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id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_date_and_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_date_and_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birth date and place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_date_and_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early military career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seringapatam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seringapatam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Seringapatam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seringapatam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhoondiah_Waugh_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhoondiah_Waugh_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Dhoondiah Waugh insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhoondiah_Waugh_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Anglo-Maratha_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Second Anglo-Maratha War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Anglo-Maratha_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assaye,_Argaum_and_Gawilghur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assaye,_Argaum_and_Gawilghur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Assaye, Argaum and Gawilghur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assaye,_Argaum_and_Gawilghur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaving_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaving_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Leaving India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaving_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Return to Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meeting_Nelson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_Nelson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meeting Nelson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_Nelson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_Denmark-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Denmark-Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War against Denmark-Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Denmark-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsular_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsular_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peninsular War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peninsular_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peninsular War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peninsular_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1808–1809" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1808–1809"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1808–1809</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1808–1809-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1810–1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1810–1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1810–1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1810–1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1813–1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1813–1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1813–1814</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1813–1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hundred_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundred_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hundred Days</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hundred_Days-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hundred Days subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hundred_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facing_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facing_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Facing Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facing_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Waterloo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Waterloo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battle of Waterloo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Waterloo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_occupation_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_occupation_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Army of occupation in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_occupation_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Catholic emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duel_with_Winchilsea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duel_with_Winchilsea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Duel with Winchilsea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duel_with_Winchilsea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Resignation and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Titles and tributes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles_and_tributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles and tributes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Nicknames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1ste_hertog_van_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ste hertog van Wellington – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ste hertog van Wellington" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%BEur_Wellesley_Forma_Heretoga_of_Wellingat%C5%ABne" title="Arþur Wellesley Forma Heretoga of Wellingatūne – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arþur Wellesley Forma Heretoga of Wellingatūne" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آرثر ويلزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آرثر ويلزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duque_de_Wellington" title="Duque de Wellington – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Duque de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Uelsli_Vellinqton" title="Artur Uelsli Vellinqton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artur Uelsli Vellinqton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Артур Уэлслі Уэлінгтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артур Уэлслі Уэлінгтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Артур Ўэлсьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Артур Ўэлсьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Артър Уелсли, херцог Уелингтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артър Уелсли, херцог Уелингтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._v%C3%A9voda_z_Wellingtonu" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vévoda z Wellingtonu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vévoda z Wellingtonu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Dug_1af_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, Dug 1af Wellington – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Dug 1af Wellington" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._hertug_af_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. hertug af Wellington – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. hertug af Wellington" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. Duke of Wellington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. Duke of Wellington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_esimene_Wellingtoni_hertsog" title="Arthur Wellesley, esimene Wellingtoni hertsog – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, esimene Wellingtoni hertsog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B9,_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Άρθουρ Γουέλσλι, δούκας του Ουέλλινγκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρθουρ Γουέλσλι, δούκας του Ουέλλινγκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duque_de_Wellington" title="Duque de Wellington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Duque de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1-a_duko_de_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1-a duko de Wellington – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1-a duko de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)" title="آرتور ولزلی (اولین دوک ولینگتون) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتور ولزلی (اولین دوک ولینگتون)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_(1er_duc_de_Wellington)" title="Arthur Wellesley (1er duc de Wellington) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthur Wellesley (1er duc de Wellington)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_hartoch_fan_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, hartoch fan Wellington – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, hartoch fan Wellington" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1%C3%BA_Di%C3%BAc_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ú Diúc Wellington – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ú Diúc Wellington" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1ad_Di%C3%B9c_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ad Diùc Wellington – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ad Diùc Wellington" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_duque_de_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, duque de Wellington – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, duque de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%9B%B0%EB%A7%81%ED%84%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%9B%B0%EC%A6%90%EB%A6%AC" title="제1대 웰링턴 공작 아서 웰즐리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 웰링턴 공작 아서 웰즐리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Արթուր Ուելսլի Վելինգթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արթուր Ուելսլի Վելինգթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="आर्थर वेलेज़्ली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्थर वेलेज़्ली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_vojvoda_od_Wellingtona" title="Arthur Wellesley, vojvoda od Wellingtona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, vojvoda od Wellingtona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1ma_Duko_de_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ma Duko de Wellington – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1ma Duko de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Duke_Wellington_I" title="Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_hertogi_af_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, hertogi af Wellington – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, hertogi af Wellington" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_I_duca_di_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, I duca di Wellington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, I duca di Wellington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99,_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ארתור ולסלי, הדוכס הראשון מוולינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארתור ולסלי, הדוכס הראשון מוולינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ართურ უელსლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ართურ უელსლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1sa_Dug_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1sa Dug Wellington – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1sa Dug Wellington" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Артур Уэлсли – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Артур Уэлсли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurus_Wellesley_(dux_de_Wellington)" title="Arthurus Wellesley (dux de Wellington) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arthurus Wellesley (dux de Wellington)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturs_Velzlijs" title="Arturs Velzlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arturs Velzlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_duca_de_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, duca de Wellington – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, duca de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Артур Велсли, Прв војвода од Велингтон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Артур Велсли, Прв војвода од Велингтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ആർതർ വെല്ലസ്ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർതർ വെല്ലസ്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="आर्थर वेलेस्ली, ड्युक ऑफ वेलिंग्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्थर वेलेस्ली, ड्युक ऑफ वेलिंग्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89" title="آرثر ويلزلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آرثر ويلزلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Duke_Wellington_Pertama" title="Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ဝယ်လင်တန်၊ လော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝယ်လင်တန်၊ လော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5)" title="アーサー・ウェルズリー (初代ウェリントン公爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーサー・ウェルズリー (初代ウェリントン公爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._hertug_av_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. hertug av Wellington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. hertug av Wellington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_(1._ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Wellington)" title="Arthur Wellesley (1. książę Wellington) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arthur Wellesley (1. książę Wellington)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1.º Duque de Wellington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1.º Duque de Wellington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Веллингтон, Артур Уэлсли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веллингтон, Артур Уэлсли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_o_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke o Wellington – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke o Wellington" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Duka_i_Par%C3%AB_i_Uellingtonit" title="Arthur Wellesley, Duka i Parë i Uellingtonit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Duka i Parë i Uellingtonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._vojvoda_z_Wellingtonu" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vojvoda z Wellingtonu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vojvoda z Wellingtonu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Артур Велсли, војвода од Велингтона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артур Велсли, војвода од Велингтона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1._vojvoda_od_Wellingtona" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vojvoda od Wellingtona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1. vojvoda od Wellingtona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley Wellington – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arthur Wellesley Wellington" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_hertig_av_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, hertig av Wellington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, hertig av Wellington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Unang_Duke_ng_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, Unang Duke ng Wellington – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Unang Duke ng Wellington" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF,_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஆர்தர் வெல்லஸ்லி, முதலாம் வெல்லிங்டன் பிரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்தர் வெல்லஸ்லி, முதலாம் வெல்லிங்டன் பிரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อาร์เธอร์ เวลสลีย์ ดยุกที่ 1 แห่งเวลลิงตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์เธอร์ เวลสลีย์ ดยุกที่ 1 แห่งเวลลิงตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Артур Веллслӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Артур Веллслӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley" title="Arthur Wellesley – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arthur Wellesley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Артур Веллслі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артур Веллслі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_C%C3%B4ng_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BB%A9_1_x%E1%BB%A9_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Wellington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Wellington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_Syahan_nga_Duke_han_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, Syahan nga Duke han Wellington – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, Syahan nga Duke han Wellington" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%8D%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%90%86" title="第一代威灵顿公爵亚瑟·卫斯理 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一代威灵顿公爵亚瑟·卫斯理" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="威靈頓公爵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威靈頓公爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-Irish army officer and statesman (1769–1852)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Duke of Wellington" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Duke of Wellington (disambiguation)">Duke of Wellington (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (British Army)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/His_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="His Grace">His Grace</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Duke of Wellington</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order">GCH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/220px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/330px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/440px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington_(Lawrence)" title="Portrait of the Duke of Wellington (Lawrence)">Portrait</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815–16</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 November 1834 – 9 December 1834</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1828 – 16 November 1830</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li>William IV</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Goderich">The Viscount Goderich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the British Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 August 1842 – 14 September 1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Hill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1827 – 22 January 1828</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George IV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">The Duke of York and Albany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">The Viscount Hill</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 September 1841 – 27 June 1846</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Peel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Melbourne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 November 1834 – 18 April 1835</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Peel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Melbourne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Melbourne</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1828 – 22 November 1830</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Goderich</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl Grey</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Offices_and_distinctions">§ Offices and distinctions</a></span>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Arthur Wesley</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1769-05-01</span>)</span>1 May 1769<br /><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1852<span style="display:none">(1852-09-14)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a>, Kent, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">British <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Arthur Wellesley</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> (until 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (from 1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pakenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Pakenham">Catherine Pakenham</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 April 1806">1806</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 April 1831">1831</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Wellesley" title="Lord Charles Wellesley">Lord Charles Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Wesley,_1st_Earl_of_Mornington" title="Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington">Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Wellesley,_Countess_of_Mornington" title="Anne Wellesley, Countess of Mornington">Anne Hill-Trevor</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">Knight of the Order of the Garter</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order">Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword" title="Order of the Sword">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Knight Grand Cross of the Military William Order</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford1817375_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1817375-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg/128px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg/192px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg/256px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Nicknames">§ Nicknames</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1787–1852</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background-color:#eee;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">See battles</div></th> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boxtel" title="Battle of Boxtel">Battle of Boxtel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Geldermalsen(1795)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Geldermalsen(1795) (page does not exist)">Battle of Geldermalsen(1795)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kelamangalam(1799)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kelamangalam(1799) (page does not exist)">Battle of Kelamangalam(1799)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mallavelly" title="Battle of Mallavelly">Battle of Mallavelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanpet_Tope" title="Battle of Sultanpet Tope">Battle of Sultanpet Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam (1799)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhondia_Wagh_Insurgency(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhondia Wagh Insurgency(1800) (page does not exist)">Dhondia Wagh Insurgency(1800)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rannee_Bednore(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rannee Bednore(1800) (page does not exist)">Siege of Rannee Bednore(1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koongdul(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Koongdul(1800) (page does not exist)">Siege of Koongdul(1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dummul(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dummul(1800) (page does not exist)">Siege of Dummul(1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manowly(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Manowly(1800) (page does not exist)">Battle of Manowly(1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Conaghul(1800)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Conaghul(1800) (page does not exist)">Battle of Conaghul(1800)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ahmadnagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ahmadnagar (page does not exist)">Siege of Ahmadnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Burhanpur(1803)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Burhanpur(1803) (page does not exist)">Siege of Burhanpur(1803)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Asirgarh(1803)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Asirgarh(1803) (page does not exist)">Siege of Asirgarh(1803)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Argaon" title="Battle of Argaon">Battle of Argaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gawilghur" title="Capture of Gawilghur">Siege of Gawilghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Expedition" title="Hanover Expedition">Hanover Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">English Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Copenhagen(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Copenhagen(1807) (page does not exist)">Siege of Copenhagen(1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B8ge" title="Battle of Køge">Battle of Køge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Battle of Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Battle of Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Battle of Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">Second Battle of Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Casa_de_Salinas(1809)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Casa de Salinas(1809) (page does not exist)">Combat of Casa de Salinas(1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Battle of Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Battle of Bussaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Battle of Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Battle of Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Foz_de_Arouce(1811)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Foz de Arouce(1811) (page does not exist)">Battle of Foz de Arouce(1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guarda(1811)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guarda(1811) (page does not exist)">Battle of Guarda(1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Battle of Sabugal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Badajoz_(1811)" title="Second siege of Badajoz (1811)">Second siege of Badajoz (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Bod%C3%B3n" title="Battle of El Bodón">Battle of El Bodón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Aldea_de_Ponte(1811)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Aldea de Ponte(1811) (page does not exist)">Combat of Aldea de Ponte(1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Third Siege of Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Salamanca_forts" title="Siege of the Salamanca forts">Siege of the Salamanca Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Castrillo(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Castrillo(1812) (page does not exist)">Combat of Castrillo(1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Siege of Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tordesillas_(1812)" title="Battle of Tordesillas (1812)">Battle of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Alba_de_Tormes(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Alba de Tormes(1812) (page does not exist)">Combat of Alba de Tormes(1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Huebra(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Huebra(1812) (page does not exist)">Combat of Huebra(1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">First Siege of San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">Second Siege of San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Battle of the Pyrenees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Battle of Sorauren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Echalar(1813)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Echalar(1813) (page does not exist)">Combat of Echalar(1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Battle of the Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Battle of Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive" title="Battle of the Nive">Battle of the Nive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Battle of Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Battle of Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tarbes(1814)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tarbes(1814) (page does not exist)">Battle of Tarbes(1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Croix_d%27Orade(1814)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Croix d'Orade(1814) (page does not exist)">Combat of Croix d'Orade(1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Battle of Toulouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cambrai(1815)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cambrai(1815) (page does not exist)">Siege of Cambrai(1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Le_Quesnoy(1815)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Le Quesnoy(1815) (page does not exist)">Siege of Le Quesnoy(1815)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 250px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">Selected battles</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 120px; width: 250px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 250px; height: 120px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="250" data-height="120" data-zoom="1" data-lat="35" data-lon="38" href="/wiki/Special:Map/1/35/38/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,1,35,38,250x120.png?lang=en" width="250" height="120" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,1,35,38,250x120@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -65px; left: 0px; width: 250px; height: 250px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 53px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102px; left: 237px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102px; left: 140px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 76px; left: 188.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 75.875px; left: 234px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 5000km<br />3,100miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; outline-width: 0px;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 105.63441156114px; left: 61.521247393475px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 22.404237347567px; left: 70.851424401772px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 22.404237347567px; left: 87.351424401772px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Waterloo</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 22.404237347567px; left: 77.351424401772px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 22.404237347567px; left: 70.851424401772px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo"><img alt="Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 Wellington is 46 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 38.660566369254px; left: 60.794014428821px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 34.660566369254px; left: 77.294014428821px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Vitoria</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 38.660566369254px; left: 67.294014428821px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 38.660566369254px; left: 60.794014428821px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria"><img alt="Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 Wellington is 44 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 45.727742470875px; left: 51.460057077337px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 48.727742470875px; left: 67.960057077337px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Torres Vedras</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 45.727742470875px; left: 57.960057077337px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 45.727742470875px; left: 51.460057077337px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras"><img alt="Lines of Torres Vedras November 1810 Wellington is 41 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 11.10412782956px; left: 81.873437870014px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 10.10412782956px; left: 98.373437870014px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Køge</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 11.10412782956px; left: 88.373437870014px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 11.10412782956px; left: 81.873437870014px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B8ge" title="Battle of Køge"><img alt="Battle of Køge on 29 August 1807 Wellington is 38 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 76.732364199956px; left: 172.24827417139px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 76.732364199956px; left: 168.74827417139px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #808000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Assaye</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 76.732364199956px; left: 178.74827417139px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 76.732364199956px; left: 172.24827417139px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye"><img alt="Battle of Assaye on 23 September 1803 Wellington is 34 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 88.30215394347px; left: 173.3831018129px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 88.30215394347px; left: 169.8831018129px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #808000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Seringapatam</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 88.30215394347px; left: 179.8831018129px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 88.30215394347px; left: 173.3831018129px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)"><img alt="Siege of Seringapatam (1799) from 5 April to 4 May 1799 Wellington is 29 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 214px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/2/35/38/en" data-zoom="2" data-lat="35" data-lon="38" data-overlays="["_c46d07b3b61f1853cddfe8c9751495230a937820"]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:olive; color:olive;">    </span> 1799–1803</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:navy; color:navy;">    </span> 1807–1813</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:maroon; color:maroon;">    </span> 1815</span></div></div></div> <p><b>Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">né</a> <b>Wesley</b></span>; 1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852), was an Anglo-Irish army officer and statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures in Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, twice serving as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>. He is among the commanders who ended the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> when <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">fourth war</a> in 1799 and among those who ended the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in a victory when the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Coalition">Seventh Coalition</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815. </p><p>Wellesley was born into a <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. He was commissioned as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1787, serving in Ireland as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to two successive <a href="/wiki/Lords_lieutenant_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords lieutenant of Ireland">lords lieutenant of Ireland</a>. He was also elected as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">member of Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>. Rising to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">colonel</a> by 1796, Wellesley saw service in <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">the Low Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a>, where he fought in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam</a>. He was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> in 1799 and, as a newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">major-general</a>, won a decisive victory over the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a> in 1803. </p><p>Rising to prominence as a <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, Wellesley was promoted to the rank of field marshal after leading British-led forces to victory against the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a> in 1813. Following Napoleon's first exile in 1814, he served as the <a href="/wiki/British_ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British ambassador to France">British ambassador to France</a> and was made <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> campaign in 1815, Wellington commanded another British-led army which, together with the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebhard von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a>, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellington's <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">battle record</a> is exemplary; he ultimately participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career, and although not undefeated, he "never lost" a major engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington is famous for his adaptive defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest commanders in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908789_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of his tactics and battle plans are still studied in military academies around the world. After the end of his active military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tory_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory party">Tory party</a> from 1828 to 1830 and for a little less than a month in 1834. Wellington oversaw the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>, while he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. He continued to be one of the leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> until his retirement and remained <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</a> until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Death and state funeral of the Duke of Wellington">his death</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wellesley was born into an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> family, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>, beginning life as <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Hon.</a> Arthur Wesley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley200816_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley200816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley was born the son of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Wellesley,_Countess_of_Mornington" title="Anne Wellesley, Countess of Mornington">Anne, Countess of Mornington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garret_Wesley,_1st_Earl_of_Mornington" title="Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington">Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington</a>. His father was himself the son of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wesley,_1st_Baron_Mornington" title="Richard Wesley, 1st Baron Mornington">Richard Wesley, 1st Baron Mornington</a>, and had a short career in politics representing the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Trim_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Trim (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Trim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> before succeeding his father as <a href="/wiki/Baron_Mornington" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Mornington">Baron Mornington</a> in 1758. Garret Mornington was also an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, and in recognition of his musical and philanthropic achievements was elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mornington" title="Earl of Mornington">Earl of Mornington</a> in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197153_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley's mother was the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill-Trevor,_1st_Viscount_Dungannon" title="Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon">Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon</a>, after whom Wellesley was named.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevern200713_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevern200713-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth of Rhuddlan</a>, Wellesley was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellesley was the sixth of nine children born to the Earl and Countess of Mornington. His siblings included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard, Viscount Wellesley</a>, later 1st <a href="/wiki/Marquess_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess Wellesley">Marquess Wellesley</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mornington" title="Earl of Mornington">Earl of Mornington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron_Maryborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Maryborough">Baron Maryborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Parliament2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Parliament2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_date_and_place">Birth date and place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth date and place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact date and location of Wellesley's birth is not known, but biographers mostly follow the same contemporary newspaper evidence, which states that he was born on 1 May 1769, the day before he was baptised in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Aungier_Street,_Dublin" title="St. Peter's Church, Aungier Street, Dublin">St. Peter's Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aungier_Street" title="Aungier Street">Aungier Street</a> in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtware_Fine_Art2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtware_Fine_Art2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997480_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997480-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ernest Lloyd states "registry of St. Peter's Church, Dublin, shows that he was christened there on 30 April 1769". His baptismal font was donated to <a href="/wiki/St._Nahi%27s_Church,_Dundrum" title="St. Nahi's Church, Dundrum">St. Nahi's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dundrum,_Dublin" title="Dundrum, Dublin">Dundrum, Dublin</a>, in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1899170_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1899170-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellesley may have been born at his parents' townhouse, <a href="/wiki/Mornington_House" title="Mornington House">Mornington House</a> at 6 Merrion Street (the address later became known as 24 Upper Merrion Street),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublin, which now forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Hotel" title="Merrion Hotel">Merrion Hotel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGash2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGash2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Street" title="Merrion Street">Merrion Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His family's home at <a href="/wiki/Dangan_Castle" title="Dangan Castle">Dangan Castle</a>, Dangan near <a href="/wiki/Summerhill,_County_Meath" title="Summerhill, County Meath">Summerhill</a>, County Meath has also been purported to have been his birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his obituary, published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> in 1852, it was reported that Dangan was unanimously believed to have been the place of his birth, though suggested it was unlikely, but not impossible, that the family had travelled to Dublin for his baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pillar was erected in his honour near Dangan in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The place of his birth has been much disputed following his death, with Sir <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Burke" title="Bernard Burke">J.B. Burke</a> writing the following in 1873: </p> <blockquote><p>"Isn't it remarkable that until recently all the old memoirs of the Duke of Wellington seemed to infer that County Meath was the place of birth. Nowadays the theory that he was born in Dublin is generally accepted but by no means proved".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other places that have been put forward as the location of his birth include a coach between Meath and Dublin, the Dublin <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet boat</a> and the Wellesley townhouse in Trim, County Meath.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dangan_Castle,_Co_Meath,_Ireland,_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg/220px-Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg/330px-Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg/440px-Dangan_Castle%2C_Co_Meath%2C_Ireland%2C_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Wellesley spent much of his early childhood at his family's <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_home" title="Ancestral home">ancestral home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangan_Castle" title="Dangan Castle">Dangan Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, Ireland (engraving, 1842).</figcaption></figure> <p>Wellesley spent most of his childhood at his family's two homes, the first a large house in Dublin, <a href="/wiki/Mornington_House" title="Mornington House">Mornington House</a>, and the second <a href="/wiki/Dangan_Castle" title="Dangan Castle">Dangan Castle</a>, 3 miles (5 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Summerhill,_County_Meath" title="Summerhill, County Meath">Summerhill</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20026–7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20026–7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1781, Arthur's father died and his eldest brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard</a> inherited his father's earldom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He went to the diocesan school in <a href="/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath" title="Trim, County Meath">Trim</a> when at Dangan, Mr Whyte's Academy when in Dublin, and Brown's School in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> when in London. He then enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, where he studied from 1781 to 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His loneliness there caused him to hate it, and makes it highly unlikely that he actually said "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton", a quotation which is often attributed to him. Moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of family funds due to his father's death, forced the young Wellesley and his mother to move to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until his early twenties, Arthur showed little sign of distinction and his mother grew increasingly concerned at his idleness, stating, "I don't know what I shall do with my awkward son Arthur."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1786, Arthur enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French, which later proved very useful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200219–20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200219–20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to England later the same year, he astonished his mother with his improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dcastlemaindoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dcastlemaindoor.jpg/220px-Dcastlemaindoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dcastlemaindoor.jpg/330px-Dcastlemaindoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dcastlemaindoor.jpg/440px-Dcastlemaindoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Beginning in 1787, Wellesley served at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> (pictured) as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to two successive <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lords Lieutenant of Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite his new promise, Wellesley had yet to find a job and his family was still short of money, so upon the advice of his mother, his brother Richard asked his friend the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_4th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland">Duke of Rutland</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>) to consider Arthur for a commission in the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterward, on 7 March 1787, he was gazetted <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/73rd_(Perthshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot">73rd Regiment of Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, with the assistance of his brother, he was assigned as <i><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a></i>, on ten <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> a day (twice his pay as an ensign), to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Lord Buckingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also transferred to the new <a href="/wiki/76th_Regiment_of_Foot" title="76th Regiment of Foot">76th Regiment</a> forming in Ireland and on Christmas Day, 1787, was promoted <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Dublin his duties were mainly social; attending balls, entertaining guests and providing advice to Buckingham. While in Ireland, he overextended himself in borrowing due to his occasional gambling, but in his defence stated that "I have often known what it was to be in want of money, but I have never got helplessly into debt".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 1788, he transferred into the <a href="/wiki/41st_(Welch)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot">41st Regiment of Foot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then again on 25 June 1789 he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/12th_Royal_Lancers" title="12th Royal Lancers">12th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to military historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Richard Holmes</a>, he also reluctantly entered politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the general election of 1789, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trim_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Trim (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Trim</a> to speak against the granting of the title "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freeman</a>" of Dublin to the parliamentary leader of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriot Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Henry Grattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200223_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200223-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Succeeding, he was later nominated and duly elected as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Trim_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Trim (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Trim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the limited <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> at the time, he sat in a parliament where at least two-thirds of the members owed their election to the landowners of fewer than a hundred boroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley continued to serve at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, voting with the government in the Irish parliament over the next two years. He became a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">captain</a> on 30 January 1791, and was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/58th_(Rutlandshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot">58th Regiment of Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 October, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/18th_Royal_Hussars" title="18th Royal Hussars">18th Light Dragoons</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was during this period that he grew increasingly attracted to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wellesley,_Duchess_of_Wellington" title="Catherine Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington">Kitty Pakenham</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham,_2nd_Baron_Longford" title="Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford">Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was described as being full of 'gaiety and charm'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENumber102011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumber102011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, he proposed, but was turned down by her brother <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham,_2nd_Earl_of_Longford" title="Thomas Pakenham, 2nd Earl of Longford">Thomas</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Longford" title="Earl of Longford">Earl of Longford</a>, who considered Wellesley to be a young man, in debt, with very poor prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200226_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200226-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An aspiring amateur musician, Wellesley, devastated by the rejection, burnt his <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a> in anger, and resolved to pursue a military career in earnest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200227_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200227-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of commissions">by purchase</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd Regiment</a> in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, in September, his brother lent him more money and with it he purchased a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant-colonelcy</a> in the 33rd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200228_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200228-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg/180px-Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg/270px-Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg/360px-Arthur_Wellesley_by_John_Hoppner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Wellesley as Lieutenant Colonel, aged c. 26, in the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd Regiment</a>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Hoppner" title="John Hoppner">John Hoppner</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1793, the Duke of York was sent to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in command of the British contingent of an allied force destined for the invasion of France. In June 1794, Wellesley with the 33rd regiment set sail from <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork</a> bound for <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> as part of an expedition bringing reinforcements for the army in Flanders. They arrived too late to participate, and joined the Duke of York as he was pulling back towards the Netherlands. On 15 September 1794, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boxtel" title="Battle of Boxtel">Battle of Boxtel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> east of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, Wellesley, in temporary command of his brigade, had his first experience of battle. During General <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Abercromby's</a> withdrawal in the face of superior French forces, the 33rd held off enemy cavalry, allowing neighbouring units to retreat safely. During the extremely harsh winter that followed, Wellesley and his regiment formed part of an allied force holding the defence line along the <a href="/wiki/Waal_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Waal River">Waal River</a>. The 33rd, along with the rest of the army, suffered heavy losses from attrition and illness. Wellesley's health was also affected by the damp environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200231_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200231-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the campaign was to end disastrously, with the British army driven out of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">United Provinces</a> into the German states, Wellesley became more aware of battle tactics, including the use of lines of infantry against advancing columns, and the merits of supporting sea-power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He understood that the failure of the campaign was due in part to the faults of the leaders and the poor organisation at headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remarked later of his time in the Netherlands that "At least I learned what not to do, and that is always a valuable lesson".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to England in March 1795, he was reinstated as a member of parliament for Trim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped to be given the position of secretary of war in the new Irish government but the new lord-lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">Lord Camden</a>, was only able to offer him the post of <a href="/wiki/Surveyor-General_of_the_Ordnance_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor-General of the Ordnance (Ireland)">Surveyor-General of the Ordnance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining the post, he returned to his regiment, now at <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> preparing to set sail for the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. After seven weeks at sea, a storm forced the fleet back to <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 33rd was given time to recuperate and a few months later, <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> decided to send the regiment to India. Wellesley was promoted full <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> by seniority on 3 May 1796<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few weeks later set sail for <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> with his regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200234_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200234-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in February 1797 he spent 5 months there, before being sent in August to a brief expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where he established a list of new hygiene precautions for his men to deal with the unfamiliar climate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200240_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200240-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning in November to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, he learnt that his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard</a>, now known as Lord Mornington, had been appointed as the new <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, he changed the spelling of his surname to "Wellesley"; up to this time he was still known as Wesley, which his eldest brother considered the ancient and proper spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197154_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197154-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg/220px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg/330px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg/440px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_by_Robert_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Wellesley in India, wearing his major-general's uniform. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Home" title="Robert Home">Robert Home</a>, 1804.</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the campaign to extend the rule of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> broke out in 1798 against the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200242_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200242-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur's brother Richard ordered that an armed force be sent to capture <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a> and defeat Tipu. During the war, rockets were used on several occasions. Wellesley was almost defeated by Tipu's Diwan, <a href="/wiki/Purnaiah" title="Purnaiah">Purnaiah</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanpet_Tope" title="Battle of Sultanpet Tope">Battle of Sultanpet Tope</a>. Quoting Forrest, </p> <blockquote><p>At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley, but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5th April 1799, he was set upon with rockets and musket-fires, lost his way and, as Beatson politely puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a more favourable opportunity should offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest1970283_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest1970283-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without any killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers maneuvered to the rear of the British encampment, then 'threw a great number of rockets at the same instant' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all ordered by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards. Some burst in the air like <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>. Others, called ground rockets, would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ...". He continued:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant. No hail could be thicker. Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets, some of which entered the head of the column, passing through to the rear, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet, which are invariably attached to them.</p></blockquote> <p>Under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Harris,_1st_Baron_Harris" title="George Harris, 1st Baron Harris">General Harris</a>, some 24,000 troops were dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> (to join an equal force being sent from <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> in the west).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur and the 33rd sailed to join them in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200244_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200244-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After extensive and careful logistic preparation (which would become one of Wellesley's main attributes)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 33rd left with the main force in December and travelled across 250 miles (402 km) of jungle from Madras to Mysore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of his brother, during the journey, Wellesley was given an additional command, that of chief advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_II" title="Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II">Nizam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>'s army (sent to accompany the British force).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was to cause friction among many of the senior officers (some of whom were senior to Wellesley).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200251_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200251-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this friction was put to rest after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mallavelly" title="Battle of Mallavelly">Battle of Mallavelly</a>, some 20 miles (32 km) from Seringapatam, in which Harris' army attacked a large part of the sultan's army. During the battle, Wellesley led his men, in a line of battle of two ranks, against the enemy to a gentle ridge and gave the order to fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200253_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200253-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an extensive repetition of volleys, followed by a bayonet charge, the 33rd, in conjunction with the rest of Harris's force, forced Tipu's infantry to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seringapatam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after their arrival at <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Seringapatam</a> on 5 April 1799, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Battle of Seringapatam</a> began and Wellesley was ordered to lead a night attack on the village of Sultanpettah, adjacent to the fortress to clear the way for the artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200256_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200256-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of a variety of factors including the Mysorean army's strong defensive preparations and the darkness the attack failed with 25 casualties due to confusion among the British. Wellesley suffered a minor injury to his knee from a spent musket-ball.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200257_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200257-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacquarie_University2008_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacquarie_University2008-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they re-attacked successfully the next day, after time to scout ahead the enemy's positions, the affair affected Wellesley. He resolved "never to attack an enemy who is preparing and strongly posted, and whose posts have not been reconnoitred by daylight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewin_Bentham_Bowring" title="Lewin Bentham Bowring">Lewin Bentham Bowring</a> gives this alternative account: </p> <blockquote><p>One of these groves, called the Sultanpet Tope, was intersected by deep ditches, watered from a channel running in an easterly direction about a mile from the fort. <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Baird,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet">General Baird</a> was directed to scour this grove and dislodge the enemy, but on his advancing with this object on the night of the 5th, he found the tope unoccupied. The next day, however, the Mysore troops again took possession of the ground, and as it was absolutely necessary to expel them, two columns were detached at sunset for the purpose. The first of these, under Colonel Shawe, got possession of a ruined village, which it successfully held. The second column, under Colonel Wellesley, on advancing into the tope, was at once attacked in the darkness of night by a tremendous fire of musketry and rockets. The men, floundering about amidst the trees and the water-courses, at last broke, and fell back in disorder, some being killed and a few taken prisoners. In the confusion Colonel Wellesley was himself struck on the knee by a spent ball, and narrowly escaped falling into the hands of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring189384–85_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring189384–85-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A few weeks later, after extensive artillery bombardment, a breach was opened in the main walls of the fortress of Seringapatam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attack led by <a href="/wiki/David_Baird,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="David Baird, 1st Baronet">Major-General Baird</a> secured the fortress. Wellesley secured the rear of the advance, posting guards at the breach and then stationed his regiment at the main palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200259_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200259-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing news of the death of the Tipu Sultan, Wellesley was the first at the scene to confirm his death, checking his pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200260_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200260-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the coming day, Wellesley grew increasingly concerned over the lack of discipline among his men, who drank and pillaged the fortress and city. To restore order, several soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogged</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200262_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200262-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After battle and the resulting end of the war, the main force under General Harris left Seringapatam and Wellesley, aged 30, stayed behind to command the area as the new Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore. While in India, Wellesley was ill for a considerable time, first with severe <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a> from the water and then with fever, followed by a serious skin infection caused by <a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">trichophyton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200267_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200267-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellesley was in charge of raising an Anglo-Indian expeditionary force in <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomali</a> in early 1801<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerdanWorkmanMorleyArnold1832_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerdanWorkmanMorleyArnold1832-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the capture of Batavia and Mauritius from the French. However, on the eve of its departure, orders arrived from England that it was to be sent to Egypt to co-operate with Sir Ralph Abercromby in the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Wellesley had been appointed second in command to Baird, but owing to ill health did not accompany the expedition on 9 April 1801. This was fortunate for Wellesley, since the vessel on which he was to have sailed sank in the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntelligence_Branch19118–20_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntelligence_Branch19118–20-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier general (United Kingdom)">brigadier-general</a> on 17 July 1801. He took residence within the Sultan's summer palace and reformed the tax and justice systems in his province to maintain order and prevent bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dhoondiah_Waugh_insurgency">Dhoondiah Waugh insurgency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dhoondiah Waugh insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1800, whilst serving as Governor of Mysore, Wellesley was tasked with putting down an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Dhoondiah_Waugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhoondiah Waugh">Dhoondiah Waugh</a>, formerly a <a href="/wiki/Patan_district" title="Patan district">Patan</a> trooper for <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199388_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199388-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having escaped after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">fall of Seringapatam</a> he became a powerful brigand, raiding villages along the Maratha–Mysore border region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200264_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200264-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial setbacks, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> having pursued and destroyed his forces once already, forcing him into retreat in August 1799, he raised a sizeable force composed of disbanded Mysore soldiers, captured small outposts and forts in Mysore, and was receiving the support of several Maratha <i><a href="/wiki/Killedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Killedar">killedars</a></i> opposed to British occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201222_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201222-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drew the attention of the British administration, who were beginning to recognise him as more than just a bandit, as his raids, expansion and threats to destabilise British authority suddenly increased in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199394–96_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199394–96-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Tipu Sultan had created a <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> and Waugh was seeking to fill it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201222_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201222-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given independent command of a combined East India Company and British Army force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199397_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199397-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley ventured north to confront Waugh in June 1800, with an army of 8,000 infantry and cavalry, having learnt that Waugh's forces numbered over 50,000, although the majority (around 30,000) were <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular</a> light cavalry and unlikely to pose a serious threat to British infantry and artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201233,_38_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201233,_38-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout June–August 1800, Wellesley advanced through Waugh's territory, his troops <a href="/wiki/Escalade" title="Escalade">escalading</a> forts in turn and capturing each one with "trifling loss".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley1852181,_190_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1852181,_190-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forts generally offered little resistance due to their poor construction and design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199397_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199397-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley did not have sufficient troops to garrison each fort and had to clear the surrounding area of insurgents before advancing to the next fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201234_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201234-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 July, he had "taken and destroyed Dhoondiah's baggage and six guns, and driven into the Malpoorba (where they were drowned) about five thousand people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley1852191_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1852191-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhoondiah continued to retreat, but his forces were rapidly deserting, he had no infantry and due to the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> weather flooding river crossings he could no longer outpace the British advance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199399_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199399-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 September, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Conaghul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Conaghul (page does not exist)">Battle of Conaghul</a>, Wellesley personally led a charge of 1,400 British dragoons and Indian cavalry, in single line with no reserve, against Dhoondiah and his remaining 5,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller199399_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller199399-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhoondiah was killed during the clash; his body was discovered and taken to the British camp tied to a cannon. With this victory, Wellesley's campaign was concluded, and British authority had been restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201237–38_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201237–38-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley then paid for the future upkeep of Dhoondiah's orphaned son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200265_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200265-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Anglo-Maratha_War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second Anglo-Maratha War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></div> <p>In September 1802, Wellesley learnt that he had been promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major-General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General (United Kingdom)">major-general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been gazetted on 29 April 1802, but the news took several months to reach him by sea. He remained at Mysore until November when he was sent to command an army in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he determined that a long defensive war would ruin his army, Wellesley decided to act boldly to defeat the numerically larger force of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200273_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200273-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) he gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269,_73_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200269,_73-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200274_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200274-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assaye,_Argaum_and_Gawilghur"><span id="Assaye.2C_Argaum_and_Gawilghur"></span>Assaye, Argaum and Gawilghur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assaye, Argaum and Gawilghur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg/220px-Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg/330px-Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg/440px-Battle_of_Assaye.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Arthur Wellesley (mounted) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a> (engraving after <a href="/wiki/William_Heath_(artist)" title="William Heath (artist)">William Heath)</a>. Wellesley later remarked that it was his greatest victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Splitting his army into two forces to pursue and locate the main Marathas army (the second force, commanded by Colonel Stevenson was far smaller), Wellesley was preparing to rejoin his forces on 24 September. His intelligence, however, reported the location of the Marathas' main army, between two rivers near <a href="/wiki/Assaye" title="Assaye">Assaye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200275_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200275-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If he waited for the arrival of his second force, the Marathas would be able to mount a retreat, so Wellesley decided to launch an attack immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200275_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200275-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 September, Wellesley led his forces over a ford in the river Kaitna and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a> commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200277_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200277-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After crossing the ford the infantry was reorganised into several lines and advanced against the Maratha infantry. Wellesley ordered his <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> to exploit the flank of the Maratha army just near the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200277_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200277-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the battle Wellesley himself came under fire; two of his horses were shot from under him and he had to mount a third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200280_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200280-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a crucial moment, Wellesley regrouped his forces and ordered Colonel Maxwell (later killed in the attack) to attack the eastern end of the Maratha position while Wellesley himself directed a renewed infantry attack against the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200280_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200280-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An officer in the attack wrote of the importance of Wellesley's personal leadership: "The General was in the thick of the action the whole time ... I never saw a man so cool and collected as he was ... though I can assure you, till our troops got the order to advance the fate of the day seemed doubtful ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197193_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197193-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With some 6,000 Marathas killed or wounded, the enemy was routed, though Wellesley's force was in no condition to pursue. British casualties were heavy: the British losses amounted to 428 killed, 1,138 wounded and 18 missing (the British casualty figures were taken from Wellesley's own despatch).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar200682_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar200682-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley was troubled by the loss of men and remarked that he hoped "I should not like to see again such loss as I sustained on 23 September, even if attended by such gain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, however, he remarked that Assaye and not Waterloo was the best battle he ever fought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200281-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the damage done to the Maratha army, the battle did not end the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200282_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200282-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later in November, Wellesley attacked a larger force near <a href="/wiki/Argaon" title="Argaon">Argaum</a>, leading his army to victory again, with an astonishing 5,000 enemy dead at the cost of only 361 British casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200282_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200282-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further successful attack at the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Gawilghur" title="Gawilghur">Gawilghur</a>, combined with the victory of <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">General Lake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, forced the Maratha to sign a peace settlement at <a href="/wiki/Anjangaon" title="Anjangaon">Anjangaon</a> (not concluded until a year later) called the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Surji-Anjangaon" title="Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon">Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200283_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200283-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military historian Richard Holmes remarked that Wellesley's experiences in India had an important influence on his personality and military tactics, teaching him much about military matters that would prove vital to his success in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200288_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200288-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a strong sense of discipline through drill and order,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200287_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200287-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of diplomacy to gain allies, and the vital necessity of a secure supply line. He also established high regard for the acquisition of intelligence through scouts and spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200287_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200287-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal tastes also developed, including dressing himself in white trousers, a dark tunic, with <a href="/wiki/Hessian_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian boot">Hessian boots</a> and black cocked hat (that later became synonymous as his style).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200286_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200286-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leaving_India">Leaving India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leaving India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg/220px-Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg/330px-Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg/440px-Major-General_the_Hon._Arthur_Wellesley_being_received_in_durbar_at_the_Chepauk_Palace_Madras_by_Azim_al-Daula_Nawab_of_the_Carnatic_18th_February_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3918" data-file-height="2749" /></a><figcaption>Major-General Wellesley meeting with <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Azim-ud-Daula" title="Azim-ud-Daula">Azim-ud-Daula</a>, 1805</figcaption></figure> <p>Wellesley had grown tired of his time in India, remarking "I have served as long in India as any man ought who can serve anywhere else".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1804 he applied for permission to return home and as a reward for his service in India he was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a> in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in India, Wellesley had amassed a fortune of £42,000 (considerable at the time, equivalent to £4 million in 2023), consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a> from his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200284-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his brother's term as Governor-General of India ended in March 1805, the brothers returned together to England on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Howe_(1805)" title="HMS Howe (1805)">HMS <i>Howe</i></a>. Wellesley, coincidentally, stopped on his voyage at the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and stayed in the <a href="/wiki/Briars,_St_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Briars, St Helena">same building</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> would live during his later exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200285_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200285-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Britain">Return to Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return to Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_Nelson">Meeting Nelson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Meeting Nelson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1805, Major-General Wellesley was newly returned from his campaigns in India and was not yet particularly well known to the public. He reported to the office of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> to request a new assignment. In the waiting room, he met Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, already a known figure after his victories at the Nile and Copenhagen, who was briefly in England after months pursuing the French Toulon fleet to the West Indies and back. Some 30 years later, Wellington recalled a conversation that Nelson began with him which Wellesley found "almost all on his side in a style so vain and silly as to surprise and almost disgust me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200292_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200292-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson left the room to inquire who the young general was and, on his return, switched to a very different tone, discussing the war, the state of the colonies, and the geopolitical situation as between equals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2005_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2005-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this second discussion, Wellington recalled, "I don't know that I ever had a conversation that interested me more".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2005283_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2005283-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the only time that the two men met; Nelson was killed at his victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a> seven weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200292_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200292-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellesley then served in the abortive <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Expedition" title="Hanover Expedition">Anglo-Russian expedition</a> to north Germany in 1805, taking a brigade to <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003axxiii_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003axxiii-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then took a period of extended leave from the army and was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (political faction)">Tory</a> member of the British parliament for <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a> in January 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200338_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200338-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, he was elected MP for <a href="/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)">Newport</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, and was then appointed to serve as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_4th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a>. At the same time, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">privy counsellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200338_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200338-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Ireland, he gave a verbal promise that the remaining <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">Penal Laws</a> would be enforced with great moderation, perhaps an indication of his later willingness to support <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971174_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971174-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley was described as having been "handsome, very brown, quite bald and a hooked nose".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_Denmark-Norway">War against Denmark-Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War against Denmark-Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Battle of Copenhagen (1807)</a></div> <p>Wellesley was in Ireland in May 1807 when he heard of the British expedition to <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>. He decided to go, while maintaining his political appointments, and was appointed to command an infantry brigade in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Copenhagen">Second Battle of Copenhagen</a>, which took place in August. He fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B8ge" title="Battle of Køge">Køge</a>, during which the men under his command took 1,500 prisoners, with Wellesley later present during the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200338_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200338-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 30 September, he had returned to England and was raised to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> on 25 April 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200338_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200338-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1808 he accepted the command of an expedition of 9,000 men. Preparing to sail for an attack on the Spanish colonies in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (to assist the Latin American patriot <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>) his force was instead ordered to sail for <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, to take part in the Peninsular Campaign and rendezvous with 5,000 troops from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200339_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200339-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002102–103_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002102–103-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peninsular_War">Peninsular War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Peninsular War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army during the Napoleonic Wars">British Army during the Napoleonic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1808–1809"><span id="1808.E2.80.931809"></span>1808–1809</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1808–1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ready for battle, Wellesley left Cork on 12 July 1808 to participate in the war against French forces in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, with his skills as a commander tested and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200339_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200339-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Robin Neillands</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wellesley had by now acquired the experience on which his later successes were founded. He knew about command from the ground up, about the importance of logistics, about campaigning in a hostile environment. He enjoyed political influence and realised the need to maintain support at home. Above all, he had gained a clear idea of how, by setting attainable objectives and relying on his own force and abilities, a campaign could be fought and won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200339_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200339-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellingtons33rd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wellingtons33rd.jpg/220px-Wellingtons33rd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wellingtons33rd.jpg/330px-Wellingtons33rd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wellingtons33rd.jpg/440px-Wellingtons33rd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Reenactors of the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Regiment of Foot">33rd Regiment of Foot</a> Wellington's Redcoats who fought in the Napoleonic Wars, 1812–1815, here showing the standard line 8th Company</figcaption></figure> <p>Wellesley defeated the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Battle of Roliça</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Battle of Vimeiro</a> in 1808<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971148–154_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971148–154-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was superseded in command immediately after the latter battle. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hew_Whiteford_Dalrymple,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hew Whiteford Dalrymple, 1st Baronet">General Dalrymple</a> then signed the controversial <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Sintra" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Sintra">Convention of Sintra</a>, which stipulated that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> transport the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> with all their loot, and insisted on the association of the only available government minister, Wellesley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971148–154_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971148–154-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalrymple and Wellesley were recalled to Britain to face a Court of Enquiry. Wellesley had agreed to sign the preliminary armistice, but had not signed the convention, and was cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002124_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002124-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simultaneously, Napoleon entered Spain with his veteran troops to put down the revolt; the new commander of the British forces in the Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore (British soldier)">Sir John Moore</a>, died during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Battle of Corunna</a> in January 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971171_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971171-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although overall the land war with France was not going well from a British perspective, the Peninsula was the one theatre where they, with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, had provided strong resistance against France and her allies. This contrasted with the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren expedition">Walcheren expedition</a>, which was typical of the mismanaged British operations of the time. Wellesley submitted a memorandum to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Castlereagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a> on the defence of Portugal. He stressed its mountainous frontiers and advocated Lisbon as the main base because the Royal Navy could help to defend it. Castlereagh and the cabinet approved the memo and appointed him head of all British forces in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971172_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971172-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellesley arrived in Lisbon on 22 April 1809 on board <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Surveillante_(1802)" title="French frigate Surveillante (1802)">HMS <i>Surveillante</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971117_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971117-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after narrowly escaping shipwreck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1897_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1897-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced, he took to the offensive. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">Second Battle of Porto</a> he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> river in a daylight <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">coup de main</a></i>, and routed <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jean_de_Dieu_Soult" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult">Marshal Soult</a>'s French troops in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford2012118_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford2012118-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Portugal secured, Wellesley advanced into Spain to unite with <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_de_la_Cuesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio de la Cuesta">General Cuesta</a>'s forces. The combined allied force prepared for an assault on <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="I Corps (Grande Armée)">I Corps</a> at Talavera, 23 July. Cuesta, however, was reluctant to agree, and was only persuaded to advance on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2002177_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2002177-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delay allowed the French to withdraw, but Cuesta sent his army headlong after Victor, and found himself faced by almost the entire French army in New Castile—Victor had been reinforced by the Toledo and Madrid garrisons. The Spanish retreated precipitously, necessitating the advance of two British divisions to cover their retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997186_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997186-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, 27 July, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Battle of Talavera</a> the French advanced in three columns and were repulsed several times throughout the day by Wellesley, but at a heavy cost to the British force. In the aftermath Marshal Soult's army was discovered to be advancing south, threatening to cut Wellesley off from Portugal. Wellesley moved east on 3 August to block it, leaving 1,500 wounded in the care of the Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford2012134_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford2012134-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intending to confront Soult before finding out that the French were in fact 30,000 strong. The British commander sent the Light Brigade on a dash to hold the bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Almaraz" title="Almaraz">Almaraz</a>. With communications and supply from Lisbon secured for now, Wellesley considered joining with Cuesta again but found out that his Spanish ally had abandoned the British wounded to the French and was thoroughly uncooperative, promising and then refusing to supply the British forces, aggravating Wellesley and causing considerable friction between the British and their Spanish allies. The lack of supplies, coupled with the threat of French reinforcement (including the possible inclusion of Napoleon himself) in the spring, led to the British deciding to retreat into Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford2012134–150_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford2012134–150-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his victory at Talavera, Wellesley was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 26 August 1809 as <b>Viscount Wellington</b> of Talavera and of <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Somerset" title="Wellington, Somerset">Wellington</a>, in the County of Somerset, with the subsidiary title of <b>Baron Douro</b> of Wellesley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013a343_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013a343-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1810–1812"><span id="1810.E2.80.931812"></span>1810–1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1810–1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1810, a newly enlarged French army under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a> invaded Portugal. British opinion was negative and there were suggestions to evacuate Portugal. Instead, Lord Wellington first slowed the French at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bu%C3%A7aco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buçaco">Buçaco</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971225–230_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971225–230-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he then prevented them from taking the Lisbon Peninsula by the construction of massive earthworks, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a>, which had been assembled in complete secrecy with their flanks guarded by the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971235–240_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971235–240-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baffled and starving French invasion forces retreated after six months. Wellington's pursuit was hindered by a series of reverses inflicted by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney</a> in a much-lauded <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford2012163_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford2012163-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811, Masséna returned toward Portugal to relieve Almeida; Wellington narrowly checked the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971251–254_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971251–254-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, his subordinate, <a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford">Viscount Beresford</a>, fought Soult's 'Army of the South' to a bloody stalemate at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Battle of Albuera</a> in May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971257_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971257-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington was promoted to full <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">general</a> on 31 July for his services. The French abandoned <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1811)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Almeida (1811)">Almeida</a>, avoiding British pursuit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971254–256_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971254–256-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but retained the twin Spanish fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Rodrigo" title="Ciudad Rodrigo">Ciudad Rodrigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, the 'Keys' guarding the roads through the mountain passes into Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971168_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971168-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg/220px-Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg/330px-Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg/440px-Wellington_a_Salamanca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Wellington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a> (engraving after William Heath)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1812, Wellington finally captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a> via a rapid movement as the French went into winter quarters, storming it before they could react. He then moved south quickly, besieged the fortress of Badajoz for a month and captured it during the night on 6 April 1812. On viewing the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Badajoz (1812)">Storming of Badajoz</a>, Wellington lost his composure and cried at the sight of the British dead in the breaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002162_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002162-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His army now was a veteran British force reinforced by units of the retrained Portuguese army. Campaigning in Spain, he was made <b>Earl of Wellington</b> in the county of Somerset on 22 February 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He routed the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a>, taking advantage of a minor French mispositioning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971283–287_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971283–287-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory liberated the Spanish capital of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. He was later made <b>Marquess of Wellington</b>, in the said county on 18 August 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington attempted to take the vital fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a>, which linked Madrid to France. He failed, due in part to a lack of siege guns, forcing him into a headlong retreat with the loss of over 2,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2002366_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2002366-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French abandoned <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, and combined the troops of Soult and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Marmont</a>. Thus combined, the French outnumbered the British, putting the British forces in a precarious position. Wellington withdrew his army and, joined by the smaller corps under the command of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a>, which had been moved to Madrid, began to retreat to Portugal. Marshal Soult declined to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971297–299_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971297–299-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/220px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/330px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/440px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington_(Goya)" title="Portrait of the Duke of Wellington (Goya)"><i>The Duke of Wellington</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, 1812–14</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1813–1814"><span id="1813.E2.80.931814"></span>1813–1814</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1813–1814"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1813, Wellington led a new offensive, this time against the French line of communications. He struck through the hills north of Burgos, the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes (region)">Tras os Montes</a>, and switched his supply line from Portugal to <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a> on Spain's north coast; this led to the French abandoning Madrid and Burgos. Continuing to outflank the French lines, Wellington caught up with and routed the army of King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a>, for which he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal</a> on 21 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002189_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002189-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He personally led a column against the French centre, while other columns commanded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham,_1st_Baron_Lynedoch" title="Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch">Sir Thomas Graham</a>, Rowland Hill and the <a href="/wiki/George_Ramsay,_9th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie">Earl of Dalhousie</a> looped around the French right and left (this battle became the subject of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s orchestral piece, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wellington%27s_Victory" title="Wellington's Victory">Wellington's Victory</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Opus</a> 91). The British troops broke ranks to loot the abandoned French wagons instead of pursuing the beaten foe. When troops failed to return to their units and began harassing the locals, an enraged Wellington wrote in a now famous despatch to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Earl Bathurst</a>, "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although later, when his temper had cooled, he extended his comment to praise the men under his command saying that though many of the men were, "the scum of the earth; it is really wonderful that we should have made them to the fine fellows they are".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite19987_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite19987-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking the small fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Wellington invested <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of San Sebastian">San Sebastián</a> but was frustrated by the obstinate French garrison, losing 693 dead and 316 captured in a failed assault and suspending the siege at the end of July. Soult's relief attempt was blocked by the Spanish Army of Galicia at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a>, allowing the Allies to consolidate their position and tighten the ring around the city, which fell in September after a second spirited defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971332_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971332-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington then forced Soult's demoralised and battered army into a fighting retreat into France, punctuated by battles at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Bidassoa (1813)">Bidassoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971336_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971336-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington invaded southern France, winning at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive" title="Battle of the Nive">the Nive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971342_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971342-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington's final battle against his rival Soult occurred at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a>, where the Allied divisions were badly mauled storming the French <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a>, losing some 4,600 men. Despite this momentary victory, news arrived of Napoleon's defeat and abdication<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971344–345_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971344–345-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Soult, seeing no reason to continue the fighting, agreed on a ceasefire with Wellington, allowing Soult to evacuate the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford2012228_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford2012228-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hailed as the conquering hero by the British, on 3 May 1814 Wellington was made <b>Duke of Wellington</b>, in the county of Somerset, together with the subsidiary title of <b>Marquess Douro</b>, in said County.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013a343_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013a343-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received some recognition during his lifetime (the title of "<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo" title="Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo">Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">Grandee of Spain</a>") and the Spanish King Ferdinand VII allowed him to keep part of the works of art from the Royal Collection which he had recovered from the French. His equestrian portrait features prominently in the Monument to the Battle of Vitoria, in present-day Vitoria-Gasteiz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornwell2009_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell2009-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Wellington (far left) alongside <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> and other European diplomats at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, 1815 (engraving after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey" title="Jean-Baptiste Isabey">Jean-Baptiste Isabey</a>)</figcaption></figure><p> His popularity in Britain was due to his image and his appearance as well as to his military triumphs. His victory fitted well with the passion and intensity of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement, with its emphasis on individuality. His personal style influenced the fashions in Britain at the time: his tall, lean figure and his plumed black hat and grand yet classic uniform and white trousers became very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicât200365–66_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicât200365–66-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1814, the Prime Minister wanted him to take command in Canada with the assignment of winning the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> against the United States. Wellesley replied that he would go to America, but he believed that he was needed more in Europe. He stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think you have no right, from the state of war, to demand any concession of territory from America... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy's territory, notwithstanding your military success, and now undoubted military superiority, and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack. You cannot on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cession of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power... Then if this reasoning be true, why stipulate for the <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">uti possidetis</a>? You can get no territory: indeed, the state of your military operations, however creditable, does not entitle you to demand any.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills192122_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills192122-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was appointed <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to France">Ambassador to France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then took <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>'s place as first <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 1815, the title of his Knighthood of the Bath was converted to <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross</a> upon the expansion of that order.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hundred_Days">Hundred Days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hundred Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facing_Napoleon">Facing Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Facing Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley,_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg/170px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg/255px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg/340px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_first_Duke_of_Wellington._Wellcome_V0048407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Wellesley by <a href="/wiki/William_Say_(engraver)" title="William Say (engraver)">William Say</a> after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and returned to France. He regained control of the country by May and faced a renewed alliance against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero20052_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero20052-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington left Vienna for what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a>. He arrived in the Netherlands to take command of the British-German army and their allied Dutch, all stationed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> forces of Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971396–407_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971396–407-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon's strategy was to isolate the Allied and Prussian armies and annihilate each one separately before the Austrians and Russians arrived. In doing so the vast superiority in numbers of the Coalition would be greatly diminished. He would then seek the possibility of peace with Austria and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971410_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971410-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French invaded the Netherlands, with Napoleon defeating the Prussians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a>, and Marshal Ney engaging indecisively with Wellington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971423–432_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971423–432-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prussians retreated 18 miles north to <a href="/wiki/Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a> whilst Wellington's Anglo-Allied army withdrew 15 miles north to a site he had noted the previous year as favourable for a battle: the north ridge of a shallow valley on the Brussels road, just south of the small town of <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a>. On 17 June there was torrential rain, which severely hampered movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997175–176_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997175–176-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a considerable effect the next day, 18 June, when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> was fought. This was the first time Wellington had encountered Napoleon; he commanded an Anglo-Dutch-German army that consisted of approximately 73,000 troops, 26,000 of whom were British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin200137_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin200137-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 30 percent of that 26,000 were Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGreevy2015_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreevy2015-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle of Waterloo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/220px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/330px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/440px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><i>Wellington at Waterloo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Hillingford" title="Robert Alexander Hillingford">Robert Alexander Hillingford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). It commenced with a diversionary attack on <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont" title="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</a> by a division of French soldiers. After a barrage of 80 cannons, the first French infantry attack was launched by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Comte D'Erlon</a>'s I Corps. D'Erlon's troops advanced through the Allied centre, resulting in Allied troops in front of the ridge retreating in disorder through the main position. D'Erlon's corps stormed the most fortified Allied position, <a href="/wiki/La_Haye_Sainte" title="La Haye Sainte">La Haye Sainte</a>, but failed to take it. An Allied division under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Picton" title="Thomas Picton">Thomas Picton</a> met the remainder of D'Erlon's corps head to head, engaging them in an infantry duel in which Picton was killed. During this struggle <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">Lord Uxbridge</a> launched two of his cavalry brigades at the enemy, catching the French infantry off guard, driving them to the bottom of the slope, and capturing two <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Eagle" title="French Imperial Eagle">French Imperial Eagles</a>. The charge, however, over-reached itself, and the British cavalry, crushed by fresh French horsemen sent at them by Napoleon, were driven back, suffering tremendous losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecke1911380_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecke1911380-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before 16:00, Marshal Ney noted an apparent withdrawal from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Ney at this time had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney, therefore, tried to break Wellington's centre with a cavalry charge alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1990439_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1990439-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg/220px-Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg/330px-Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg/440px-Waterloo-French_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Grenadiers à Cheval</i>. Napoleon can be seen in the background on a grey horse. A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie, and Tauris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerville2007315_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerville2007315-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At about 16:30, the first Prussian corps arrived. Commanded by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Freiherr_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow">Freiherr von Bülow</a>, IV Corps arrived as the French cavalry attack was in full spate. Bülow sent the 15th Brigade to link up with Wellington's left flank in the <a href="/wiki/Frichermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Frichermont">Frichermont</a>–<a href="/wiki/La_Haie,_Lasne" class="mw-redirect" title="La Haie, Lasne">La Haie</a> area while the brigade's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999117_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999117-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon sent <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mouton" title="Georges Mouton">Lobau</a>'s corps to intercept the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to <a href="/wiki/Plancenoit" title="Plancenoit">Plancenoit</a>. The 15th Brigade sent Lobau's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area. Von Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit. Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau, who was now seriously pressed by the enemy. Napoleon's Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon then resorted to sending two battalions of the Middle and Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious fighting they recaptured the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French cavalry attacked the British infantry squares many times, each at a heavy cost to the French but with few British casualties. Ney himself was displaced from his horse four times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1987373_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1987373-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using Bachelu's division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The storming of La Haye Sainte by Knötel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/220px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/330px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/440px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The storming of La Haye Sainte, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kn%C3%B6tel" title="Richard Knötel">Richard Knötel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, at approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, Napoleon ordered Ney to capture La Haye Sainte at whatever the cost. Ney accomplished this with what was left of D'Erlon's corps soon after 18:00. Ney then moved <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a> up towards Wellington's centre and began to attack the infantry squares at short-range with <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1990439_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1990439-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This all but destroyed the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment, and the 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square. Wellington's centre was now on the verge of collapse and wide open to an attack from the French. Luckily for Wellington, Pirch I's and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ernst_Karl,_Graf_von_Zieten" title="Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten">Zieten</a>'s corps of the Prussian Army were now at hand. Zieten's corps permitted the two fresh cavalry brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur on Wellington's extreme left to be moved and posted behind the depleted centre. Pirch I Corps then proceeded to support Bülow and together they regained possession of Plancenoit, and once more the Charleroi road was swept by Prussian round shot. The value of this reinforcement is held in high regard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecke1911381_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecke1911381-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Waterloo,_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington,_a_narrative_poem_(1819),_before_169_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_June_18th_1815_-_The_wars_of_Wellington%2C_a_narrative_poem_%281819%29%2C_before_169_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Wellington at the battle of Waterloo</figcaption></figure> <p>The French army now fiercely attacked the Coalition all along the line with the culminating point being reached when Napoleon sent forward the Imperial Guard at 19:30. The attack of the Imperial Guards was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard, and not by the Grenadiers or Chasseurs of the Old Guard. Marching through a hail of canister and <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmisher</a> fire and severely outnumbered, the 3,000 or so Middle Guardsmen advanced to the west of La Haye Sainte and proceeded to separate into three distinct attack forces. One, consisting of two battalions of Grenadiers, defeated the Coalition's first line and marched on. <a href="/wiki/David_Hendrik_Chass%C3%A9" title="David Hendrik Chassé">Chassé</a>'s relatively fresh Dutch division was sent against them, and Allied artillery fired into the victorious Grenadiers' flank. This still could not stop the Guard's advance, so Chassé ordered his first brigade to charge the outnumbered French, who faltered and broke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plas_Newydd_(Anglesey)_-_Waterloo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/220px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/330px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/440px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Further to the west, 1,500 British Foot Guards under <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Maitland" title="Peregrine Maitland">Maitland</a> were lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery. As two battalions of Chasseurs approached, the second prong of the Imperial Guard's attack, Maitland's guardsmen rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The Chasseurs deployed to counter-attack but began to waver. A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke them. The third prong, a fresh Chasseur battalion, now came up in support. The British guardsmen retreated with these Chasseurs in pursuit, but the latter were halted as the <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Oxfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot">52nd Light Infantry</a> wheeled in line onto their flank and poured a devastating fire into them and then charged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry190070_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190070-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this onslaught, they too broke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry190070_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190070-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last of the Guard retreated headlong. Mass panic ensued through the French lines as the news spread: "<i>La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut!</i>" ("The Guard is retreating. Every man for himself!"). Wellington then stood up in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(horse)" title="Copenhagen (horse)">Copenhagen</a>'s stirrups, and waved his hat in the air to signal an advance of the Allied line just as the Prussians were overrunning the French positions to the east. What remained of the French army then abandoned the field in disorder. Wellington and Blücher met at the inn of La Belle Alliance, on the north–south road which bisected the battlefield, and it was agreed that the Prussians should pursue the retreating French army back to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1907178–179-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 20 November 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1838280_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1838280-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After the victory, the Duke supported proposals that a medal be awarded to all British soldiers who participated in the Waterloo campaign, and on 28 June 1815, he wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a> suggesting:</p><blockquote><p> ... the expediency of giving to the non-commissioned officers and soldiers engaged in the Battle of Waterloo a medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the army, and if the battle should settle our concerns, they will well deserve it.</p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Medal" title="Waterloo Medal">Waterloo Medal</a> was duly authorised and distributed to all ranks in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorne201590_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorne201590-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much historical discussion has been made about Napoleon's decision to send 33,000 troops under <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_Marquis_de_Grouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis de Grouchy">Marshal Grouchy</a> to intercept the Prussians, but—having defeated Blücher at Ligny on 16 June and forced the Allies to retreat in divergent directions—Napoleon may have been strategically astute in a judgement that he would have been unable to beat the combined Allied forces on one battlefield. Wellington's comparable strategic gamble was to leave 17,000 troops and artillery, mostly Dutch, 8.1 mi (13.0 km) away at Hal, north-west of Mont-Saint-Jean, in case of a French advance up the Mons-Hal-Brussels road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin200149_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin200149-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg/260px-Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg/390px-Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg/520px-Jan_Willem_Pieneman00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. Detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(Pieneman_painting)" title="The Battle of Waterloo (Pieneman painting)">The Battle of Waterloo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Willem_Pieneman" title="Jan Willem Pieneman">Jan Willem Pieneman</a>, 1824.</figcaption></figure> <p>The campaign led to numerous other controversies. Issues concerning Wellington's troop dispositions prior to Napoleon's invasion of the Netherlands, whether Wellington misled or betrayed Blücher by promising, then failing, to come directly to Blücher's aid at Ligny, and credit for the victory between Wellington and the Prussians. These and other such issues concerning Blücher's, Wellington's, and Napoleon's decisions during the campaign were the subject of a strategic-level study by the Prussian political-military theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, <i>Feldzug von 1815: Strategische Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1815</i>, (English title: <i>The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview of the Campaign</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study was Clausewitz's last such work and is widely considered to be the best example of Clausewitz's mature theories concerning such analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran2010_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2010-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attracted the attention of Wellington's staff, who prompted the Duke to write a published essay on the campaign (other than his immediate, official after-action report, "The Waterloo Dispatch".) This was published as the 1842 "Memorandum on the Battle of Waterloo". While Wellington disputed Clausewitz on several points, Clausewitz largely absolved Wellington of accusations levelled against him. This exchange with Clausewitz was quite famous in Britain in the 19th century, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis_Chesney" title="Charles Cornwallis Chesney">Charles Cornwallis Chesney's</a> work the <i>Waterloo Lectures,</i> but was largely ignored in the 20th century due to hostilities between Britain and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassford2010_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassford2010-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_occupation_in_Paris">Army of occupation in Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Army of occupation in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a>, Wellington was appointed commander of the multi-national army of occupation based in Paris. The army consisted of troops from the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia, along with contributions from five smaller European states. Although the various contingents were administered by their own commanders, they were all subordinated to Wellington, who was also responsible for liaison with the French administration. The role of the army was to prevent a resurgence of French aggression and to allow the restored King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> to consolidate his control over the country. The army of occupation was never required to intervene militarily and was dissolved in 1818, after which Wellington returned to Britain. It was his last active military command.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister">Prime Minister<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wellington%E2%80%93Peel_ministry" title="Wellington–Peel ministry">Wellington–Peel ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg/170px-Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg/255px-Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg/340px-Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wellington entered politics again when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> in the Tory government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> on 26 December 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Plymouth">Governor of Plymouth</a> on 9 October 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the British Army</a> on 22 January 1827<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002268_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002268-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower of London</a> on 5 February 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, Wellington became an increasingly influential member of the Tory party, and in January 1828 he resigned as Commander-in-Chief and became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002270–271_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002270–271-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the additional ceremonial title, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first seven months as prime minister, he chose not to live in the official residence at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, finding it too small. He moved in only because his own home, <a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a>, required extensive renovations. During this time he was largely instrumental in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. On 20 January 1829 Wellington was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_emancipation">Catholic emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Catholic emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Bill">Reform Bill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of Jews">Emancipation of Jews</a></div> <p>Ireland presented his first major challenge. In July 1828, <a href="/wiki/William_Vesey-FitzGerald,_2nd_Baron_FitzGerald_and_Vesey" title="William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey">William Vesey Fitzgerald,</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, was defeated in a <a href="/wiki/1828_Clare_by-election" title="1828 Clare by-election">County Clare by-election</a> by the champion of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral upset dramatised the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Religious_test" title="Religious test">sacramental test</a> that effectively barred <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> (denying O'Connell his seat) and from higher offices of the judiciary and state.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While an MP in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>, Wellington had broadly favoured <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_relief_bills" title="Roman Catholic relief bills">relieving Catholics</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Law</a> disabilities. Following the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellions of 1798</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803</a>, in which France had colluded, he grew more cautious, suggesting that if political distinctions between Protestants and the Catholic were abolished "all will be Irishmen alike", equally anxious to secure their country's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the willingness of Ireland's enfranchised <a href="/wiki/Forty-shilling_freeholders" title="Forty-shilling freeholders">forty-shilling freeholders</a> to defy their landlords and vote for emancipation candidates, Wellington recognised a "vast demonstration of populist political organisation, and clerical power" more challenging than a separatist conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Peel, who had served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, Wellington was persuaded of the need for a new <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(United_Kingdom)" title="Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)">Oath of Allegiance</a> unexceptional to Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011a_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011a-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the face of stiff opposition from the King and in the Lords, he forced the issue by threatening to resign, which would have cleared the way for a new <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> majority with designs not only for emancipation but also for <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary reform">parliamentary reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King and his brother, the <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Duke of Cumberland,</a> did seek to put together a ministry united against Catholic emancipation. But recognising that such a government could not command a majority in the Commons, they soon abandoned the attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a> (passed with Whig support)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002277_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002277-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connell accorded Wellington little credit. The Duke was no Irish patriot: "To be sure he was born in Ireland", the "Emancipator" famously remarked, "but to be born in a stable does not make a man a horse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b532_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b532-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quip was widely reported and frequently attributed, mistakenly, to Wellington himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b532_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b532-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington's government did exact a significant price for emancipation.The Relief Act was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Elections_(Ireland)_Act_1829" title="Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829">restriction of the Irish franchise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10Geo_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10Geo-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The property threshold for the county vote was raised five-fold to the British ten-pound standard, disenfranchising O'Connell's <a href="/wiki/Forty_Shilling_Freeholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Shilling Freeholders">Forty Shilling Freeholders</a>, and with them the greater part of the Irish electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg/220px-John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg/330px-John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg/440px-John_Phillips_An_Eclipse_Lately_Discovered_1829_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1044_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6171" data-file-height="8399" /></a><figcaption>A satirical cartoon attacking the Duke of Wellington, then prime minister, for the passage in April 1829 of the Roman Catholic Relief Act</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duel_with_Winchilsea">Duel with Winchilsea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Duel with Winchilsea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wellington%E2%80%93Winchilsea_duel" title="Wellington–Winchilsea duel">Wellington–Winchilsea duel</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/George_Finch-Hatton,_10th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea">Earl of Winchilsea</a> accused the Duke of "an insidious design for the infringement of our liberties and the introduction of Popery into every department of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington responded by immediately challenging Winchilsea to a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>. On 21 March 1829, Wellington and Winchilsea met on <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea fields</a>. When the time came to fire, the Duke took aim and Winchilsea kept his arm down. The Duke fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether he missed on purpose, an act known in duelling as a <i><a href="/wiki/Delope" class="mw-redirect" title="Delope">delope</a></i>. Wellington claimed he did. However, he was noted for his poor aim and reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Winchilsea discharged his pistol into the air, a plan he and his second had almost certainly decided upon before the duel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing's_College_London2008_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing's_College_London2008-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiterary_Gazette1829_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiterary_Gazette1829-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nickname "Iron Duke" originated from this period, when he experienced a high degree of personal and political unpopularity. Its repeated use in <i><a href="/wiki/Freeman%27s_Journal" title="Freeman's Journal">Freeman's Journal</a></i> throughout June 1830 appears to bear reference to his resolute political will, with taints of disapproval from its Irish editors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Wellington was greeted by a hostile reaction from the crowds at the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwood's_Edinburgh_Magazine1830_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwood's_Edinburgh_Magazine1830-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_and_aftermath">Resignation and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Resignation and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wellington's government fell in 1830. In the summer and autumn of that year, a wave of <a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">riots</a> swept the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002281_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002281-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs had been out of power for most years since the 1770s, and saw political reform in response to the unrest as the key to their return. Wellington stuck to the Tory policy of no reform and no expansion of suffrage, and as a result, <a href="/wiki/List_of_successful_votes_of_no_confidence_in_British_governments" title="List of successful votes of no confidence in British governments">lost a vote of no confidence</a> on 15 November 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002283_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002283-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whigs introduced a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Bill">Reform Bill</a> while Wellington and the Tories worked to prevent its passage. The Whigs could not get the bill past its second reading in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a>, and the attempt failed. An election followed in direct response and the Whigs were returned with a landslide majority. A second Reform Bill was introduced and passed in the House of Commons but was defeated in the Tory-controlled House of Lords. Another wave of near-insurrection swept the country. Wellington's residence at Apsley House was targeted by a mob of demonstrators on 27 April 1831 and again on 12 October, leaving his windows smashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron shutters were installed in June 1832 to prevent further damage by crowds angry over rejection of the Reform Bill, which he strongly opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whig Government fell in 1832 and Wellington was unable to form a Tory Government partly because of a run on the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. This left King William IV no choice but to restore <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> to the premiership. Eventually, the bill passed the House of Lords after the king threatened to fill that House with newly created Whig peers if it were not. Wellington was never reconciled to the change; when Parliament first met after the first election under the widened franchise, Wellington is reported to have said "I never saw so many shocking bad hats in my life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002288_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002288-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington opposed the Jewish Civil Disabilities Repeal Bill, and he stated in Parliament on 1 August 1833 that England "is a Christian country and a Christian legislature, and that the effect of this measure would be to remove that peculiar character." The bill was defeated by 104 votes to 54.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley1854671–674_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1854671–674-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wellington_caretaker_ministry" title="Wellington caretaker ministry">Wellington caretaker ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Peel_ministry" title="First Peel ministry">First Peel ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg/220px-Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg/330px-Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg/440px-Duke_of_Wellington_MET_DP100549.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Medal depicting the Duke of Wellington by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Pistrucci" title="Benedetto Pistrucci">Benedetto Pistrucci</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wellington was gradually superseded as leader of the Tories by Robert Peel, while the party evolved into the Conservatives. When the Tories were returned to power in 1834, Wellington declined to become prime minister because he thought membership in the House of Commons had become essential. The king reluctantly approved Peel, who was in Italy. Hence, Wellington acted as interim leader for three weeks in November and December 1834, taking the responsibilities of prime minister and most of the other ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002289_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002289-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Peel's first cabinet (1834–1835), Wellington became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs">foreign secretary</a>, while in the second (1841–1846) he was a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">minister without portfolio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002291–292_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002291–292-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington was also re-appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army on 15 August 1842 following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Lord Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords from 1828 to 1846. Some historians have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the façade of a poorly informed old soldier. Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvering, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons, and the main persona in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-Tory">Ultra-Tory</a> anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 elected peers from Scotland and Ireland, whose elections he controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200343–55_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200343–55-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_2">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg/220px-Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg/330px-Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg/440px-Duke_of_Wellington_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Claudet" title="Antoine Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a> depicting an elderly Wellington (1844)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wellesley was married by his brother Gerald, a clergyman, to <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Pakenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitty Pakenham">Kitty Pakenham</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Church, Dublin">St George's Church, Dublin</a>, on 10 April 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200296_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200296-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur</a> was born in 1807 and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Wellesley" title="Lord Charles Wellesley">Charles</a> was born in 1808. The marriage proved unsatisfactory and the two spent years apart, while Wellesley was campaigning and afterwards. Kitty grew depressed, and Wellesley pursued other sexual and romantic partners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200339_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200339-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2015_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2015-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple largely lived apart, with Kitty spending most of her time at their country home, <a href="/wiki/Stratfield_Saye_House" title="Stratfield Saye House">Stratfield Saye House</a>, and Wellesley at their London home, <a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a>. Kitty's brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Edward Pakenham</a> served under Wellesley throughout the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, and Wellesley's regard for him helped to smooth his relations with Kitty, until Pakenham's death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002206_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002206-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wellington retired from political life in 1846, although he remained <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief</a>, and returned briefly to the public eye in 1848 when he helped organise a military force to protect London during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">year of European revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002292_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002292-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative Party had split over the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1846, with Wellington and most of the former Cabinet still supporting Peel, but most of the MPs led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> supporting a protectionist stance. Early in 1852 Wellington, by then very deaf, gave <a href="/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry" title="Who? Who? ministry">Derby's first government</a> its nickname by shouting "Who? Who?" as the list of inexperienced Cabinet ministers was read out in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011c_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011c-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became Chief Ranger and Keeper of <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a> on 31 August 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd Regiment of Foot</a> from 1 February 1806<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> from 22 January 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitty died of cancer in 1831; despite their generally unhappy relations, which had led to an effective separation, Wellington was said to have been greatly saddened by her death, his one comfort being that after "half a lifetime together, they had come to understand each other at the end".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971281_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971281-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had found consolation for his unhappy marriage in his warm friendship with the diarist <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Arbuthnot" title="Harriet Arbuthnot">Harriet Arbuthnot</a>, wife of his colleague <a href="/wiki/Charles_Arbuthnot" title="Charles Arbuthnot">Charles Arbuthnot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197195_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197195-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harriet's death in the <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic of 1834 was almost as great a blow to Wellington as it was to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971296_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971296-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two widowers spent their last years together at Apsley House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971297_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971297-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1834 until his death in 1852, Wellington served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of chancellors of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House,_18_November_1852_22931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington._The_funeral_car_passing_the_archway_at_Apsley_House%2C_18_November_1852_22931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Wellesley's funeral procession passing <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_QE4_120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wellington_QE4_120.jpg/220px-Wellington_QE4_120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wellington_QE4_120.jpg/330px-Wellington_QE4_120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wellington_QE4_120.jpg/440px-Wellington_QE4_120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>Wellington's tomb, in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg/220px-WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg/330px-WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg/440px-WellingtonWoodhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>A bronze statue of Wellington by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodhouse_Moor" title="Woodhouse Moor">Woodhouse Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Death and state funeral of the Duke of Wellington">Death and state funeral of the Duke of Wellington</a></div> <p>Wellington died at <a href="/wiki/Walmer_Castle" title="Walmer Castle">Walmer Castle</a> in Kent, his residence as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> and reputedly his favourite home, on 14 September 1852. He was found to be unwell on that morning and was helped from his campaign bed, which he had used throughout his military career, and seated in his chair where he died. His death was recorded as being due to the after-effects of a stroke culminating in a series of <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizures</a>. He was aged 83.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2006353_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2006353-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in life he hated travelling by rail, having witnessed the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a>, one of the first railway accident casualties, his body was taken by train to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where he was given a <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="State funerals in the United Kingdom">state funeral</a> – one of a small number of British subjects to be so honoured (other examples include <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>). The funeral took place on 18 November 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1852a_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1852a-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the funeral, the Duke's body lay in state at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea" title="Royal Hospital Chelsea">Royal Hospital Chelsea</a>. Members of the royal family, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince of Wales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a>, visited to pay their respects. When viewing opened to the public, crowds thronged to visit and several people were killed in the crush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalford1878_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford1878-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Victoria wrote: "He was the pride and the bon génie, as it were, of this country! He was the GREATEST man this country ever produced, and the most devoted and loyal subject, and the staunchest supporter the Crown ever had."<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, and during his funeral, there was little space to stand due to the number of attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297–298_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297–298-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze memorial was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stevens_(sculptor)" title="Alfred Stevens (sculptor)">Alfred Stevens</a>, and features two intricate supports: "Truth tearing the tongue out of the mouth of False-hood", and "Valour trampling Cowardice underfoot". Stevens did not live to see it placed in its home under one of the arches of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington's casket was decorated with banners which were made for his funeral procession. Originally, there was one from Prussia, which was removed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and never reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint_Paul's_Cathedral2011_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint_Paul's_Cathedral2011-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the procession, the "Great Banner" was carried by General <a href="/wiki/James_Charles_Chatterton" title="James Charles Chatterton">Sir James Charles Chatterton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Royal_Irish_Dragoon_Guards" title="4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards">4th Dragoon Guards</a> on the orders of Queen Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton190477_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton190477-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the book <i>A Biographical Sketch of the Military and Political Career of the Late Duke of Wellington</i> by Weymouth newspaper proprietor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Drew" title="Joseph Drew">Joseph Drew</a> is a detailed contemporary account of his death, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> and funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1852_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1852-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, Irish and English newspapers disputed whether Wellington had been born an Irishman or an Englishman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnema200693–111_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnema200693–111-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he was number 15 in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperBoycott200213_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperBoycott200213-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its links with Wellington, as the former commanding officer and colonel of the regiment, the title "33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment" was granted to the 33rd Regiment of Foot, on 18 June 1853 (the 38th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo) by Queen Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2014_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2014-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington's <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">battle record</a> is exemplary; he participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003b_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003b-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley_(1769%E2%80%931852),_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/220px-Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/330px-Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/440px-Arthur_Wellesley_%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>The Duke of Wellington, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Wellington always rose early; he "couldn't bear to lie awake in bed", even if the army was not on the march.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002177_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002177-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when he returned to civilian life after 1815, he slept in a camp bed, reflecting his lack of regard for creature comforts. General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_%C3%81lava" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a> complained that Wellington said so often that the army would march "at daybreak" and dine on "cold meat" that he began to dread those two phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002175_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002175-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on campaign, he seldom ate anything between breakfast and dinner. During the retreat to Portugal in 1811, he subsisted on "cold meat and bread", to the despair of his staff who dined with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997111_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997111-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, however, renowned for the quality of the wine that he drank and served, often drinking a bottle with his dinner (not a great quantity by the standards of his day).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971356_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971356-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Álava was a witness to an incident just before the Battle of Salamanca. Wellington was eating a chicken leg while observing the manoeuvres of the French army through a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">spyglass</a>. He spotted an overextension in the French left flank, and realised that he could launch a successful attack there. He exclaimed "By God, that will do!" and threw the drumstick in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002166_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002166-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Battle of Toulouse</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frederick Ponsonby (British Army officer)">Frederick Ponsonby</a> brought him the news of Napoleon's abdication, and Wellington broke into an impromptu <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> dance, spinning around on his heels and clicking his fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001334_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2001334-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg/220px-BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg/330px-BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg/440px-BLW_Model_for_Wellington_Monument_-_Valour_and_Cowardice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Plaster model, located at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, of the 'Valour and Cowardice' motif used in the memorial to Wellington at <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Military historian Charles Dalton recorded that, after a hard-fought battle in Spain, a young officer made the comment, "I am going to dine with Wellington tonight", which was overheard by the Duke as he rode by. "Give me at least the prefix of Mr. before my name," Wellington said. "My Lord," replied the officer, "we do not speak of Mr. Caesar or Mr. Alexander, so why should I speak of Mr. Wellington?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton19049_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton19049-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While known for his stern countenance and iron-handed discipline, Wellington was by no means unfeeling. While he is said to have disapproved of soldiers cheering as "too nearly an expression of opinion",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGere19815_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGere19815-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington nevertheless cared for his men: he refused to pursue the French after the battles of Porto and Salamanca, foreseeing an inevitable cost to his army in chasing a diminished enemy through rough terrain. The only time that he ever showed grief in public was after the storming of Badajoz: he cried at the sight of the British dead in the breaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002162_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002162-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, his famous despatch after the Battle of Vitoria, calling them the "scum of the earth", can be seen to be fuelled as much by disappointment at their breaking ranks as by anger. He shed tears after Waterloo on the presentation of the list of British fallen by John Hume. Later with his family, unwilling to be congratulated for his victory, he broke down in tears, his fighting spirit diminished by the high cost of the battle and great personal loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002250,_254_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002250,_254-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington's soldier servant, a gruff German called Beckerman, and his long-serving valet, James Kendall, who served him for 25 years and was with him when he died, were both devoted to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002301_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002301-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A story that he never spoke to his servants and preferred instead to write his orders on a notepad on his dressing table in fact probably refers to his son, the 2nd Duke. It was recorded by the 3rd Duke's niece, Viva Seton Montgomerie (1879–1959), as being an anecdote she heard from an old retainer, Charles Holman, who was said greatly to resemble Napoleon.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomerie195531_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomerie195531-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following an incident when, as Master-General of the Ordnance, he had been close to a large explosion, Wellington began to experience deafness and other ear-related problems. In 1822, a botched operation on his left ear led to permanent deafness on that side and some contemporaries suggested that he never fully recovered his health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington came to enjoy the company of a variety of intellectual and attractive women and had many amorous liaisons, particularly after the Battle of Waterloo and his subsequent ambassadorial position in Paris. In the days following Waterloo he had an affair with the notorious <a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lamb" title="Lady Caroline Lamb">Lady Caroline Lamb</a>, sister of one of his severely wounded officers and favourites, Col Frederick Ponsonby. He corresponded for many years with Lady Georgiana Lennox, later Lady de Ros, 26 years his junior and daughter of the Duchess of Richmond (who held <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball" title="Duchess of Richmond's ball">the famous ball on the eve of Waterloo</a>) and, though there are hints, it has not been clearly determined if the relationship was ever sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossland201613_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossland201613-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British press lampooned the amorous side of the national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2015_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2015-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1824, one liaison came back to haunt him, when Wellington received a letter from a publisher, <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Stockdale" title="John Joseph Stockdale">John Joseph Stockdale</a>, offering to refrain from issuing an edition of the rather racy memoirs of one of his mistresses, <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Wilson" title="Harriette Wilson">Harriette Wilson</a>, in exchange for money. It is said that the Duke promptly returned the letter, after scrawling across it, "Publish and be damned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECathcart1994_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECathcart1994-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hibbert notes in his biography that the letter can be found among the Duke's papers, with nothing written on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997390_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997390-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is certain that Wellington <em>did</em> reply, and the tone of a further letter from the publisher, quoted by Longford, suggests that he had refused in the strongest language to submit to blackmail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971211–212_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971211–212-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also a remarkably practical man who spoke concisely. In 1851, it was discovered that there were a great many sparrows flying about in <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a> just before <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">the Great Exhibition</a> was to open. His advice to Queen Victoria was "Sparrowhawks, ma'am".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xvi_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xvi-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington has often been portrayed as a defensive general, even though many, perhaps most, of his battles were offensive (Argaum, Assaye, Oporto, Salamanca, Vitoria, Toulouse). However, for most of the Peninsular War, where he earned his fame, his army lacked the numbers for a strategically offensive posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1999136_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1999136-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_tributes">Titles and tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Titles and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg/220px-Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg/330px-Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg/440px-Edinburgh-Wellington-wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>The Iron Duke in bronze - <a href="/wiki/John_Steell" title="John Steell">Sir John Steell</a>'s equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="List of titles and honours of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">List of titles and honours of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Batons_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="List of monuments to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">List of monuments to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nicknames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Iron Duke" related to Wellington's political, rather than to his military, career. Its use is often disparaging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible the term became more commonly used after 1832 when Wellington had metal shutters installed at Apsley House to prevent rioters breaking the windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have been made increasingly popular by <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoons published in 1844–45.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002285–288,_302–303_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002285–288,_302–303-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In popular ballads of the day Wellington was called <i>"Nosey"</i> or <i>"Old Nosey"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b472_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b472-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More complimentary sobriquets, including <i>"The Beau"</i> and <i>"Beau Douro"</i>, referenced his noted dress sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002178_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002178-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish troops called him <i>"The Eagle"</i>, while Portuguese troops called him <i>"<a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> Douro"</i> after his river crossing at Oporto in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004135_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004135-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon dismissed his opponent as a <i>"Sepoy General"</i>, a reference to Wellington's service in India. The name was used in the French newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a></i>, as a means of propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003a74,_78–79_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003a74,_78–79-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His allies were more enthusiastic; <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> calling him "<i>Le vainqueur du vainqueur du monde</i>", the conqueror of the world's conqueror, the phrase "the world's conqueror" referring to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Lord Tennyson</a> uses a similar reference in his "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington", referring to him as "the great World-victor's victor".<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar tags included <i>"Europe's Liberator"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Wellington_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellington-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>"Saviour of the Nations"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellington_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellington-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Military career of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Gold_Medal" title="Army Gold Medal">Army Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_General_Service_Medal" title="Military General Service Medal">Military General Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seringapatam_Medal" title="Seringapatam Medal">Seringapatam Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="#CITEREFBassfordMoranPedlow2010">Bassford, Moran & Pedlow (2010)</a> for details..</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1817375-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford1817375_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGifford1817">Gifford (1817)</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xv-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xv_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908789-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908789_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1908">Bodart 1908</a>, p. 789.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley200816-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley200816_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellesley2008">Wellesley (2008)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197153-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197153_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESevern200713-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevern200713_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSevern2007">Severn (2007)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Robert_S._Elvin1890" class="citation book cs1">Charles Robert S. Elvin (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fG-YdBRrJAC&pg=PA241"><i>Records of Walmer together with 'The Three Castles that keep the Downs'<span></span></i></a>. Yale University Library. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+Walmer+together+with+%27The+Three+Castles+that+keep+the+Downs%27&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Yale+University+Library&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Charles+Robert+S.+Elvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fG-YdBRrJAC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Parliament2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Parliament2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_of_Parliament2013">History of Parliament (2013)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtware_Fine_Art2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtware_Fine_Art2020_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtware_Fine_Art2020">Artware Fine Art (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997480-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuedalla1997480_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuedalla1997">Guedalla (1997)</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1899170-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1899170_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1899">Lloyd (1899)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellesley2008">Wellesley (2008)</a>, p. 9 "Dublin weekly and bi-weekly newspapers, however, which were published at the beginning of May, announced the birth of a son to the Countess of Mornington 'a few days ago' in Merrion Street, where, at No. 6, stood Mornington House. Despite Wellington's own inveterate distrust of newspapers, in this case they must be assumed to know best. At 6 Merrion Street (now 24 Upper Merrion Street) on 1 May 1769 the future Duke of Wellington was born."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGash2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGash2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGash2011">Gash (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Wesley and Wellsey Families". <i>Essex, Herts and Kent Mercury</i>. 13 April 1824. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essex%2C+Herts+and+Kent+Mercury&rft.atitle=The+Wesley+and+Wellsey+Families&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1824-04-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Death of the Duke of Wellington". <i>Sunday Dispatch</i>. 1 February 1846. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Death+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1846-02-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Death of the Duke of Wellington". <i>The Times</i>. 15 September 1852. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1852-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/14328006/wellington-pillar-wellington-place-summerhill-road-commons-3rd-division-trim-meath">"Wellington Pillar, Wellington Place, Summerhill Road"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellington+Pillar%2C+Wellington+Place%2C+Summerhill+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingsofireland.ie%2Fbuildings-search%2Fbuilding%2F14328006%2Fwellington-pillar-wellington-place-summerhill-road-commons-3rd-division-trim-meath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329223015/https://meathhistoryhub.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Wellington-Where-was-he-born_0001.pdf">"Wellington Where Was He Born, Meath History Hub"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meathhistoryhub.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Wellington-Where-was-he-born_0001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellington+Where+Was+He+Born%2C+Meath+History+Hub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeathhistoryhub.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F11%2FWellington-Where-was-he-born_0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 14 says "there is no valid argument" for this choice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20026–7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20026–7_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20028_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20029_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200219–20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200219–20_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200220_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200221_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette12836" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12836/page/118">"No. 12836"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 6 March 1787. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+12836&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1787-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F12836%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette12959" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12959/page/47">"No. 12959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 26 January 1788. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+12959&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1788-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F12959%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200222_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette12958" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12958/page/40">"No. 12958"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 January 1788. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+12958&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1788-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F12958%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13121" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13121/page/539">"No. 13121"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 8 August 1789. p. 539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13121&rft.pages=539&rft.date=1789-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13121%2Fpage%2F539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200223-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200223_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200224_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2006">Duke of Wellington's Regiment (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13347" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13347/page/542">"No. 13347"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 27 September 1791. p. 542.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13347&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1791-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13347%2Fpage%2F542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13488" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13488/page/976">"No. 13488"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 December 1792. p. 976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13488&rft.pages=976&rft.date=1792-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13488%2Fpage%2F976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200225_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENumber102011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENumber102011_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumber102011">Number10 (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200226-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200226_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200227-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200227_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13542" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13542/page/555">"No. 13542"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 29 June 1793. p. 555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13542&rft.pages=555&rft.date=1793-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13542%2Fpage%2F555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200228-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200228_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13596" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13596/page/1052">"No. 13596"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 23 November 1793. p. 1052.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13596&rft.pages=1052&rft.date=1793-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13596%2Fpage%2F1052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200230_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200231-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200231_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200232_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200233_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13892" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13892/page/460">"No. 13892"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 May 1796. p. 460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13892&rft.pages=460&rft.date=1796-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13892%2Fpage%2F460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200234-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200234_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200240-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200240_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200241_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197154-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197154_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200242-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200242_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest1970283-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest1970283_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForrest1970">Forrest (1970)</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200258_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200249_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200244-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200244_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200247_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200251-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200251_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200253-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200253_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200263_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200256-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200256_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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London: Allen Lane. pp. <span class="nowrap">301–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713990104" title="Special:BookSources/0713990104"><bdi>0713990104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ireland%2C+1600%E2%80%931972&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0713990104&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Neil (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP13-14/RP13-14.pdf#page=20">"The History of the Parliamentary Franchise (Research Paper 13–14)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103090220/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP13-14/RP13-14.pdf#page=20">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Parliamentary+Franchise+%28Research+Paper+13%E2%80%9314%29&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FRP13-14%2FRP13-14.pdf%23page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002275_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing's_College_London2008-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing's_College_London2008_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing's_College_London2008">King's College London (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiterary_Gazette1829-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiterary_Gazette1829_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiterary_Gazette1829">Literary Gazette (1829)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830a_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman's_Journal1830a">Freeman's Journal (1830a)</a>: "Notes: If the Irish Question be lost, Ireland has her Representatives to accuse for it still more than the iron Duke and his worthy Chancellor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830b_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman's_Journal1830b">Freeman's Journal (1830b)</a>: "Notes: "One fortnight will force the Iron Duke to abandon his project"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1830c_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman's_Journal1830c">Freeman's Journal (1830c)</a>: "Notes: "Let the 'Iron Duke' abandon the destructive scheme of Goulburn."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwood's_Edinburgh_Magazine1830-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwood's_Edinburgh_Magazine1830_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackwood's_Edinburgh_Magazine1830">Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1830)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002281-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002281_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002283-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002283_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011b_206-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloy2011b">Bloy (2011b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman's_Journal1832_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman's_Journal1832">Freeman's Journal (1832)</a>: "Notes: iron shutters are being fixed, of a strength and substance sufficient to resist a musket ball"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002288-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002288_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1854671–674-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley1854671–674_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellesley1854">Wellesley (1854)</a>, pp. 671–674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002289-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002289_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002291–292-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002291–292_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette20130" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20130/page/2217">"No. 20130"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 August 1842. p. 2217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+20130&rft.pages=2217&rft.date=1842-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F20130%2Fpage%2F2217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200343–55-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200343–55_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2003">Davis (2003)</a>, pp. 43–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200296-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200296_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2015-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2015_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2015_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2015">BBC (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002206-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002206_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002292-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002292_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloy2011c-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloy2011c_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloy2011c">Bloy (2011c)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette21132" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21132/page/2396">"No. 21132"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 3 September 1850. p. 2396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+21132&rft.pages=2396&rft.date=1850-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21132%2Fpage%2F2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15885" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15885/page/128">"No. 15885"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 January 1806. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15885&rft.pages=128&rft.date=1806-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15885%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette18327" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18327/page/154">"No. 18327"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 23 January 1827. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+18327&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1827-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F18327%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971281-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971281_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford197195-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford197195_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971296-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971296_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971297-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971297_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a>, ed. (1988). "Appendix 5: Chancellors of the University". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Oxford" title="The Encyclopaedia of Oxford">The Encyclopaedia of Oxford</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">521–</span>522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39917-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39917-X"><bdi>0-333-39917-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+5%3A+Chancellors+of+the+University&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E522&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-333-39917-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2006353-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2006353_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorrigan2006">Corrigan (2006)</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1852a-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1852a_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1852a">The Times (1852a)</a>; also see <a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1852b">The Times (1852b)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette21381" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21381/page/3079">"No. 21381"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 November 1852. p. 3079.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+21381&rft.pages=3079&rft.date=1852-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21381%2Fpage%2F3079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford1878-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalford1878_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalford1878">Walford (1878)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbZJAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Letters of Queen Victoria, a Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861</i></a>. The University of Michigan. 1972. p. 478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Queen+Victoria%2C+a+Selection+from+Her+Majesty%27s+Correspondence+Between+the+Years+1837+and+1861&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbZJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297–298-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297–298_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014">Victoria and Albert Museum (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint_Paul's_Cathedral2011-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint_Paul's_Cathedral2011_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaint_Paul's_Cathedral2011">Saint Paul's Cathedral (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton190477-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton190477_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton1904">Dalton (1904)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew1852-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew1852_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrew1852">Drew (1852)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnema200693–111-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnema200693–111_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnema2006">Sinnema (2006)</a>, p. 93–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperBoycott200213-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperBoycott200213_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperBoycott2002">Cooper & Boycott (2002)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2014-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2014_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuke_of_Wellington's_Regiment2014">Duke of Wellington's Regiment (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003b-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003b_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2003b">Roberts (2003b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002177-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002177_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002175-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002175_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997111-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997111_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbert1997">Hibbert (1997)</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971356-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971356_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002166-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002166_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2001334-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001334_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlover2001">Glover (2001)</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton19049-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton19049_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton1904">Dalton (1904)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGere19815-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGere19815_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGere1981">Gere (1981)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002250,_254-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002250,_254_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 250, 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002301-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002301_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomerie195531-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomerie195531_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontgomerie1955">Montgomerie (1955)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossland201613-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossland201613_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossland2016">Crossland (2016)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECathcart1994-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECathcart1994_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCathcart1994">Cathcart (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997390-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1997390_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbert1997">Hibbert (1997)</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971211–212-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971211–212_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford (1971)</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xvi-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002xvi_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1999136-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1999136_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenberg1999">Rothenberg (1999)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_History-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml">"BBC History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fwellington_duke_of.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.E.Foster" class="citation web cs1">R.E.Foster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/re-foster/mr-punch-and-iron-duke">"Mr Punch and the Iron Duke"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr+Punch+and+the+Iron+Duke&rft.au=R.E.Foster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fre-foster%2Fmr-punch-and-iron-duke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002285–288,_302–303-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002285–288,_302–303_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, pp. 285–288, 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b472-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013b472_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuir2013b">Muir (2013b)</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002178-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002178_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes (2002)</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004135-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2004135_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2004">Morgan (2004)</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003a74,_78–79-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003a74,_78–79_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2003a">Roberts (2003a)</a>, pp. 74, 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell,_Bernard2014" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, Bernard (2014). <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_%E2%80%93_The_History_of_Four_Days,_Three_Armies_and_Three_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo – The History of Four Days, Three Armies and Three Battles"><i>Waterloo – The History of Four Days, Three Armies and Three Battles</i></a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+%E2%80%93+The+History+of+Four+Days%2C+Three+Armies+and+Three+Battles&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Lord_Tennyson1900" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Lord Tennyson (1900). <i>Tennyson: Including Lotos Eaters, Ulysses, Ode on the Death, Maud, The Coming and the Passing of Arthur</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennyson%3A+Including+Lotos+Eaters%2C+Ulysses%2C+Ode+on+the+Death%2C+Maud%2C+The+Coming+and+the+Passing+of+Arthur&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Alfred+Lord+Tennyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellington-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellington_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellington_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715141954/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/duke-of-wellington">"Prime Ministers in History: Duke of Wellington"</a>. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/duke-of-wellington">the original</a> on 15 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Ministers+in+History%3A+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pub=Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Fhistory-and-tour%2Fprime-ministers-in-history%2Fduke-of-wellington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>Books</b></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Adkin, Mark (2001). <i>The Waterloo Companion: The Complete Guide to History's Most Famous Land Battle</i>. Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854107640" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854107640"><bdi>978-1854107640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Companion%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+History%27s+Most+Famous+Land+Battle&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1854107640&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2005" class="citation book cs1">Barbero, Alessandro (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battle00ales"><i>The Battle: A New History of Waterloo</i></a>. Walker & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802714534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802714534"><bdi>978-0802714534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+A+New+History+of+Waterloo&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802714534&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattle00ales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassford2010" class="citation book cs1">Bassford, Christopher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/one.htm">Introduction</a>. <i>On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von</a>; Wellesley, Arthur, First Duke of Wellington. Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.). Clausewitz.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1453701508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1453701508"><bdi>978-1453701508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=On+Waterloo%3A+Clausewitz%2C+Wellington%2C+and+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Clausewitz.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1453701508&rft.aulast=Bassford&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2F1815%2Fone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassfordMoranPedlow2010" class="citation book cs1">Bassford, Christopher; Moran, Daniel; Pedlow, Gregory W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/index.htm#Sources">"A Note on Sources and Translations"</a>. <i>On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von</a>; Wellesley, Arthur, First Duke of Wellington. Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.). Clausewitz.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1453701508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1453701508"><bdi>978-1453701508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Sources+and+Translations&rft.btitle=On+Waterloo%3A+Clausewitz%2C+Wellington%2C+and+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Clausewitz.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1453701508&rft.aulast=Bassford&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Moran%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Pedlow%2C+Gregory+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2F1815%2Findex.htm%23Sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicât2003" class="citation book cs1">Bicât, Tina (2003). <i>Period Costume for the Stage</i>. Ramsbury, UK: Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861265890" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861265890"><bdi>978-1861265890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Period+Costume+for+the+Stage&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+UK&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1861265890&rft.aulast=Bic%C3%A2t&rft.aufirst=Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewin_Bentham_Bowring" title="Lewin Bentham Bowring">Bowring, Lewin B.</a> (1974) [1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114702/http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm"><i>Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, And The Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South</i></a>. Delli: Idarah-I Adabiyat-I. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120612990" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120612990"><bdi>978-8120612990</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haidar+Ali+and+Tipu+Sultan%2C+And+The+Struggle+with+the+Musalman+Powers+of+the+South&rft.pub=Delli%3A+Idarah-I+Adabiyat-I&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-8120612990&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Lewin+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatest-battles.webs.com%2FMysoreWars%2FMysoreWars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cawthorne, Chris (2015). "The Origin and Numismatics of the British Waterloo Medal <i>Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, June 2015. Volume 54, number 2</i>". <i>The Journal of the Orders and Medals Research Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-3353">1474-3353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Orders+and+Medals+Research+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Numismatics+of+the+British+Waterloo+Medal+Orders+%26+Medals+Research+Society+Journal%2C+June+2015.+Volume+54%2C+number+2&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1474-3353&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1987" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (1987). <i>Napoleon's Marshals</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297791249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297791249"><bdi>978-0297791249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Marshals&rft.pub=London%3A+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0297791249&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesney1907" class="citation book cs1">Chesney, Charles C. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21766"><i>Waterloo Lectures: A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1428649880" title="Special:BookSources/978-1428649880"><bdi>978-1428649880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+Lectures%3A+A+Study+Of+The+Campaign+Of+1815&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-1428649880&rft.aulast=Chesney&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.21766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperBoycott2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John; Boycott, Rosie (2002). <i>Great Britons: The Great Debate</i>. National Portrait Gallery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855145078" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855145078"><bdi>978-1855145078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britons%3A+The+Great+Debate&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1855145078&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Boycott%2C+Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2006" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2006). <i>Wellington: A Military Life</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852855154" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852855154"><bdi>978-1852855154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+A+Military+Life&rft.pub=London%3A+Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1852855154&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2016" class="citation book cs1">Crossland, Alice Marie (2016). <i>Wellington's Dearest Georgy</i>. London: Unicorn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0993242489" title="Special:BookSources/978-0993242489"><bdi>978-0993242489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Dearest+Georgy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unicorn&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0993242489&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=Alice+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1904" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterloorollcall00daltuoft"><i>The Waterloo roll call. With biographical notes and anecdotes</i></a>. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+roll+call.+With+biographical+notes+and+anecdotes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterloorollcall00daltuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Huw (2012). <i>Wellington's War: The Making of a Military Genius</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300164176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300164176"><bdi>978-0300164176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+War%3A+The+Making+of+a+Military+Genius&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0300164176&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew1852" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Joseph (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyNqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biographical Sketch of the Military and Political Career of the Late Duke of Wellington Including the More Interesting Particulars of His Death, Lying in State and Public Funeral</i></a>. Drew.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Sketch+of+the+Military+and+Political+Career+of+the+Late+Duke+of+Wellington+Including+the+More+Interesting+Particulars+of+His+Death%2C+Lying+in+State+and+Public+Funeral&rft.pub=Drew&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyNqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntelligence_Branch1911" class="citation book cs1">Intelligence Branch, Division of the Chief of the Staff, Army Headquarters, India (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173296/page/n21">"The Egyptian Expedition"</a>. <i>Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India</i>. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Expedition&rft.btitle=Frontier+and+Overseas+Expeditions+from+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Intelligence+Branch%2C+Division+of+the+Chief+of+the+Staff%2C+Army+Headquarters%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173296%2Fpage%2Fn21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest1970" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, Denys (1970). <i>Tiger of Mysore: The Life and death of Tipu Sultan</i>. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0701115814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0701115814"><bdi>978-0701115814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger+of+Mysore%3A+The+Life+and+death+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0701115814&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2002" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (2002). <i>The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712697309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712697309"><bdi>978-0712697309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Ulcer%3A+A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0712697309&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGash2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gash, Norman (January 2011). "Wellesley, Arthur, first duke of Wellington (1769–1852)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29001">10.1093/ref:odnb/29001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wellesley%2C+Arthur%2C+first+duke+of+Wellington+%281769%E2%80%931852%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29001&rft.aulast=Gash&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGere1981" class="citation book cs1">Gere, J.A. (1981). Sparrow, John (ed.). <i>Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192158703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192158703"><bdi>978-0192158703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geoffrey+Madan%27s+Notebooks&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0192158703&rft.aulast=Gere&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford1817" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, C.A. (1817). <i>The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington</i>. London: W.Lewis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Most+Noble+Arthur%2C+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pub=London%3A+W.Lewis&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2001" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Michael (2001). <i>The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141390413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141390413"><bdi>978-0141390413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peninsular+War+1807%E2%80%931814%3A+A+Concise+Military+History&rft.pub=London%3A+Penguin+Books.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0141390413&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1897" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Arthur (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/wellingtonmemor00grifgoog/wellingtonmemor00grifgoog_djvu.txt"><i>The Wellington Memorial: Wellington, His Comrades and Contemporaries, chapters IV and 211</i></a>. Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wellington+Memorial%3A+Wellington%2C+His+Comrades+and+Contemporaries%2C+chapters+IV+and+211&rft.pub=Ballantyne%2C+Hanson+%26+Co&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fwellingtonmemor00grifgoog%2Fwellingtonmemor00grifgoog_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuedalla1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Guedalla" title="Philip Guedalla">Guedalla, Philip</a> (1997). <i>The Duke</i>. Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853266799" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853266799"><bdi>978-1853266799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1853266799&rft.aulast=Guedalla&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Haythornthwaite" title="Philip Haythornthwaite">Haythornthwaite, Philip J</a> (1998). <i>Weapons & Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854094957" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854094957"><bdi>978-1854094957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+%26+Equipment+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=London%3A+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1854094957&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellingtonperson00hibb"><i>Wellington: A Personal History</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201632323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201632323"><bdi>978-0201632323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0201632323&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellingtonperson00hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschröer1999" class="citation book cs1">Hofschröer, Peter (1999). <i>1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German Victory</i>. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853673689" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853673689"><bdi>978-1853673689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1815%3A+The+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+The+German+Victory&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1853673689&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a> (2002). <i>Wellington: The Iron Duke</i>. London: Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007137503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007137503"><bdi>978-0007137503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+The+Iron+Duke&rft.pub=London%3A+Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0007137503&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffmannJenkinsWieseman2009" class="citation book cs1">Kauffmann, C.M.; Jenkins, Susan; Wieseman, Marjorie E. (2009) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816143619/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/a-e/apsleyhouseartcatalogue.pdf"><i>Catalogue of Paintings in the Wellington Museum, Apsley House</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (revised ed.). English Heritage in association with Paul Holberton Publishing. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903470787" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903470787"><bdi>978-1903470787</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/a-e/apsleyhouseartcatalogue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Paintings+in+the+Wellington+Museum%2C+Apsley+House&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=English+Heritage+in+association+with+Paul+Holberton+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1903470787&rft.aulast=Kauffmann&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Susan&rft.au=Wieseman%2C+Marjorie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fimported-docs%2Fa-e%2Fapsleyhouseartcatalogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2005" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Andrew (2005). <i>Nelson: Britannia's God of War</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571212279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571212279"><bdi>978-0571212279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+Britannia%27s+God+of+War&rft.pub=London%3A+Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0571212279&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marsh_Lloyd" title="Ernest Marsh Lloyd">Lloyd, Ernest Marsh</a> (1899). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wellesley, Arthur"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wellesley,_Arthur">"Wellesley, Arthur" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wellesley%2C+Arthur&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Marsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pakenham,_Countess_of_Longford" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellingtonyearso00long"><i>Wellington: The Years of The Sword</i></a>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0586035481" title="Special:BookSources/978-0586035481"><bdi>978-0586035481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+The+Years+of+The+Sword&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0586035481&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellingtonyearso00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford2012" class="citation book cs1">Longford, Elizabeth (2012). <i>Wellington</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0349123509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0349123509"><bdi>978-0349123509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington&rft.pub=London%3A+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0349123509&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Simon (2006). <i>Assaye 1803: Wellington's Bloodiest Battle</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846030017" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846030017"><bdi>978-1846030017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assaye+1803%3A+Wellington%27s+Bloodiest+Battle&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1846030017&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomerie1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viva_Seton_Montgomerie" title="Viva Seton Montgomerie">Montgomerie, Viva Seton</a> (1955). <i>My Scrapbook of Memories</i>. Privately published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Scrapbook+of+Memories&rft.pub=Privately+published&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Montgomerie&rft.aufirst=Viva+Seton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2010" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/one.htm">"Clausewitz on Waterloo:Napoleon at Bay"</a>. <i>On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von</a>; Wellesley, Arthur, First Duke of Wellington. Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.). Clausewitz.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1453701508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1453701508"><bdi>978-1453701508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clausewitz+on+Waterloo%3ANapoleon+at+Bay&rft.btitle=On+Waterloo%3A+Clausewitz%2C+Wellington%2C+and+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Clausewitz.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1453701508&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2F1815%2Fone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Matthew (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellingtonsvicto0000morg"><i>Wellington's Victories: A Guide to Sharpe's Army</i></a></span>. London: Andrews McMeel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843170938" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843170938"><bdi>978-1843170938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Victories%3A+A+Guide+to+Sharpe%27s+Army&rft.pub=London%3A+Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1843170938&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellingtonsvicto0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2013a" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Rory (2013a). <i>Wellington: The Path to Victory 1769–1814</i>. Vol. 1. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300205480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300205480"><bdi>978-0300205480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+The+Path+to+Victory+1769%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300205480&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2013b" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Rory (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLROCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA472"><i>Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852</i></a>. Vol. 2. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300187861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300187861"><bdi>978-0300187861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+Waterloo+and+the+Fortunes+of+Peace+1814%E2%80%931852&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300187861&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLROCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2003" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2003). <i>Wellington & Napoleon: Clash of Arms</i>. Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850529265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850529265"><bdi>978-0850529265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+%26+Napoleon%3A+Clash+of+Arms&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0850529265&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1900" class="citation book cs1">Parry, D.H. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071449/http://gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca/waterloo.htm"><i>Battle of the nineteenth century. </i>1<i><span></span></i></a>. London: Cassell and Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca/waterloo.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+nineteenth+century.+1&rft.pub=London%3A+Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca%2Fwaterloo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2003a). <i>Napoleon and Wellington: The Long Duel</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753813904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753813904"><bdi>978-0753813904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Wellington%3A+The+Long+Duel&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0753813904&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (ed.). <i>The Napoleonic Wars</i>. London: Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304352678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304352678"><bdi>978-0304352678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0304352678&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Johnny; Wright, Clarissa D. (2006). <i>Sunday Roast</i>. Kyle Cathie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856266727" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856266727"><bdi>978-1856266727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunday+Roast&rft.pub=Kyle+Cathie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1856266727&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft.au=Wright%2C+Clarissa+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevern2007" class="citation book cs1">Severn, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architectsofempi0000seve"><i>Architects of Empire: The Duke of Wellington and His Brothers</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806138107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806138107"><bdi>978-0806138107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Empire%3A+The+Duke+of+Wellington+and+His+Brothers&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0806138107&rft.aulast=Severn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitectsofempi0000seve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Siborne" title="William Siborne">Siborne, William</a> (1990). <i>The Waterloo Campaign</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853670695" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853670695"><bdi>978-1853670695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign&rft.pub=London%3A+Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1853670695&rft.aulast=Siborne&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnema2006" class="citation book cs1">Sinnema, Peter W. (2006). <i>The Wake of Wellington: Englishness in 1852</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821416792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821416792"><bdi>978-0821416792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wake+of+Wellington%3A+Englishness+in+1852&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0821416792&rft.aulast=Sinnema&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerville2007" class="citation book cs1">Summerville, Christopher J (2007). <i>Who was who at Waterloo: a biography of the battle</i>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582784055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582784055"><bdi>978-0582784055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+was+who+at+Waterloo%3A+a+biography+of+the+battle&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0582784055&rft.aulast=Summerville&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1986" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Neville (1986). <i>Wellington after Waterloo</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710207470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710207470"><bdi>978-0710207470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+after+Waterloo&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0710207470&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller1993" class="citation book cs1">Weller, Jac (1993) [1972]. <i>Wellington in India</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853673979" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853673979"><bdi>978-1853673979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+in+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1853673979&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Jac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley2008" class="citation book cs1">Wellesley, Jane (2008). <i>Wellington: A Journey Through My Family</i>. London: Orion Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297852315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297852315"><bdi>978-0297852315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+A+Journey+Through+My+Family&rft.pub=London%3A+Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0297852315&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bodart" title="Gaston Bodart">Bodart, Gaston</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905)</i></a>. Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milit%C3%A4r-historisches+Kriegs-Lexikon+%281618-1905%29&rft.place=Vienna+and+Leipzig&rft.pub=C.+W.+Stern&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><b>Online resources</b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtware_Fine_Art2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artwarefineart.com/gallery/portrait-arthur-wellesley-1769%E2%80%931852-1st-duke-wellington">"Portrait of Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), 1st Duke of Wellington"</a>. <i>Artware Fine Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artware+Fine+Art&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Arthur+Wellesley+%281769%E2%80%931852%29%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artwarefineart.com%2Fgallery%2Fportrait-arthur-wellesley-1769%25E2%2580%25931852-1st-duke-wellington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2005" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/horatio-nelson-200th-anniversary-of-trafalgar/3354738">"Ockham's Razor: 16 October 2005 – Horatio Nelson: 200th Anniversary of Trafalgar"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ockham%27s+Razor%3A+16+October+2005+%E2%80%93+Horatio+Nelson%3A+200th+Anniversary+of+Trafalgar&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fockhamsrazor%2Fhoratio-nelson-200th-anniversary-of-trafalgar%2F3354738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05vlz90">"Wellington: The Iron Duke Unmasked"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Wellington%3A+The+Iron+Duke+Unmasked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb05vlz90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy2011a" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjorie (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/religion/cespeech.htm">"The Peel Web-Wellington's speeches on Catholic Emancipation"</a>. <i>A Web of English History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Web+of+English+History&rft.atitle=The+Peel+Web-Wellington%27s+speeches+on+Catholic+Emancipation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Freligion%2Fcespeech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy2011b" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjorie (2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/pms/wellingt.htm">"Biography-Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington (1769–1852)"</a>. <i>A Web of English History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607002355/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/pms/wellingt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Web+of+English+History&rft.atitle=Biography-Arthur+Wellesley%2C+first+Duke+of+Wellington+%281769%E2%80%931852%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpms%2Fwellingt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy2011c" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjorie (2011c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/pms/derby.htm">"Biography-Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869)"</a>. <i>A Web of English History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514090500/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/pms/derby.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Web+of+English+History&rft.atitle=Biography-Edward+George+Geoffrey+Smith+Stanley%2C+14th+Earl+of+Derby+%281799%E2%80%931869%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpms%2Fderby.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart1994" class="citation news cs1">Cathcart, Brian (20 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/rear-window-when-wellington-said-pulish-and-be-damned-the-field-marshal-and-the-scarlet-woman-1430412.html">"When Wellington said publish and be damned: The Field Marshal and the Scarlet Woman"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=When+Wellington+said+publish+and+be+damned%3A+The+Field+Marshal+and+the+Scarlet+Woman&rft.date=1994-03-20&rft.aulast=Cathcart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Frear-window-when-wellington-said-pulish-and-be-damned-the-field-marshal-and-the-scarlet-woman-1430412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalford1878" class="citation book cs1">Walford, Edward (1878). "Chelsea: The Hospital". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol5/pp70-84"><i>Old and New London, Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin</i></a>. Vol. 5. 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Dublin, Ireland. 28 June 1830.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freeman%27s+Journal+and+Daily+Commercial+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Dublin%2C+Monday%2C+June+28&rft.date=1830-06-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman's_Journal1832" class="citation news cs1">"London". <i>Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser</i>. Dublin, Ireland. 14 June 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freeman%27s+Journal+and+Daily+Commercial+Advertiser&rft.atitle=London&rft.date=1832-06-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansard1811" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1811/mar/11/mutiny-bill-catholic-soldiers">"Mutiny Bill – Catholic Soldiers"</a>. <i>Hansard</i>. <b>XIX</b>. 11 March 1811.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Mutiny+Bill+%E2%80%93+Catholic+Soldiers&rft.volume=XIX&rft.date=1811-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1811%2Fmar%2F11%2Fmutiny-bill-catholic-soldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiterary_Gazette1829" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3hQAQAAMAAJ&q=winchelsea+fired+in+the+air&pg=PA213">"Sketches of society: The late duel"</a>. <i>The Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences</i>. H. Colburn. 1829<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Gazette+and+Journal+of+Belles+Lettres%2C+Arts%2C+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sketches+of+society%3A+The+late+duel&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3hQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwinchelsea%2Bfired%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bair%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerdanWorkmanMorleyArnold1832" class="citation journal cs1">Jerdan, William; Workman, William Ring; Morley, John; Arnold, Frederick; Goodwin, Charles Wycliffe (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlcv5zijS2IC&q=baird+anglo+indian+force+raised+in+biombay+1801&pg=PP7">"Raising of the Anglo-Indian army"</a>. <i>The Literary Gazette and Journal</i>: 711<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Gazette+and+Journal&rft.atitle=Raising+of+the+Anglo-Indian+army&rft.pages=711&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Jerdan&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Workman%2C+William+Ring&rft.au=Morley%2C+John&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Charles+Wycliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlcv5zijS2IC%26q%3Dbaird%2Banglo%2Bindian%2Bforce%2Braised%2Bin%2Bbiombay%2B1801%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times1852a" class="citation news cs1">"Funeral of the Duke of Wellington [Announcement of arrangements]". <i>The Times</i>. No. 21276. 18 November 1852. p. 5, col A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Funeral+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington+%5BAnnouncement+of+arrangements%5D&rft.issue=21276&rft.pages=5%2C+col+A&rft.date=1852-11-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times1852b" class="citation news cs1">"Funeral of the Duke of Wellington [Report of the funderal]". <i>The Times</i>. No. 21277. 19 November 1852. p. 5, col A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Funeral+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington+%5BReport+of+the+funderal%5D&rft.issue=21277&rft.pages=5%2C+col+A&rft.date=1852-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><b>Primary sources</b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1852" class="citation book cs1">Wellesley, Arthur (1852). Gurwood, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dispatchesoffiel10welluoft"><i>The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington: During his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818</i></a>. Vol. I. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dispatches+of+Field+Marshal+the+Duke+of+Wellington%3A+During+his+various+campaigns+in+India%2C+Denmark%2C+Portugal%2C+Spain%2C+the+Low+Countries%2C+and+France%2C+from+1799+to+1818&rft.pub=London%3A+John+Murray&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdispatchesoffiel10welluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1854" class="citation book cs1">Wellesley, Arthur (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bhkop1x8UsC&pg=PA671"><i>The Speeches of the Duke of Wellington in Parliament</i></a>. Vol. I. London: London: W. Clowes & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">671–</span>674<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington+in+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E671-%3C%2Fspan%3E674&rft.pub=London%3A+W.+Clowes+%26+Sons&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Bhkop1x8UsC%26pg%3DPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wellington,_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of">Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett-James,_Antony1961" class="citation book cs1">Brett-James, Antony, ed. (1961). <i>Wellington at War 1794–1815</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+at+War+1794%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=New+York%3A+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1972" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Arthur (1972). <i>The Great Duke: Or, The Invincible General</i>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/410380">410380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Duke%3A+Or%2C+The+Invincible+General&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F410380&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">von Clausewitz, Carl von</a>; Wellesley, Arthur, First Duke of Wellington (2010), Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/index.htm"><i>On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815</i></a>, Clausewitz.com, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-0150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-0150-8"><bdi>978-1-4537-0150-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Waterloo%3A+Clausewitz%2C+Wellington%2C+and+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Clausewitz.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4537-0150-8&rft.aulast=von+Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft.au=Wellesley%2C+Arthur%2C+First+Duke+of+Wellington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2F1815%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> This on-line text contains Clausewitz's 58-chapter study of the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five1-9.htm">Campaign of 1815</a></i> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/six.htm">Wellington's lengthy 1842 essay</a> written in response to Clausewitz, as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Clausewitz, Carl (1999) [1827]. "Feldzug von 1815: Strategische Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1815" [The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview of the Campaign of 1815]. In Hahlweg, Werner (ed.). <i>Schriften–Aufsätze–Studien–Briefe</i> [<i>Writings–Essays–Studies–Letters</i>] (in German). Vol. 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. <span class="nowrap">936–</span>1118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feldzug+von+1815%3A+Strategische+Uebersicht+des+Feldzugs+von+1815&rft.btitle=Schriften%E2%80%93Aufs%C3%A4tze%E2%80%93Studien%E2%80%93Briefe&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E936-%3C%2Fspan%3E1118&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=von+Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2003" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Berwick (2003). <i>Wellington's Charge: A Portrait of the Duke's England</i>. London: Robson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-653-5"><bdi>978-1-86105-653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Charge%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Duke%27s+England&rft.pub=London%3A+Robson+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-653-5&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Berwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2000" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Peter Berresford (2000). <i>The Celtic Revolution: A Study in Anti-Imperialism</i>. Talybont, Wales: Y LotraCyf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86243-096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86243-096-2"><bdi>978-0-86243-096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Revolution%3A+A+Study+in+Anti-Imperialism&rft.pub=Talybont%2C+Wales%3A+Y+LotraCyf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86243-096-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldsmith, Thomas. "The Duke of Wellington and British Foreign Policy 1814–1830." (PhD Diss. University of East Anglia, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/67722/1/2016GoldsmithTBOPhD.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Jack (2011). <i>Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Malcolm+and+the+Creation+of+British+India&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10885-1&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2005" class="citation book cs1">Hilbert, Charles (2005). <i>Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, time and conflicts in India on behalf of the British East India Company and the British crown. </i>7<i><span></span></i>. Military Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Wellesley%2C+Duke+of+Wellington%2C+time+and+conflicts+in+India+on+behalf+of+the+British+East+India+Company+and+the+British+crown.+7&rft.pub=Military+Heritage&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1964" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Lester (1964). <i>European Freebooters in Mogul India</i>. New York: Asia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Freebooters+in+Mogul+India&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lambert, A. "Politics, administration and decision-making: Wellington and the navy, 1828–30" <i>Wellington Studies</i> IV, ed. C. M. Woolgar, (Southampton, 2008), pp. 185–243.</li> <li>Longford, Elizabeth. <i>Wellington: Pillar of State</i> (1972), vol 2 of her biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellingtonpillar00long">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2010" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Peter (2010). <i>To War with Wellington, from the Peninsula to Waterloo</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-103-0"><bdi>978-1-84854-103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+War+with+Wellington%2C+from+the+Peninsula+to+Waterloo&rft.pub=London%3A+John+Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-103-0&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1957" class="citation book cs1">Ward, S.G.P. (1957). <i>Wellington's Headquarters: A Study of the Administrative Problems in the Peninsula 1809–1814</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Headquarters%3A+A+Study+of+the+Administrative+Problems+in+the+Peninsula+1809%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=S.G.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weller, Jac (1998). <i>Wellington at Waterloo</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-339-9"><bdi>978-1-85367-339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=London%3A+Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-339-9&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Jac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/waterlooexhibition/duke-of-wellington/">Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://british-history.co.uk/napoleonic/arthur-wellesley">The life of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwr.org.uk/">Duke of Wellington's Regiment – West Riding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/webguidemss61.page">Papers of Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington (MS 61)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5951">Works by Arthur Wellesley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20Wellesley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wellington%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arthur%20Wellesley%20Wellington%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arthur%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arthur%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arthur%20Wellesley%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arthur%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Wellesley%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20Wellesley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wellington%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wellington%2C%20A%2E%20Wellesley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arthur%20Wellington%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arthur%20Wellesley%20Wellington%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arthur%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arthur%20Wellington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arthur%20Wellesley%20Wellington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arthur%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Wellington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20Wellesley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arthur%20Wellington%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wellington%2C%20Arthur%22%29%20OR%20%28%221769-1852%22%20AND%20Wellington%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8665">Works by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715141954/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/duke-of-wellington">More about Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington on the Downing Street website</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-arthur-wellesley">contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04752">Portraits of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131691#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Arthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Wellesley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131691#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington">Hon. William Wellesley-Pole</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Pomeroy_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pomeroy (politician)">John Pomeroy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Trim_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Trim (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Trim</a> </b><br />1790–1797 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Pomeroy_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pomeroy (politician)">John Pomeroy</a> 1790–1791<br /><a href="/wiki/Clotworthy_Rowley,_1st_Baron_Langford" title="Clotworthy Rowley, 1st Baron Langford">Hon. Clotworthy Taylor</a> 1791–1795<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Baron_Cowley" title="Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley">Hon. Henry Wellesley</a> 1795<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Arthur_Crosbie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Arthur Crosbie (page does not exist)">William Arthur Crosbie</a> 1795–1797 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Fortescue_(1750%E2%80%931820)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester Fortescue (1750–1820)">Sir Chichester Fortescue</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Arthur_Crosbie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Arthur Crosbie (page does not exist)">William Arthur Crosbie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_Lamb" title="Thomas Davis Lamb">Thomas Davis Lamb</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Talbot,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Talbot, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Talbot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Rye (UK Parliament constituency)">Rye</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a> <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Talbot,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Talbot, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Talbot</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Crauford_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Crauford Bruce (page does not exist)">Patrick Crauford Bruce</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Taylor" title="Michael Angelo Taylor">Michael Angelo Taylor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Boddington" title="Samuel Boddington">Samuel Boddington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tralee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tralee (UK Parliament constituency)">Tralee</a> </b><br />May–July 1807 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Foulkes" title="Evan Foulkes">Evan Foulkes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Hawkins,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Christopher Hawkins, 1st Baronet">Sir Christopher Hawkins</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trench_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frederick Trench (British Army officer)">Frederick Trench</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)">Mitchell</a> </b><br />1807 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Henry_Conyngham_Montgomery,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Henry Conyngham Montgomery, 1st Baronet (page does not exist)">Henry Conyngham Montgomery</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leveson-Gower" title="Edward Leveson-Gower">Edward Leveson-Gower</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Galway_Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Galway Mills (page does not exist)">George Galway Mills</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Corry" title="Isaac Corry">Isaac Corry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Doyle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet">Sir John Doyle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <br /> <a href="/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)">Newport (Isle of Wight)</a> </b><br />1807–1809 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Leonard_Worsley-Holmes,_9th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Leonard Worsley-Holmes, 9th Baronet">Sir Leonard Worsley-Holmes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Elliot_(Irish_politician)" title="William Elliot (Irish politician)">William Elliot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> </b><br />1807–1809 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">Robert Dundas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">The Earl of Mulgrave</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> </b><br />1819–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">The Marquess of Anglesey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">The Viscount Goderich</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />22 January 1828 – 16 November 1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1828–1830 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Viscount Duncannon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Home Secretary</a> </b><br /><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">(Caretaker)</a></span></b><br />1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Henry Goulburn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle">Thomas Spring Rice</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br /><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">(Caretaker)</a></span></b><br />1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1834–1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br /><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">(Caretaker)</a></span></b><br />17 November 1834 – 9 December 1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1834–1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1841–1846 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>First</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">None recognised before</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1828–1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> </b><br />1828–1846 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Lord Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitworth,_1st_Earl_Whitworth" title="Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth">The Lord Whitworth of Newport Pratt</a></span> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to France">British Ambassador to France</a> </b><br />1814–1815 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_1st_Baron_Stuart_de_Rothesay" title="Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay">Sir Charles Stuart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Baron Grenville</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> </b><br />1834–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd (the 1st Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot</a></span> </b><br />1806–1813 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Coape_Sherbrooke" title="John Coape Sherbrooke">Sir John Sherbrooke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards" title="Royal Horse Guards">Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)</a> </b><br />1813–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">The Duke of Cumberland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_4th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Plymouth">Governor of Plymouth</a> </b><br />1819–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt,_3rd_Earl_Harcourt" title="William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt">The Earl Harcourt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">Sir David Dundas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle Brigade">Rifle Brigade</a> </b><br />1820–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">The Duke of York</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> </b><br />1827–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</a> </b><br />1827–1828 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">The Lord Hill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">The Viscount Hill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</a> </b><br />1842–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_1st_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hampshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire">Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire</a> </b><br />1820–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Paulet,_14th_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="John Paulet, 14th Marquess of Winchester">The Marquess of Winchester</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Marquess of Hastings</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets">Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets</a> </b><br />1827–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere" title="Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere">The Viscount Combermere</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">The Earl of Liverpool</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> </b><br />1829–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Andrew_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a> </b><br />1814–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Wellington">Marquess of Wellington</a> </b><br />1812–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Wellington">Earl of Wellington</a> </b><br />1812–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Wellington">Viscount Wellington</a> </b><br />1809–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Vit%C3%B3ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Vitória">Duke of Vitória</a> </b><br />1812–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Count of Vimeiro</a> </b><br />1811–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo" title="Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo">Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo</a> </b><br />1812–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_noble_families" title="List of Dutch noble families">Dutch nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Waterloo" title="Prince of Waterloo">Prince of Waterloo</a> </b><br />1815–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Template:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Template talk:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wellesley,_Duchess_of_Wellington" title="Catherine Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington">Catherine Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington</a></li> <li>Children: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Wellesley" title="Lord Charles Wellesley">Charles</a></li> <li>Father: <a href="/wiki/Garret_Wesley,_1st_Earl_of_Mornington" title="Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington">Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington</a></li> <li>Mother: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Wellesley,_Countess_of_Mornington" title="Anne Wellesley, Countess of Mornington">Anne Wellesley, Countess of Mornington</a></li> <li>Brothers: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington">William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Baron_Cowley" title="Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley">Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley</a></li> <li>Sister: <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Culling_Smith" title="Lady Anne Culling Smith">Lady Anne Culling Smith</a></li> <li>Nephews and nieces: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley_(1787%E2%80%931831)" title="Richard Wellesley (1787–1831)">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Charles_Bentinck" title="Lady Charles Bentinck">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley_(1794%E2%80%931866)" title="Henry Wellesley (1794–1866)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Fane,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Priscilla Fane, Countess of Westmorland">Priscilla </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley,_4th_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Somerset,_Marchioness_of_Worcester" title="Georgiana Somerset, Marchioness of Worcester">Georgiana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/120px-Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/180px-Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/240px-Arthur_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles<br />and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boxtel" title="Battle of Boxtel">Battle of Boxtel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Seringapatam">Battle of Seringapatam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Battle of Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Battle of Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">Second Battle of Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Battle of Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Battle of Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Third Siege of Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Battle of Vitoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratfield_Saye_House" title="Stratfield Saye House">Stratfield Saye House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmer_Castle" title="Walmer Castle">Walmer Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="List of monuments to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington%27s_Column" title="Wellington's Column">Wellington's Column</a></li> <li>Wellington monuments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_London" title="Wellington Monument, London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Somerset" title="Wellington Monument, Somerset">Somerset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire" title="Wellington College, Berkshire">Wellington College, Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_Aldershot" title="Equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, Aldershot">Aldershot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_Glasgow" title="Equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_City_of_London" title="Equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, City of London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_Hyde_Park_Corner" title="Equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, Hyde Park Corner">Hyde Park Corner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arthur_Wellesley_navigational_boxes102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Arthur_Wellesley_navigational_boxes102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Arthur Wellesley navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars20299" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars20299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic era)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona_(Peninsular_War)" title="Third siege of Girona (Peninsular War)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Conservative and Unionist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a><br />(1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a><br />(1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><small><i>vacant</i> (1848–1849)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders (1922–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party"><span style="color:white;">Chairmen (1911–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholics_in_the_Conservative_Party" title="Catholics in the Conservative Party">Catholics in the Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholics_in_the_Conservative_Party" title="Catholics in the Conservative Party">Catholics in the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Forces_and_Chiefs_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_British_Army4411" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Template:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Template talk:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief of the General Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Forces_and_Chiefs_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_British_Army4411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Earl of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinhardt_Schomberg,_3rd_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg">Duke of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_2nd_Earl_of_Stair" title="John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair">Earl of Stair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Viscount Ligionier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby" title="John Manners, Marquess of Granby">Marquess of Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Henry Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Lord Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">Sir David Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Viscount Hill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Viscount Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Viscount Wolseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Earl Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Lyttelton" title="Neville Lyttelton">Sir Neville Lyttelton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson,_1st_Baron_Nicholson" title="William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson">Sir William Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Sir John French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._H._Douglas" title="Charles W. H. Douglas">Sir Charles Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe_Murray" title="James Wolfe Murray">Sir James Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Sir Archibald Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Robertson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet">Sir William Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lambart,_10th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan">The Earl of Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">Sir George Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomery-Massingberd" title="Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd">Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Deverell" title="Cyril Deverell">Sir Cyril Deverell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">The Viscount Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Sir Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">Sir John Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harding,_1st_Baron_Harding_of_Petherton" title="John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton">Sir John Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Sir Gerald Templer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Festing" title="Francis Festing">Sir Francis Festing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chiefs of the General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hull" title="Richard Hull">Sir Richard Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cassels_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Cassels (British Army officer)">Sir James Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Baker_(British_Army_officer)" title="Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)">Sir Geoffrey Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver" title="Michael Carver">Sir Michael Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Hunt (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Gibbs" title="Roland Gibbs">Sir Roland Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bramall" title="Edwin Bramall">Sir Edwin Bramall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stanier_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Stanier (British Army officer)">Sir John Stanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">Sir Nigel Bagnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Chapple (British Army officer)">Sir John Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Inge,_Baron_Inge" title="Peter Inge, Baron Inge">Sir Peter Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guthrie,_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank" title="Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank">Sir Charles Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wheeler_(British_Army_officer)" title="Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)">Sir Roger Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Aldringham" title="Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham">Sir Michael Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Sir Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dannatt" title="Richard Dannatt">Sir Richard Dannatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richards,_Baron_Richards_of_Herstmonceux" title="David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux">Sir David Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wall_(British_Army_officer)" title="Peter Wall (British Army officer)">Sir Peter Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Nick Carter (British Army officer)">Sir Nick Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carleton-Smith" title="Mark Carleton-Smith">Sir Mark Carleton-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sanders_(British_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Sanders (British Army officer)">Sir Patrick Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Walker" title="Roland Walker">Sir Roland Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Richard Ryder (politician, born 1766)">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne" title="William Sturges Bourne">Sturges Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Duncannon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Normanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._S._Sotheron-Estcourt" title="T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt">Sotheron-Estcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Matthews,_1st_Viscount_Llandaff" title="Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_White_Ridley,_1st_Viscount_Ridley" title="Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_Akers-Douglas,_1st_Viscount_Chilston" title="Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston">Akers-Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortt" title="Edward Shortt">Shortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Somervell,_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow" title="Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow">Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Maxwell-Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Soskice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Waddington" title="David Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">K. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/100px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/200px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_secretaries" title="Template:Foreign secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_secretaries" title="Template talk:Foreign secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign and <br />commonwealth affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign, commonwealth and<br /> development affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Sir_Robert_Peel_(1834–1835)642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link 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href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_St_Clair-Erskine,_2nd_Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn">The Earl of Rosslyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Henry Goulburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_2nd_Earl_de_Grey" title="Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey">The Earl de Grey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart-Wortley,_1st_Baron_Wharncliffe" title="James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe">The Lord Wharncliffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Murray_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Murray (British Army officer)">Sir George Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Master of the Mint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander Baring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Knatchbull,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet">Sir Edward Knatchbull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Wellington50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Wellington" title="Template:Dukes of Wellington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_3rd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington">Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke</a> <i>(1884–1900)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_4th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke</a> <i>(1900–1934)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke</a> <i>(1934–1941)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_6th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Henry Wellesley, 6th Duke of Wellington">Henry Wellesley, 6th Duke</a> <i>(1941–1943)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Wellesley,_7th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington">Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke</a> <i>(1943–1972)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Wellesley,_8th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington">Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke</a> <i>(1972–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wellesley,_9th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington">Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke</a> <i>(from 2014)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg/90px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3440" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121177890">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2465308">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52137/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118806645">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80034909">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887871r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887871r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00715461">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35599207">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0051506&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1158632">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/82946">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06864633X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90837111">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000208750&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000583038&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=227187">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659366605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/45487">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269746405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514962706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03001881?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500088735">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1009854">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008961.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118806645.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118806645">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027448452">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks6q2w">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/43162">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41008396">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&oldid=1275519458">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&oldid=1275519458</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Category:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1769_births" title="Category:1769 births">1769 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1852_deaths" title="Category:1852 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[\"CITEREFBarry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassfordMoranPedlow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecke1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBicât2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwood\u0026#039;s_Edinburgh_Magazine1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloy2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloy2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloy2011c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodart1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowring1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett-James,_Antony1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathcart1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Robert_S._Elvin1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesney1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperBoycott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwell,_Bernard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrigan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke_of_Wellington\u0026#039;s_Regiment2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke_of_Wellington\u0026#039;s_Regiment2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansHammondGranger1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\u0026#039;s_Journal1830a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\u0026#039;s_Journal1830b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\u0026#039;s_Journal1830c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\u0026#039;s_Journal1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGash2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGere1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford1817\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlover2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuedalla1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansard1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaythornthwaite1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbert1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory_of_Parliament2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofschröer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntelligence_Branch1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerdanWorkmanMorleyArnold1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKauffmannJenkinsWieseman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\u0026#039;s_College_London2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiterary_Gazette1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongford1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaceroni1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacquarie_University2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreevy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomerie1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeillands2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumber102011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Ferrall1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.E.Foster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaint_Paul\u0026#039;s_Cathedral2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevern2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiborne1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinnema2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummerville2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times1852a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times1852b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kiste204\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeve1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalford1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellesley1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellesley1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellesley2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Age\"] = 6,\n [\"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Br entries\"] = 6,\n [\"Chief of the General Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite DNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 77,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservative Party (UK)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Coord\"] = 7,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Dukes of Wellington\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"First Peel Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign Secretary\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Hansard-contribs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Home Secretaries\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Leaders of the Opposition UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 3,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 28,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Napoleonic Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Ne\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM Location map\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime ministers of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 31,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 22,\n [\"S-break\"] = 10,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 5,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 4,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 37,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"See below\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 24,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 265,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Toryism\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UK National Archives ID\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wraplink\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*188[5-9]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*189%d\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*190[0-1]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1903\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1912\",\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","680","23.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","11.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","280","9.8"],["recursiveClone 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