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id="toc-Picardy_sweat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picardy_sweat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Picardy sweat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picardy_sweat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilis_t%C9%99ri" title="İngilis təri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngilis təri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suor_anglesa" title="Suor anglesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suor anglesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiv%C3%A1_hore%C4%8Dka" title="Potivá horečka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potivá horečka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englischer_Schwei%C3%9F" title="Englischer Schweiß – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englischer Schweiß" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudor_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Sudor inglés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudor inglés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suette" title="Suette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Անգլիական քրտինք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիական քրտինք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पसीने की बीमारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पसीने की बीमारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_berkeringat" title="Penyakit berkeringat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit berkeringat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_del_sudore" title="Malattia del sudore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia del sudore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%94" title="מחלת ההזעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלת ההזעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzad%C3%A1sos_betegs%C3%A9g" title="Izzadásos betegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izzadásos betegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82" title="وباء تعرق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وباء تعرق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweetziekte" title="Zweetziekte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweetziekte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%B2%92%E7%86%B1" title="粟粒熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粟粒熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk_svettesyke" title="Engelsk svettesyke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Engelsk svettesyke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angielskie_poty" title="Angielskie poty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Angielskie poty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suor_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Suor inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suor inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoarea_englez%C4%83" title="Sudoarea engleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sudoarea engleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Английский пот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английский пот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Болест знојења – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Болест знојења" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikitauti" title="Hikitauti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hikitauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska_svetten" title="Engelska svetten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Engelska svetten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terleme_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_salg%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Terleme hastalığı salgını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terleme hastalığı salgını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Англійська пітниця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англійська пітниця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%97%E7%86%B1%E7%97%85" title="汗熱病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汗熱病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q920766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="View 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For the tick-borne disease of cattle in Africa, see <a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness_(cattle)" title="Sweating sickness (cattle)">Sweating sickness (cattle)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Sweating sickness</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">English sweating sickness, English sweat, (Latin) sudor anglicus</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg/220px-Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg/330px-Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Illness_of_the_Duke_of_Normandy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Illustration by the Virgil Master depicting the sweating sickness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920766?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chills" title="Chills">chills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">body pains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a><sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sweating sickness</b>, also known as <b>the sweats</b>, <b>English sweating sickness</b>, <b>English sweat</b> or <i><b>sudor anglicus</b></i> in Latin, was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning in 1485. Other major outbreaks of the English sweating sickness occurred in 1508, 1517, and 1528, with the last outbreak in 1551, after which the disease apparently vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of symptoms was sudden, with death often occurring within hours. Sweating sickness epidemics were unique compared with other disease outbreaks of the time: whereas other epidemics were typically urban and long-lasting, cases of sweating sickness spiked and receded very quickly, and heavily affected rural populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its cause remains unknown, although it has been suggested that an unknown species of <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">hantavirus</a> was responsible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Caius" title="John Caius">John Caius</a> was a physician in Shrewsbury in 1551, when an outbreak occurred, and he described the symptoms and signs of the disease in <i>A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse</i> (1552), which is the main historical source of knowledge of the disease. It began very suddenly with a sense of apprehension, followed by cold shivers (sometimes very violent), <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> and severe pains in the neck, shoulders and limbs, with <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">great exhaustion</a>. The cold stage might last from half an hour to three hours, after which the hot and sweating stage began. The characteristic sweat broke out suddenly without any obvious cause. A sense of heat, headache, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, rapid pulse and intense thirst accompanied the sweat. Palpitation and pain in the heart were frequent symptoms. No skin eruptions were noted by observers. In the final stages there was either general exhaustion and collapse or an irresistible urge to sleep, which Caius thought was fatal if the patient were permitted to give way to it. One attack did not produce immunity, and some people suffered several bouts before dying.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease typically lasted through one full day before recovery or death took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease tended to occur in summer and early autumn. </p><p>Thomas Forestier, a physician during the first outbreak, provided a written account of his own experiences with the sweating sickness in 1485.<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestier put great emphasis on the sudden breathlessness commonly associated with the final hours of sufferers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestier claimed in an account written for other physicians that "loathsome vapors" had congregated around the heart and lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His observations point towards a pulmonary component of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pathogen_transmission" title="Pathogen transmission">Transmission</a> mostly remains a mystery, with only a few pieces of evidence in writing.<b><sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Despite greatly affecting the rural and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> of the time, the sweating sickness did not discriminate, as it was no less likely to affect young, seemingly fit men, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> or privileged classes. Based upon recorded accounts, the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> among victims was highest in males aged 30–40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that it infected all levels of society, from rich to poor, earned the sweating sickness various nicknames, such as "Stoop Gallant" or "Stoop Knave"—referencing how the 'proud' <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> were forced to 'stoop' and face their own humanity, thus relinquishing their higher status.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large number of people present in London to witness the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> may have accelerated the spread of the disease, and indeed many other airborne <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause is unknown. Commentators then and now have blamed the sewage, poor sanitation, and contaminated water supplies. The first confirmed outbreak was in August 1485 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, leading to speculation that it may have been brought from France by French mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an earlier outbreak may have affected the city of York in June 1485, before <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>'s army landed, although records of that disease's symptoms are not adequate enough to be certain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the <i><a href="/wiki/Croyland_Chronicle" title="Croyland Chronicle">Croyland Chronicle</a></i> mentions that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby</a> cited the sweating sickness as reason not to join <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a>'s army prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Relapsing_fever" title="Relapsing fever">Relapsing fever</a>, a disease spread by ticks and lice, has been proposed as a possible cause. It occurs most often during the summer months, as did the original sweating sickness. However, relapsing fever is marked by a prominent black scab at the site of the tick bite and a subsequent skin rash. </p><p>The suggestion of ergot poisoning was ruled out due to England having much less rye (the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a>) than the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have noted symptoms overlap with <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> and have proposed an unknown <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantavirus</a> as the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hantavirus species are zoonotic diseases carried by <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharing of similar trends (including seasonal occurrences, fluctuations multiple times a year, and occasional occurrences between major outbreaks) suggest the English sweating sickness may have been rodent borne.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014a_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epidemiology of hantavirus correlates with the trends of the English sweating sickness. Hantavirus infections generally do not strike infants, children, or the elderly, and mostly affect middle-aged adults. In contrast to most epidemics of the medieval ages, the English sweating sickness also predominantly affected the middle aged. A criticism of this hypothesis is that modern day hantaviruses, unlike the sweating sickness, do not randomly disappear and can be seen affecting isolated people.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is that sweating sickness was thought to have been transmitted from human to human, whereas hantaviruses are rarely spread that way.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, infection via human contact has been suggested in hantavirus outbreaks in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Padula_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padula-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_McSweegan" title="Edward McSweegan">Edward McSweegan</a> suggested the disease may have been an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> poisoning. He hypothesized that the victims could have been infected with anthrax spores present in raw wool or infected animal carcasses, and suggested exhuming victims for testing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous attempts have been made to define the disease origin by molecular biology methods, but have so far failed due to a lack of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifteenth_century">Fifteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fifteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/220px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/330px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/440px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, who may have died of the sweating sickness in 1502, aged fifteen</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweating sickness first came to the attention of physicians at the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, in 1485. It was frequently fatal; half the population perished in some areas. The Ricardian scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">John Ashdown-Hill</a> conjectures that <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> fell victim the night before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> and that this accounted for his sleepless night and excessive thirst in the early part of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no definitive statement that the sickness was present in Henry Tudor's troops landing at <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven" title="Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a>. The battle's victor, Henry VII, arrived in London on 28 August, and the disease broke out there on 19 September 1485;<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it had killed several thousand people by its conclusion in late October that year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those killed were two lord mayors, six aldermen, and three sheriffs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass superstition and paranoia followed the new plague. The Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses, between the houses of Lancaster and York. Richard III, the final York king, was killed there and Henry VII was crowned. As chaos, grief, and anger spread, people searched for a culprit for the plague. English people started to believe it was sent by God to punish supporters of Henry VII.<sup id="cite_ref-Soukouya_2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soukouya_2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sickness was regarded as being quite distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, the pestilential fever, or other epidemics previously known because of its extremely rapid and fatal course, and the sweating which gave it its name. It reached Ireland in 1492, when the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i> record the death of <a href="/wiki/James_Fleming,_7th_Baron_Slane" title="James Fleming, 7th Baron Slane">James Fleming, 7th Baron Slane</a> from the <i>pláigh allais</i> ["perspiring plague"], newly come to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Connacht" title="Annals of Connacht">Annals of Connacht</a></i> also record this obituary,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters" title="Annals of the Four Masters">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i> record "an unusual plague in Meath" of 24 hours' duration;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people recovered if they survived it beyond that 24-hour period. It did not attack infants or little children. English chronicler <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grafton" title="Richard Grafton">Richard Grafton</a> mentioned the sweating sickness of 1485 in his work <i>Grafton's Chronicle: or History of England</i>. He noted the common treatment of the disease was to go immediately to bed at the first sign of symptoms; there, the affected person was to remain absolutely still for the entire 24-hour period of the illness, abstaining from any solid food and limiting water intake.<sup id="cite_ref-Grafton_1809_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grafton_1809-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth_century">Sixteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sixteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_(1535-51)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Henry_Brandon%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk_%281535-51%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brandon,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a>, who in 1551 died of the sweating sickness aged fifteen, just an hour before his brother Charles also succumbed</figcaption></figure> <p>The ailment was not recorded from 1492 to 1502. It may have been the condition which afflicted Henry VII's son <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, and Arthur's wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, in March 1502; their illness was described as "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers who opened Arthur's tomb in 2002 could not determine the exact cause of death. Catherine recovered, but Arthur died on 2 April 1502 in his home at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a>, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second, less widespread outbreak occurred in 1507, followed by a third and much more severe epidemic in 1517, a few cases of which may have also spread to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1517 epidemic, the disease showed a particular affinity for the English; the ambassador from Venice at the time commented on the peculiarly low number of cases in foreign visitors. A similar effect was noted in 1528 when Calais (then <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">an English territory</a>) experienced an outbreak which did not spread into France.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1528 outbreak, the fourth, reached epidemic proportions. The earliest written reference to it was on 5 June 1528, in a letter to Bishop Tunstall of London from Brian Tuke, who said that he had fled to <a href="/wiki/Stepney" title="Stepney">Stepney</a> to avoid infection from a servant at his house who was ill with "the sweat." <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, suggesting that it broke out in London at the end of May. The sweats spread over the whole of England, save the far north. It did not spread to Scotland, though it did reach Ireland where Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Inge" title="Hugh Inge">Hugh Inge</a>, who died on 3 August 1528, was the most prominent victim.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortality was very high in London; Henry VIII broke up the court and left London, frequently changing his residence. In 1529 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> lost his wife and two daughters to the disease. It is believed several of the closest people to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> contracted the sickness. His love letters to his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, reveal that physicians believed Anne had contracted the illness. Henry sent his second-most trusted physician to her aid, his first being unavailable, and she survived.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> contracted the illness and survived.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disease was brought to Hamburg by a ship from England in July 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spread along the Baltic coast, north to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway as well as south to Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Cologne, Marburg, and Göttingen in September of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Christiansen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christiansen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases were unknown in Italy or France, except in the English-controlled <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Pale of Calais</a>. It emerged in Flanders and the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly transmitted directly from England by travellers; it appeared simultaneously in the cities of Antwerp and Amsterdam on the morning of 27 September. In each place, it prevailed for a short time, generally not more than two weeks. By the end of 1529, it had entirely disappeared except in the eastern part of the Swiss Confederacy, where it lingered into the next year. The disease did not recur on mainland Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_outbreak">Final outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_(Royal_Collection).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/330px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/440px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Charles_Brandon_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_3rd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk</a>, died of the sweating sickness aged thirteen, having held the dukedom for just an hour after his elder brother died of the disease</figcaption></figure> <p>The last major outbreak of the disease occurred in England in 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although burial patterns in smaller towns in Europe suggest that the disease may have been present elsewhere first,<sup id="cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the outbreak is recorded to have begun in Shrewsbury in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It killed around 1,000 there, spreading quickly throughout the rest of England<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all but disappearing by October.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was more prevalent among younger men than other groups, possibly due to their greater social exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Caius wrote his eyewitness account <i>A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse</i>. Henry Machin also recorded it in his diary: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the vii day of July begane a nuw swet in London…the x day of July [1551] the Kynges grace removyd from Westmynster unto Hamtun courte, for ther [died] serten besyd the court, and caused the Kynges grase to be gone so sune, for ther ded in London mony marchants and grett ryche men and women, and yonge men and old, of the new swett…the xvi day of July ded of the swet the ii yonge dukes of Suffoke of the swet, both in one bed in Chambrydge-shyre…and ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus… [872] and no more in alle</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Diary of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Machyn" title="Henry Machyn">Henry Machyn</a> 1550–1563</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Annals</i> of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax Parish</a> of 1551 records 44 deaths in an outbreak there.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outbreak called 'sweating sickness' occurred in <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a>, Devon in 1644, recorded in Martin Dunsford's History, killing 443 people, 105 of them buried in October.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no medical particulars were recorded, and the date falls well after the generally accepted disappearance of the 'sweating sickness' in 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Picardy_sweat">Picardy sweat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Picardy sweat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg/260px-Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg/390px-Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg/520px-Euricius_cordus_-_englisch_schweiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Title of a publication in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, 1529, about the English Sweating sickness</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1718 and 1918 an illness with some similarities occurred in France, known as the <a href="/wiki/Picardy_sweat" title="Picardy sweat">Picardy sweat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was significantly less lethal than the English Sweat but with a strikingly high frequency of outbreaks; some 200 were recorded during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llywelyn Roberts noted "a great similarity between the two diseases."<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was intense sweating and fever, and Henry Tidy found "no substantial reason to doubt the identity of <i>sudor anglicus</i> and Picardy sweat."<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tidy_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidy-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also notable differences between the Picardy sweat and the English sweating sickness. It was accompanied by a rash, which was not described as a feature of the English disease. Henry Tidy argued that John Caius's report applies to <a href="/wiki/Fulminant" title="Fulminant">fulminant</a> cases fatal within a few hours, in which case no eruption may develop. The Picardy sweat appears to have had a different epidemiology than the English sweat in that individuals who slept close to the ground and/or lived on farms appeared more susceptible, supporting the theory that the disease could be rodent borne, common in hantaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1906 outbreak of Picardy sweat which struck 6,000 people, a commission led by bacteriologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chantemesse" title="André Chantemesse">André Chantemesse</a> attributed infection to the fleas of field mice. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heyman2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman2014_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeyman_P.Simons_L.Cochez,_C.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Heyman P.; Simons L.; Cochez, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917436">"Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?"</a>. <i>Viruses</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 151–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv6010151">10.3390/v6010151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917436">3917436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24402305">24402305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Were+the+English+Sweating+Sickness+and+the+Picardy+Sweat+Caused+by+Hantaviruses%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-171&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24402305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv6010151&rft.au=Heyman+P.&rft.au=Simons+L.&rft.au=Cochez%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer_1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1997_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dyer, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044802">"The English Sweating Sickness of 1551: An Epidemic Anatomized"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 362–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300062724">10.1017/S0025727300062724</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273">0025-7273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044802">1044802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9327632">9327632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+English+Sweating+Sickness+of+1551%3A+An+Epidemic+Anatomized&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=362-384&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0025-7273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9327632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300062724&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyman_2014b-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_2014b_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeymanSimonsCochez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Heyman, Paul; Simons, Leopold; Cochez, Christel (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917436">"Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?"</a>. <i>Viruses</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 151–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv6010151">10.3390/v6010151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917436">3917436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24402305">24402305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Were+the+English+Sweating+Sickness+and+the+Picardy+Sweat+Caused+by+Hantaviruses%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-171&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24402305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv6010151&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Simons%2C+Leopold&rft.au=Cochez%2C+Christel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3917436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thwaites_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thwaites_1997_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThwaitesTavinerGant1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Thwaites" title="Guy Thwaites">Thwaites, G</a>; 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"The English sweating sickness, 1485 to 1551". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>336</b> (8): 580–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199702203360812">10.1056/NEJM199702203360812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9023099">9023099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+English+sweating+sickness%2C+1485+to+1551&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=580-582&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199702203360812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9023099&rft.aulast=Thwaites&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Taviner%2C+M&rft.au=Gant%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie_1981-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie_1981_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWYLIECOLLIER1981" class="citation journal cs1">WYLIE, JOHN A. 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Greenwood Press. p. 686, "Sweating Sickness". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313341014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313341014"><bdi>978-0313341014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+pestilence%2C+pandemics%2C+and+plagues&rft.pages=686%2C+%22Sweating+Sickness%22&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313341014&rft.aulast=Theilmann&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetre1985" class="citation book cs1">Petre, James (1985). <i>Richard III crown and people</i>. 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"The English Sweating Sickness, with Particular Reference to the 1551 Outbreak in Chester". <i>Reviews of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 303–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinids%2F13.2.303">10.1093/clinids/13.2.303</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4455857">4455857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2041963">2041963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+English+Sweating+Sickness%2C+with+Particular+Reference+to+the+1551+Outbreak+in+Chester&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-306&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2041963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4455857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinids%2F13.2.303&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Machin1848" class="citation cs2">Henry Machin (1848), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/henrymachyncit00camduoft#page/6/mode/2up"><i>The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563</i></a>, pp. 7–8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Henry+Machyn+1550%E2%80%931563&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1848&rft.au=Henry+Machin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhenrymachyncit00camduoft%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1972" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, D (28 March 1972). "Annals of the Parish of Halifax". <i>Halifax Antiquarian Society</i>: 109. <q>1551 44 persons died of the 'sweating Sickness' in the Halifax Parish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Halifax+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=Annals+of+the+Parish+of+Halifax&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1972-03-28&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunsford1836" class="citation journal cs1">Dunsford, Martin (1836). "Historical memoirs of the town and parish of Tiverton": 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+memoirs+of+the+town+and+parish+of+Tiverton&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Dunsford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1891" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Charles (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofepidemi01crei"><i>A history of epidemics in Britain</i></a>. Cambridge Univ. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofepidemi01crei/page/554">554</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+epidemics+in+Britain&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofepidemi01crei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1919" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Michael G. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionstom01osleuoft">"Sweating Sickness in Modern Times"</a>. <i>Contributions to Medical & Biological Research</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Paul B. Hoeber. pp. 52–53 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweating+Sickness+in+Modern+Times&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Medical+%26+Biological+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Paul+B.+Hoeber&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontributionstom01osleuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tidy-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tidy_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidy945" class="citation journal cs1">Tidy, H. (945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2059374">"Sweating Sickness and Picardy Sweat"</a>. <i>Br Med J</i>. <b>2</b> (4410): 63–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4410.63-a">10.1136/bmj.2.4410.63-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2059374">2059374</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=Sweating+Sickness+and+Picardy+Sweat&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4410&rft.pages=63-64&rft.date=945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2059374%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4410.63-a&rft.aulast=Tidy&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2059374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sweating-Sickness" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sweating-Sickness">Sweating-Sickness</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweating-Sickness&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=186-187&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgett1904" class="citation book cs1">Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3xmAAAAMAAJ&q=thomas+more+sweating+sickness&pg=PA74"><i>Life and Writings of Blessed Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of England and Martyr Under Henry VIII</i></a>. Original from the University of Wisconsin – Madison. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Writings+of+Blessed+Thomas+More%2C+Lord+Chancellor+of+England+and+Martyr+Under+Henry+VIII.&rft.place=Original+from+the+University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Madison&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Bridgett&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3xmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthomas%2Bmore%2Bsweating%2Bsickness%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bridson, E (2001). "The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". <i>British Journal of Biomedical Science</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11284216">11284216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Biomedical+Science&rft.atitle=The+English+%27sweate%27+%28Sudor+Anglicus%29+and+Hantavirus+pulmonary+syndrome&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11284216&rft.aulast=Bridson&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonHammond1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, J. R.; Hammond, P. W. (1999). "The English Sweating Sickness (1485-c.1551): A New Perspective on Disease Etiology". <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i>. <b>54</b>: 23–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2F54.1.23">10.1093/jhmas/54.1.23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+English+Sweating+Sickness+%281485-c.1551%29%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+Disease+Etiology&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=23-54&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2F54.1.23&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dyer, A (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044802">"The English sweating sickness of 1551: An epidemic anatomized"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 362–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300062724">10.1017/s0025727300062724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044802">1044802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9327632">9327632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+English+sweating+sickness+of+1551%3A+An+epidemic+anatomized&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=362-384&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9327632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300062724&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Flood, John L. "Englischer Schweiß und deutscher Fleiß. Ein Beitrag zur Buchhandelsgeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts," in <i>The German book in Wolfenbüttel and abroad. Studies presented to Ulrich Kopp in his retirement,</i> ed. William A. Kelly & Jürgen Beyer [Studies in reading and book culture 1] (Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2014), pp. 119–178. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThwaitesTavinerGant1997" class="citation journal cs1">Thwaites, Guy; Taviner, Mark; Gant, Vanya (1997). "The English Sweating Sickness, 1485 to 1551". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>336</b> (8): 580–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199702203360812">10.1056/NEJM199702203360812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9023099">9023099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+English+Sweating+Sickness%2C+1485+to+1551&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=580-582&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199702203360812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9023099&rft.aulast=Thwaites&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Taviner%2C+Mark&rft.au=Gant%2C+Vanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylieCollier1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wylie, J. A.; Collier, L. H. (1981). "The English Sweating sickness (sudor Anglicus): A reappraisal". <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 425–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxxxvi.4.425">10.1093/jhmas/xxxvi.4.425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7037928">7037928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+English+Sweating+sickness+%28sudor+Anglicus%29%3A+A+reappraisal&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-445&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxxxvi.4.425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7037928&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Collier%2C+L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweating+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweating_sickness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/2007/2039403.htm"><i>Sweating Fever</i></a> Jim Leavesley commemorates the 500th anniversary of the first outbreak – transcript of talk on <i>Ockham's Razor</i>, ABC <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1997/jun/thesweatingsickn1161">"The Sweating Sickness Returns"</a>, <i>Discover Magazine</i>, 1 June 1997</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=078.2">078.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D018614">D018614</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pandemics,_epidemics_and_notable_disease_outbreaks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epidemics" title="Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epidemics" title="Template talk:Epidemics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pandemics,_epidemics_and_notable_disease_outbreaks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> and notable <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">disease outbreaks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List of epidemics and pandemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1330</span> BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">Plague of Athens</a> (429–426 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> (165–180 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a> (250–266)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-<br />classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> (541–542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Plague_of_590" title="Roman Plague of 590">Roman Plague</a> (590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Sheroe" title="Plague of Sheroe">Plague of Sheroe</a> (627–628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Amwas" title="Plague of Amwas">Plague of Amwas</a> (638–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_664" title="Plague of 664">Plague of 664</a> (664–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic" title="735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic">Japanese smallpox</a> (735–737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweating sickness</a> (1485–1551)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early<br />modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico" title="History of smallpox in Mexico">Mexican smallpox</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico</a> (1545, 1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563_London_plague" title="1563 London plague">London plague</a> (1563–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague" title="1592–1593 London plague">London plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1603_London_plague" title="1603 London plague">London plague</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1623 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague" title="1629–1631 Italian plague">Italian plague</a> (1629–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic" title="Massachusetts smallpox epidemic">Massachusetts smallpox</a> (1633)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty</a> (1633–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">Great Plague of Seville</a> (1647–1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1655 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">Naples Plague</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> (1665–1666)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1675–1676)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna" title="Great Plague of Vienna">Great Plague of Vienna</a> (1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic" title="1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic">Iceland smallpox epidemic</a> (1707–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague</a> (1710–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> (1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738" title="Great Plague of 1738">Great Plague of 1738</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague" title="1770–1772 Russian plague">Russian plague</a> (1770–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague" title="1772–1773 Persian Plague">Persian Plague</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic" title="1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic">North American smallpox</a> (1780–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">Philadelphia yellow fever</a> (1793–1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic" title="1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic">Ottoman plague</a> (1812–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">Caragea's plague</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_epidemic" title="Groningen epidemic">Groningen epidemic</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains smallpox</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic" title="1847 North American typhus epidemic">Typhus</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak">Copenhagen cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak">Stockholm cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">Broad Street cholera</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">Guam smallpox</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">Pacific Northwest smallpox</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Barcelona_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1870 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic">Barcelona yellow fever</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires" title="Yellow fever in Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires yellow fever</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague" title="1894 Hong Kong plague">Hong Kong plague</a> (1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900–1904">San Francisco plague</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Los_Angeles_pneumonic_plague_outbreak" title="1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak">LA pneumonic plague</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_typhoid_outbreak_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937">Croydon typhoid</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak" title="1947 New York City smallpox outbreak">NYC smallpox</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="1963 smallpox epidemic in Wrocław">Wrocław smallpox</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Yugoslav_smallpox_outbreak" title="1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak">Yugoslav smallpox</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_flu" title="London flu">London flu</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India" title="1974 smallpox epidemic in India">Indian smallpox</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_plague_in_India" title="1994 plague in India">Surat plague</a> (1994)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">Malaysian Nipah virus</a> (1998–1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Midwest_monkeypox_outbreak" title="2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak">Midwest monkeypox</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Bird flu</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_India" title="2006 dengue outbreak in India">Indian dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_chikungunya" title="Epidemiology of chikungunya">Chikungunya outbreaks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">Iraqi cholera</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2008–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_dengue_fever_epidemic" title="2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic">Bolivian dengue</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak">Gujarat hepatitis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_West_African_meningitis_outbreak" title="2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak">Western African meningitis</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">Haiti cholera</a> (2010–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_yellow_fever_outbreak_in_Darfur,_Sudan" title="2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan">Darfur yellow fever</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 MERS outbreak">MERS</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swansea_measles_epidemic" title="2013 Swansea measles epidemic">Swansea measles</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_chikungunya_outbreak" title="2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak">Chikungunya</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">DR Congo Ebola</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odisha_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak">Odisha hepatitis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011–2015" title="Polio eradication">Polio declaration</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak" title="2015 Indian swine flu outbreak">Indian swine flu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_MERS_outbreak_in_South_Korea" title="2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea">South Korean MERS</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic" title="2015–16 Zika virus epidemic">Zika</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Angola_and_DR_Congo_yellow_fever_outbreak" title="2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak">Angolan yellow fever</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">Yemeni cholera</a> (2016–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths" title="2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths">Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis</a> (2017)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 MERS outbreak">Saudi Arabian MERS</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus_outbreaks_in_Kerala#2018_outbreak" title="Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala">Kerala Nipah virus</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">Équateur province Ebola</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Kivu Ebola</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Madagascar_measles_outbreak" title="2018 Madagascar measles outbreak">Madagascar measles</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" 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title="2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak">New Zealand measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022-2023_Uganda_Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2022-2023 Uganda Ebola outbreak">Uganda Ebola</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica" title="2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica">Jamaica dengue</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Bangsamoro_measles_outbreak" title="2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak">Bangsamoro measles</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_outbreak_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="2024 dengue outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean">2024 Latin American dengue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_epidemic_in_Argentina" title="2024 dengue epidemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> (2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">First plague pandemic</a> (541–767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">Second plague pandemic</a> (1348–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">First cholera pandemic</a> (1816–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a> (1829–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">Third cholera pandemic</a> (1852–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">Fourth cholera pandemic</a> (1863–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">Fifth cholera pandemic</a> (1881–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">Russian flu</a> (1889–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">Sixth cholera pandemic</a> (1899–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919%E2%80%931930_encephalitis_lethargica_epidemic" title="1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic">encephalitis lethargica epidemic</a> (1919–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic" title="1957–1958 influenza pandemic">Asian flu</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">Seventh cholera pandemic</a> (1961–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu" title="Hong Kong flu">Hong Kong flu</a> (1968–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Russian_flu" title="1977 Russian flu">Russian flu pandemic</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> (2019–present<abbr title="Peaked during 2020-23">*</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak" title="2022–2023 mpox outbreak">Mpox (clade II) outbreak</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_mpox_epidemic" title="2023–2024 mpox epidemic">Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic</a> (2023–2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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