CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91351fab598949a8',cH: 'KGZjBBshTcv3YwU272lV5dd4UNDTuxHsp803Y4z.Ixs-1739788453-1.2.1.1-dm2Lb_iqWayq4Ws2k9sZo3mo7Fca9.1VJmgCDeeWpwgqJC37dvnxoLV_5bbBpaIQ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=sharp%20sand&__cf_chl_tk=jiFdmK4xPZ2uLN7Eniig9hrRyBVuOcjiQQ_x7blS8PQ-1739788453-1.0.1.1-uFLELVIYP6HANaFJ8PKH5B_MdJRqWPxJmVrw.MRUuWo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788453',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=sharp%20sand&__cf_chl_f_tk=jiFdmK4xPZ2uLN7Eniig9hrRyBVuOcjiQQ_x7blS8PQ-1739788453-1.0.1.1-uFLELVIYP6HANaFJ8PKH5B_MdJRqWPxJmVrw.MRUuWo",md: "jibcv5HR8euafdOBPbTjGGJ.n5QOAz4p.KIE1.m_ePI-1739788453-1.2.1.1-3Cuv9z5n9FySZOKzhFJd44Vl4K..EksXB4R1JTwk7WObBbZCGhqQtawNx7fvSJvVP..Ov2iqpYIJRFRI7wnteI5rnJYf6nNQut2PmCKGzlXiTaafeelUnH2m0hGgnjFCpiCl8CAelUEVaNcJNHjeykJ5zlfpwwMTWdInexXCbpJbQ2V6j5Lmkiixr3rx48nz8xbXPl98ySk4B3a_Pd7Em7mh.tHHTJcygdSrYAOVlUz9aIhshGMQfj7xw94lxm72BmGNrv.U72zVlTHOdiDNcjLTXl3hTIFLCLvAMuORWUTB_wstmoAAi2PTw4cDmtqxZoWAmz6p.IcmfLCmikk_D5ee7x190h0LrBEGslJ2IlxwyBKvoeYXOjzxak.IL8KPggb0ys7n5gYl.KJs4xE4es_hmhbXLrtTkZ3.lPX0RFfa1O_CmIngLpTH9Le6CzQSvWeH.8Rv6kybrrbksg1eTwzWTxTfOfY3Je1Upnn4WdkLxIJPvW9AsFYADi8zh7IS3lXMlwHGJSZp5TmIGkkGS09t3wd_XLcq_VTW8ztjOF0QnMV4XqQZYjLk4Bw9ciqoUIwTbCfl9NDArDWkHzfBmS8DEWn0Ltw7Mi8qP_tR65KSICp0d.jUPz3GJ3Z5rbj8g_YsZXYXyBqhq.Q7C2O2239XN6MVAqAbLDpi7scFKkoqWgaRiwzEwBO0IV85o_qHGJr9Rj9DUl0vsCiamDL1tTkTPKLsstd.l19UMPNa_1VkViPCaObzoQcA48FDFTnA35dRHbUdAeN5U2ckNPilH3AOVG64idbv3RnhAvdf5L9eDY3CpEonuvSV0JPs4DVJwNwz2PYoOAWmw788RqBtHf.31FMhP2edeTyPF7ePe7il4XbGmM7vGOHdNNz6EIdi.u4XOWG0XRsBQp5PdgIlgjFO65FqTp8_ioE4n3HV7ovWQrQHecd9ymweiG_8pTCsxlZNieR651cUuedWdDGaCHNJOrc9BAj.OjEg36j01VVNH8QJYsXrwT4xy0EsdXp.GpkLsooNNtTOT4K3ZpWA_.tmWicCagho6xSxXHgvKh3n3oLOZNtNIJBkkV1QcLdzY6AEBh_KGWdsMuXoOYBwT17wE5wT5QVcT3zuIEQUhQ87VjBDoNq25QnmmcKkhCqVsPInNx7BeJA3Bph7jjpbmF5JrD6F4zO3GnSXm8nEQPrf_mw0Lb8irZKOruLP4tsTA2.nhPXpjjUFu1KVzj2D579AQkz4U.t6wrfFPZBzjVxih3oAH6W8XTTgbiCr7X8_uaZnbJ.CkXqM8acUTF2KJtvNdsYIXuLsXhes3jj08yylqfcN0yGGq_KRiXyE4B1L7pjjrCIJSpZQ60aS0v_duDjmPbsf01kMoDwgBM91U_Pm7Hv7bnRBwngqyQNazz0C9W964C.06OSAzsHoi7KocSRLkmYXgMp4HvkJHCeSb_50piRqeMOmwBcNUUfpTUUhlHflCcM2r9eNWgO2G.uk5_qrev7WJ_EdMq.OemnuTh.qnOAQ5fFHfOZlfe2_jYYAQ9mX5YhtCvf3qZoJH2V5Ja9XWeBPp5EMuF4lxP1fmxPnKJPZbvBJViwJv7PZR2pU8l41SUSI7iRDOWDhM0Cf3F2xVjLs5joznl23g5JBTNwuIcCG0xPFBor74Veb5j_RdJLXXnpxmcF591M5EWD8CUrxHM0AVawDeC8kQrLkAZcad7.EHjgPsSXCEFqL07Pv38Vlyn1MO95.Ct8b0d0dK7LhSNHRF2S7gP895vJMWVxUx3KHBP3h45SUIII_adNMh.ZUHGZEfyOCrp0qnAh5B4iXyRcpOypqPxYxqjHfTufPXKcOCEVO5yg16dx_74rlbwd2pqs2F9gXUeBmyJGYaShFPdy3EK3NLV9Zp3PQFPaSEgzxB6s2cupJKWuoc4vrTZRx7JGXHu5Oee7KpTaOJQ",mdrd: "R4t8DAx0QZa8Mv2I8YGgKSYp4oMWCr5Hetnu5trdxjI-1739788453-1.2.1.1-Bl7ItRDS04zszccAUav.eSDFEEMsAyuM0dIcE4rmv3R99c6A0jnxjeXXKGphsZAen4Q.ykZf_hLivaFypgbhaO6d_2jy4ZHZ72iIqv22sxYG7O.eCNFFV2R2hOP82it9120fYJOStbJgKhRih2BZTneINCSFv0.m6ELRR0ynh.HZH4aleGuofrE4iB1rHxeQbJpXL3zoy__jNQSomSUUbNHLiEeNjFUDd8TAzRi6OuxLSbGyzRxbZkP1Dx4_d8DkvBvgIvrHyp81pGb2rrXtj2m9Bm0dWmp6i0WAG_.vj4b7JP7LeubniHT87OrT4dX19Br.R7lbpoA4YdumUmS9MsDMKwfjBOn8RheSc6vS4dWzOKtzNdZtKHA3l2kaS2QO5wxpMTFqvFV2Cn2rYNzl3DM9g5wNqWpx.pwH9mA1LD_gOn8bpQKxcLlOm2VQC52Oq7kI34h2BGC0KmCkfXH1WBD1PW.7DjoHNSNzcscyzTQ8DX3EvPjDqhUY9YIHFya9UyFph8NFBYn_utSva52zqImGVBpWGemtnR1gQKllFKgis7vNotbxQiPb23KgFRplUjPonM3zS7EJvAC2fIj4aAufORcZ30chC4j36lcy2BKZdMQLejf4HyppFr00_6tBbwy3z7FloKAYV4jTXT1D_nChznWRUP6dUnlh_O2nXCyrFpr7u9CgmRWUg8kmhcscPEF9MtfQgIB8MjrJCaDPps6gX_J3IGA5t0uI937tsEDngf9OikmZXysJkYLxJMONPXwaSQBRzhXstYt8rW75tNOhGNL6FAk0gJfM5iyy.bkW_S2Bd.3k8fV7xCwRcqG3HBZ0md6uTboU7s2VFk8bHopV59_5ZwqifoErlOLUw.S_ssqBkrPIQdxGZwFxAlyg8bOUSZnspWiCaoYdT5Ew7HDB.fbNKI_Wgjc1mnWNUPWHLU1yTqBz_EtLTmPjHiSJC_Zt_EXLq3qGGqxJLXkr9DYImyqztZx4vIGl3bzIdmqJfcr0Xs2pNeRSPGF7WgMwNk_EGyjyD0xl_gDohCP9zxmwRO8H0gs5TKJl6g7giFPcTGue8fJYu_Q_iaZjyZ0WNMMK63usiIVqT_hbLBaGLrQoMZqw.kePynadDQZdkwmLBC.QqtZlB.Kc83dslUcPoMWuKPbFbscy1Twtfh0wg8B4mjOJ_Ipy4zRcIeRQS0oF4GTWP.vxEdEsGIPB0elFc5a75lY6Ze_LihpXCOzfRaC0uglgzpM5Lm4CtcVA1LJ0A9pjp7BwUbWutSXS.OCtPqFr9pfdQ7_qSlB08817Mmev_Srg5Kq9DqV_Q6TXeXfauL9EOMygPsS16Fi69I_DUGrmVil8zFLNIwJsJQa550wlg2vBYW7svUQLfbnHOhZQ0bGqQprEw8dEiM5d4R3zo7ui35i7zgEhWsj046YPRhtVe5RqjfvE.VXg0rC8y_HsLuaxPydxsOwoxKWoshuwCBtlK9uM6fsRFn5qMrKpVcWE7TQtRKXsEh6jFJQc1FXVg3tiPwHJSbKLZKT7vJKVxBpAr6fSh0RdTpC1dEw2LgjusbRDmp7pltA0QJXWWbKSzsonLGsgelW9ueSdRS1Uq0QlbEUJO_gRyEDXzJ6R8N.rdq3mrSqhQFV0fQOuzlf5U0OHjnb1V5I38Q6NgG7DrZlpW3t6acjOwtE4r3sR93rgzz1E4pzs4nRVGA9KWQZHQyQeowOnvquyptykWI374M.bzxMC3F8UN4ITsOaJCb8c2L.IcO775LK9hA66XD3wszp1bVn7Cp_JiS4yTD2xinT8ZWjhBXNtMVFuz.R0S0dLBZDXYnRfMYS10yKNzCA0OnEI55AUzsrZ7fvyZhsF9CsYSGy1CAtFuvrUM9cyCiNBES.Qq2bi.ErYL93loPQAU.En9nB05A8.CCsJSzxvb3U8kvtXjfJ4ksbSGjZG6BURL9sUQjinhEp.wKZU2q77DXJWTy1sVSBR8bLf0y0q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91351fab598949a8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=sharp%20sand&__cf_chl_rt_tk=jiFdmK4xPZ2uLN7Eniig9hrRyBVuOcjiQQ_x7blS8PQ-1739788453-1.0.1.1-uFLELVIYP6HANaFJ8PKH5B_MdJRqWPxJmVrw.MRUuWo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>