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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry and compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dinitrogen_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinitrogen_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dinitrogen complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinitrogen_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrides,_azides,_and_nitrido_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrides,_azides,_and_nitrido_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nitrides, azides, and nitrido complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrides,_azides,_and_nitrido_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hydrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides_and_oxohalides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides_and_oxohalides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Halides and oxohalides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides_and_oxohalides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxoacids,_oxoanions,_and_oxoacid_salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxoacids,_oxoanions,_and_oxoacid_salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Oxoacids, oxoanions, and oxoacid salts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxoacids,_oxoanions,_and_oxoacid_salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_nitrogen_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_nitrogen_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Organic nitrogen compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_nitrogen_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Liquid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Liquid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_deficiency_monitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_deficiency_monitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Oxygen deficiency monitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_deficiency_monitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nitrogen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 191 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" > 191 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stikstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stickstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ናይትሮጅን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናይትሮጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typpi" title="Typpi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Typpi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيتروجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيتروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocheno" title="Nitrocheno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nitrocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բորակածին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բորակածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotu" title="Azotu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Azotu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="নাইট্ৰ'জেন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাইট্ৰ'জেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xenu" title="Nitróxenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nitróxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3geno" title="Nitrógeno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nitrógeno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="نیتروژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیتروژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrog%C3%A9n" title="Nitrogén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nitrogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="নাইট্রোজেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইট্রোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chek-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroheno" title="Nitroheno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nitroheno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟེ་རླུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟེ་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dušik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroheno" title="Nitroheno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nitroheno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dus%C3%ADk" title="Dusík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dusík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azote" title="Azote – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Azote" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotu" title="Azotu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Azotu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6lstof" title="Kvælstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvælstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7" title="أزوط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أزوط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stickstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lämmastik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Άζωτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άζωτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3geno" title="Nitrógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nitrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nitrogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nitrogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="نیتروژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیتروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8vievni" title="Køvievni – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Køvievni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azote" title="Azote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Azote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stikstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%B4t" title="Azôt – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Azôt" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADtrigin" title="Nítrigin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nítrigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neetragien" title="Neetragien – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Neetragien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitridean" title="Naitridean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Naitridean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nitróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氮" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="નાઇટ્રોજન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઇટ્રોજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham" title="Tham – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tham" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нитроҗен – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нитроҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naikokene" title="Naikokene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Naikokene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF" title="Ազոտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազոտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusyk" title="Dusyk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dusyk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dušik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro" title="Nitro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nitro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroheno" title="Nitroheno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nitroheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nitrogeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INihwe" title="INihwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INihwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6fnunarefni" title="Köfnunarefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Köfnunarefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Azoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="חנקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חנקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%94%C9%94t%C9%A9" title="Azɔɔtɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Azɔɔtɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಸಾರಜನಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrohenu" title="Nitrohenu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nitrohenu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აზოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrojen" title="Nitrojen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nitrojen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrojeni" title="Nitrojeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nitrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%B2t" title="Azòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Azòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%B2t" title="Azòt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Azòt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEtrojen" title="Nîtrojen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîtrojen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%99" title="ໄນໂຕຣເຈນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄນໂຕຣເຈນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenium" title="Nitrogenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nitrogenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%81peklis" title="Slāpeklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slāpeklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9ckstoff" title="Stéckstoff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stéckstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotas" title="Azotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Azotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Azoto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stikstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoti" title="Azoti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Azoti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrojen" title="Nitrojen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nitrojen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/trano" title="trano – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="trano" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Azoto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrog%C3%A9n" title="Nitrogén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nitrogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%B4ta" title="Azôta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Azôta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="നൈട്രജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈട്രജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro%C4%A1enu" title="Nitroġenu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nitroġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauota" title="Hauota – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauota" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="नत्रवायू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नत्रवायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيتروجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيتروجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯥꯢꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯥꯢꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2ng" title="Dâng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="နိုက်ထရိုဂျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုက်ထရိုဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstof_(element)" title="Stikstof (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stikstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%92%E7%B4%A0" title="窒素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="窒素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstoof" title="Stikstoof – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stikstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogene" title="Nitrogene – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nitrogene" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%B2t" title="Azòt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Azòt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayitiroojiinii" title="Naayitiroojiinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naayitiroojiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨਾਈਟਰੋਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਈਟਰੋਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नाइट्रोजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نائیٹروجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائیٹروجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="နုဲက်ထရိုစဲန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နုဲက်ထရိုစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nitrogeno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نايتروجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نايتروجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naichojen" title="Naichojen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Naichojen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%B2t" title="Asòt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Asòt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stickstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azoto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Stickstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullpachaq" title="Qullpachaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullpachaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="नैट्रोजन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नैट्रोजन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نائٹروجن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="نائٹروجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotu" title="Azotu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Azotu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stikstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoti" title="Azoti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Azoti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzotu" title="Azzotu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Azzotu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="නයිට්‍රජන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිට්‍රජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nitrogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نائٽروجن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نائٽروجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dus%C3%ADk" title="Dusík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dusík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dušik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrojiin" title="Nitrojiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nitrojiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نایترۆجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نایترۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dušik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrog%C3%A9n" title="Nitrogén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nitrogén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typpi" title="Typpi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Typpi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A4ve" title="Kväve – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kväve" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrohino" title="Nitrohino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nitrohino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="நைட்ரசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைட்ரசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="నత్రజని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నత్రజని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไนโตรเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไนโตรเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нитроген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нитроген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A0%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%82" title="ᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Азот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نائٹروجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نائٹروجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ئازوت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئازوت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Azoto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot" title="Azot – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Azot" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nitơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrin" title="Nitrin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nitrin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrodjinne" title="Nitrodjinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nitrodjinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氮" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroheno" title="Nitroheno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nitroheno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%98" title="אזאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אזאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADtr%C3%B3j%C3%ACn" title="Nítrójìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nítrójìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuots" title="Azuots – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Azuots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Nitrogen, 7N</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A transparent liquid, with visible evaporation, being poured" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg/220px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg/330px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg/440px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Liquid nitrogen (N2 at <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">below −196 °C</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Nitrogen</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Allotropes">§ Allotropes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">colorless gas, liquid or solid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(N)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[14.00643, 14.00728]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>14.007±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Nitrogen in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a 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href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td 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style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ N ↓ <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> ← nitrogen → <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15 (pnictogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">period 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>] 2s2 2p3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(N2) 63.23<a href="#cite_note-CRC71-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−209.86<a href="#cite_note-CRC71-3">[3]</a> °C, −345.75<a href="#cite_note-CRC71-3">[3]</a> °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(N2) 77.355 K (−195.795 °C, −320.431 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at STP)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.2506 g/L<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> at 0 °C, 1013 mbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">b.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.808 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">63.151 K, 12.52 kPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">126.21 K, 3.39 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(N2) 0.72 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(N2) 5.57 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(N2) 29.124 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapour pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>37 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>77 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −3, +3, +5 −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 3.04 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionisation energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1402.3 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2856 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 4578.1 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#nitrogen" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">71±1 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">155 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of nitrogen</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal crystal structure for nitrogen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div>a = 411.6 pm c = 673.4 pm (at <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">t.p.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.83×10−3 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">353 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">m/s</a> (gas, at 27 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17778-88-0 7727-37-9 (N2)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Daniel Rutherford</a> (1772)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a> (1790)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">Isotopes of nitrogen</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nitrogen_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox nitrogen isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nitrogen_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nitrogen isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-13" title="Nitrogen-13">13N</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.965 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">14N </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">99.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">15N </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">16N </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.13 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-16" title="Oxygen-16">16O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β−α<0.01% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12C</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nitrogen" title="Category:Nitrogen">Category: Nitrogen</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nitrogen" title="Template:Infobox nitrogen">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_nitrogen" title="Template talk:Infobox nitrogen">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nitrogen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nitrogen">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nitrogen is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> N and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 7. Nitrogen is a <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a> and the lightest member of <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, often called the <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a>. It is a common element in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, estimated at <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">seventh in total abundance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, two atoms of the element <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bond</a> to form N2, a colourless and odourless <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>. N2 forms about 78% of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>, making it the most abundant chemical species in air. Because of the volatility of nitrogen compounds, nitrogen is relatively rare in the solid parts of the Earth. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Daniel Rutherford</a> in 1772 and independently by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> at about the same time. The name nitrogène was suggested by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine-Claude_Chaptal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal">Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal</a> in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> suggested instead the name azote, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀζωτικός "no life", as it is an <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiant gas</a>; this name is used in a number of languages, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo compounds</a>. Elemental nitrogen is usually produced from air by <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a> technology. About 2/3 of commercially produced elemental nitrogen is used as an inert (oxygen-free) gas for commercial uses such as food packaging, and much of the rest is used as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> applications. Many industrially important compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, nitric acid, organic nitrates (<a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanides</a>, contain nitrogen. The extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">triple bond</a> in elemental nitrogen (N≡N), the second strongest bond in any <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic molecule</a> after <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO),<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> dominates nitrogen chemistry. This causes difficulty for both organisms and industry in converting N2 into useful <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, but at the same time it means that burning, exploding, or decomposing nitrogen compounds to form nitrogen gas releases large amounts of often useful energy. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>, and fertiliser nitrates are key <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramids</a> used in high-strength fabric and <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacrylate" title="Cyanoacrylate">cyanoacrylate</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Superglue" class="mw-redirect" title="Superglue">superglue</a>. Nitrogen occurs in all organisms, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> (and thus <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>) and in the energy transfer molecule <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">human body contains</a> about 3% nitrogen by mass, the fourth most abundant element in the body after oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. The <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> describes the movement of the element from the air, into the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Nitrogen is a constituent of every major pharmacological drug class, including <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. Many drugs are mimics or <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a> of natural nitrogen-containing <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signal molecules</a>: for example, the organic nitrates <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitroprusside" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroprusside">nitroprusside</a> control <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> by metabolising into <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>. Many notable nitrogen-containing drugs, such as the natural <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> or the synthetic <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a>, act on receptors of animal <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutherford_Daniel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutherford_Daniel.jpg/220px-Rutherford_Daniel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutherford_Daniel.jpg/330px-Rutherford_Daniel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Rutherford_Daniel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Daniel Rutherford</a>, discoverer of nitrogen</figcaption></figure> Nitrogen compounds have a very long history, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> having been known to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. They were well-known by the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> knew nitric acid as <a href="/wiki/Aqua_fortis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua fortis">aqua fortis</a> (strong water), as well as other nitrogen compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> salts and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> salts. The mixture of nitric and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acids</a> was known as <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (royal water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, the king of metals.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood406-9">[9]</a> The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Daniel Rutherford</a> in 1772, who called it noxious air.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-11">[11]</a> Though he did not recognise it as an entirely different chemical substance, he clearly distinguished it from Joseph Black's <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black#Carbon_dioxide" title="Joseph Black">"fixed air"</a>, or carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The fact that there was a component of air that does not support <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> was clear to Rutherford, although he was not aware that it was an element. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> who referred to it as burnt air or <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogisticated air</a>. French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> referred to nitrogen gas as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mephitic_air" class="extiw" title="wikt:mephitic air">mephitic air</a>" or azote, from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word άζωτικός (azotikos), "no life", due to it being <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In an atmosphere of pure nitrogen, animals died and flames were extinguished. Though Lavoisier's name was not accepted in English since it was pointed out that all gases but oxygen are either asphyxiant or outright toxic, it is used in many languages (French, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, Albanian, Turkish, etc.; the German Stickstoff similarly refers to the same characteristic, viz. ersticken "to choke or suffocate") and still remains in English in the common names of many nitrogen compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> and compounds of the <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a> ion. Finally, it led to the name "<a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a>" for the group headed by nitrogen, from the Greek πνίγειν "to choke".<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood406-9">[9]</a> The English word nitrogen (1794) entered the language from the French nitrogène, coined in 1790 by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a> (1756–1832),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> from the French nitre (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>) and the French suffix -gène, "producing", from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> -γενής (-genes, "begotten"). Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen is the essential part of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, which in turn was produced from <a href="/wiki/Nitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitre">nitre</a>. In earlier times, nitre had been confused with Egyptian "natron" (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>) – called νίτρον (nitron) in Greek – which, despite the name, contained no nitrate.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The earliest military, industrial, and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds used saltpetre (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> or potassium nitrate), most notably in <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, and later as <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>. In 1910, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> discovered that an electrical discharge in nitrogen gas produced "active nitrogen", a <a href="/wiki/Monatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic">monatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The "whirling cloud of brilliant yellow light" produced by his apparatus reacted with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> to produce explosive <a href="/wiki/Mercury_nitride" title="Mercury nitride">mercury nitride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> For a long time, sources of nitrogen compounds were limited. Natural sources originated either from biology or deposits of nitrates produced by atmospheric reactions. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen fixation</a> by industrial processes like the <a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Caro_process" title="Frank–Caro process">Frank–Caro process</a> (1895–1899) and <a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber–Bosch process">Haber–Bosch process</a> (1908–1913) eased this shortage of nitrogen compounds, to the extent that half of global <a href="/wiki/Food_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">food production</a> now relies on synthetic nitrogen fertilisers.<a href="#cite_note-Haber100-22">[22]</a> At the same time, use of the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a> (1902) to produce nitrates from industrial nitrogen fixation allowed the large-scale industrial production of nitrates as <a href="/wiki/Feedstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedstock">feedstock</a> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic">Atomic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_orbitals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Neon_orbitals.png/350px-Neon_orbitals.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Neon_orbitals.png/525px-Neon_orbitals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Neon_orbitals.png/700px-Neon_orbitals.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>The shapes of the five orbitals occupied in nitrogen. The two colours show the phase or sign of the wave function in each region. From left to right: 1s, 2s (cutaway to show internal structure), 2px, 2py, 2pz.</figcaption></figure> A nitrogen atom has seven electrons. In the ground state, they are arranged in the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p1 x2p1 y2p1 z. It, therefore, has five <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> in the 2s and 2p orbitals, three of which (the p-electrons) are unpaired. It has one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativities</a> among the elements (3.04 on the Pauling scale), exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (3.16), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (3.44), and <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> (3.98). (The light <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, would presumably also be more electronegative, and in fact are on the Allen scale.)<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood411-25">[25]</a> Following periodic trends, its single-bond <a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">covalent radius</a> of 71 pm is smaller than those of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (84 pm) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (76 pm), while it is larger than those of oxygen (66 pm) and fluorine (57 pm). The <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</a> anion, N3−, is much larger at 146 pm, similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> (O2−: 140 pm) and <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> (F−: 133 pm) anions.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood411-25">[25]</a> The first three ionisation energies of nitrogen are 1.402, 2.856, and 4.577 MJ·mol−1, and the sum of the fourth and fifth is 16.920 MJ·mol−1. Due to these very high figures, nitrogen has no simple cationic chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood550-26">[26]</a> The lack of radial nodes in the 2p subshell is directly responsible for many of the anomalous properties of the first row of the <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a>, especially in nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. The 2p subshell is very small and has a very similar radius to the 2s shell, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">orbital hybridisation</a>. It also results in very large electrostatic forces of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons in the 2s and 2p shells, resulting in very high electronegativities. <a href="/wiki/Hypervalent_molecule" title="Hypervalent molecule">Hypervalency</a> is almost unknown in the 2p elements for the same reason, because the high electronegativity makes it difficult for a small nitrogen atom to be a central atom in an electron-rich <a href="/wiki/Three-center_four-electron_bond" title="Three-center four-electron bond">three-center four-electron bond</a> since it would tend to attract the electrons strongly to itself. Thus, despite nitrogen's position at the head of group 15 in the periodic table, its chemistry shows huge differences from that of its heavier congeners <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaupp-27">[27]</a> Nitrogen may be usefully compared to its horizontal neighbours' carbon and oxygen as well as its vertical neighbours in the pnictogen column, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Although each period 2 element from lithium to oxygen shows some similarities to the period 3 element in the next group (from magnesium to chlorine; these are known as <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_relationship" title="Diagonal relationship">diagonal relationships</a>), their degree drops off abruptly past the boron–silicon pair. The similarities of nitrogen to sulfur are mostly limited to sulfur nitride ring compounds when both elements are the only ones present.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Nitrogen does not share the proclivity of carbon for <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">catenation</a>. Like carbon, nitrogen tends to form ionic or metallic compounds with metals. Nitrogen forms an extensive series of nitrides with carbon, including those with chain-, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphitic-</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenic</a>-like structures.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It resembles oxygen with its high electronegativity and concomitant capability for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> and the ability to form <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> by donating its <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pairs</a> of electrons. There are some parallels between the chemistry of ammonia NH3 and water H2O. For example, the capacity of both compounds to be protonated to give NH4+ and H3O+ or deprotonated to give NH2− and OH−, with all of these able to be isolated in solid compounds.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Nitrogen shares with both its horizontal neighbours a preference for forming multiple bonds, typically with carbon, oxygen, or other nitrogen atoms, through pπ–pπ interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Thus, for example, nitrogen occurs as diatomic molecules and therefore has very much lower <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting</a> (−210 °C) and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a> (−196 °C) than the rest of its group, as the N2 molecules are only held together by weak <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals interaction">van der Waals interactions</a> and there are very few electrons available to create significant instantaneous dipoles. This is not possible for its vertical neighbours; thus, the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">nitroso</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo</a>-, and <a href="/wiki/Diazo" title="Diazo">diazo</a>-compounds, <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">cyanates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imino" class="mw-redirect" title="Imino">imino</a>-derivatives find no echo with phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth. By the same token, however, the complexity of the phosphorus oxoacids finds no echo with nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Setting aside their differences, nitrogen and phosphorus form an extensive series of compounds with one another; these have chain, ring, and cage structures.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Table of thermal and physical properties of nitrogen (N2) at atmospheric pressure:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center">Temperature (K) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Density (kg m−3) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Specific heat (kJ kg−1 °C−1) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Thermal conductivity (W m−1 °C−1) </td> <td style="text-align: center">Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1) </td> <td style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Prandtl_number" title="Prandtl number">Prandtl number</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>3.4388 </td> <td>1.07   </td> <td>6.88×10−6 </td> <td>2.00×10−6 </td> <td>0.00958 </td> <td>2.60×10−6 </td> <td>0.768 </td></tr> <tr> <td>150 </td> <td>2.2594 </td> <td>1.05   </td> <td>1.01×10−5 </td> <td>4.45×10−6 </td> <td>0.0139  </td> <td>5.86×10−6 </td> <td>0.759 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>1.7108 </td> <td>1.0429 </td> <td>1.29×10−5 </td> <td>7.57×10−6 </td> <td>0.01824 </td> <td>1.02×10−5 </td> <td>0.747 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300 </td> <td>1.1421 </td> <td>1.0408 </td> <td>1.78×10−5 </td> <td>1.56×10−5 </td> <td>0.0262  </td> <td>2.20×10−5 </td> <td>0.713 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>0.8538 </td> <td>1.0459 </td> <td>2.20×10−5 </td> <td>2.57×10−5 </td> <td>0.03335 </td> <td>3.73×10−5 </td> <td>0.691 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>0.6824 </td> <td>1.0555 </td> <td>2.57×10−5 </td> <td>3.77×10−5 </td> <td>0.03984 </td> <td>5.53×10−5 </td> <td>0.684 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600 </td> <td>0.5687 </td> <td>1.0756 </td> <td>2.91×10−5 </td> <td>5.12×10−5 </td> <td>0.0458  </td> <td>7.49×10−5 </td> <td>0.686 </td></tr> <tr> <td>700 </td> <td>0.4934 </td> <td>1.0969 </td> <td>3.21×10−5 </td> <td>6.67×10−5 </td> <td>0.05123 </td> <td>9.47×10−5 </td> <td>0.691 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 </td> <td>0.4277 </td> <td>1.1225 </td> <td>3.48×10−5 </td> <td>8.15×10−5 </td> <td>0.05609 </td> <td>1.17×10−4 </td> <td>0.7   </td></tr> <tr> <td>900 </td> <td>0.3796 </td> <td>1.1464 </td> <td>3.75×10−5 </td> <td>9.11×10−5 </td> <td>0.0607  </td> <td>1.39×10−4 </td> <td>0.711 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>0.3412 </td> <td>1.1677 </td> <td>4.00×10−5 </td> <td>1.19×10−4 </td> <td>0.06475 </td> <td>1.63×10−4 </td> <td>0.724 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100 </td> <td>0.3108 </td> <td>1.1857 </td> <td>4.23×10−5 </td> <td>1.36×10−4 </td> <td>0.0685  </td> <td>1.86×10−4 </td> <td>0.736 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td>0.2851 </td> <td>1.2037 </td> <td>4.45×10−5 </td> <td>1.56×10−4 </td> <td>0.07184 </td> <td>2.09×10−4 </td> <td>0.748 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300 </td> <td>0.2591 </td> <td>1.219  </td> <td>4.66×10−5 </td> <td>1.80×10−4 </td> <td>0.081   </td> <td>2.56×10−4 </td> <td>0.701 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">Isotopes of nitrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NuclideMap_C-F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NuclideMap_C-F.png/510px-NuclideMap_C-F.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NuclideMap_C-F.png/765px-NuclideMap_C-F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NuclideMap_C-F.png/1020px-NuclideMap_C-F.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Table of nuclides (Segrè chart) from carbon to fluorine (including nitrogen). Orange indicates <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a> (nuclides outside the proton drip line); pink for <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a> (inverse beta decay); black for <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable</a> nuclides; blue for <a href="/wiki/Electron_emission" title="Electron emission">electron emission</a> (beta decay); and violet for <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a> (nuclides outside the neutron drip line). Proton number increases going up the vertical axis and neutron number going to the right on the horizontal axis.</figcaption></figure> Nitrogen has two stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 14N and 15N. The first is much more common, making up 99.634% of natural nitrogen, and the second (which is slightly heavier) makes up the remaining 0.366%. This leads to an atomic weight of around 14.007 u.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood411-25">[25]</a> Both of these stable isotopes are produced in the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, but 14N is more common as its proton capture is the rate-limiting step. 14N is one of the five stable <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">odd–odd nuclides</a> (a nuclide having an odd number of protons and neutrons); the other four are <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">2H</a>, 6Li, 10B, and 180mTa.<a href="#cite_note-BetheBible-34">[34]</a> The relative abundance of 14N and 15N is practically constant in the atmosphere but can vary elsewhere, due to natural isotopic fractionation from biological <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> reactions and the evaporation of natural <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Biologically mediated reactions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)" title="Assimilation (biology)">assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions typically result in 15N enrichment of the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">substrate</a> and depletion of the <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">product</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enrich-36">[36]</a> The heavy isotope 15N was first discovered by S. M. Naudé in 1929, and soon after heavy isotopes of the neighbouring elements <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood408-37">[37]</a> It presents one of the lowest thermal neutron capture cross-sections of all isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the structures of nitrogen-containing molecules, due to its fractional <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> of one-half, which offers advantages for NMR such as narrower line width. 14N, though also theoretically usable, has an integer nuclear spin of one and thus has a <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupole moment">quadrupole moment</a> that leads to wider and less useful spectra.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood411-25">[25]</a> 15N NMR nevertheless has complications not encountered in the more common 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The low natural abundance of 15N (0.36%) significantly reduces sensitivity, a problem which is only exacerbated by its low <a href="/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio" title="Gyromagnetic ratio">gyromagnetic ratio</a>, (only 10.14% that of 1H). As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio for 1H is about 300 times as much as that for 15N at the same magnetic field strength.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-39">[39]</a> This may be somewhat alleviated by isotopic enrichment of 15N by chemical exchange or fractional distillation. 15N-enriched compounds have the advantage that under standard conditions, they do not undergo chemical exchange of their nitrogen atoms with atmospheric nitrogen, unlike compounds with labelled <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, carbon, and oxygen isotopes that must be kept away from the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood411-25">[25]</a> The 15N:14N ratio is commonly used in stable isotope analysis in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography" title="Paleoceanography">paleoceanography</a>, where it is called <a href="/wiki/%CE%9415N" title="Δ15N">δ15N</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Of the thirteen other isotopes produced synthetically, ranging from 9N to 23N, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-13" title="Nitrogen-13">13N</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of ten minutes and the remaining isotopes have half-lives less than eight seconds.<a href="#cite_note-N9sci-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-42">[42]</a> Given the half-life difference, 13N is the most important nitrogen radioisotope, being relatively long-lived enough to use in <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET), although its half-life is still short and thus it must be produced at the venue of the PET, for example in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> via proton bombardment of 16O producing 13N and an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson_151-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> 16N is the dominant <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> in the coolant of <a href="/wiki/Pressurised_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurised water reactor">pressurised water reactors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water reactors</a> during normal operation. It is produced from 16O (in water) via an <a href="/wiki/Np_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Np reaction">(n,p) reaction</a>, in which the 16O atom captures a neutron and expels a proton. It has a short half-life of about 7.1 s,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-42">[42]</a> but its decay back to 16O produces high-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a> (5 to 7 MeV).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neeb-44">[44]</a> Because of this, access to the primary coolant piping in a pressurised water reactor must be restricted during <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">reactor</a> power operation.<a href="#cite_note-Neeb-44">[44]</a> It is a sensitive and immediate indicator of leaks from the primary coolant system to the secondary steam cycle and is the primary means of detection for such leaks.<a href="#cite_note-Neeb-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">Solid nitrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N2MolecularDiagramCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/N2MolecularDiagramCR.jpg/400px-N2MolecularDiagramCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/N2MolecularDiagramCR.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram" title="Molecular orbital diagram">Molecular orbital diagram</a> of dinitrogen molecule, N2. There are five bonding orbitals and two antibonding orbitals (marked with an asterisk; orbitals involving the inner 1s electrons not shown), giving a total bond order of three.</figcaption></figure> Atomic nitrogen, also known as active nitrogen, is highly reactive, being a <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">triradical</a> with three unpaired electrons. Free nitrogen atoms easily react with most elements to form nitrides, and even when two free nitrogen atoms collide to produce an excited N2 molecule, they may release so much energy on collision with even such stable molecules as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to cause homolytic fission into radicals such as CO and O or OH and H. Atomic nitrogen is prepared by passing an electric discharge through nitrogen gas at 0.1–2 mmHg, which produces atomic nitrogen along with a peach-yellow emission that fades slowly as an afterglow for several minutes even after the discharge terminates.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Given the great reactivity of atomic nitrogen, elemental nitrogen usually occurs as molecular N2, dinitrogen. This molecule is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> gas at standard conditions: it melts at −210 °C and boils at −196 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Dinitrogen is mostly unreactive at room temperature, but it will nevertheless react with <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> metal and some <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> complexes. This is due to its bonding, which is unique among the diatomic elements at standard conditions in that it has an N≡N <a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">triple bond</a>. Triple bonds have short bond lengths (in this case, 109.76 pm) and high dissociation energies (in this case, 945.41 kJ/mol), and are thus very strong, explaining dinitrogen's low level of chemical reactivity.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Other nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Oligomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligomers">oligomers</a> and polymers may be possible. If they could be synthesised, they may have potential applications as materials with a very high energy density, that could be used as powerful propellants or explosives.<a href="#cite_note-Lewars-46">[46]</a> Under extremely high pressures (1.1 million <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>) and high temperatures (2000 K), as produced in a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell" title="Diamond anvil cell">diamond anvil cell</a>, nitrogen polymerises into the single-bonded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubic_gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubic gauche (page does not exist)">cubic gauche</a> crystal structure. This structure is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, and both have extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>, resulting in its nickname "nitrogen diamond".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_(PIA20198).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png/240px-Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png/360px-Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png/480px-Mountainous_Shoreline_of_Sputnik_Planum_%28PIA20198%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">Solid nitrogen</a> on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Planitia" title="Sputnik Planitia">Sputnik Planitia</a> (on the bottom-right side of the image) on <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> next to water ice mountains (on the up-left side of the image)</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, molecular nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquefies</a>) at 77 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−195.79 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezes</a> at 63 K (−210.01 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Gray-48">[48]</a> into the beta <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> crystal <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropic</a> form. Below 35.4 K (−237.6 °C) nitrogen assumes the <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a> crystal allotropic form (called the alpha phase).<a href="#cite_note-schu-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">Liquid nitrogen</a>, a colourless fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80.8% of the density (the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0.808 g/mL), is a common <a href="/wiki/Cryogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogen">cryogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">Solid nitrogen</a> has many crystalline modifications. It forms a significant dynamic surface coverage on Pluto<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and outer moons of the Solar System such as <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Even at the low temperatures of solid nitrogen it is fairly volatile and can <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublime</a> to form an atmosphere, or condense back into nitrogen frost. It is very weak and flows in the form of glaciers, and on Triton <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> of nitrogen gas come from the polar ice cap region.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_compounds">Chemistry and compounds</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinitrogen_complexes">Dinitrogen complexes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen complex">Dinitrogen complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuA5N2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RuA5N2.png/220px-RuA5N2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RuA5N2.png/330px-RuA5N2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/RuA5N2.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Structure of [Ru(NH3)5(N2)]2+ (<a href="/wiki/Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II) chloride">pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)</a>), the first dinitrogen complex to be discovered</figcaption></figure> The first example of a <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen complex">dinitrogen complex</a> to be discovered was [Ru(NH3)5(N2)]2+ (see figure at right), and soon many other such complexes were discovered. These <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a>, in which a nitrogen molecule donates at least one lone pair of electrons to a central metal cation, illustrate how N2 might bind to the metal(s) in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>: these processes involving dinitrogen activation are vitally important in biology and in the production of fertilisers.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schrock-55">[55]</a> Dinitrogen is able to coordinate to metals in five different ways. The more well-characterised ways are the end-on M←N≡N (<a href="/wiki/Hapticity" title="Hapticity">η</a>1) and M←N≡N→M (<a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">μ</a>, bis-η1), in which the lone pairs on the nitrogen atoms are donated to the metal cation. The less well-characterised ways involve dinitrogen donating electron pairs from the triple bond, either as a <a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">bridging ligand</a> to two metal cations (μ, bis-η2) or to just one (η2). The fifth and unique method involves triple-coordination as a bridging ligand, donating all three electron pairs from the triple bond (μ3-N2). A few complexes feature multiple N2 ligands and some feature N2 bonded in multiple ways. Since N2 is isoelectronic with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> (C2H2), the bonding in dinitrogen complexes is closely allied to that in <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> compounds, although N2 is a weaker σ-donor and π-acceptor than CO. Theoretical studies show that σ donation is a more important factor allowing the formation of the M–N bond than π back-donation, which mostly only weakens the N–N bond, and end-on (η1) donation is more readily accomplished than side-on (η2) donation.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Today, dinitrogen complexes are known for almost all the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, accounting for several hundred compounds. They are normally prepared by three methods:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> <ol><li>Replacing labile ligands such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H2O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">H−</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> directly by nitrogen: these are often reversible reactions that proceed at mild conditions.</li> <li>Reducing metal complexes in the presence of a suitable co-ligand in excess under nitrogen gas. A common choice includes replacing chloride ligands with <a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenylphosphine" title="Dimethylphenylphosphine">dimethylphenylphosphine</a> (PMe2Ph) to make up for the smaller number of nitrogen ligands attached to the original chlorine ligands.</li> <li>Converting a ligand with N–N bonds, such as hydrazine or azide, directly into a dinitrogen ligand.</li></ol> Occasionally the N≡N bond may be formed directly within a metal complex, for example by directly reacting coordinated <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH3) with <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a> (HNO2), but this is not generally applicable. Most dinitrogen complexes have colours within the range white-yellow-orange-red-brown; a few exceptions are known, such as the blue [{Ti(η5-C5H5)2}2-(N2)].<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrides,_azides,_and_nitrido_complexes">Nitrides, azides, and nitrido complexes</h3></div> Nitrogen bonds to almost all the elements in the periodic table except the first two <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, and some of the very short-lived elements after <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, creating an immense variety of binary compounds with varying properties and applications.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood412-28">[28]</a> Many binary compounds are known: with the exception of the nitrogen hydrides, oxides, and fluorides, these are typically called <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitrides</a>. Many stoichiometric phases are usually present for most elements (e.g. MnN, Mn6N5, Mn3N2, Mn2N, Mn4N, and MnxN for 9.2 < x < 25.3). They may be classified as "salt-like" (mostly ionic), covalent, "diamond-like", and metallic (or <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial compound">interstitial</a>), although this classification has limitations generally stemming from the continuity of bonding types instead of the discrete and separate types that it implies. They are normally prepared by directly reacting a metal with nitrogen or ammonia (sometimes after heating), or by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of metal amides:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood417-56">[56]</a> <dl><dd>3 Ca + N2 → Ca3N2</dd> <dd>3 Mg + 2 NH3 → Mg3N2 + 3 H2 (at 900 °C)</dd> <dd>3 Zn(NH2)2 → Zn3N2 + 4 NH3</dd></dl> Many variants on these processes are possible. The most ionic of these nitrides are those of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>, Li3N (Na, K, Rb, and Cs do not form stable nitrides for steric reasons) and M3N2 (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). These can formally be thought of as salts of the N3− anion, although charge separation is not actually complete even for these highly electropositive elements. However, the alkali metal <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azides</a> NaN3 and KN3, featuring the linear N− 3 anion, are well-known, as are Sr(N3)2 and Ba(N3)2. Azides of the B-subgroup metals (those in <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">groups 11</a> through <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a>) are much less ionic, have more complicated structures, and detonate readily when shocked.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood417-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borazin_Mesomers1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Borazin_Mesomers1.svg/400px-Borazin_Mesomers1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Borazin_Mesomers1.svg/600px-Borazin_Mesomers1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Borazin_Mesomers1.svg/800px-Borazin_Mesomers1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="129" /></a><figcaption>Mesomeric structures of borazine, (–BH–NH–)3</figcaption></figure> Many covalent binary nitrides are known. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> ((CN)2), <a href="/wiki/Triphosphorus_pentanitride" title="Triphosphorus pentanitride">triphosphorus pentanitride</a> (P3N5), <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride">disulfur dinitride</a> (S2N2), and <a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">tetrasulfur tetranitride</a> (S4N4). The essentially covalent <a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">silicon nitride</a> (Si3N4) and <a href="/wiki/Germanium_nitride" title="Germanium nitride">germanium nitride</a> (Ge3N4) are also known: silicon nitride, in particular, would make a promising <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> if not for the difficulty of working with and sintering it. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13</a> nitrides, most of which are promising <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, are isoelectronic with graphite, diamond, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> and have similar structures: their bonding changes from covalent to partially ionic to metallic as the group is descended. In particular, since the B–N unit is isoelectronic to C–C, and carbon is essentially intermediate in size between boron and nitrogen, much of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> finds an echo in boron–nitrogen chemistry, such as in <a href="/wiki/Borazine" title="Borazine">borazine</a> ("inorganic <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>"). Nevertheless, the analogy is not exact due to the ease of <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophilic</a> attack at boron due to its deficiency in electrons, which is not possible in a wholly carbon-containing ring.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood417-56">[56]</a> The largest category of nitrides are the interstitial nitrides of formulae MN, M2N, and M4N (although variable composition is perfectly possible), where the small nitrogen atoms are positioned in the gaps in a metallic cubic or <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> lattice. They are opaque, very hard, and chemically inert, melting only at very high temperatures (generally over 2500 °C). They have a metallic lustre and conduct electricity as do metals. They hydrolyse only very slowly to give ammonia or nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood417-56">[56]</a> The nitride anion (N3−) is the strongest π donor known among ligands (the second-strongest is O2−). Nitrido complexes are generally made by the thermal decomposition of azides or by deprotonating ammonia, and they usually involve a terminal {≡N}3− group. The linear azide anion (N− 3), being isoelectronic with <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">cyanate</a>, forms many coordination complexes. Further catenation is rare, although N4− 4 (isoelectronic with <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>) is known.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood417-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrides">Hydrides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg/510px-Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg/765px-Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg/1020px-Nitrogen_electrode_potentials.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Standard reduction potentials for nitrogen-containing species. Top diagram shows potentials at pH 0; bottom diagram shows potentials at pH 14.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood434-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Industrially, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH3) is the most important compound of nitrogen and is prepared in larger amounts than any other compound because it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilisers. It is a colourless alkaline gas with a characteristic pungent smell. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a> has very significant effects on ammonia, conferring on it its high melting (−78 °C) and boiling (−33 °C) points. As a liquid, it is a very good solvent with a high heat of vaporisation (enabling it to be used in vacuum flasks), that also has a low viscosity and electrical conductivity and high <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">dielectric constant</a>, and is less dense than water. However, the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is weaker than that in H2O due to the lower electronegativity of nitrogen compared to oxygen and the presence of only one lone pair in NH3 rather than two in H2O. It is a weak base in aqueous solution (<a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">pKb</a> 4.74); its conjugate acid is <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, NH+ 4. It can also act as an extremely weak acid, losing a proton to produce the amide anion, NH− 2. It thus undergoes self-dissociation, similar to water, to produce ammonium and amide. Ammonia burns in air or oxygen, though not readily, to produce nitrogen gas; it burns in fluorine with a greenish-yellow flame to give <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">nitrogen trifluoride</a>. Reactions with the other nonmetals are very complex and tend to lead to a mixture of products. Ammonia reacts on heating with metals to give nitrides.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood420-58">[58]</a> Many other binary nitrogen hydrides are known, but the most important are <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> (N2H4) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen azide">hydrogen azide</a> (HN3). Although it is not a nitrogen hydride, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">hydroxylamine</a> (NH2OH) is similar in properties and structure to ammonia and hydrazine as well. Hydrazine is a fuming, colourless liquid that smells similar to ammonia. Its physical properties are very similar to those of water (melting point 2.0 °C, boiling point 113.5 °C, density 1.00 g/cm3). Despite it being an endothermic compound, it is kinetically stable. It burns quickly and completely in air very exothermically to give nitrogen and water vapour. It is a very useful and versatile reducing agent and is a weaker base than ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood426-59">[59]</a> It is also commonly used as a rocket fuel.<a href="#cite_note-Vieira-60">[60]</a> Hydrazine is generally made by reaction of ammonia with alkaline <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> in the presence of gelatin or glue:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood426-59">[59]</a> <dl><dd>NH3 + OCl− → NH2Cl + OH−</dd> <dd>NH2Cl + NH3 → N 2H+ 5 + Cl− (slow)</dd> <dd>N 2H+ 5 + OH− → N2H4 + H2O (fast)</dd></dl> (The attacks by hydroxide and ammonia may be reversed, thus passing through the intermediate NHCl− instead.) The reason for adding gelatin is that it removes metal ions such as Cu2+ that catalyses the destruction of hydrazine by reaction with <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">monochloramine</a> (NH2Cl) to produce <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> and nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood426-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen azide">Hydrogen azide</a> (HN3) was first produced in 1890 by the oxidation of aqueous hydrazine by nitrous acid. It is very explosive and even dilute solutions can be dangerous. It has a disagreeable and irritating smell and is a potentially lethal (but not cumulative) poison. It may be considered the conjugate acid of the azide anion, and is similarly analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Hydrohalic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrohalic acid">hydrohalic acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood426-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides_and_oxohalides">Halides and oxohalides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG/220px-Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG/330px-Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG/440px-Nitrogen_trichloride.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">Nitrogen trichloride</a></figcaption></figure> All four simple nitrogen trihalides are known. A few mixed halides and hydrohalides are known, but are mostly unstable; examples include NClF2, NCl2F, NBrF2, NF2H, <a href="/wiki/Fluoroamine" title="Fluoroamine">NFH2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">NCl2H</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">NClH2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood438-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">Nitrogen trifluoride</a> (NF3, first prepared in 1928) is a colourless and odourless gas that is thermodynamically stable, and most readily produced by the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of molten <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_fluoride" title="Ammonium fluoride">ammonium fluoride</a> dissolved in anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrafluoride" title="Carbon tetrafluoride">carbon tetrafluoride</a>, it is not at all reactive and is stable in water or dilute aqueous acids or alkalis. Only when heated does it act as a fluorinating agent, and it reacts with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth on contact at high temperatures to give <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluorohydrazine" title="Tetrafluorohydrazine">tetrafluorohydrazine</a> (N2F4). The cations NF+ 4 and N 2F+ 3 are also known (the latter from reacting tetrafluorohydrazine with strong fluoride-acceptors such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">arsenic pentafluoride</a>), as is ONF3, which has aroused interest due to the short N–O distance implying partial double bonding and the highly polar and long N–F bond. Tetrafluorohydrazine, unlike hydrazine itself, can dissociate at room temperature and above to give the radical NF2•. <a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">Fluorine azide</a> (FN3) is very explosive and thermally unstable. <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">Dinitrogen difluoride</a> (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood438-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">Nitrogen trichloride</a> (NCl3) is a dense, volatile, and explosive liquid whose physical properties are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>, although one difference is that NCl3 is easily hydrolysed by water while CCl4 is not. It was first synthesised in 1811 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Dulong" title="Pierre Louis Dulong">Pierre Louis Dulong</a>, who lost three fingers and an eye to its explosive tendencies. As a dilute gas it is less dangerous and is thus used industrially to bleach and sterilise flour. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">Nitrogen tribromide</a> (NBr3), first prepared in 1975, is a deep red, temperature-sensitive, volatile solid that is explosive even at −100 °C. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">Nitrogen triiodide</a> (NI3) is still more unstable and was only prepared in 1990. Its adduct with ammonia, which was known earlier, is very shock-sensitive: it can be set off by the touch of a feather, shifting air currents, or even <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood438-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For this reason, small amounts of nitrogen triiodide are sometimes synthesised as a demonstration to high school chemistry students or as an act of "chemical magic".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">Chlorine azide</a> (ClN3) and <a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">bromine azide</a> (BrN3) are extremely sensitive and explosive.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-solid-65">[65]</a> Two series of nitrogen oxohalides are known: the nitrosyl halides (XNO) and the nitryl halides (XNO2). The first is very reactive gases that can be made by directly halogenating nitrous oxide. <a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_fluoride" title="Nitrosyl fluoride">Nitrosyl fluoride</a> (NOF) is colourless and a vigorous fluorinating agent. <a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_chloride" title="Nitrosyl chloride">Nitrosyl chloride</a> (NOCl) behaves in much the same way and has often been used as an ionising solvent. <a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_bromide" title="Nitrosyl bromide">Nitrosyl bromide</a> (NOBr) is red. The reactions of the nitryl halides are mostly similar: <a href="/wiki/Nitryl_fluoride" title="Nitryl fluoride">nitryl fluoride</a> (FNO2) and <a href="/wiki/Nitryl_chloride" title="Nitryl chloride">nitryl chloride</a> (ClNO2) are likewise reactive gases and vigorous halogenating agents.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood438-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Nitrogen oxide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg/300px-Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg/450px-Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg/600px-Nitrogen_dioxide_at_different_temperatures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Nitrogen dioxide at −196 °C, 0 °C, 23 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. NO 2 converts to colourless dinitrogen tetroxide (N 2O 4) at low temperatures, and reverts to NO 2 at higher temperatures.</figcaption></figure> Nitrogen forms nine molecular oxides, some of which were the first gases to be identified: N2O (<a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>), NO (<a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>), N2O3 (<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">dinitrogen trioxide</a>), NO2 (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>), N2O4 (<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a>), N2O5 (<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">dinitrogen pentoxide</a>), N4O (<a href="/wiki/Nitrosylazide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosylazide">nitrosylazide</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> and N(NO2)3 (<a href="/wiki/Trinitramide" title="Trinitramide">trinitramide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> All are thermally unstable towards decomposition to their elements. One other possible oxide that has not yet been synthesised is <a href="/wiki/Oxatetrazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxatetrazole">oxatetrazole</a> (N4O), an aromatic ring.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> Nitrous oxide (N2O), better known as laughing gas, is made by thermal decomposition of molten <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> at 250 °C. This is a redox reaction and thus nitric oxide and nitrogen are also produced as byproducts. It is mostly used as a propellant and aerating agent for <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">sprayed canned whipped cream</a>, and was formerly commonly used as an anaesthetic. Despite appearances, it cannot be considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic anhydride">anhydride</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">hyponitrous acid</a> (H2N2O2) because that acid is not produced by the dissolution of nitrous oxide in water. It is rather unreactive (not reacting with the halogens, the alkali metals, or <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> at room temperature, although reactivity increases upon heating) and has the unsymmetrical structure N–N–O (N≡N+O−↔−N=N+=O): above 600 °C it dissociates by breaking the weaker N–O bond.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> Nitric oxide (NO) is the simplest stable molecule with an odd number of electrons. In mammals, including humans, it is an important cellular <a href="/wiki/Signalling_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Signalling molecule">signalling molecule</a> involved in many physiological and pathological processes.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It is formed by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. It is a colourless paramagnetic gas that, being thermodynamically unstable, decomposes to nitrogen and oxygen gas at 1100–1200 °C. Its bonding is similar to that in nitrogen, but one extra electron is added to a π* antibonding orbital and thus the bond order has been reduced to approximately 2.5; hence dimerisation to O=N–N=O is unfavourable except below the boiling point (where the cis isomer is more stable) because it does not actually increase the total bond order and because the unpaired electron is delocalised across the NO molecule, granting it stability. There is also evidence for the asymmetric red dimer O=N–O=N when nitric oxide is condensed with polar molecules. It reacts with oxygen to give brown nitrogen dioxide and with halogens to give nitrosyl halides. It also reacts with transition metal compounds to give nitrosyl complexes, most of which are deeply coloured.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> Blue dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) is only available as a solid because it rapidly dissociates above its melting point to give nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The latter two compounds are somewhat difficult to study individually because of the equilibrium between them, although sometimes dinitrogen tetroxide can react by heterolytic fission to <a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">nitrosonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> in a medium with high dielectric constant. Nitrogen dioxide is an acrid, corrosive brown gas. Both compounds may be easily prepared by decomposing a dry metal nitrate. Both react with water to form <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. Dinitrogen tetroxide is very useful for the preparation of anhydrous metal nitrates and nitrato complexes, and it became the storable oxidiser of choice for many rockets in both the United States and <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> by the late 1950s. This is because it is a <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a> in combination with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket fuel</a> and can be easily stored since it is liquid at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> The thermally unstable and very reactive dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is the anhydride of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, and can be made from it by dehydration with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">phosphorus pentoxide</a>. It is of interest for the preparation of explosives.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Deliquescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliquescent">deliquescent</a>, colourless crystalline solid that is sensitive to light. In the solid state it is ionic with structure [NO2]+[NO3]−; as a gas and in solution it is molecular O2N–O–NO2. Hydration to nitric acid comes readily, as does analogous reaction with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> giving <a href="/wiki/Peroxonitric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxonitric acid">peroxonitric acid</a> (HOONO2). It is a violent oxidising agent. Gaseous dinitrogen pentoxide decomposes as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood443-66">[66]</a> <dl><dd>N2O5 ⇌ NO2 + NO3 → NO2 + O2 + NO</dd> <dd>N2O5 + NO ⇌ 3 NO2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxoacids,_oxoanions,_and_oxoacid_salts">Oxoacids, oxoanions, and oxoacid salts</h3></div> Many nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Oxoacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacid">oxoacids</a> are known, though most of them are unstable as pure compounds and are known only as aqueous solutions or as salts. <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">Hyponitrous acid</a> (H2N2O2) is a weak diprotic acid with the structure HON=NOH (pKa1 6.9, pKa2 11.6). Acidic solutions are quite stable but above pH 4 base-catalysed decomposition occurs via [HONNO]− to nitrous oxide and the hydroxide anion. <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrite" title="Hyponitrite">Hyponitrites</a> (involving the N 2O2− 2 anion) are stable to reducing agents and more commonly act as reducing agents themselves. They are an intermediate step in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, which occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>. Hyponitrite can act as a bridging or chelating bidentate ligand.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">Nitrous acid</a> (HNO2) is not known as a pure compound, but is a common component in gaseous equilibria and is an important aqueous reagent: its aqueous solutions may be made from acidifying cool aqueous <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> (NO− 2, bent) solutions, although already at room temperature disproportionation to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and nitric oxide is significant. It is a weak acid with pKa 3.35 at 18 °C. They may be <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titrimetrically</a> analysed by their oxidation to nitrate by <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a>. They are readily reduced to nitrous oxide and nitric oxide by <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, to hyponitrous acid with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>(II), and to ammonia with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. Salts of <a href="/wiki/Hydrazinium" title="Hydrazinium">hydrazinium</a> N 2H+ 5 react with nitrous acid to produce azides which further react to give nitrous oxide and nitrogen. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a> is mildly toxic in concentrations above 100 mg/kg, but small amounts are often used to cure meat and as a preservative to avoid bacterial spoilage. It is also used to synthesise hydroxylamine and to <a href="/wiki/Diazonium_compound#Preparation" title="Diazonium compound">diazotise</a> primary aromatic amines as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd>ArNH2 + HNO2 → [ArNN]Cl + 2 H2O</dd></dl> Nitrite is also a common ligand that can coordinate in five ways. The most common are nitro (bonded from the nitrogen) and nitrito (bonded from an oxygen). Nitro-nitrito isomerism is common, where the nitrito form is usually less stable.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/220px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/330px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/440px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fuming nitric acid contaminated with yellow nitrogen dioxide</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">Nitric acid</a> (HNO3) is by far the most important and the most stable of the nitrogen oxoacids. It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>) and was first discovered by alchemists in the 13th century. It is made by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide, which is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide, and then dissolved in water to give concentrated nitric acid. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, over seven million tonnes of nitric acid are produced every year, most of which is used for nitrate production for fertilisers and explosives, among other uses. Anhydrous nitric acid may be made by distilling concentrated nitric acid with phosphorus pentoxide at low pressure in glass apparatus in the dark. It can only be made in the solid state, because upon melting it spontaneously decomposes to nitrogen dioxide, and liquid nitric acid undergoes <a href="/wiki/Molecular_autoionization" title="Molecular autoionization">self-ionisation</a> to a larger extent than any other covalent liquid as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd>2 HNO3 ⇌ H 2NO+ 3 + NO− 3 ⇌ H2O + [NO2]+ + [NO3]−</dd></dl> Two hydrates, HNO3·H2O and HNO3·3H2O, are known that can be crystallised. It is a strong acid and concentrated solutions are strong oxidising agents, though <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> are immune to attack. A 3:1 mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, called <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, is still stronger and successfully dissolves gold and platinum, because free chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed and chloride anions can form strong complexes. In concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid is protonated to form <a href="/wiki/Nitronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitronium">nitronium</a>, which can act as an electrophile for aromatic nitration:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd>HNO3 + 2 H2SO4 ⇌ NO+ 2 + H3O+ + 2 HSO− 4</dd></dl> The thermal stabilities of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> (involving the trigonal planar NO− 3 anion) depends on the basicity of the metal, and so do the products of decomposition (thermolysis), which can vary between the nitrite (for example, sodium), the oxide (potassium and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>), or even the metal itself (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>) depending on their relative stabilities. Nitrate is also a common ligand with many modes of coordination.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> Finally, although orthonitric acid (H3NO4), which would be analogous to <a href="/wiki/Orthophosphoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophosphoric acid">orthophosphoric acid</a>, does not exist, the tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Orthonitrate" title="Orthonitrate">orthonitrate</a> anion NO3− 4 is known in its sodium and potassium salts:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaNO3{}+Na2O->[{\ce {Ag~crucible}}][{\ce {300^{\circ }C~for~7days}}]Na3NO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NaNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>300</mn> <msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>for</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>days</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Ag</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>crucible</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaNO3{}+Na2O->[{\ce {Ag~crucible}}][{\ce {300^{\circ }C~for~7days}}]Na3NO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec729bc88f520e08fdce8a013dec8ae601d28509" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.173ex; margin-top: -0.308ex; margin-bottom: -0.498ex; width:39.762ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaNO3{}+Na2O->[{\ce {Ag~crucible}}][{\ce {300^{\circ }C~for~7days}}]Na3NO4}}}"></dd></dl> These white crystalline salts are very sensitive to water vapour and carbon dioxide in the air:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd>Na3NO4 + H2O + CO2 → NaNO3 + NaOH + NaHCO3</dd></dl> Despite its limited chemistry, the orthonitrate anion is interesting from a structural point of view due to its regular tetrahedral shape and the short N–O bond lengths, implying significant polar character to the bonding.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood459-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_nitrogen_compounds">Organic nitrogen compounds</h3></div> Nitrogen is one of the most important elements in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. Many organic <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> involve a <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93nitrogen_bond" title="Carbon–nitrogen bond">carbon–nitrogen bond</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> (RCONR2), <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> (R3N), <a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">imines</a> (RC(=NR)R), <a href="/wiki/Imide" title="Imide">imides</a> (RCO)2NR, <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azides</a> (RN3), <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo compounds</a> (RN2R), <a href="/wiki/Cyanate_ester" title="Cyanate ester">cyanates</a> (ROCN), <a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">isocyanates</a> (RNCO), <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> (RONO2), <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a> (RCN), <a href="/wiki/Isonitrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonitrile">isonitriles</a> (RNC), <a href="/wiki/Nitrite#Organic_nitrites" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a> (RONO), <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro compounds</a> (RNO2), <a href="/wiki/Nitroso_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroso compound">nitroso compounds</a> (RNO), <a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">oximes</a> (RC(=NOH)R), and <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> derivatives. C–N bonds are strongly polarised towards nitrogen. In these compounds, nitrogen is usually trivalent (though it can be tetravalent in <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium salt">quaternary ammonium salts</a>, R4N+), with a lone pair that can confer basicity on the compound by being coordinated to a proton. This may be offset by other factors: for example, amides are not basic because the lone pair is delocalised into a double bond (though they may act as bases at very low pH, being protonated at the oxygen), and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrole" title="Pyrrole">pyrrole</a> is not basic because the lone pair is delocalised as part of an <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> ring.<a href="#cite_note-Jerry-71">[71]</a> The amount of nitrogen in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a> can be determined by the <a href="/wiki/Kjeldahl_method" title="Kjeldahl method">Kjeldahl method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In particular, nitrogen is an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and the energy-carrying molecule <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> and is thus vital to all life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Jerry-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/400px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/600px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/800px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">flow of nitrogen compounds</a> through a land environment</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></div> Nitrogen is the most common pure element in the earth, making up 78.1% of the volume of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood406-9">[9]</a> (75.5% by mass), around 3.89 million <a href="/wiki/Gigatonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonnes">gigatonnes</a> (3.89×1018 kg). Despite this, it is <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">not very abundant</a> in Earth's crust, making up somewhere around 19 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> of this, on par with <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. (This represents 300,000 to a million gigatonnes of nitrogen, depending on the mass of the crust.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>) The only important nitrogen minerals are <a href="/wiki/Nitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitre">nitre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>, saltpetre) and <a href="/wiki/Sodanitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodanitre">soda nitre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a>, Chilean saltpetre). However, these have not been an important source of nitrates since the 1920s, when the industrial synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid became common.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood407-74">[74]</a> Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms. Nitrogen must first be processed, or "<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixed</a>", into a plant-usable form, usually ammonia. Some nitrogen fixation is done by lightning strikes producing the nitrogen oxides, but most is done by <a href="/wiki/Diazotroph" title="Diazotroph">diazotrophic</a> bacteria through enzymes known as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a> (although today industrial nitrogen fixation to ammonia is also significant). When the ammonia is taken up by plants, it is used to synthesise proteins. These plants are then digested by animals who use the nitrogen compounds to synthesise their proteins and excrete nitrogen-bearing waste. Finally, these organisms die and decompose, undergoing bacterial and environmental oxidation and <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>, returning free dinitrogen to the atmosphere. Industrial nitrogen fixation by the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> is mostly used as fertiliser, although excess nitrogen–bearing waste, when leached, leads to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of freshwater and the creation of marine <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>, as nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen to the point that all higher organisms die. Furthermore, nitrous oxide, which is produced during denitrification, attacks the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood407-74">[74]</a> Many saltwater fish manufacture large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Trimethylamine_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethylamine oxide">trimethylamine oxide</a> to protect them from the high <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmotic</a> effects of their environment; conversion of this compound to <a href="/wiki/Dimethylamine" title="Dimethylamine">dimethylamine</a> is responsible for the early odour in unfresh saltwater fish.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In animals, <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (derived from an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a>), serves as an important regulatory molecule for circulation.<a href="#cite_note-ocean-76">[76]</a> Nitric oxide's rapid reaction with water in animals results in the production of its metabolite <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>. Animal <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of nitrogen in proteins, in general, results in the <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, while animal metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a> results in the excretion of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>. The characteristic odour of animal flesh decay is caused by the creation of long-chain, nitrogen-containing <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">putrescine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">cadaverine</a>, which are breakdown products of the amino acids <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">ornithine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, respectively, in decaying proteins.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> Nitrogen gas is an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">industrial gas</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_air" title="Liquid air">liquid air</a>, or by mechanical means using gaseous air (pressurised reverse <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmosis membrane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a>). Nitrogen gas generators using membranes or pressure swing adsorption (PSA) are typically more cost and energy efficient than bulk-delivered nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> for steelmaking and other purposes. When supplied compressed in cylinders it is often called OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Commercial-grade nitrogen already contains at most 20 ppm oxygen, and specially purified grades containing at most 2 ppm oxygen and 10 ppm <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> are also available.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood409-80">[80]</a> In a chemical laboratory, it is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">sodium nitrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-labProduction-81">[81]</a> <dl><dd>NH4Cl + NaNO2 → N2 + NaCl + 2 H2O</dd></dl> Small amounts of the impurities NO and HNO3 are also formed in this reaction. The impurities can be removed by passing the gas through aqueous sulfuric acid containing <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-labProduction-81">[81]</a> It can also be obtained by the thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dichromate" title="Ammonium dichromate">ammonium dichromate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <dl><dd>3(NH4)2Cr2O7 → 2N2 + 9H2O + 3Cr2O3 + 2NH3 + 32O2</dd></dl> Very pure nitrogen can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Barium_azide" title="Barium azide">barium azide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">sodium azide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <dl><dd>2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds (2/3) of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as gas and the remaining one-third (1/3) as a liquid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas">Gas</h3></div> The gas is mostly used as a low reactivity safe atmosphere wherever the oxygen in the air would pose a fire, explosion, or oxidising hazard. Some examples include:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood409-80">[80]</a> <ul><li>As a <a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">modified atmosphere</a>, pure or mixed with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, to nitrogenate and preserve the freshness of packaged or bulk foods (by delaying <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancidity</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidative damage</a>). Pure nitrogen as food additive is labelled in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E941.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a> as an inexpensive alternative to <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">fire suppression systems for Information technology (IT) equipment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood409-80">[80]</a></li> <li>In the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">case-hardening</a> of steel by <a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">nitriding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duplex-87">[87]</a></li> <li>In some aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard (see <a href="/wiki/Inerting_system" title="Inerting system">inerting system</a>).</li> <li>To inflate race car and aircraft <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> reducing the problems of inconsistent expansion and contraction caused by moisture and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxygen</a> in natural air.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood409-80">[80]</a></li></ul> Nitrogen is commonly used during sample preparation in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">chemical analysis</a>. It is used to concentrate and reduce the volume of liquid samples. Directing a pressurised stream of nitrogen gas perpendicular to the surface of the liquid causes the solvent to evaporate while leaving the solute(s) and un-evaporated solvent behind.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Nitrogen can be used as a replacement, or in combination with, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> to pressurise kegs of some <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stouts</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ales</a>, due to the smaller <a href="/wiki/Liquid_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid bubble">bubbles</a> it produces, which makes the dispensed beer smoother and <a href="/wiki/Beer_head" title="Beer head">headier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A pressure-sensitive nitrogen capsule known commonly as a "<a href="/wiki/Widget_(beer)" title="Widget (beer)">widget</a>" allows nitrogen-charged beers to be packaged in <a href="/wiki/Beverage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage can">cans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">bottles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Nitrogen tanks are also replacing carbon dioxide as the main power source for <a href="/wiki/Paintball_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintball gun">paintball guns</a>. Nitrogen must be kept at a higher pressure than CO2, making N2 tanks heavier and more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment">Equipment</h4></div> Some construction equipment uses pressurised nitrogen gas to help <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic system</a> to provide extra power to devices such as <a href="/wiki/Breaker_(hydraulic)" title="Breaker (hydraulic)">hydraulic hammer</a>. Nitrogen gas, formed from the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">sodium azide</a>, is used for the inflation of <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution">Execution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Inert gas asphyxiation</a></div> As nitrogen is an asphyxiant gas in itself, some jurisdictions have considered asphyxiation by inhalation of pure nitrogen as a means of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> (as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Time-apr2015-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Kenneth_Eugene_Smith" title="Execution of Kenneth Eugene Smith">Kenneth Eugene Smith</a> became the first person executed by nitrogen asphyxiation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid">Liquid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">Liquid nitrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/220px--Nitrogen.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Nitrogen.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nitrogen.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>Air balloon submerged in liquid nitrogen</figcaption></figure> Liquid nitrogen is a <a href="/wiki/Cryogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogen">cryogenic liquid</a> which looks like <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. When insulated in proper containers such as <a href="/wiki/Dewar_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewar flask">dewar flasks</a>, it can be transported and stored with a low rate of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporative loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_cylinder_container,_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg/220px-A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg/330px-A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg/440px-A_cylinder_container%2C_containing_liquid_nitrogen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>A container vehicle carrying liquid nitrogen</figcaption></figure> Like <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>, the main use of liquid nitrogen is for cooling to low temperatures. It is used in the <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">cryopreservation</a> of biological materials such as blood and reproductive cells (<a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">eggs</a>). It is used in <a href="/wiki/Cryotherapy" title="Cryotherapy">cryotherapy</a> to remove cysts and warts on the skin by freezing them.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> It is used in laboratory <a href="/wiki/Cold_trap" title="Cold trap">cold traps</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Cryopump" title="Cryopump">cryopumps</a> to obtain lower pressures in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">vacuum pumped</a> systems. It is used to cool heat-sensitive electronics such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared_detector" title="Infrared detector">infrared detectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_detector" title="X-ray detector">X-ray detectors</a>. Other uses include freeze-grinding and machining materials that are soft or rubbery at room temperature, shrink-fitting and assembling engineering components, and more generally to attain very low temperatures where necessary. Because of its low cost, liquid nitrogen is often used for cooling even when such low temperatures are not strictly necessary, such as refrigeration of food, <a href="/wiki/Freeze-branding" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-branding">freeze-branding</a> livestock, freezing pipes to halt flow when valves are not present, and consolidating unstable soil by freezing whenever excavation is going on underneath.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood409-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_2">Gas</h3></div> Although nitrogen is non-toxic, when released into an enclosed space it can displace oxygen, and therefore presents an <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a> hazard. This may happen with few warning symptoms, since the human <a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">carotid body</a> is a relatively poor and slow low-oxygen (hypoxia) sensing system.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> An example occurred shortly before the launch of the <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">first Space Shuttle mission</a> on March 19, 1981, when two technicians died from asphyxiation after they walked into a space located in the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Space Shuttle's mobile launcher platform</a> that was pressurised with pure nitrogen as a precaution against fire.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> When inhaled at high <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressures</a> (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 m in <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>), nitrogen is an anaesthetic agent, causing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a>, a temporary state of mental impairment similar to <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> intoxication.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Nitrogen dissolves in the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and body fats. Rapid decompression (as when divers ascend too quickly or astronauts decompress too quickly from cabin pressure to spacesuit pressure) can lead to a potentially fatal condition called <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> (formerly known as caisson sickness or the bends), when nitrogen bubbles form in the bloodstream, nerves, joints, and other sensitive or vital areas.<a href="#cite_note-DCShx-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall-106">[106]</a> Bubbles from other "inert" gases (gases other than carbon dioxide and oxygen) cause the same effects, so replacement of nitrogen in <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> may prevent nitrogen narcosis, but does not prevent decompression sickness.<a href="#cite_note-usn1-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_2">Liquid</h3></div> As a <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> liquid, liquid nitrogen can be dangerous by causing <a href="/wiki/Cold_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold burn">cold burns</a> on contact, although the <a href="/wiki/Leidenfrost_effect" title="Leidenfrost effect">Leidenfrost effect</a> provides protection for very short exposure (about one second).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Ingestion of liquid nitrogen can cause severe internal damage. For example, in 2012, a young woman in England had to have her stomach removed after ingesting a cocktail made with liquid nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Because the liquid-to-gas <a href="/wiki/Expansion_ratio" title="Expansion ratio">expansion ratio</a> of nitrogen is 1:694 at 20 °C, a tremendous amount of force can be generated if liquid nitrogen is rapidly vaporised in an enclosed space. In an incident on January 12, 2006, at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were malfunctioning and later sealed. As a result of the subsequent pressure buildup, the tank failed catastrophically. The force of the explosion was sufficient to propel the tank through the ceiling immediately above it, shatter a reinforced concrete beam immediately below it, and blow the walls of the laboratory 0.1–0.2 m off their foundations.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Liquid nitrogen readily evaporates to form gaseous nitrogen, and hence the precautions associated with gaseous nitrogen also apply to liquid nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-BCGACOPCP30-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">oxygen sensors</a> are sometimes used as a safety precaution when working with liquid nitrogen to alert workers of gas spills into a confined space.<a href="#cite_note-usn-114">[114]</a> Vessels containing liquid nitrogen can <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">condense oxygen</a> from air. The liquid in such a vessel becomes increasingly enriched in oxygen (boiling point −183 °C, higher than that of nitrogen) as the nitrogen evaporates, and can cause violent oxidation of organic material.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_deficiency_monitors">Oxygen deficiency monitors</h3></div> Oxygen deficiency monitors are used to measure levels of oxygen in confined spaces and any place where nitrogen gas or liquid are stored or used. In the event of a nitrogen leak, and a decrease in oxygen to a pre-set alarm level, an oxygen deficiency monitor can be programmed to set off audible and visual alarms, thereby providing notification of the possible impending danger. Most commonly the oxygen range to alert personnel is when oxygen levels get below 19.5%. OSHA specifies that a hazardous atmosphere may include one where the oxygen concentration is below 19.5% or above 23.5%.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Oxygen deficiency monitors can either be fixed, mounted to the wall and hard-wired into the building's power supply or simply plugged into a power outlet, or a portable hand-held or wearable monitor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_nitrogen_species" title="Reactive nitrogen species">Reactive nitrogen species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">Soil gas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/nitrogen.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Nitrogen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Nitrogen&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fnitrogen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC71-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC71_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC71_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC71_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide1990–1991" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R. (1990–1991). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (71st ed.). Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: CRC Press, inc. pp. 4-22 (one page).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Ann+Arbor%2C+Boston&rft.pages=4-22+%28one+page%29&rft.edition=71st&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+inc.&rft.date=1990%2F1991&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html">"Gases - Density"</a>. The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Engineering+Toolbox&rft.atitle=Gases+-+Density&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fgas-density-d_158.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazole" title="Tetrazole">Tetrazoles</a> contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryFinnegan1954" class="citation journal cs1">Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01630a086">10.1021/ja01630a086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Improved+Procedure+for+the+Deamination+of+5-Aminotetrazole&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=290-291&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01630a086&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft.au=Finnegan%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/bond_energies_lengths.html">Common Bond Energies (D) and Bond Lengths (r)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515215439/http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/bond_energies_lengths.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. wiredchemist.com </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood406-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood406_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood406_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood406_9-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 406–07 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Rutherford, Daniel (1772) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxUUAAAAQAAJ">Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192616/https://books.google.com/books?id=JxUUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2020-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbin1935" class="citation journal cs1">Dobbin, Leonard (1935). "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation". Journal of Chemical Education. 12 (8): 370–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935JChEd..12..370D">1935JChEd..12..370D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed012p370">10.1021/ed012p370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Daniel+Rutherford%27s+inaugural+dissertation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=370-75&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed012p370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935JChEd..12..370D&rft.aulast=Dobbin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. IV. Three important gases". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (2): 215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9..215W">1932JChEd...9..215W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p215">10.1021/ed009p215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+IV.+Three+important+gases&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9..215W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhde1964" class="citation book cs1">Ihde, Aaron J. (1964). The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ihde&rft.aufirst=Aaron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Carl Wilhelm Scheele, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CarlWilhelmSche00Sche#page/n1/mode/2up">Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer</a> [Chemical treatise on air and fire] (Upsala, Sweden: Magnus Swederus, 1777; and Leipzig, (Germany): Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1777). In the section titled "Die Luft muß aus elastischen Flüßigkeiten von zweyerley Art, zusammengesetzet seyn." (The air must be composed of elastic fluids of two sorts), pp. 6–14, Scheele presents the results of eight experiments in which air was reacted with various substances. He concluded (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CarlWilhelmSche00Sche#page/12/mode/2up">p. 13</a>): "So viel sehe ich aus angeführten Versuchen, daß die Luft aus 2 von einander unterschiedenen Flußigkeiten bestehe, von welchen die eine die Eigenschaft das Phlogiston anzuziehen gar nicht äussere, die andere aber zur solchen Attraction eigentlich aufgeleget ist und welche zwischen dem 3:ten und 4:ten Theil von der ganzen Luftmasse aus machet." (So I see [this] much from the experiments [that were] conducted: that the air consists of two fluids [that] differ from one another, of which the one doesn't express at all the property of attracting phlogiston; the other, however, is capable of such attraction and which makes up between 1/3 and 1/4 part of the entire mass of the air.) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1772" class="citation journal cs1">Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1772.0021">10.1098/rstl.1772.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186210131">186210131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Observations+on+different+kinds+of+air&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=147-256&rft.date=1772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1772.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186210131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBxWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">see p. 225.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903135622/https://books.google.com/books?id=aBxWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">Archived</a> 2016-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1772" class="citation journal cs1">Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1772.0021">10.1098/rstl.1772.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186210131">186210131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Observations+on+different+kinds+of+air&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=147-256&rft.date=1772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1772.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186210131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> ; see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBxWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">"VII. Of air infected with the fumes of burning charcoal." pp. 225–28.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903135622/https://books.google.com/books?id=aBxWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">Archived</a> 2016-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Lavoisier, Antoine with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry, 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799), pp. 85–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85">[p. 85</a>:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806230924/https://books.google.com/books?id=adYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85">Archived</a> 2020-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "In reflecting upon the circumstances of this experiment, we readily perceive; that the mercury, during its calcination [i.e., roasting in air], absorbs the salubrious and respirable part of the air, or, to speak more strictly, the base of this respirable part; that the remaining air is a species of mephitis [i.e., a poisonous gas emitted from the earth], incapable of supporting combustion or respiration; ... " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA86">[p. 86</a>:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192501/https://books.google.com/books?id=adYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> 2020-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "I shall afterwards shew, that at least in our climate, the atmospheric air is composed of respirable and mephitic airs, in the proportion of 27 and 73; ... " </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Lavoisier, Antoine with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry, 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101">p. 101:</a> "The chemical properties of the noxious portion of the atmospheric air being hitherto but little known, we have been satisfied to derive the name of its base from its known quality of killing such animals as are forced to breathe it, giving it the name of azot, from the Greek privitive particle α and ξωη, vita; hence the name of the noxious part of atmospheric air is azotic gas." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Chaptal, J. A. and Nicholson, William trans. (1800) Elements of Chemistry, 3rd ed. London, England: C.C. and J. Robinson, vol. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elementsofchemis01chap#page/n47/mode/2up">pp. xxxv–xxxvi:</a> "In order to correct the Nomenclature on this head [i.e., in this regard], nothing more is necessary than to substitute to [i.e., for] this word a denomination which is derived from the general system made use of; and I have presumed to propose that of Nitrogene Gas. In the first place, it is deduced from the characteristic and exclusive property of this gas, which forms the radical of the nitric acid. By this means we shall preserve to the combinations [i.e., compounds] of this substance the received [i.e., prevailing] denominations, such as those of the Nitric Acid, Nitrates, Nitrites, &c." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nitrogen">nitrogen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702134749/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nitrogen">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Strutt, R. J. (1911) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsa/85/577/219.full.pdf">"Bakerian Lecture. A chemically active modification of nitrogen, produced by the electric discharge"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220041712/http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsa/85/577/219.full.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 85 (577): 219–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/activen/index.html">Lord Rayleigh's Active Nitrogen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101100510/http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/activen/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lateralscience.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-10-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haber100-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Haber100_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErismanSuttonGallowayKlimont2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, Mark A.; Galloway, James; Klimont, Zbigniew; Winiwarter, Wilfried (2008). "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world". Nature Geoscience. 1 (10): 636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1..636E">2008NatGe...1..636E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo325">10.1038/ngeo325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94880859">94880859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=How+a+century+of+ammonia+synthesis+changed+the+world&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=636&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94880859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo325&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1..636E&rft.aulast=Erisman&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Galloway%2C+James&rft.au=Klimont%2C+Zbigniew&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB190200698">GB 190200698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald, Wilhelm</a>, "Improvements in the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Nitrogen Oxides", published 1902-03-20<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=190200698&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Improvements+in+the+Manufacture+of+Nitric+Acid+and+Nitrogen+Oxides&rft.inventor=Ostwald&rft.pubdate=1902-03-20">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB190208300">GB 190208300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald, Wilhelm</a>, "Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Oxides of Nitrogen", published 1903-02-26<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=190208300&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Improvements+in+and+relating+to+the+Manufacture+of+Nitric+Acid+and+Oxides+of+Nitrogen&rft.inventor=Ostwald&rft.appldate=1902-12-18&rft.pubdate=1903-02-26">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood411-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood411_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood411_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood411_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood411_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood411_25-4">e</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 411–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood550-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood550_26-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaupp-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaupp_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaupp2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kaupp, Martin (1 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcc.20522">"The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table"</a>. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 28 (1): 320–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcc.20522">10.1002/jcc.20522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17143872">17143872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12677737">12677737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+radial+nodes+of+atomic+orbitals+for+chemical+bonding+and+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=320-25&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12677737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17143872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcc.20522&rft.aulast=Kaupp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjcc.20522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood412-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood412_28-9">j</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 412–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerBelenSuterSella2017" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, T. S.; Belen, A.; Suter, T. M.; Sella, A.; Corà, A.; McMillan, P. F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7CP02711G">"Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of functional materials"</a>. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (24): 15613–15638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PCCP...1915613M">2017PCCP...1915613M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7CP02711G">10.1039/C7CP02711G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28594419">28594419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Carbon+nitrides%3A+synthesis+and+characterization+of+a+new+class+of+functional+materials&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=15613-15638&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28594419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7CP02711G&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PCCP...1915613M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft.au=Belen%2C+A.&rft.au=Suter%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Sella%2C+A.&rft.au=Cor%C3%A0%2C+A.&rft.au=McMillan%2C+P.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FC7CP02711G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouseHouse2016" class="citation book cs1">House, J. 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American Chemical Society. pp. 344–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbk-1994-0572.ch026">10.1021/bk-1994-0572.ch026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poly%28alkyl%2Faryloxothiazenes%29%2C+%5BN%3DS%28O%29R%5D%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E+%3A+New+direction+in+inorganic+polymers&rft.btitle=Inorganic+and+organometallic+polymers+II%3A+advanced+materials+and+intermediates&rft.pages=344-357&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbk-1994-0572.ch026&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Burns%2C+G.+T.&rft.au=Grigora%2C+S.&rft.au=Lie%2C+G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolman2002" class="citation book cs1">Holman, Jack P. 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Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (5): 1145–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201007047">10.1002/anie.201007047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21268214">21268214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32952729">32952729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Experimental+Detection+of+Trinitramide%2C+N%28NO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1145-48&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32952729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21268214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201007047&rft.aulast=Rahm&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Dvinskikh%2C+Sergey+V.&rft.au=Fur%C3%B3%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Brinck%2C+Tore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouJanczukWang1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hou, Y. 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Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics. p. 1063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_9066">10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_9066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6753-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6753-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-6753-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kjeldahl+Method&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genetics%2C+Genomics%2C+Proteomics+and+Informatics&rft.pages=1063&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_9066&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6753-2&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9dei&rft.aufirst=George+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Depending on the average thickness which is somewhere between 10 and 30 km, the mass of the earth's crust is between 15×1018 and 45×1018 tonnes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood407-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood407_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood407_74-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 407–09 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen,_M._K.Jørgensen,_B._M.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nielsen, M. 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The Journal of Chemical Physics. 120 (22): 10618–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChPh.12010618E">2004JChPh.12010618E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1718250">10.1063/1.1718250</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15268087">15268087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Polymerization+of+nitrogen+in+sodium+azide&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=10618-23&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15268087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1718250&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JChPh.12010618E&rft.aulast=Eremets&rft.aufirst=M.+I.&rft.au=Popov%2C+M.+Y.&rft.au=Trojan%2C+I.+A.&rft.au=Denisov%2C+V.+N.&rft.au=Boehler%2C+R.&rft.au=Hemley%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisters2002" class="citation book cs1">Ministers, Nordic Council of (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvm-sqd90-oC&pg=PA591">Food Additives in Europe 2000</a>. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-893-0829-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-893-0829-8"><bdi>978-92-893-0829-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205191759/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvm-sqd90-oC&pg=PA591">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2015-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Additives+in+Europe+2000&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Nordic+Council+of+Ministers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-893-0829-8&rft.aulast=Ministers&rft.aufirst=Nordic+Council+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvm-sqd90-oC%26pg%3DPA591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding,_Charlie2002" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Charlie, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA90">Elements of the p Block</a>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-690-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-690-4"><bdi>978-0-85404-690-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035604/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+p+Block&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-690-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0HW8wgmQQsC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavriliuk,_V._G.Berns,_Hans1999" class="citation book cs1">Gavriliuk, V. G.; Berns, Hans (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eF4AfEwF4YC&pg=PA338">High nitrogen steels: structure, properties, manufacture, applications</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66411-6"><bdi>978-3-540-66411-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035605/https://books.google.com/books?id=6eF4AfEwF4YC&pg=PA338">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-01. 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Materials Science and Technology. 32 (9): 1743284715Y.000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1743284715Y.0000000098">10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Generating+duplex+microstructures+by+nitriding%3B+nitriding+of+iron+based+Fe%E2%80%93Mn+alloy&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1743284715Y.000&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1743284715Y.0000000098&rft.aulast=Meka&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+A.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+T.&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+E.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Mittemeijer%2C+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%252F1743284715Y.0000000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question594.htm">"Why don't they use normal air in race car tires?"</a>. Howstuffworks. 2001-03-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712225925/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question594.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2006-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+don%27t+they+use+normal+air+in+race+car+tires%3F&rft.pub=Howstuffworks&rft.date=2001-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2Fquestion594.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemmochi,_YTsutsumiArikawaNakazawa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kemmochi, Y; Tsutsumi, K.; Arikawa, A.; Nakazawa, H. (2002). "Centrifugal concentrator for the substitution of nitrogen blow-down micro-concentration in dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyl sample preparation". Journal of Chromatography A. 943 (2): 295–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2801%2901466-2">10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01466-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11833649">11833649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.atitle=Centrifugal+concentrator+for+the+substitution+of+nitrogen+blow-down+micro-concentration+in+dioxin%2Fpolychlorinated+biphenyl+sample+preparation&rft.volume=943&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-97&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2801%2901466-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11833649&rft.au=Kemmochi%2C+Y&rft.au=Tsutsumi%2C+K.&rft.au=Arikawa%2C+A.&rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterHughes2001" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, E. Denise; Hughes, Paul S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X95O-1_x-a0C&pg=PA22">Beer: Quality, Safety and Nutritional Aspects</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-588-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-588-4"><bdi>978-0-85404-588-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=X95O-1_x-a0C&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-21. 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Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9569-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-9569-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205191759/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogXc9xTTCVsC&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/19/Valero_Case_Study.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confined+Space+Entry+%E2%80%93+Worker+and+Would-be+Rescuer+Asphyxiated&rft.pub=Valero+Refinery+Asphyxiation+Incident+Case+Study.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov%2Fassets%2F1%2F19%2FValero_Case_Study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107063950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/484813.stm">"Inquiry after man dies in chemical leak"</a>. BBC News. 1999-10-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/484813.stm">the original</a> on 2017-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inquiry+after+man+dies+in+chemical+leak&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=1999-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fscotland%2F484813.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usn-114"><a href="#cite_ref-usn_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/so/policies/liqn2">Liquid Nitrogen – Code of practice for handling</a>. United Kingdom: Birkbeck, University of London. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141434/http://www.bbk.ac.uk/so/policies/liqn2">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2012-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liquid+Nitrogen+%E2%80%93+Code+of+practice+for+handling&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Birkbeck%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbk.ac.uk%2Fso%2Fpolicies%2Fliqn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey,_Christopher_G." class="citation web cs1">Levey, Christopher G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/ln2.html">"Liquid Nitrogen Safety"</a>. Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020126/http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/ln2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liquid+Nitrogen+Safety&rft.pub=Thayer+School+of+Engineering+at+Dartmouth&rft.au=Levey%2C+Christopher+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineering.dartmouth.edu%2Fmicroeng%2Fln2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> National Institutes of Health. Protocol for Use and Maintenance of Oxygen Monitoring Devices. February 2014, at 1:35 UTC. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/documents/protocoloxygenmonitoring.pdf">https://www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/documents/protocoloxygenmonitoring.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205185802/https://www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/documents/protocoloxygenmonitoring.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed June 23, 2020 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitrogen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balashon.com/2008/07/neter-and-nitrogen.html">Etymology of Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/007.htm">Nitrogen</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/podcast/7/nitrogen">Nitrogen podcast</a> from the Royal Society of Chemistry's <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diatomic_elements" title="Template talk:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diatomic_chemical_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_dimer" title="Helium dimer">He2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diargon" title="Diargon">Ar2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur" title="Disulfur">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilithium" title="Dilithium">Li2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirubidium" title="Dirubidium">Rb2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="E_numbers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Flavoring">Flavour enhancers</a> (E600–699)</li> <li>Miscellaneous (E900–999)</li> <li>Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> (E900–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">Synthetic glazes</a> (E910–919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_treatment_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour treatment agent">Improving agents</a> (E920–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gases</a> (E930–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sweeteners</a> (E950–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">Foaming agents</a> (E990–999)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">Calcium peroxide</a> (E930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (E938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> (E939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">Dichlorodifluoromethane</a> (E940)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitrogen</a> (E941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (E942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a> (E943a)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">Isobutane</a> (E943b)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a> (E944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (E948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (E949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531393105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitrogen_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitrogen_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitrogen</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">NH+4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_amides#Alkali_metal_amides" title="Metal amides">NH−2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">N3−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">NH2OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N2H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">N−3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH5</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">NR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">>C=NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">−CONR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">−CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">H2NCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">HOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">CH2N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">−NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">−NO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">(NO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">N2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">HNO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">NO−2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">NO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">(NO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">NO−3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitronium">NO+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_radical" title="Nitrate radical">NO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">(HON)2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrite" title="Hyponitrite">N2O−2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitramide" title="Nitramide">H2NNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrous_acid" title="Peroxynitrous acid">HO2NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrite" title="Peroxynitrite">ONOO−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitric_acid" title="Peroxynitric acid">HO2NO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrate" title="Peroxynitrate">O2NOO−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonitrate" title="Orthonitrate">NO−4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxylic_acid" title="Nitroxylic acid">H4N2O4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angeli%27s_salt" title="Angeli's salt">N2O2−3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monofluoride" title="Nitrogen monofluoride">NF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride" title="Nitrogen difluoride">NF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentafluoride" title="Nitrogen pentafluoride">NF5</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">NCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">NBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">NI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">FN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">ClN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">BrN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide">IN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroamine" title="Fluoroamine">NH2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">N2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">NH2Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoramine (page does not exist)">NHF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">NHCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibromamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibromamine (page does not exist)">NHBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diiodoamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diiodoamine (page does not exist)">NHI2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">−3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">−2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">−1</a>, 0, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">+1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">+2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">+3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">+4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">+5</a> (a strongly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> oxide)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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