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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Act of Free Choice" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Libre_Elecci%C3%B3n" title="Ley de Libre Elección – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Libre Elección" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acte_de_libre_choix" title="Acte de libre choix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acte de libre choix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penentuan_Pendapat_Rakyat" title="Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt_Wolnego_Wyboru" title="Akt Wolnego Wyboru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akt Wolnego Wyboru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_de_Livre_Escolha" title="Ato de Livre Escolha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato de Livre Escolha" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Papua_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Papua conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Papua_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Papua conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Papua_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Papua conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papua_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfai_incident" title="Arfai incident">Arfai, 1965</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Act of Free Choice, 1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Jayapura_operation" title="1976 Jayapura operation">Jayapura, 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapenduma_hostage_crisis" title="Mapenduma hostage crisis">Mapenduma, 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Timika_shooting" title="1996 Timika shooting">Timika, 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_massacre" title="Biak massacre">Biak, 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Wamena_incident" title="2003 Wamena incident">Wamena, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Abepura_incident" title="2006 Abepura incident">Abepura, 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Paniai_case" title="Bloody Paniai case">Paniai, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimika_blockade" title="Mimika blockade">Mimika, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_massacre" title="Nduga massacre">Nduga, 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartenz%27s_Peace" title="Operation Cartenz's Peace">Operation Nemangkawi, 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Papua_protests" title="2019 Papua protests">2019 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwirok_bombings" title="Kiwirok bombings">Kiwirok, 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telkomsel_BTS_tower_shooting" title="Telkomsel BTS tower shooting">Beoga, 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogolait_shooting" title="Nogolait shooting">Nogolait, 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Timika_killings" title="2022 Timika killings"> Timika, 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Oksibil_attacks" title="2023 Oksibil attacks">Oksibil, 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_hostage_crisis" title="Nduga hostage crisis">Nduga, 2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Act of Free Choice</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, PEPERA, Determination of the People‘s Opinion</i>) was a controversial plebiscite held between 14 July and 2 August 1969 in which 1,025 people selected by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian military</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> voted unanimously in favor of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> control.<sup id="cite_ref-newint_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newint-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-choiz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The event was mentioned by the United Nations in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> resolution 2504 (XXIV) without giving an opinion whether it complied with the authorizing <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a>, and without giving an opinion whether it was an act of "<a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>" as referred to and described in United Nations General Assembly resolutions 1514 and 1541 (XV) respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The event is sometimes disparagingly referred to as the "Act of No Choice"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of its controversial process. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The referendum and its conduct had been specified in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a>; Article 17 of which in part says: </p> <blockquote><p>"Indonesia will invite the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> to appoint a Representative who" ... "will carry out Secretary-General's responsibilities to advise, assist, and participate in arrangements which are the responsibility of Indonesia for the act of free choice. The Secretary-General will, at the proper time, appoint the United Nations Representative in order that he and his staff may assume their duties in the territory one year prior to the self-determination." ... "The United Nations Representative and his staff will have the same freedom of movement as provided for the personnel referred to in Article XVI".</p></blockquote> <p>The agreement continues with Article 18: </p> <blockquote><p>Article XVIII<br /> </p><p>Indonesia will make arrangements, with the assistance and participation of the United Nations Representative and his staff, to give the people of the territory, the opportunity to exercise freedom of choice. Such arrangements will include: </p> <ul><li>a. Consultation (<i><a href="/wiki/Musyawarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musyawarah">musyawarah</a></i>) with the representative councils on procedures and methods to be followed for ascertaining the freely expressed will of the population.</li> <li>b. The determination of the actual date of the exercise of free choice within the period established by the present Agreement.</li> <li>c. Formulations of the questions in such a way as to permit the inhabitants to decide (a) whether they wish to remain with Indonesia; or (b) whether they wish to sever ties with Indonesia.</li> <li>d. The eligibility of all adults, male and female, not foreign nationals to participate in the act of self-determination to be carried out in accordance with international practice, who are resident at the time of the signing of the present Agreement, including those residents who departed after 1945 and who returned to the territory to resume residence after the termination of the Netherlands administration.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 17 of the New York Agreement, the plebiscite was not to occur until one year after the arrival of U.N. representative Fernando Ortiz-Sanz (the Bolivian ambassador to the United Nations) in the territory on 22 August 1968. Ortiz-Sanz and his team had to rely on the Indonesian government for housing, resources and transport around the region,<sup id="cite_ref-kluge_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kluge-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ortiz-Sanz noted that they were "followed everywhere" by Indonesian officials in a way that restrained them from talking with the local Papuans.<sup id="cite_ref-Saltford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saltford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #111; color: #EEE">Date </th> <th style="background: #111; color: #EEE">Location </th> <th style="background: #111; color: #EEE; width: 5em">Number of Electors </th></tr> <tr> <td>14 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merauke" title="Merauke">Merauke</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wamena" title="Wamena">Wamena</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabire" title="Nabire">Nabire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fakfak" title="Fakfak">Fak-Fak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em">75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em">110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biak" title="Biak">Biak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 August 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Djajapura</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right: 1.2em;">110 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The New York Agreement specified that all men and women in Papua who were not foreign nationals had the right to vote in the Act. General <a href="/wiki/Sarwo_Edhie_Wibowo" title="Sarwo Edhie Wibowo">Sarwo Edhi Wibowo</a> instead selected 1,025 Melanesian men and women<sup id="cite_ref-Saltford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saltford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of an estimated population of 800,000 as the Western New Guinea representatives for the vote,<sup id="cite_ref-choiz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpik_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpik-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was conducted across eight regencies over three weeks. Electors were asked to vote by raising their hands or reading from prepared scripts, in a display for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> observers. They voted <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">publicly</a> and unanimously in favour of Indonesian control. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lunn" title="Hugh Lunn">Hugh Lunn</a>, a journalist from <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, men who were selected for the vote were coerced into voting against independence with threats of violence against their persons and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-newint_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newint-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-choiz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lunn also claims that outside the assembly, Papuan youths protesting the vote were thrown into army trucks and driven away, and that he, as the only foreign journalist, was threatened at gunpoint for taking photos of the demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-Saltford_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saltford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men and women who voted were instructed beforehand by the Indonesian military's Special Operations Section exactly what to say during the plebiscite, and unsurprisingly reproduced nearly the exact same opinions with the exact same wording — that the Papuans had considered themselves Indonesian since 1945, and were to be one people with the Indonesians under the Indonesian flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Saltford_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saltford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Ortiz-Sanz's UN team in 1969 estimated that 95% of the Papuans supported independence. A British journalist who visited the region in an early 1968 visit claimed that he spoke to 300-400 West Papuans, and none of them supported a merger with Indonesia, noting that the Papuans seemed to loathe the Indonesians.<sup id="cite_ref-Saltford_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saltford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">diplomatic cables</a> showed American diplomats suspecting that Indonesia could not have won a fair vote, and also suspecting that the vote was not implemented freely, but the diplomats saw the event as a "foregone conclusion" and "marginal to U.S. interests".<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ortiz-Sanz wrote in his report that "an act of free choice has taken place in accordance with Indonesian practice”, but not confirming that it was in accordance with international practice as the Act of Free Choice had required.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations took note of the results with General Assembly <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2504" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2504">Resolution 2504</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wpik_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpik-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demands_for_a_revote">Demands for a revote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demands for a revote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act of Free Choice has sometimes been criticized as the "act of no choice",<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many independence activists continuously protest for a fresh referendum for every single Papuan. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998, human rights activist Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> and some American and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European parliamentarians</a> requested <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> to review the United Nations' role in the vote and the validity of the Act of Free Choice.<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian government's position is that the United Nations' noting of the results validates it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A new referendum is supported by many organisations including the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement (OPM)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_West_Papua_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Free West Papua Campaign">Free West Papua Campaign</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which work to provide West Papuans with self-determination and full independence from Indonesian rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_Jayapura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mall_Jayapura.jpg/250px-Mall_Jayapura.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mall_Jayapura.jpg/375px-Mall_Jayapura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mall_Jayapura.jpg/500px-Mall_Jayapura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A Pepera monument in Jayapura, in front of Mal Jayapura shopping center</figcaption></figure> <p>Monuments commemorating the event are built in Jayapura, <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a> and Merauke, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>. They were inaugurated by President Suharto on 16 and 17 September 1969, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The United Nations and the Indonesian Takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969: Anatomy of a Betrayal</i> by John Saltford (2002) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-40625-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-40625-0">0-415-40625-0</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717031422/http://www.freewestpapua.org/docs/saltford.htm">pdf 3.4 MB</a>)</li> <li>Drooglever, Pieter J.: <i>Een Daad van Vrije Keuze: De Papoea's van Westelijke Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht.</i> Uitgeverij Boom, Amsterdam, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8506-178-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-8506-178-4">90-8506-178-4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapol.gn.apc.org/reports/droogleverengsum.htm">Summary</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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See also OSBORNE, INDONESIA’S SECRET WAR, supra note 4, at 46–48.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidayat,_Mochamad_S.2003" class="citation news cs1">Hidayat, Mochamad S. (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westpapua.web.id/the-act-of-free-choice-a-retrospective-look/">"The Act of Free Choice: a retrospective look"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Act+of+Free+Choice%3A+a+retrospective+look&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Hidayat%2C+Mochamad+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwestpapua.web.id%2Fthe-act-of-free-choice-a-retrospective-look%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAct+of+Free+Choice" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freewestpapua.org/">Free West Papua Campaign</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuswardhani2019" class="citation web cs1">Guswardhani, Shinta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antvklik.com/rehat/monumen-tugu-pepera-jayapura-papua">"Monumen Tugu Pepera, Bergabungnya Papua dalam NKRI"</a>. <i>antvklik</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antvklik&rft.atitle=Monumen+Tugu+Pepera%2C+Bergabungnya+Papua+dalam+NKRI&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Guswardhani&rft.aufirst=Shinta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antvklik.com%2Frehat%2Fmonumen-tugu-pepera-jayapura-papua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAct+of+Free+Choice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajaya2020" class="citation web cs1">Indrajaya, Dimas Wahyu (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2020/09/17/sejarah-hari-ini-17-september-1969-tugu-pepera-di-merauke-monumen-peringatan-irian-barat-menyatu-dengan-nkri">"Sejarah Hari Ini (17 September 1969) - Tugu Pepera di Merauke, Monumen Peringatan Irian Barat Menyatu dengan NKRI"</a>. <i>Good News from Indonesia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+News+from+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Hari+Ini+%2817+September+1969%29+-+Tugu+Pepera+di+Merauke%2C+Monumen+Peringatan+Irian+Barat+Menyatu+dengan+NKRI&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Indrajaya&rft.aufirst=Dimas+Wahyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodnewsfromindonesia.id%2F2020%2F09%2F17%2Fsejarah-hari-ini-17-september-1969-tugu-pepera-di-merauke-monumen-peringatan-irian-barat-menyatu-dengan-nkri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAct+of+Free+Choice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&oldid=1254533228">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Free_Choice&oldid=1254533228</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="Category:New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (Indonesia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Western_New_Guinea" title="Category:History of Western New Guinea">History of Western New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_in_law" title="Category:1969 in law">1969 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sovereignty_referendums" title="Category:Sovereignty referendums">Sovereignty referendums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Referendums_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Referendums in Indonesia">Referendums in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_referendums" title="Category:1969 referendums">1969 referendums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Controversies_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Controversies in Indonesia">Controversies in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military-related_euphemisms" title="Category:Military-related euphemisms">Military-related euphemisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papua_conflict" title="Category:Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 13:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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