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tuli" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu" title="Feu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Feu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayo" title="Kalayo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalayo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safara" title="Safara – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Safara" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A1" title="Iná – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iná" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1r" title="Adır – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Adır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogn%C4%97s" title="Ognės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ognės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C9%94" title="Myɔ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Myɔ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Api" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuy" title="Apuy – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Apuy" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rapid and hot oxidation of a material</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fire (disambiguation)">Fire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_bonfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Large_bonfire.jpg/250px-Large_bonfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Large_bonfire.jpg/500px-Large_bonfire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An outdoor wood fire</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv/250px--Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv/Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ignition and extinguishing of a pile of wood shavings</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Fire</b> is the rapid <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> chemical process of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, releasing <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, and various reaction <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flames</a>, the most visible portion of the fire, are produced in the combustion reaction when the fuel reaches its <a href="/wiki/Ignition_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignition point">ignition point</a>. Flames from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> fuels consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensity_(heat_transfer)" title="Intensity (heat transfer)">intensity</a> of the flame depend on the type of fuel and composition of the surrounding gases.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire, in its most common form, has the potential to result in <a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">conflagration</a>, which can lead to permanent physical damage. It directly impacts land-based ecological systems worldwide. The positive effects of fire include stimulating plant growth and maintaining ecological balance. Its negative effects include hazards to life and property, atmospheric pollution, and water contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When fire removes <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion#Vegetative_cover" title="Soil erosion">protective vegetation</a>, heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion#Rainfall_and_surface_runoff" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burning of vegetation releases <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> into the atmosphere, unlike other plant nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> which remain in the <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">ash</a> and are quickly recycled into the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This loss of nitrogen produces a long-term reduction in the fertility of the soil, though it can be recovered by <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-fixing">nitrogen-fixing</a></i> plants such as <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>; by decomposition of animal waste and corpses, and by natural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. </p><p>Fire is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">classical elements</a> and has been used by humans in <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">rituals</a>, in agriculture for clearing land, for cooking, generating heat and light, for signaling, propulsion purposes, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> of waste, <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>, and as a weapon or mode of destruction. Various technologies and strategies have been devised to <a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">prevent</a>, manage, <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">mitigate</a>, and extinguish fires, with professional <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> playing a leading role. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>fire</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Esimbi-language text"><i lang="ags">fȳr</i></span> and has cognates in many <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> nominative form is reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">fōr</i></span>, descending from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">péh<sub>2</sub>wr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative spelling existed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>: <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">fier</i></span>; still preserved in <i>fiery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record_of_fire" title="Fossil record of fire">Fossil record of fire</a></div> <p>The fossil record of fire first appears with the establishment of a land-based flora in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle Ordovician</a> period, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=470">470</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wellman2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellman2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contributed large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to the atmosphere, as the new hordes of land plants pumped it out as a waste product. When this concentration rose above 13%, it permitted the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildfire is first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Silurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Silurian">Late Silurian</a> fossil record, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=420">420</a> million years ago</span>, by fossils of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charred</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-DoiGMissing_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoiGMissing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from a controversial gap in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a>, charcoal is present ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of atmospheric oxygen is closely correlated with the amount of charcoal in the fossil record, clearly pointing to oxygen as the key factor in the prevalence of wildfire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire also became more abundant when grasses became the dominant component of many ecosystems, around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=6–7">6 to 7</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing excellent <a href="/wiki/Tinder" title="Tinder">tinder</a> for more rapid spread of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This widespread emergence of wildfire may have initiated a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> process, whereby they produced a warmer, drier climate more conducive to fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_control">Human control</h3></div> <p>The period of history characterized by the influence of human-caused fire activity on Earth has been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrocene" title="Pyrocene">pyrocene</a>. This epoch includes the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, especially for technological uses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_human_control">Early human control</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Des8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Des8.jpg/220px-Des8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Des8.jpg/330px-Des8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Des8.jpg/440px-Des8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> starting a fire in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ability to control fire was a dramatic change in the habits of early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Making_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Making fire">Making fire</a> to generate heat and light made it possible for people to <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cook</a> food, simultaneously increasing the variety and availability of nutrients and reducing disease by killing pathogenic microorganisms in the food.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat produced would also help people stay warm in cold weather, enabling them to live in cooler climates. Fire also kept nocturnal predators at bay. Evidence of occasional cooked food is found from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.0">1</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting it was used in a controlled fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources put the date of regular use at 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence becomes widespread around 50 to 100 thousand years ago, suggesting regular use from this time; resistance to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> started to evolve in human populations at a similar point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009b_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of fire became progressively more sophisticated, as it was used to create charcoal and to control wildlife from tens of thousands of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2009b_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2009b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif/250px-Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif/330px-Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif/500px-Potjiekos_over_a_fire.gif 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Here, food is cooked in a <a href="/wiki/Potjie" class="mw-redirect" title="Potjie">cauldron</a> above fire in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, during the introduction of grain-based agriculture, people all over the world used fire as a tool in <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> management. These fires were typically <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a> or "cool fires", as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires", which damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are generally conducted in the spring and autumn. They clear undergrowth, burning up <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another human use for fire in regards to landscape management is its use to clear land for agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a> agriculture is still common across much of tropical Africa, Asia and South America. For small farmers, controlled fires are a convenient way to clear overgrown areas and release nutrients from standing vegetation back into the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.ei.columbia.edu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.ei.columbia.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this useful strategy is also problematic. Growing population, fragmentation of forests and warming climate are making the earth's surface more prone to ever-larger escaped fires. These harm ecosystems and human infrastructure, cause health problems, and send up spirals of carbon and soot that may encourage even more warming of the atmosphere – and thus feed back into more fires. Globally today, as much as 5 million square kilometres – an area more than half the size of the United States – burns in a given year.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.ei.columbia.edu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.ei.columbia.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_human_control">Later human control</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Fire_of_London,_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG/155px-The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG/233px-The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG/310px-The_Great_Fire_of_London%2C_with_Ludgate_and_Old_St._Paul%27s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Lyceum in 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/250px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/500px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Fire_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Fire of London">The Great Fire of London</a> (1666) and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> after four <a href="/wiki/Fire-bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-bombing">fire-bombing</a> raids in July 1943, which killed an estimated 50,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout much of history, cultures attempted to explain nature and the properties of matter by proposing a set of four (or five) <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire formed one of the components</a>. As scientific understanding developed following the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, this philosophy was replaced by a set of chemical elements and their interactions. Instead, the classical elements found an equivalency in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">states of matter</a>: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century, a study of combustion was made by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> who discovered that burning charcoal released a <i>gas sylvestris</i>, or wild spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolman_2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolman_2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was subsequently incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">Phlogiston theory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Becher" title="Johann Joachim Becher">Johann Joachim Becher</a> in 1667; a concept that would dominate alchemical thinking for nearly two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> who demonstrated that combustion did not involve the release of a substance, but rather something was being taken up.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolman_2023_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolman_2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1777, Lavoisier proposed a new theory of combustion based on the reaction of a material with a component of air, which he termed oxygène. By 1791, Lavoisier's chemistry concepts had been widely adopted by young scientists, and Phlogiston theory was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire has been used for centuries as a method of torture and execution,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">death by burning</a> as well as torture devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Boot_(torture)" title="Boot (torture)">iron boot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could be heated over an open fire to the agony of the wearer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on Earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> provide <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> for a large percentage of humanity by igniting fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, then using the resultant heat to boil water into <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, which then drives <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_war">Use in war</h4></div> <p>The use of fire in <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">warfare</a> has a long <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">history</a>. Fire was the basis of all <a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">early thermal weapons</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary devices</a>, heated projectiles, and the use of smoke. This class of weapons was particularly evident during naval battles and <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> fleet used <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> to attack ships and men.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNab_2015_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNab_2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in China led to the <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lance</a>, a flame-thrower weapon dating to around 1000 CE which was a precursor to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">projectile weapons driven by burning gunpowder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest modern <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a> were used by infantry in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, first used by German troops against entrenched French troops near Verdun in February 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later successfully mounted on armoured vehicles in the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand-thrown <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary bombs">incendiary bombs</a> improvised from glass bottles, later known as <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">Molotov cocktails</a>, were deployed during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that war, incendiary bombs were deployed against <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a> by Fascist <a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Italian</a> and Nazi <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">German</a> air forces that had been created specifically to support <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco's</a> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incendiary bombs were dropped by <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> during the Second World War, notably on <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a>. In the latter two cases, <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorms</a> were deliberately caused in which a ring of fire surrounding each city was drawn inward by an <a href="/wiki/Vertical_draft" title="Vertical draft">updraft</a> created by a central cluster of fires.<sup id="cite_ref-BarashWebel2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarashWebel2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Army Air Force extensively used incendiaries against Japanese targets in the latter months of the war, devastating entire cities constructed primarily of wood and paper houses. The incendiary fluid <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> was used in July 1944, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, although its use did not gain public attention until the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Productive_use_for_energy">Productive use for energy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseCoalPower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/ChineseCoalPower.jpg/250px-ChineseCoalPower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/ChineseCoalPower.jpg/330px-ChineseCoalPower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/ChineseCoalPower.jpg/500px-ChineseCoalPower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal-fired power station</a> in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Burning <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> converts chemical energy into heat energy; <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> has been used as fuel since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> states that nearly 80% of the world's power has consistently come from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> in the past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire in a <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> is used to heat water, creating steam that drives <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a>. The turbines then spin an <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> to produce electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire is also used to provide <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">mechanical work</a> directly by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>, in both <a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">unburnable</a> solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire is called <i>clinker</i> if its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> is below the flame temperature, so that it fuses and then solidifies as it cools, and <i>ash</i> if its melting point is above the flame temperature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/250px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/330px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/500px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>The balanced chemical equation for the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fire is a chemical process in which a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> react, yielding <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process, known as a <a href="/wiki/Combustion_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustion reaction">combustion reaction</a>, does not proceed directly and involves <a href="/wiki/Reaction_intermediate" title="Reaction intermediate">intermediates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the oxidizing agent is typically <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, other compounds are able to fulfill the role. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">chlorine trifluoride</a> is able to ignite <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fires start when a <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidizers exist, such as chlorine),<sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is exposed to a source of heat or ambient <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a>. This is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">fire tetrahedron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>, a substance that is not consumed, when added, in any <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of some similar force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, which removes combustion products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from the air, which exclude oxygen and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extinguish" class="extiw" title="wikt:extinguish">extinguish</a> the fire. Because of this, the risk of fire in a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> is small when it is <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">coasting</a> in inertial flight.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_tetrahedron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fire_tetrahedron.svg/250px-Fire_tetrahedron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fire_tetrahedron.svg/330px-Fire_tetrahedron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fire_tetrahedron.svg/440px-Fire_tetrahedron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The fire <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fire can be <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">extinguished</a> by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron.<sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stove-top burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following: </p> <ul><li>turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;</li> <li>covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO<sub>2</sub>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher#Halons,_Halon-replacement_clean_agents_and_carbon_dioxide" title="Fire extinguisher">application of an inert gas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, smothering the flame by displacing the available oxidizer;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end); or</li> <li>application of a retardant chemical such as <a href="/wiki/Halomethane#Fire_extinguishing" title="Halomethane">Halon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher#Halons,_Halon-replacement_clean_agents_and_carbon_dioxide" title="Fire extinguisher">largely banned</a> in some countries as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do this include balancing the input of fuel and oxidizer to <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> proportions,<sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer_NicDaéid_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing fuel and oxidizer input in this balanced mix, increasing the ambient temperature so the fire's own heat is better able to sustain combustion, or providing a catalyst, a non-reactant medium in which the fuel and oxidizer can more readily react. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flame">Flame</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">Flame test</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candle-light-animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Candle-light-animated.gif/250px-Candle-light-animated.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Candle-light-animated.gif/330px-Candle-light-animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Candle-light-animated.gif/340px-Candle-light-animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_flame" title="Diffusion flame">diffusion flame</a> is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">frequency spectrum</a> of which depends on the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a> of the burning material and intermediate reaction products. During the burning of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, for example wood, or the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of gas, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> solid particles called <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> produce the familiar red-orange glow of "fire".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This light has a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous spectrum">continuous spectrum</a>. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. </p><p>Usually oxygen is involved, but <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> burning in <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> also produces a flame, producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> (HCl).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many, are <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen and hydrazine/<a href="/wiki/UDMH" class="mw-redirect" title="UDMH">UDMH</a> flames are similarly pale blue, while burning <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and its compounds, evaluated in mid-20th century as a <a href="/wiki/Zip_fuel" title="Zip fuel">high energy fuel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>, emits intense green flame, leading to its informal nickname of "Green Dragon".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png/250px-Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png/330px-Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png/500px-Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, showing variations in the flame color due to temperature. The hottest parts near the ground appear yellowish-white, while the cooler upper parts appear red.</figcaption></figure> <p>The glow of a flame is complex. <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a> is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> emission by de-excited <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and infrared bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission spectra">emission spectra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Space_Fire.jpg/220px-Space_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Space_Fire.jpg/330px-Space_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Space_Fire.jpg/440px-Space_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Fire is affected by gravity. Left: Flame on Earth; Right: Flame on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a> in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">microgravity or zero gravity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as an environment in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it may go out if not moved steadily, as the CO<sub>2</sub> from combustion does not disperse as readily in microgravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiments by <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> reveal that <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_flame" title="Diffusion flame">diffusion flames</a> in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in micro gravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discoveries have potential applications in <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">industry</a>, especially concerning <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typical_adiabatic_temperatures">Typical adiabatic temperatures</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_flame_temperature" title="Adiabatic flame temperature">Adiabatic flame temperature</a></div> <p>The adiabatic flame temperature of a given fuel and oxidizer pair is that at which the gases achieve stable combustion. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxy</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dicyanoacetylene" title="Dicyanoacetylene">dicyanoacetylene</a> 4,990 °C (9,000 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceNotes_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceNotes-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxy</a>–<a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> 3,997 °C (7,200 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_Toolbox_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering_Toolbox-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhydrogen" title="Oxyhydrogen">Oxyhydrogen</a> 3,473 °C (6,300 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_Toolbox_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering_Toolbox-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a>–<a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> 2,500 °C (4,500 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_Toolbox_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering_Toolbox-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a> (air–<a href="/wiki/MAPP_gas" title="MAPP gas">MAPP gas</a>) 2,020 °C (3,700 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceNotes_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceNotes-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a> (air–<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>) 1,300 to 1,600 °C (2,400 to 2,900 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a> (air–<a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a>) 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceNotes_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceNotes-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fire_science">Fire science</h2></div> <p>Fire science is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a> which includes fire behavior, dynamics, and <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. Applications of fire science include <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">fire protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">fire investigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></div> <p>Every natural ecosystem on land has its own <a href="/wiki/Fire_regime" title="Fire regime">fire regime</a>, and the organisms in those ecosystems are adapted to or dependent upon that fire regime. Fire creates a mosaic of different <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> patches, each at a different stage of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting a particular stage, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firefighting">Firefighting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">Fire fighting</a> services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> use <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire apparatus</a>, water supply resources such as <a href="/wiki/Water_main" class="mw-redirect" title="Water main">water mains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">fire hydrants</a> or they might use A and B class foam depending on what is feeding the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early detection of a wildfire outbreak can be performed by a <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">fire lookout</a> observing from a <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">tower</a> constructed for that purpose. The use of these towers peaked in 1938 and has been in decline since that time; most of the fire surveillance work is now performed using <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared sensor">infrared sensors</a> and aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Fire suppression aircraft</a> guided by a lookout can be used to help manage wildfires. These are primarily used in support of ground crews<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management,_prevention_and_protection_systems"><span id="Management.2C_prevention_and_protection_systems"></span><span class="anchor" id="Fire_management"></span>Management, prevention and protection systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildfire#Prevention" title="Wildfire">Wildfire § Prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">Fire prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville,_Quebec,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>An abandoned convent on fire in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Controlling a fire to optimize its size, shape, and intensity is generally called <i>fire management</i>, and the more advanced forms of it, as traditionally (and sometimes still) practiced by skilled cooks, <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster" title="Ironmaster">ironmasters</a>, and others, are highly <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skilled</a> activities. They include knowledge of which fuel to burn; how to arrange the fuel; how to stoke the fire both in early phases and in maintenance phases; how to modulate the heat, flame, and smoke as suited to the desired application; how best to bank a fire to be revived later; how to choose, design, or modify stoves, fireplaces, bakery ovens, or industrial <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a>; and so on. Detailed expositions of fire management are available in various books about blacksmithing, about skilled <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">military scouting</a>, and about <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">domestic arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as <i>wildland fire use</i> and <i>prescribed or <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wildland fire use</i> refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn. <i>Controlled burns</i> are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire prevention is intended to reduce sources of ignition. Fire prevention also includes education to teach people how to avoid causing fires.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings, especially schools and tall buildings, often conduct <a href="/wiki/Fire_drill" title="Fire drill">fire drills</a> to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> and is a crime in most jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Model <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> require <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">active fire protection</a> systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. A common form of active fire protection is <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinklers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maximize passive fire protection of buildings, building materials and furnishings in most developed countries are tested for <a href="/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">fire-resistance</a>, combustibility and <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">Upholstery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpeting">carpeting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> used in vehicles and vessels are also tested. </p><p>Where fire prevention and fire protection have failed to prevent damage, <a href="/wiki/Fire_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire insurance">fire insurance</a> can mitigate the financial impact.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Injak_bara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Injak_bara.jpg/250px-Injak_bara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Injak_bara.jpg/330px-Injak_bara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Injak_bara.jpg/500px-Injak_bara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a> ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Fire has been an importance element of human culture since the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence demonstrates that <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire worship</a> has been widely practiced since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, with dedicated structures found dating from at least the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> originated from this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some societies <a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_deities" title="List of fire deities">fire was a deity</a>, while others viewed it as the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">manifestation of the divine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyne_2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyne_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire in a <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> was perceived as symbolic of the Heavenly Fire, and thus is considered a sacred component by fire worshipping cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of fire became a subject of mythology. In ancient Greek culture, the Titan–god <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Theft_of_fire" title="Theft of fire">stealing heavenly fire</a> and gifting it to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyne_2016_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyne_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> as a funerary practice dates back to at least the Ancient Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a> of corpses is a tradition long practiced in some cultures, including Hindu. After early religious resistance in some countries, in the 19th century this practice became more widespread and is now commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some nations, suicide by <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> remains common.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbology of fire remains important to the present day. Where wood is plentiful, the <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> can be used for celebration purposes, in many cases as part of a tradition. An example is <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> is a fire-based cultural tradition in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fiery ignition of <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> has become a modern tradition to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Years</a> arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burning</a> has been used as a form of protest, whether for political, religious, or moral reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act of "burning in <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>" has a similar role, as in the annual <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">burning of Judas</a> ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans lack an instinctual fascination with fire, yet in modern societies adults can become drawn to it out of curiosity. In societies that are dependent on daily fire use, children lose interest in fire at about age seven due to regular exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a> is the act of intentionally setting fire to a property. A separate but related behavior is <a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">pyromania</a>, which is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">impulse-control disorder</a> where individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast is <a href="/wiki/Pyrophobia" title="Pyrophobia">pyrophobia</a>, an irrational fear of fire. This <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a> is a less common phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_History_of_a_Candle" title="The Chemical History of a Candle">The Chemical History of a Candle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored fire">Colored fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">Fire pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">Flame test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Safety_Code" title="Life Safety Code">Life Safety Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_deities" title="List of fire deities">List of fire deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">List of fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_burning" title="Piano burning">Piano burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophobia" title="Pyrophobia">Pyrophobia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slower oxidative processes like <a href="/wiki/Rusting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusting">rusting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> are not included by this definition.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821230940/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf">"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedCentral&rft.atitle=DSM-5+Phobia+Types%2C+Diagnosis%2C+and+Treatment&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medcentral.com%2Fbehavioral-mental%2Fanxiety%2Fassessment-diagnosis-adherence-phobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Haung, Kai (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/">Population and Building Factors That Impact Residential Fire Rates in Large U.S. Cities. Applied Research Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308201531/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/">Archived</a> 2012-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Texas State University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarki2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Karki, Sameer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225154641/http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf"><i>Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Involvement+in+and+Management+of+Forest+Fires+in+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=Project+FireFight+South+East+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Karki&rft.aufirst=Sameer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaforests.org%2Fdoc%2Fresources%2Ffire%2Fpffsea%2FReport_Community.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kosman, Admiel (January 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892">"Sacred fire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>Fire : a brief history</i> (University of Washington Press, 2001). <ul><li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>World fire : the culture of fire on earth</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldfireculture0000pyne">online</a></li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>Tending fire : coping with America's wildland fires</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tendingfirecopin0000pyne_x6q9">online</a></li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>Awful splendour : a fire history of Canada</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/awfulsplendourfi0000pyne">online</a></li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>Burning bush : a fire history of Australia</i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningbushfireh0000pyne">online</a></li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America</i> (2015)</li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>California: A Fire Survey</i> (2016)</li></ul></li> <li>Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone." in <i>Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems</i> (2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/download/63841.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Fire"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fire</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="q:Fire">Fire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm">How Fire Works</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html">What exactly is fire?</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/onfire.html">On Fire</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>–based science tutorial from the <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)"><i>NOVA</i> (TV series)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2011/oct/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-fire">"20 Things You Didn't Know About... 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fires">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>206 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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