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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-«Oppdagelsen»_av_substantiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#«Oppdagelsen»_av_substantiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>«Oppdagelsen» av substantiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-«Oppdagelsen»_av_substantiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forskjellige_definisjoner_av_substantiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forskjellige_definisjoner_av_substantiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forskjellige definisjoner av substantiver</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forskjellige_definisjoner_av_substantiver-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Forskjellige definisjoner av substantiver</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forskjellige_definisjoner_av_substantiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navn_på_ting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navn_på_ting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Navn på ting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navn_på_ting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prototypisk_referensielle_uttrykk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototypisk_referensielle_uttrykk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prototypisk referensielle uttrykk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototypisk_referensielle_uttrykk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predikater_med_identitetskriterier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predikater_med_identitetskriterier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Predikater med identitetskriterier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predikater_med_identitetskriterier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasser_av_substantiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasser_av_substantiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klasser av substantiver</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasser_av_substantiver-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Klasser av substantiver</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasser_av_substantiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-masse-_vs._tellesubstantiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#masse-_vs._tellesubstantiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>masse- vs. tellesubstantiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-masse-_vs._tellesubstantiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egennavn_vs._fellesnavn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egennavn_vs._fellesnavn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Egennavn vs. fellesnavn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egennavn_vs._fellesnavn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gruppenavn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gruppenavn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gruppenavn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gruppenavn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstrakte_substantiver_vs._konkrete_substantiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstrakte_substantiver_vs._konkrete_substantiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Abstrakte substantiver vs. konkrete substantiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstrakte_substantiver_vs._konkrete_substantiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Substantiv</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 144 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneord" title="Navneord – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnor%C3%B0" title="Navnorð – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Navnorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafnor%C3%B0" title="Nafnorð – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nafnorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%8B%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ЩыӀэцӀэ – kabardisk" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩыӀэцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfstandige_naamwoord" title="Selfstandige naamwoord – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfstandige naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D_(%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D)" title="ስም (ሰዋስው) – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስም (ሰዋስው)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="اسم (نحو) – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="বিশেষ্য পদ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশেষ্য পদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivu" title="Sustantivu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustantivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_aran" title="Kruna aran – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna aran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিশেষ্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশেষ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB" title="Bêng-sû – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9)" title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө) – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngaran" title="Pangngaran – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangngaran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Съществително име – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съществително име" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv-kadarn" title="Anv-kadarn – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv-kadarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiu" title="Substantiu – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substantiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%87%C4%95" title="Япала ячĕ – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япала ячĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Podstatné jméno – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podstatné jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enw" title="Enw – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachinamda" title="Bachinamda – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachinamda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimis%C3%B5na" title="Nimisõna – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nimisõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ουσιαστικό – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουσιαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Улемксвал – erzia" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Улемксвал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivo" title="Sustantivo – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustantivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantibo" title="Substantibo – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Substantibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam" title="Naam – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(grammaire)" title="Nom (grammaire) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadwurd" title="Haadwurd – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haadwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmfhocal" title="Ainmfhocal – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmfhocal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennymockle" title="Ennymockle – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennymockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmear" title="Ainmear – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ainmear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="ЦӀердош – ingusjisk" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀердош" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE" title="સંજ્ઞા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંજ્ઞા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yink%E1%BB%8Dgbe" title="Yinkọgbe – gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Yinkọgbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="명사 (품사) – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bcownik" title="Wěcownik – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wěcownik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina" title="Nomina – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiqausiq" title="Atiqausiq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atiqausiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Номдар – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Номдар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibizo" title="Isibizo – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibizo" title="Ibizo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantivo" title="Sostantivo – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostantivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D" title="שם עצם – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עצם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_aran" title="Tembung aran – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung aran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – karatsjajbalkarsk" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatsjajbalkarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არსებითი სახელი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არსებითი სახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ناوُت – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jistnik" title="Jistnik – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jistnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Зат есім – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanow_(gramasek)" title="Hanow (gramasek) – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hanow (gramasek)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomino" title="Nomino – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nomino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navd%C3%AAr" title="Navdêr – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navdêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зат атооч – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат атооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ຄຳນາມ – laotisk" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivum" title="Nomen substantivum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomen substantivum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietv%C4%81rds" title="Lietvārds – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfsjtendig_naamwoord" title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91n%C3%A9v" title="Főnév – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Именка – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Именка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നാമം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯოხოსქილედი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოხოსქილედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_nama" title="Kata nama – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B3" title="Нэр үг – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэр үг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB)" title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ) – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfstandig_naamwoord" title="Zelfstandig naamwoord – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfstandig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B1%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лӱммут – østmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лӱммут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="østmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_(so%CA%BBz_turkumi)" title="Ot (soʻz turkumi) – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ot (soʻz turkumi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨਾਂਵ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਂਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="នាម – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantiv" title="Sostantiv – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sostantiv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczownik" title="Rzeczownik – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeczownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ουσιαστικόν – pontisk" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουσιαστικόν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutirimana" title="Sutirimana – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sutirimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Назывникы – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Назывникы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Имя существительное – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя существительное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аат тыл – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аат тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon" title="Noon – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudwoud" title="Haudwoud – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Haudwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libito" title="Libito – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libito" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_meno" title="Podstatné meno – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podstatné meno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalnik" title="Samostalnik – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_(%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ناو (ڕێزمان) – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناو (ڕێزمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Именица – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Именица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenica" title="Imenica – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiivi" title="Substantiivi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substantiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngalan" title="Pangngalan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangngalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெயர்ச்சொல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Исем (сүз төркеме) – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исем (сүз төркеме)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82)" title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం) – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำนาม – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Исм (дастури забон) – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исм (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Чүве ады – tuvinsk" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чүве ады" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Іменник – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىسىم – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Danh từ – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsat" title="Subsat – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Subsat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantif" title="Sustantif – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sustantif" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigngaran" title="Tigngaran – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D" title="名词 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="名词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="סובסטאנטיוו – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סובסטאנטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8D_or%C3%BAk%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọrọ orúkọ – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọrọ orúkọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ism" title="Ism – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ism" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E_(%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C)" title="ⵉⵙⵎ (ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ) – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵎ (ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1084#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p><b>Substantiv</b> er en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfosyntaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfosyntaks (ikke skrevet ennå)">morfosyntaktisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordklasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordklasser">ordklasse</a> som kan defineres ved hjelp av en del karakteristiske grammatiske kjennetegn. På norsk kan substantiver få en bestemthetsendelse knytta til seg: «mann-en», eller en ubestemt <a href="/wiki/Artikkel_(ordklasse)" title="Artikkel (ordklasse)">artikkel</a> foran seg: «en mann». Substantiver kjennetegnes også ved at de kan modifiseres av et <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiv</a> «en <i>liten</i> mann». De fungerer som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjerne_(grammatikk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjerne (grammatikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">kjerne</a> i en <a href="/wiki/Nominalfrase" title="Nominalfrase">nominalfrase</a>. Substantivfraser opptrer gjerne som <a href="/wiki/Subjekt_(grammatikk)" title="Subjekt (grammatikk)">subjekt</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Objekt_(grammatikk)" title="Objekt (grammatikk)">objekt</a> i en setning, men kan også ha andre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatisk_funksjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatisk funksjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">grammatiske funksjoner</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk">lingvistikken</a> er det vanlig å snakke om <b>nomen</b> snarere enn substantiver. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="«Oppdagelsen»_av_substantiver"><span id=".C2.ABOppdagelsen.C2.BB_av_substantiver"></span>«Oppdagelsen» av substantiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: «Oppdagelsen» av substantiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen «Oppdagelsen» av substantiver"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantiver ble først beskrevet noen hundre år <a href="/wiki/Kristi_f%C3%B8dsel" title="Kristi fødsel">f.Kr.</a> av antikkens berømte grammatikere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysios_Thrax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysios Thrax (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dionysios Thrax</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klassisk_gresk" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassisk gresk">klassisk gresk</a>) og <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>). Thrax oppdaget, for eksempel, at visse ord i klassisk gresk kunne bøyes i <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>, men ikke i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempus_(grammatikk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempus (grammatikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">tid</a>. Andre ord hadde motsatt egenskap, dvs. de kunne bøyes i tid, men ikke i kasus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskjellige_definisjoner_av_substantiver">Forskjellige definisjoner av substantiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forskjellige definisjoner av substantiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forskjellige definisjoner av substantiver"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ord og uttrykk i naturlige språk som norsk har egenskaper på mange forskjellige nivåer. De har <i>formelle</i> egenskaper, som for eksempel hva slags bøyninger de kan ta, og hva slags andre ord de kan kombineres med, men også <a href="/wiki/Semantikk" title="Semantikk">semantiske</a> egenskaper, dvs. egenskaper som har med deres betydning å gjøre. Den definisjonen vi har gitt ovenfor er altså en <i>formell</i> definisjon. Denne definisjonen er ukontroversiell, og har den fordelen at man kan bruke den effektivt til å identifisere substantiver innenfor et gitt språk. </p><p>Det er to ulemper med denne definisjonen. For det første finnes det språk som ikke har bestemthet eller ubestemthet representert ved hjelp av endelser eller artikler. Et eksempel på dette er russisk. Dette gjør at den formelle definisjonen av substantiver må være annerledes i russisk enn i norsk. Problemet blir enda større, dersom man tar flere språk i betraktning. </p><p>For det andre gir den formelle definisjonen oss ingen forsåelse av <i>hvorfor</i> substantiver skulle ha de egenskapene de har. For å bruke en metafor, kunne man si at substantivers evne til å kunne bøyes i bestemthet eller å kunne modifiseres av adjektiver er <i>symptomer</i> på at et disse ordene er substantiver, men det ville være ennå bedre hvis man kunne <i>forklare</i> disse symptomene. Derfor er det mange som ikke er fornøyde med den formelle definisjonen vi har gitt øverst på siden, selv om de er enige i at dette er den beste måten å skille substantiver fra andre ordklasser. For å bruke en analogi: Veldig få ville være fornøyde med en definisjon av graviditet som sier at gravide kvinner er kvinner som får positivt resultat på en graviditetstest. Men de graviditetstestene vi bruker idag er pålitelige kriterier for å skille gravide kvinner fra kvinner som ikke er gravide. Den formelle definisjonen for substantiver vi har gitt fungerer altså veldig godt som en «test», men den gir oss ingen dypere forståelse av hva som egentlig kjennetegner de ordene som skårer positivt på testen. Dersom man ønsker å forstå hva et substantiv er på et dypere nivå, må man altså søke en definisjon som «forklarer symptomene». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navn_på_ting"><span id="Navn_p.C3.A5_ting"></span>Navn på ting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Navn på ting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Navn på ting"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tradisjonell skolegrammatikk defineres substantiver ofte som de ordene som «refererer til ting, hendelser, steder, egenskaper, fenomener, osv.» Dette er altså en <i>semantisk</i> definisjon av substantiver. Denne definisjonen har blitt kritisert for å være håpløst vag.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Foregående påstand må presiseres">av hvem?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototypisk_referensielle_uttrykk">Prototypisk referensielle uttrykk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Prototypisk referensielle uttrykk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Prototypisk referensielle uttrykk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En annen definisjon av substantiver sier at de er <i>prototypisk referensielle</i> uttrykk. Denne definisjonen vil heller ikke hjelpe oss stort, hvis vi er interessert i å finne ut om et gitt ord er et substantiv eller ikke. Men den kan likevel være riktig i en annen forstand, ved å påpeke egenskaper som faktisk kjennetegner substantiver og substantivfraser. Det er sant at man bruker substantivet <i>bil</i> mest i situasjoner hvor man ønsker å referere til biler, og <i>tulling</i> hvis man vil referere til tullinger. Det som menes med at de er <i>prototypisk</i> referensielle, er at man noen ganger bruker substantiver uten å referere til noe som har den tilsvarende egenskapen. To eksempler på det er gitt nedenfor. </p> <ul><li>Jens er ingen <b>tulling</b>.</li> <li>Hvis jeg hadde en <b>bil</b>, hadde jeg kjørt til Marakech.</li></ul> <p>Den første setningen refererer ikke til en tulling, og den siste refererer ikke til noen bil. </p><p>Dermed kan det altså være sant at substantiver viser en sterk tendens til å referere til noe, men det gjelder på ingen måte alltid. Denne definisjonen er også semantisk. </p><p>Det er imidlertid uklart hvordan denne definisjonen kan hjelpe oss til å forstå det vi refererte til ovenfor som «symptomene» til substantiver, dvs. den forklarer oss ikke hvorfor substantiver skulle ha de formelle egenskapene de har. Den har derfor blitt kritisert som ubrukelig på to nivåer: Den kan ikke brukes som test, og den kan ikke brukes til å forklare testresultater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predikater_med_identitetskriterier">Predikater med identitetskriterier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Predikater med identitetskriterier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Predikater med identitetskriterier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En annen semantisk definisjon ble foreslått av den britiske logikeren Peter Thomas Geach i femtiårene. Han noterte seg at substantiver kan modifiseres av adjektiver som «samme». For verb og adjektiver går ikke dette, og det finnes ikke andre uttrykk med lignende betydning som kan modifisere verb eller adjektiver, heller. Nedenfor er et eksempel med substantivet «invasjon» og verbet «invadere». En stjerne `*' foran et eksempel betyr at dette eksemplet er uakseptabelt. </p> <dl><dd>Tyskerne og italienerne deltok i den samme invasjonen.</dd> <dd>*Tyskerne og italienerne invaderte Afrika samme/sammelig/sammeligvis.</dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Clones_id.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Clones_id.jpg/199px-Clones_id.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Clones_id.jpg/299px-Clones_id.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Clones_id.jpg/398px-Clones_id.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Identitetskriterier lar oss konkludere hvilke individer som er identiske med hvilke andre individer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det finnes språk der adjektiver som betyr «samme» har tilsvarende adverber, og hvor disse adverbene kan modifisere verb. Tsjekkisk er et eksempel på dette. Den siste setningen ovenfor ville altså være akseptabel i Tsjekkisk. Men den ville bety at tyskerne og italienerne invaderte Afrika <i>på samme måte</i>: ikke at de deltok i <i>samme invasjon</i>. Geach foreslo at man kunne forklare dette hvis man definerte substantiver som <a href="/wiki/Predikat" title="Predikat">predikater</a> som i tillegg har <b>identitetskriterier</b>. Et identitetskriterium forteller oss hvilke av de tingene som predikatet beskriver, er identiske med hverandre. For eksempel vil predikatet «er en person» beskrive alle lesere av denne artikkelen på mange forskjellige tidspunkter. Identitetskriteriet for «person» vil da la oss konkludere slike ting som at «person x på tidspunkt t1 er <i>samme person</i> som person y på tidspunkt t2». Forskjellige substantiver kan ha forskjellige identitetskriterier. Et velkjent eksempel på dette er det følgende (Gupta 1980): </p> <ul><li>National Airlines transporterte 2 millioner passasjerer i 1979.</li> <li>National Airlines transporterte (minst) 2 millioner personer i 1979.</li></ul> <p>Siden alle passasjerer er personer, burde den siste setningen følge logisk av den første. Men i virkeligheten stemmer ikke det. Man kan, for eksempel, godt tenke seg at de personene som reiste med National Airlines i 1979, gjennomsnittlig reiste med dem to ganger. I det tilfelle transporterte National Airlines 2 millioner <i>passasjerer</i>, men bare 1 million <i>personer</i>. Så måten vi teller passasjerer på er ikke nødvendigvis den samme som måten vi teller personer. For å si det litt annerledes: På to forskjellige tidspunkter kan du tilsvare to forskjellige passasjerer, selv om du er en og samme person. </p><p>Verb og adjektiver er da predikater uten identitetskriterier. Senere har den amerikanske språkforskeren Mark Baker foreslått at en rekke av de egenskapene som kjennetegner substantiver i forskjellige språk, kan forklares ut fra den definisjonen Geach foreslo. Det vil si, substantiver kan kombineres med ubestemte artikler, tallord osv. fordi de har identitetskriterier. Han viser også at det faktum at substantiver er «prototypisk referensielle» følger av Geachs idé. </p><p>Dermed er dette kanskje den mest lovende definisjonen vi har i dag. Dersom Baker's forslag er korrekt, kan denne definisjonen brukes til å <i>forklare</i> de formelle egenskapene subjstantiver har. Bakers forslag er ganske nytt, og språkforskere arbeider fortsatt med å evaluere det. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasser_av_substantiver">Klasser av substantiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Klasser av substantiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klasser av substantiver"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="masse-_vs._tellesubstantiver">masse- vs. tellesubstantiver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: masse- vs. tellesubstantiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen masse- vs. tellesubstantiver"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et massesubstantiv eller utellelig substantiv er et substantiv som ikke kan bøyes i tall. Tellesubstantiver kan bøyes i tall. Eksempler på massesubstantiver er «luft», «trøbbel» og «bestikk». Det er vanlig å tro at man kan forklare hvorfor massesubstantiver ikke kan bøyes i tall ved å påpeke at det de refererer til ikke kan telles. Luft er ikke delt inn i biter som vi kan telle, dersom vi ser bort fra atomer og molekyler, som blir for små til at vi kan telle dem i vanlige situasjoner. Denne forklaringen er problematisk, hvis vi ser på massesubstantiver som «bestikk». Gafler og kniver kan telles, men «bestikk» forblir et massesubstantiv. </p><p>Strengt tatt finnes det eksempler på massesubstantiver som bøyes i tall og modifiseres av tallord. Setningen nedenfor er et eksempel på det, men I slike tilfeller refereres det til 'typer' av peanøttsmør og ikke til mengder av peanøttsmør: </p> <dl><dd>«Her har du to forskjellige peanøttsmør».</dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Water_pluss_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Water_pluss_water.jpg/157px-Water_pluss_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Water_pluss_water.jpg/236px-Water_pluss_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Water_pluss_water.jpg/314px-Water_pluss_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Vann pluss vann er vann: Kumulativ referanse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Logikere som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godehard_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godehard Link (ikke skrevet ennå)">Godehard Link</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Krifka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Krifka (ikke skrevet ennå)">Manfred Krifka</a> har vist at man kan gi en presis, matematisk definisjon av massesubstantiver ved hjelp av begreper som kumulativ referanse. Et uttrykk `P' har kumulativ referanse dersom det tilfredsstiller den følgende implikasjonen: </p> <ul><li>Hvis to X og Y (hver for seg) kan beskrives som 'P', så kan summen av X og Y også beskrives som 'P'.</li></ul> <p>For eksempel, hvis du kombinerer to forskjellige skvetter med <i>vann</i>, får du fortsatt <i>vann</i>. To samlinger med <i>bestikk</i> er fortsatt <i>bestikk</i> hvis de kombineres. Men to forskjellige hus kan ikke "kombineres" til et nytt hus på samme måte, uten å plukke dem fra hverandre og bygge et nytt hus. Min eiendom og naboens eiendom er ikke en "eiendom", selv om vi tenker på dem under ett. Dermed kan vi si at <i>vann</i> og <i>bestikk</i> har kumulativ referanse, mens <i>hus</i> og <i>eiendom</i> ikke har det. Dette tilsvarer skillet mellom masse- og tellesubstantiver: <i>vann</i> og <i>bestikk</i> er massesubstantiver, mens <i>hus</i> og <i>eiendom</i> er tellesubstantiver. Hvis de er bøyd i flertall, får tellesubstantiver også <i>kumulativ referanse</i>. Hvis vi kombinerer to samlinger av <i>frimerker</i>, får vi noe som fortsatt kan beskrives som <i>frimerker</i>. Kumulativ referanse er også relevant for bestemmelse av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telisitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telisitet (ikke skrevet ennå)">telisitet</a> i verbfraser. Veldig grovt sagt er en verbfrase telisk hvis den presenterer en hendelse som <i>avsluttet</i>, og atelisk hvis den presenterer hendelsen som (potensielt) <i>uavsluttet.</i> Krifka (1989) diskuterer dette nærmere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egennavn_vs._fellesnavn">Egennavn vs. fellesnavn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Egennavn vs. fellesnavn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Egennavn vs. fellesnavn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Egennavn</i> eller <i>særnavn</i> (proprium) har normalt ikke bestemthets- eller tallbøying, og det er vanskelig å modifisere dem med adjektiver. Det finnes noen unntak til det siste. Man kan modifisere et egennavn med et 'ikke-restriktivt' adjektiv. Et eksempel på det er «lille Jens». Restriktive adjektiver begrenser referansen til fellesnavn. Frasen «sterke menn» refererer til færre ting enn substantivet «menn». I motsetning til dette refererer frasen «sterke Jens» til det samme som «Jens». Adjektivet «sterk» er altså restriktivt i frasen «sterke menn» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gruppenavn">Gruppenavn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Gruppenavn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Gruppenavn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et <b>gruppenavn</b> er, som navnet tilsier, et substantiv som refererer til en gruppe. Eksempler på dette er «komité», «klynge» og «flokk». Slike substantiver refererer til grupper som består av mer enn ett individ, selv når de er bøyd i entall. Dette gjør at substantivfraser med et slikt substantiv som kjerne får litt andre egenskaper enn andre substantivfraser. For eksempel kan gruppesubstantivfraser opptre som subjekt for kollektive predikater, selv når de er bøyd i entall. Et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollektivt_predikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollektivt predikat (ikke skrevet ennå)">kollektivt predikat</a> er et <a href="/wiki/Predikat" title="Predikat">predikat</a> som normalt ikke kan ta entallssubjekter, for eksempel predikater som «omringe huset». </p> <dl><dd>Flokken omringet huset.</dd> <dd>*Gutten omringet huset.</dd> <dd>Guttene omringet huset.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstrakte_substantiver_vs._konkrete_substantiver">Abstrakte substantiver vs. konkrete substantiver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Abstrakte substantiver vs. konkrete substantiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Abstrakte substantiver vs. konkrete substantiver"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et <b>abstrakt substantiv</b> refererer til et objekt som ikke har fysiske egenskaper, som masse, bredde, høyde, osv. Eksempler på dette er «skjønnhet», «temperatur», «teori» og «idé». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baker, Mark. 2005. <i>Lexical Categories – Verbs, nouns and adjectives.</i> Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Borer, Hagit. 2005. <i>In Name Only. Structuring Sense, Volume I.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Geach, Peter. 1962. <i>Reference and Generality.</i> Cornell University Press,.</li> <li>Gupta, Anil. 1980, <i>The logic of common nouns.</i> New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Krifka, Manfred. 1989."Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.</li> <li>Link, Godehard. 1983. "The logical analysis of plurals and mass terms: A lattice-theoretical approach." In R. Bäuerle, C. Schwatze and A. von Stechow (eds.) <i>Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language</i>: 302--323. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://no.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hovedside" title="Wikibøker"><img alt="Wikibøker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/14px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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