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<li id="toc-From_Mandate_to_Independence_(1923–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Mandate_to_Independence_(1923–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From Mandate to Independence (1923–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Mandate_to_Independence_(1923–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_and_Second_Republic_(1946–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_Second_Republic_(1946–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First and Second Republic (1946–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_Second_Republic_(1946–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_Syria_after_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_Syria_after_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ba'athist Syria after 1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_Syria_after_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Lebanon_(1982–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Lebanon_(1982–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Occupation of Lebanon (1982–2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Lebanon_(1982–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other engagements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modernisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_civil_war_(2011–2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_civil_war_(2011–2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Syrian civil war (2011–2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_civil_war_(2011–2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_al-Assad_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_al-Assad_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Fall of the al-Assad regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_al-Assad_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Service branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weapons, uniforms and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons, uniforms and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Uniforms (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_insignia_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_insignia_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rank insignia (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_insignia_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Armed Forces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة السورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercies_Armaes_%C3%81rabes_Siries" title="Fuercies Armaes Árabes Siries – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercies Armaes Árabes Siries" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Suriya Silahlı Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya Silahlı Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সিরিয়ার সশস্ত্র বাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরিয়ার সশস্ত্র বাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C4%AB-a_Kun-t%C5%ABi" title="Su-lī-a Kun-tūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lī-a Kun-tūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Узброеныя сілы Сірыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узброеныя сілы Сірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Въоръжени сили на Сирия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въоръжени сили на Сирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Armades_Sirianes" title="Forces Armades Sirianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Armades Sirianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsk%C3%A9_ozbrojen%C3%A9_s%C3%ADly" title="Syrské ozbrojené síly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrské ozbrojené síly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriens_v%C3%A6bnede_styrker" title="Syriens væbnede styrker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syriens væbnede styrker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streitkr%C3%A4fte_Syriens" title="Streitkräfte Syriens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streitkräfte Syriens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Συριακές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Siria" title="Fuerzas Armadas de Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas de Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیروهای مسلح سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_arabes_syriennes" title="Forces armées arabes syriennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées arabes syriennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B5%B0" title="시리아군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիրիայի զինված ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիայի զինված ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Suriah" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_siriane" title="Forze armate siriane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze armate siriane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="הכוחות המזוינים של סוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוחות המזוינים של סוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სირიის შეიარაღებული ძალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სირიის შეიარაღებული ძალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijos_ginkluotosios_paj%C4%97gos" title="Sirijos ginkluotosios pajėgos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirijos ginkluotosios pajėgos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADria_hadereje" title="Szíria hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szíria hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الجيش السورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجيش السورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Syria" title="Angkatan Tentera Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkatan Tentera Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_strijdkrachten" title="Syrische strijdkrachten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrische strijdkrachten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%BB%8D" title="シリア軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_syriske_forsvaret" title="Det syriske forsvaret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det syriske forsvaret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Syrian Armed Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">القوات المسلحة السورية</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of Syrian Arab Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Honor, Homeland, Sincerity!"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1943<span class="noprint">; 82 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1943</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2024<span class="noprint">; 3 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_al-Arkan" title="Hay'at al-Arkan">Hay'at al-Arkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Square" title="Umayyad Square">Umayyad Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commander-in-Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Minister of Defence</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murhaf_Abu_Qasra" title="Murhaf Abu Qasra">Murhaf Abu Qasra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Noureddine_al-Naasan" title="Ali Noureddine al-Naasan">Ali Noureddine al-Naasan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Scientific_Studies_and_Research_Center" title="Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center">Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center</a> (CERS)<sup id="cite_ref-isr1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gertz96_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertz96-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Établissement Industriel de la Défense (EID)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Syrian Defense Laboratories (SDL)<sup id="cite_ref-Sdl1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sdl1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-trade_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Syria" title="Military history of Syria">Military history of Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">Military ranks of Syria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Syrian Armed Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القوات المسلحة السورية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah as-Sūrīyah</i></span>) are the <a href="/wiki/Military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military forces">military forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>Up until the fall of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Baath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a> regime in December 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian Arab Armed Forces</a> were the state armed forces. They consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Navy">Syrian Arab Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defence_Force" title="Syrian Air Defence Force">Syrian Arab Air Defence Force</a>, and paramilitary forces, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_of_Ba%27athist_Syria" title="2012 Constitution of Ba'athist Syria">2012 Constitution of Ba'athist Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Minister of Defense</a> held the position of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1943, the Syrian Army played a major role in Syria's governance, mounting six military coups: two in 1949, including the <a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a> and the <a href="/wiki/August_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="August 1949 Syrian coup d'état">August 1949 coup</a> by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi" title="Sami al-Hinnawi">Sami al-Hinnawi</a>, and one each in 1951, <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">1970</a>. It fought four wars with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973, and <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>) and one with Jordan ("<a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, 1970). The Air Force and Navy acted more as adjuncts to the army than independent actors, apart from the Air Force/ADF's reaction to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19" title="Operation Mole Cricket 19">Operation Mole Cricket 19</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>. Syrian fighters and air defence systems took very heavy losses. An armoured division was also deployed to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91 during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, but saw little action. From 1976 to 2005 the Army was the major pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a>. Internally, it played a major part in suppressing the 1979–82 <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a>, and from 2011 to 2024 was heavily engaged in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the most violent and prolonged war the Syrian Army had taken part in since its establishment in the 1940s. </p><p>The military used <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. Males served in the military from age 18, but they were exempted from service if they did not have a brother who could take care of their parents. Females were exempt from conscription.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian Arab Armed Forces collapsed in 2024 with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> and flight of Bashar al-Assad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new de-facto rulers of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham</a>, are making preparations to drastically reorganise Syria's military forces and ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 2024 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Murhaf_Abu_Qasra" title="Murhaf Abu Qasra">Murhaf Abu Qasra</a> had been appointed the new defence minister for the interim government,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Ali_Noureddine_Al-Naasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Noureddine Al-Naasan">Ali Noureddine Al-Naasan</a> serves as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Mandate_to_Independence_(1923–1945)"><span id="From_Mandate_to_Independence_.281923.E2.80.931945.29"></span>From Mandate to Independence (1923–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From Mandate to Independence (1923–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate">French Mandate</a> volunteer force, which would later become the Syrian army, was established in 1923 with the threat of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Syrian Arab nationalism</a> in mind. Although the unit's officers were originally all French, it was, in effect, the first indigenous modern Syrian army. In 1925, this force was expanded and designated the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Special Troops of the Levant</a> (Troupes Spéciales du Levant). In 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Army of the Levant participated in a futile resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria–Lebanon Campaign</a>, the British and <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> invasion that ousted the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> from Syria. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> takeover, the army came under the control of the Free French and was designated the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Levantine Forces</a> (Troupes du Levant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987190_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987190-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Mandate authorities maintained a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> to police Syria's vast rural areas. This paramilitary force was used to combat criminals and political foes of the Mandate government. As with the Levantine Special Troops, French officers held the top posts, but as <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Syria)" title="Evacuation Day (Syria)">Syrian independence</a> approached, the ranks below major were gradually filled by Syrian officers who had graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Military_Academy" title="Homs Military Academy">Homs Military Academy</a>, which had been established by the French during the 1930s. In 1938, the Troupes Spéciales numbered around 10,000 men and 306 officers (of whom 88 were French, mainly in the higher ranks). A majority of the Syrian troops were of rural background and minority ethnic origin, mainly <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>. By the end of 1945, the army numbered about 5,000 and the gendarmerie some 3,500. In April 1946, the last French officers were forced to leave Syria due to sustained resistance offensives; the Levantine Forces then became the regular armed forces of the newly independent state and grew rapidly to about 12,000 by the time of the 1948 Arab−Israeli War, the first of four Arab−Israeli wars involving Syria between 1948 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_Second_Republic_(1946–1963)"><span id="First_and_Second_Republic_.281946.E2.80.931963.29"></span>First and Second Republic (1946–1963)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First and Second Republic (1946–1963)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Syrian Republic (1932-1958), and again from 1961 to 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The Syrian Armed Forces fought in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> (against Israel) and were involved in some <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coups</a>. Between 1948 and 1967, a series of coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1949, the chief of staff, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a>, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a> then held power until deposed in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Syrian coup d'etat">1954 Syrian coup d'etat</a>. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (1958-1961) and again of the Arab Republic of Syria from 1980 to 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The Syrian armed forces were part of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the United Arab Republic">Armed Forces of the United Arab Republic</a> between 1958 and 1961. Some Syrian ground forces formed the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Arab_Republic)" title="First Army (United Arab Republic)">First Army (United Arab Republic)</a> while the Second and Third Armies were established by the Egyptian half of the unified state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'athist_Syria_after_1963"><span id="Ba.27athist_Syria_after_1963"></span>Ba'athist Syria after 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ba'athist Syria after 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian Arab Armed Forces</a></div> <p>In 1963, the Military Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> spent most of its time planning to take power through a conventional military coup. From the very beginning, the Military Committee knew it had to capture <a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a> two military camps and seize control of the 70th Armored Brigade at al-Kiswah, the Military Academy in the city of Homs and the Damascus radio station. While the conspirators of the Military Committee were all young, their aim was not out of reach; the sitting regime had been slowly disintegrating and the traditional elite had lost effective political power over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199072_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199072-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group of military officers, including <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, seized control in the <a href="/wiki/8th_of_March_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="8th of March Revolution">March 1963 Syrian coup d'etat</a>. Following the coup, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a> discharged many ranking Sunni officers, thereby, <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a> says, "providing openings for hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> to fill top-tier military positions during the 1963–1965 period on the grounds of being opposed to Arab unity. This measure tipped the balance in favor of Alawite officers who staged a coup in 1966 and, for the first time, placed Damascus in the hands of the Alawites."<sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armed Forces were involved in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (against Israel). Since 1967, most of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> territory of southwestern Syria has been under Israeli occupation. They then fought in the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (against Israel) and the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan#Syrian_intervention_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September in Jordan">Black September</a> invasion of Jordan. </p><p>When Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1971, the army began to modernize and change. In the first 10 years of Assad's rule, the army increased by 162%, and by 264% by 2000. At one point, 70% of the country's annual budget spend only to the army.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973, the Syrian Army launched an attack to seize the Golan Heights that was only narrowly repulsed by two vastly outnumbered Israeli brigades. Since 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> line has been respected by both sides, with very few incidents until the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syria was invited into Lebanon by that country's president in 1976, to intervene on the side of the Lebanese government against <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> guerilla and Lebanese Christian forces. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Deterrent_Force" title="Arab Deterrent Force">Arab Deterrent Force</a> originally consisted of a Syrian core, up to 25,000 troops, with participation by some other <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> states totaling only around 5,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1978, after the Arab League had extended the mandate of the Arab Deterrent Force, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a>, the Saudis and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> announced intentions to withdraw troops from Lebanon, extending their stay into the early months of 1979 at the Lebanese government's request.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libyan troops were essentially abandoned and had to find their way home (if at all), and the ADF thereby became a purely Syrian force (which did include the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Army">Palestinian Liberation Army</a> (PLA)).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year after Israel invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, the Lebanese government failed to extend the ADF's mandate, thereby effectively ending its existence, although not the Syrian or Israeli military presence in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the Syrian presence became known as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Lebanon_(1982–2005)"><span id="Occupation_of_Lebanon_.281982.E2.80.932005.29"></span>Occupation of Lebanon (1982–2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occupation of Lebanon (1982–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></div> <p>Syrian forces, still technically known as the Arab Deterrent Force, lingered in Lebanon throughout the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a> (1975–90). Eventually, the Syrians brought most of the nation under their control as part of a power struggle with Israel, which had occupied areas of southern Lebanon in 1978. In 1985, Israel began to withdraw from Lebanon, as a result of domestic opposition to Israel and international pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of this withdrawal, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">War of the Camps</a> broke out, with Syria fighting their former Palestinian allies. Following the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a> continued until they were also forced out by widespread public protest and international pressure. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian forces were accused of involvement in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_al-Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq al-Hariri">Rafiq al-Hariri</a>, as well as continued meddling in Lebanese affairs, and an international investigation into the Hariri killing and several subsequent bomb attacks has been launched by the UN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_engagements">Other engagements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other engagements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engagements since 1979 included the Muslim Brotherhood insurgency (1979–82), notably including the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> (against Israel) and the dispatch of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="9th Armoured Division (Syria)">9th Armored Division</a> to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> against Iraq. The 9th Armored Division served as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarzkopf1993467–469_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarzkopf1993467–469-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria's force numbered ~20,000 in strength (the sixth-largest contingent) and its involvement was justified domestically as an effort to defend Saudi Arabia. Syria's initial involvement in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield">Operation Desert Shield</a> also rolled into the Allied <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, as Syrian forces did participate in helping dislodge and drive Iraqi forces out of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>. The total losses sustained were two dead and one wounded. There were indications the Syrian government had been prepared to double its force to 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisation">Modernisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modernisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations#Arms_contracts" title="Russia–Syria relations">Russia–Syria relations § Arms contracts</a></div> <p>In recent years Syria has relied on Russian arms purchases to obtain modern weapons. Purchases included anti-tank and air defense systems. In early September 2008 the Syrian government ordered <a href="/wiki/MiG-29SMT" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29SMT">MiG-29SMT</a> fighters,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pantsir-S1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantsir-S1">Pantsir S1E air-defence systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">Iskander tactical missile systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-130" title="Yakovlev Yak-130">Yak-130</a> aircraft, and two <a href="/wiki/Amur_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur class">Amur-1650</a> submarines from Russia. Russia's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> asserted that the sale wouldn't upset the balance of power in the Middle East and was "in line with . . . international law." </p><p>Russia aimed to turn the <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_base_in_Tartus" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian naval base in Tartus">Russian naval base in Tartus</a> into a permanent base. Israel and the US oppose further arms sales to Syria due to fears that the weapons could fall under the control of Iran or <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> fighters in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_civil_war_(2011–2024)"><span id="Syrian_civil_war_.282011.E2.80.932024.29"></span>Syrian civil war (2011–2024)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syrian civil war (2011–2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/220px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/330px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg/440px-Damascus_Checkpoint.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian soldier manning a checkpoint near Damascus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2014, the number of defecting officers had reached approximately 170,000, from different ranks. They formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> on 29 July 2011 (interview with Riad Al-Asaad - the founder and leader of the Free Syrian Army) and at the beginning of the conflict they depended on light weapons. The arming of the Free Syrian Army began in mid-2012. </p><p>In March 2012 the Syrian government issued new travel restrictions for military-aged males. Under the new restrictions, reported by <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Syria">local Syrian news outlets</a>, all males between 18–42 were banned from traveling outside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a late June 2012 interview given by the FSA's <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i> he claimed <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> said that about 20–30 Syrian officers defected to Turkey each day.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July 2012 the Syrian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawoud Rajha">Dawoud Rajha</a>, former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a> and the president's brother-in-law Gen. <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> were killed in a <a href="/wiki/July_2012_Damascus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2012 Damascus bombing">bomb attack</a> in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph9408321_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph9408321-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Bekhityar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham Bekhityar">Hisham Bekhityar</a> and Head of the 4th Army Division Maher Al Assad—brother of President Assad—were also injured in the explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict in Syria">conflict in Syria</a>, human rights groups say that the majority of abuses were committed by the Syrian government's forces, and UN investigations concluded that the government's abuses were the greatest in both gravity and scale.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branches of the Syrian Armed Forces that committed war crimes include at least the Syrian Arab Army,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Arab Air Force<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Syrian Military Intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_arch_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_arch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Syrian authorities denied these accusations<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed that irregular armed groups with foreign support<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are behind the atrocities, including Al Qaeda linked Insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers in the Syrian armed forces had reduced considerably during the Civil War, although estimates varied. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> </p> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Syrian Armed Forces size during the Civil War<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Army personnel</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Air Force personnel</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Total: Army + Air Force </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2011 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">220,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">100,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:19.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">320,000</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">110,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">63,000</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">173,000</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Russian sources gave higher estimates. In 2011, 300,000 reserves were reported in addition to regular forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta.ru</a> reported that the regular army had reduced from 325,000 to 150,000 due to "mortality, desertions and deviations", but that this was supplemented by 60,000 Republican Guards and 50,000 Kurdish militias.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Life_(news_agency,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life (news agency, Russia)">LifeNews</a> still reported the same figures.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite shrinking by nearly half from the 2011 beginning of the civil war by 2014, the Armed Forces became much more flexible and capable, especially in anti-guerilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapts_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <i>modus operandi</i> switched from traditional Soviet-modeled conventional military forces into a force of smaller groups fighting in close-quarters guerrilla combat with an increasing role for junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Adapts_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adapts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a> Charts estimated that the Syrian military had lost 111 warplanes since the beginning of the civil war, including reconnaissance and attack drones. The Syrians lost most of their warplanes during the first four years of the war, with losses significantly decreasing after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Russian intervention</a> into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Statista_Infographics_2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statista_Infographics_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_al-Assad_regime">Fall of the al-Assad regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fall of the al-Assad regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2024, the Syrian Arab Army, alongside the Syrian Arab Republic itself, collapsed as the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Assad regime fell</a>. Some of the remaining SAA forces crossed into Iraq, others removed their uniforms before the rebels could arrive in Damascus, the last remaining territory controlled by the SAR.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired U.S. General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> said that a video showing the SAA forces evacuating to Iraq showed the "demoralization and collapse of an army", and that the forces knew they would lose, with the rebels taking Damascus and Assad's whereabouts unknown. He compared it to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">fall of Kabul in 2021</a>, where the U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan Armed Forces</a> collapsed, and that when faced with certain defeat, armies simply "melt away".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 11 December 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, the military forces of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, were preparing for "negotiations that would create a broader-based Syrian government that is not under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">al-Julani</a>'s control". Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Operations_Room" title="Southern Operations Room">Southern Operations Room</a> met with al-Julani on 11 December and expressed interest in "coordination", a "unified effort" and "cooperation", without stating that they would support the HTS transitional government.<sup id="cite_ref-ISW_IR_update_11Dec2024_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISW_IR_update_11Dec2024-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 2024, Prime Minister Mohammed Al-Bashir has said the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">defense ministry</a> would be restructured using former rebel factions and officers who defected from Assad’s army.<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews20241217_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews20241217-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Murhaf_Abu_Qasra" title="Murhaf Abu Qasra">Murhaf Abu Qasra</a> (<i>nom de guerre</i>; Abu Hassan al-Hamawi),<sup id="cite_ref-france24-20241217_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24-20241217-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the military commander of <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham</a> said to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, "All military units will naturally transition to the ministry of defence, forming a unified army tasked with protecting the nation on behalf of all Syrians." <i>The Economist</i> added that Qasra insisted "..that there will be no place in the new Syria for jihadists eager to launch attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Qasra, speaking with <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse"><i>AFP</i></a>, said that HTS would be "among the first to take the initiative" to dissolve its armed wing for a national army;<sup id="cite_ref-france24-20241217_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24-20241217-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 21 December it was reported that Abu Qasra was appointed transitional <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Minister of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a> said that the new Syrian government would announce the new structure of the Syrian military within days.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the transitional government announced that a meeting between opposition groups and Ahmed al-Sharaa "ended in an agreement on the dissolution of all the groups and their integration under the supervision of the ministry of defence”.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 2024, the "former forces of deposed leader Bashar al-Assad" killed 14 HTS fighters in the process of the HTS/new government capturing <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kanjo_Hassan" title="Mohammad Kanjo Hassan">Mohammad Kanjo Hassan</a>. General Hassan, the former chief of military justice and head of the field court, had been closely associated with the notorious <a href="/wiki/Sednaya_Prison" title="Sednaya Prison">Sednaya Prison</a>, the site of much torture. This has led to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Syria_clashes_(December_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)">Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)</a> against the new <a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a>/regime.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 December 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">promotion</a> of 42 individuals to the rank of Colonel, 5 to the rank of Brigadier General, and 2 to the rank of Major-General in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>. This number included Defense Minister Abu Qasra and new <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the Syrian Armed Forces and Army <a href="/wiki/Ali_Noureddine_Al-Naasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Noureddine Al-Naasan">Ali Noureddine Al-Naasan</a>, who were both elevated to the rank of Major-General.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2025 the defense ministry said that it has met with over 60 armed groups and claimed that all of the armed groups agreed to be a part of the armed forces and reorganized into units.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they reject the SDF proposal of creating a Kurdish "bloc" within the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in February the SDF, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> decided in a meeting that the SDF would merge with the Syrian army.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_branches">Service branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Service branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/220px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/330px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG/440px-Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian soldier aims a <a href="/wiki/Type_56" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 56">Type 56</a> assault rifle from a foxhole during a military activity demonstration in Saudi Arabia in 1990. The soldier is wearing a Soviet-made Model ShMS nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> was historically the dominant military service, controlled the seniormost posts in the armed forces, and had approximately 80% of the armed forces' personnel. In 1987 Joshua Sinai wrote that the major recent structural developments were the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> division (the <a href="/wiki/14th_Special_Forces_Division" title="14th Special Forces Division">14th Special Forces Division</a>) and the organization of ground formations into three corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> estimated army regulars or professionals at 220,000, with an additional 280,000 reserves. That figure was unchanged in the 2011 edition of the <i>Military Balance</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2011330-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 2013 edition, during the war, the IISS estimated that army strength was 110,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2018, analysts estimated the SAA to have just 100,000 combat-ready troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2019368-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Syrian military enlisted strength dropped by over half from a pre-civil war figure of 325,000 to 150,000 soldiers in the army in December 2014 due to casualties, <a href="/wiki/Desertions" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertions">desertions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodging" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodging">draft dodging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP2014_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP2014-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching between 178,000 and 220,000 soldiers in the army,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to 80,000 to 100,000 irregular forces. By 2023, the number of active Syrian soldiers had increased to 170,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces may have decreased by as much as 50,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> was established in 1948, and first saw action in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. Under Ba'athist Syria until 2024 it was known as the Syrian Arab Air Force. Land-based air defence systems were grouped under the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defence_Force" title="Syrian Air Defence Force">Syrian Air Defence Force</a>, separate from both the Air Force and the Army. The air force was <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Syria">nearly destroyed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defence Force">Israeli Defence Force</a> in December of 2024, following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">collapse of the Assad regime</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons,_uniforms_and_awards"><span id="Weapons.2C_uniforms_and_awards"></span>Weapons, uniforms and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weapons, uniforms and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Syrian Army">Equipment of the Syrian Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_guard.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/170px-Syrian_guard.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/255px-Syrian_guard.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Syrian_guard.JPEG/340px-Syrian_guard.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>A Syrian <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military policeman</a> standing as his unit prepares for the arrival of a visiting envoy during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It had an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Scud_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud C">Scud-C</a> missiles with a 500-kilometer range were procured from <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scud_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud D">Scud-D</a>, with a range of up to 700 kilometers, were being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and Iran, according to Eyal Zisser.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syria received significant financial aid from Persian Gulf Arab states as a result of its participation in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for <a href="/wiki/Military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Military spending">military spending</a>. In 2005, Russia forgave Syria three-fourths, or about $9.8 billion, of its $13.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet-era</a> debt. Russia wrote off the debt to renew arms sales with Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">arms contracts with Russia</a>, Syria's main arms supplier, were worth at least $4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amos_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAST_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAST-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria has conducted research and produced <a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms_(1987)"><span id="Uniforms_.281987.29"></span>Uniforms (1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uniforms (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/200px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/300px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/400px-A_member_of_a_Syrian_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Syrian honor guard stands at attention during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield">Operation Desert Shield</a>. The soldier is armed with an <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifle.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, according to a <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Country Study">Library of Congress Country Study</a> on Syria, service uniforms for Syrian military officers generally followed the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> style, although army combat clothing followed the older British model. Each uniform had two coats: a long one for dress and a short jacket for informal wear. Army officer uniforms were khaki in summer, and olive in winter. Certain Army and Air Defense personnel (i.e., commandos and paratroops) may have worn camouflage uniforms. Air Force officers had two uniforms for each season: a khaki and a light gray for summer and a dark blue and a light gray in winter. Naval officers wore white in summer and navy blue in winter while lower ranks wore the traditional bell bottoms and white blouse. The uniform for naval chief petty officers was a buttoned jacket, similar to that worn by American chief petty officers. Officers had a variety of headgear, including a service cap, garrison cap, and beret (linen in summer and wool in winter). The color of the beret varied by season and according to the officer's unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syrian Commando and Paratroop uniforms consisted of <a href="/wiki/Lizard_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizard pattern">lizard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodland_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland pattern">woodland-patterned</a> camouflage fatigues along with combat boots, helmets and bulletproof vests. Headgear consisted of a red or orange beret. The Syrian military provided <a href="/wiki/NBC_suit" title="NBC suit">NBC uniforms</a> to soldiers to remain effective in an environment affected by biological or chemical agents. This uniform consisted of a Russian-made Model ShMS-41 mask similar to those made in the Desert Storm conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman1993_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman1993-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous models of the ShMS used a hose, while the improved "ShmS-41" used a canister-style <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to assess how well equipped the Syrian Arab Army was. Although hundreds of hours of videos showing dead and captured Syrian soldiers filmed by rebels have been uploaded to social media, none show this equipment having been carried by or issued to frontline soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_insignia_(1987)"><span id="Rank_insignia_.281987.29"></span>Rank insignia (1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rank insignia (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">Military ranks of Syria</a></div> <p>In 1987, according to a Library of Congress Country Study on Syria, the rank insignia of Syrian commissioned officers were identical for both the army and air force. These were gold on a bright green shoulder board for the army and gold on a bright blue board for the Air Force. Officer ranks were standard, although the highest was the equivalent of lieutenant general, a rank held in 1986 only by the commander in chief and the minister of defence. Navy officer rank insignia were gold stripes worn on the lower sleeve. The highest-ranking officer in Syria's navy was the equivalent of lieutenant general. Army and Air Force ranks for warrant officers were indicated by gold stars on an olive green shield worn on the upper left arm. Lower noncommissioned ranks were indicated by upright and inverted chevrons worn on the upper left arm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some twenty-five orders and medals were authorized, generally only senior officers and warrant officers wore medal ribbons. The following were some important Syrian awards: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Umayyad">Order of Umayyad</a>, the Medal of Military Honor, the War Medal, the Medal for Courage, the Yarmuk Medal, the Wounded in Action Medal, and the Medal of <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">8 March 1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_factions_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Armed factions in the Syrian civil war">Armed factions in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#Ba'athist_Syrian_Armed_Forces_and_allied_forces" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">War crimes in the Syrian civil war#Ba'athist Syrian Armed Forces and allied forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.sy"><i>Syria: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.sy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isr1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isr1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEden_Kaduri,_Yehoshua_Kalisky,_Tal_Avraham2023" class="citation web cs1">Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/syrian-army-2023/">"Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel"</a>. INSS Tel Aviv University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+the+Syrian+Military%3A+The+Threat+to+Israel&rft.pub=INSS+Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.au=Eden+Kaduri%2C+Yehoshua+Kalisky%2C+Tal+Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inss.org.il%2Fpublication%2Fsyrian-army-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gertz96-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gertz96_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGertz1996" class="citation news cs1">Gertz, Bill (23 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56834721">"CIA Suspects Chinese Firm of Syria Missile Aid"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=CIA+Suspects+Chinese+Firm+of+Syria+Missile+Aid&rft.date=1996-07-23&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-56834721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conflictarm.com/guide/identifying-materiel-manufactured-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk/">"IDENTIFYING MATERIEL MANUFACTURED IN THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK)"</a>. <i>Conflict Armament Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Armament+Research&rft.atitle=IDENTIFYING+MATERIEL+MANUFACTURED+IN+THE+DEMOCRATIC+PEOPLE%27S+REPUBLIC+OF+KOREA+%28DPRK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conflictarm.com%2Fguide%2Fidentifying-materiel-manufactured-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/08/08/iran-syria-defence-industry/">"Exploring Iran's Role in Syrian Defence Industry and its Geopolitical Ramifications"</a>. <i>Special Eurasia</i>. 8 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Exploring+Iran%27s+Role+in+Syrian+Defence+Industry+and+its+Geopolitical+Ramifications&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialeurasia.com%2F2023%2F08%2F08%2Firan-syria-defence-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sdl1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sdl1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/DimasqS/status/1808082726945206772?t=atCX90Yhok8vY1VLsJtvYg&s=19">A Syrian-produced North Korean Type 68 rifle on sale in Yemen. We can notice the Syrian Defense Laboratories logo stamped on it, which we have seen in the past across Syria. (h/t @FighterXwar_ar).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trade_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">"Trade Registers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003804/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Registers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Ftrade_register.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305071852/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html">"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"</a>. <i>refworld</i>. 26 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refworld&rft.atitle=Syrian+Arab+Republic%3A+Constitution%2C+2012&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5100f02a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pministry.gov.sy/default.aspx?id=16919">"عنوان السيرة الذاتية للعماد علي عبد الله أيوب نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء- وزير الدفاع"</a> (in Arabic). pministry.gov.sy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-+%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9&rft.pub=pministry.gov.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpministry.gov.sy%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D16919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_Balance_2023-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Military_Balance_2023_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hackett,_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2023" class="citation book cs1">James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1372013483"><i>The Military Balance 2023</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-40022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-40022-6"><bdi>978-1-003-40022-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1372013483">1372013483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.place=London&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1372013483&rft.isbn=978-1-003-40022-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1372013483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristouMcKernan2024" class="citation news cs1">Christou, William; McKernan, Bethan (8 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/08/syrians-celebrate-fall-of-bashar-al-assad-after-five-decades-of-dynastic-rule">"Syrians celebrate fall of Bashar al-Assad after five decades of dynastic rule"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrians+celebrate+fall+of+Bashar+al-Assad+after+five+decades+of+dynastic+rule&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Christou&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fdec%2F08%2Fsyrians-celebrate-fall-of-bashar-al-assad-after-five-decades-of-dynastic-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraits_Times2024_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraits_Times2024">Straits Times 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/syria-s-new-rulers-appoint-defense-foreign-ministers-/7910040.html">"Syria's new rulers appoint defense, foreign ministers"</a>. 21 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+new+rulers+appoint+defense%2C+foreign+ministers&rft.date=2024-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsyria-s-new-rulers-appoint-defense-foreign-ministers-%2F7910040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987190-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987190_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollack2002">Pollack 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002457–458_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollack2002">Pollack 2002</a>, p. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199072-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199072_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1990">Seale 1990</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhalla-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhalla2011" class="citation web cs1">Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis?elq=2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe#ixzz1LTPFUuuw">"Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214700/https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis?elq=2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe#ixzz1LTPFUuuw">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Syrian+Crisis&rft.pub=Stratfor&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Bhalla&rft.aufirst=Reva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratfor.com%2Fweekly%2F20110504-making-sense-syrian-crisis%3Felq%3D2ef73758a9434404bd465acd3490d5fe%23ixzz1LTPFUuuw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5"><bdi>978-0-313-26213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26213-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/03/israel-deploys-artillery-after-golan-blast-2014318173434341989.html">"Israel bombs Syria's Golan after blast"</a>. Al Jazeera English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+bombs+Syria%27s+Golan+after+blast&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F03%2Fisrael-deploys-artillery-after-golan-blast-2014318173434341989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_Deitch2017" class="citation news cs1">Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214426/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-missiles-fired-israeli-jets-struck-syria-050954013.html">"Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes"</a>. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-missiles-fired-israeli-jets-struck-syria-050954013.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+fires+missiles+at+Israeli+jets+after+airstrikes&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.au=Ian+Deitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-missiles-fired-israeli-jets-struck-syria-050954013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisburd1997" class="citation book cs1">Weisburd, Arthur (1997). <i>Use of force: the practice of states since World War II</i>. Penn State Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271016801" title="Special:BookSources/9780271016801"><bdi>9780271016801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+force%3A+the+practice+of+states+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780271016801&rft.aulast=Weisburd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Eric V. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329721">"Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>93, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329721">4329721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Will+Syria+Have+to+Withdraw+from+Lebanon%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E93%2C+76&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Eric+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. 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Nijhoff. 1986. pp. <span class="nowrap">196–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. 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Nijhoff. 1986. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3247-6"><bdi>90-247-3247-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376">12663376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+legal+regulation+of+the+use+of+force&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12663376&rft.isbn=90-247-3247-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12663376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12663376"><i>The Current legal regulation of the use of force</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Al-Qaida-linked+group+accused+of+torture+in+areas+of+Syria+it+controls&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fdec%2F19%2Fal-qaida-linked-group-accused-torture-syria-amnesty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSylvia" class="citation news cs1">Sylvia, Westall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx#axzz3E5YPzKAf">"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922220210/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-19/271153-assads-army-stretched-but-still-seen-strong.ashx#axzz3E5YPzKAf">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=SDF+says+it+will+be+joining+the+Syrian+army&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fvoa-kurdish-sdf-says-it-will-be-joining-the-syrian-army%2F7980107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSh2025" class="citation web cs1">Sh (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/the-view-from-damascus-sdf-seeks-integration-into-syrian-army-as-talks-with-damascus-gain-momentum.html">"The View from Damascus – SDF Seeks Integration into Syrian Army as Talks with Damascus Gain Momentum - The Syrian Observer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35434-2"><bdi>978-0-313-35434-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729022116/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcdZ9s2IAwMC&pg=PA30&dq=russian+navy+syria+tartous">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+security+watch%E2%80%94Russia%3A+A+reference+handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35434-2&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVcdZ9s2IAwMC%26q%3Drussian%2Bnavy%2Bsyria%2Btartous%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105813/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php">the original</a> on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIPRI+Arms+Transfers+Database&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Fvalues.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amos-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amos_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmos2011" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/news-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring/442712.html">"News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222175458/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/news-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring/442712.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=News+Analysis%3A+Russia+Damages+Image+in+Arab+Spring&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Fnews-analysis-russia-damages-image-in-arab-spring%2F442712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAST-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAST_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cast.ru/files/2011/all-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf">"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120172100/http://www.cast.ru/files/2011/all-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+defence+industry+and+arms+trade%3A+facts+and+figures&rft.pub=Centre+for+Analysis+of+Strategies+and+Technologies.+pp+15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cast.ru%2Ffiles%2F2011%2Fall-stats_eng_2011_05_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2011" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Henry (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/assad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html">"Assad Ouster Bid May Unleash 'Chaos in Mideast,' Russia Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427145004/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/assad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Assad+Ouster+Bid+May+Unleash+%27Chaos+in+Mideast%2C%27+Russia+Says&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-09-07%2Fassad-ouster-bid-may-unleash-chaos-in-mideast-russia-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/14/1050172532711.html">"Syria not next on list, says Britain"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 14 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418190419/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/14/1050172532711.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Syria+not+next+on+list%2C+says+Britain&rft.date=2003-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F04%2F14%2F1050172532711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai1987264-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai1987264_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinai1987">Sinai 1987</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rottman1993-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman1993_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Rottman1993" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58"><i>Armies of the Gulf War</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-277-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-277-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422075655/http://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Gulf+War&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1993-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-277-6&rft.au=Gordon+Rottman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfT5KsdYk4cC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQVYf1y_FDE"><span class="plainlinks">Soviet SCHMS Respirator</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTvyAMGenL4"><span class="plainlinks">My Russian SCHMS gas mask with hose</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032508955" title="Special:BookSources/9781032508955"><bdi>9781032508955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=9781032508955&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". <i>The Military Balance</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-27900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-27900-8"><bdi>978-1-032-27900-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=978-1-032-27900-8&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2019). "The Military Balance 2019". <i>The Military Balance</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04597222.2018.1561033">10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-9022">1479-9022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219628874">219628874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2019&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219628874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1479-9022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04597222.2018.1561033&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2011). <i>The Military Balance 2011</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-606-8"><bdi>978-1-85743-606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2011&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-606-8&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2010" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (2010). <i>The Military Balance 2010</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-557-3"><bdi>978-1-85743-557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2010&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-557-3&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth</a> (2002). <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-3733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+at+War%3A+Military+Effectiveness%2C+1948%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3733-9&rft.au=Pollack%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzkopf1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr">Schwarzkopf, H. Norman</a> (1993). <i>It Doesn't Take a Hero: The Autobiography of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-56338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-56338-2"><bdi>978-0-553-56338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Doesn%27t+Take+a+Hero%3A+The+Autobiography+of+General+H.+Norman+Schwarzkopf&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-553-56338-2&rft.aulast=Schwarzkopf&rft.aufirst=H.+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeale1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Seale" title="Patrick Seale">Seale, Patrick</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal"><i>Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06976-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06976-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06976-3&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasadofsyriastrug00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinai1987" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/sy/syriacountrystud00coll_0/syriacountrystud00coll_0_djvu.txt"><i>A Country Study, Syria</i></a>. Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%2C+Syria&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fsy%2Fsyriacountrystud00coll_0%2Fsyriacountrystud00coll_0_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStraits_Times2024" class="citation news cs1">Straits Times (24 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/syrian-ex-rebel-factions-agree-to-merge-under-defence-ministry">"Syrian ex-rebel factions agree to merge under defence ministry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+ex-rebel+factions+agree+to+merge+under+defence+ministry&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.au=Straits+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-ex-rebel-factions-agree-to-merge-under-defence-ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZP7AQAAQBAJ"><i>Armed Forces in the Middle East: Politics and Strategy</i></a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Rubin" title="Barry Rubin">Barry Rubin</a> and Thomas A. Kearney. London and Portland, OR: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>, 2002. BESA studies in international security, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1368-9541">1368-9541</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714652555" title="Special:BookSources/0714652555">0714652555</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714682454" title="Special:BookSources/0714682454">0714682454</a>. Syria chapter by Eyal Zisser.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Center for Strategic and International Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf">Middle East Military Balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029095517/https://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabdecision.org/inst_brows_3_5_3_1_3_7.htm.htm">Syria's Army and Armed Forces</a> profiles of people and institutions provided by the <i>Arab Decision</i> project</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607002502/http://www.armyrecognition.com/syrian_syria_conflict_revolution/analysis_of_the_syrian_army_air_force_and_air_defence_power_threats_in_case_of_no-fly_zone_1301125.html">Analysis of the Syrian army air force and air defence threats in case of the no-fly zone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976DAMASC07071_b.html">Key Figures in Asad's Military Command</a> – command structure developments 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/syria-army-assad-fall.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/syria-army-assad-fall.html</a> - corruption hollowing out Syrian army before 2024 collapse</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> (1963–2024) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Post-Assad Syria</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Syria" title="Electricity in Syria">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4um%C4%81t_ad-Diy%C4%81r" title="Ḥumāt ad-Diyār">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> 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states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies and other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template talk:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_National_Development" title="Army of National Development">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>italic</i> - country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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