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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Background and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynastic_conflict_with_Cyrus_the_Younger_(401_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_conflict_with_Cyrus_the_Younger_(401_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_conflict_with_Cyrus_the_Younger_(401_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_against_Sparta_(396-387_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_against_Sparta_(396-387_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_against_Sparta_(396-387_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_agreement_with_Sparta_(387_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_agreement_with_Sparta_(387_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_agreement_with_Sparta_(387_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_campaign_(373_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_campaign_(373_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Egypt campaign (373 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_campaign_(373_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unfolding_of_the_Egyptian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfolding_of_the_Egyptian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfolding_of_the_Egyptian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Satraps_(372-362_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_the_Satraps_(372-362_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Satraps_(372-362_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_mediation_in_the_Theban–Spartan_War_(368-366_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_mediation_in_the_Theban–Spartan_War_(368-366_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_mediation_in_the_Theban–Spartan_War_(368-366_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Building projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Building projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb_at_Persepolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_at_Persepolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tomb at Persepolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_at_Persepolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Artaxerxes II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أردشير الثاني الأخميني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أردشير الثاني الأخميني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Artakserks" title="II Artakserks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Artakserks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D9%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="ایکینجی اردشیر (هخامنشی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی اردشیر (هخامنشی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_2-s%C3%A8" title="Artaxerxes 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Artaxerxes 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_II" title="Артаксеркс II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артаксеркс II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_de_P%C3%A8rsia" title="Artaxerxes II de Pèrsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artaxerxes II de Pèrsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerx%C3%A9s_II." title="Artaxerxés II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Artaxerxés II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II,_brenin_Persia" title="Artaxerxes II, brenin Persia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Artaxerxes II, brenin Persia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II." title="Artaxerxes II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artaxerxes II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αρταξέρξης Β΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρταξέρξης Β΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artajerjes_II" title="Artajerjes II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artajerjes II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserkso_la_2-a" title="Artakserkso la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artakserkso la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II.a_Mnemon" title="Artaxerxes II.a Mnemon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artaxerxes II.a Mnemon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اردشیر دوم، شاهنشاه هخامنشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردشیر دوم، شاهنشاه هخامنشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerx%C3%A8s_II" title="Artaxerxès II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artaxerxès II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%ED%81%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="아르타크세르크세스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르타크세르크세스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BD_II" title="Արտաքսերքսես II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտաքսերքսես II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserkso_II." title="Artakserkso II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Artakserkso II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artahsasta_II" title="Artahsasta II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artahsasta II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaserse_II_di_Persia" title="Artaserse II di Persia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artaserse II di Persia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ארתחששתא השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארתחששתא השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_II" title="არტაქსერქსე II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტაქსერქსე II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_II" title="Артаксеркс II – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артаксеркс II" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_(rex_Persarum)" title="Artaxerxes II (rex Persarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Artaxerxes II (rex Persarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserksas_II" title="Artakserksas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Artakserksas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Artakhsaszj%C3%A1_perzsa_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Artakhsaszjá perzsa király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Artakhsaszjá perzsa király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserksesy_II" title="Artakserksesy II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Artakserksesy II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="اردشير التانى الاخمينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اردشير التانى الاخمينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اردشیر دوم هخامنشی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اردشیر دوم هخامنشی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="アルタクセルクセス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルタクセルクセス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_av_Persia" title="Artaxerxes II av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artaxerxes II av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserkses_II" title="Artakserkses II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Artakserkses II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_al_II-lea" title="Artaxerxes al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artaxerxes al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_II" title="Артаксеркс II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артаксеркс II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_o_Persie" title="Artaxerxes II o Persie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Artaxerxes II o Persie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II." title="Artaxerxes II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Artaxerxes II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserks_II." title="Artakserks II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Artakserks II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_II" title="Артаксеркс II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артаксеркс II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserks_II" title="Artakserks II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Artakserks II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artakserkses_II" title="Artakserkses II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Artakserkses II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் அர்தசெராக்சஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் அர்தசெராக்சஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="จักรพรรดิอาร์ตาเซิร์กซีสที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิอาร์ตาเซิร์กซีสที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_II" title="Ардашери II – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ардашери II" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Artaserhas" title="II. Artaserhas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Artaserhas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_II" title="Артаксеркс II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артаксеркс II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="اردشیر دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردشیر دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Artaxerxes II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E8%96%9B%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿尔塔薛西斯二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔塔薛西斯二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 to 359/8 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Artaxerxes II<br />𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg/250px-Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg/375px-Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg/500px-Artaxerxes_II_relief_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="2050" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">The <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a> of Artaxerxes II in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">405/4–359/8 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Arses<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 436 BC</span> (or 453 BC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 359 – April 358 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder2008109,_359_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder2008109,_359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)">Stateira</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Darius (son of Artaxerxes II)">Darius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ariaspes" title="Ariaspes">Ariaspes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodogune_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Rhodogune (daughter of Artaxerxes II)">Rhodogune</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arses</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρσης</span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name <b>Artaxerxes II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo"><small>𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂</small></span> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Artaxšaçāʰ</i></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρταξέρξης</span></span>), was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 423 – 405/4 BC</span>) and his mother was <a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a>. </p><p>Soon after his accession, Artaxerxes II faced opposition from his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>, who assembled an army composed of troops from his <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> satrapies as well as Greek mercenaries in his bid for the throne. The forces of the brothers clashed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Cunaxa</a> in 401 BC, which resulted in the defeat and death of Cyrus. Following this, Artaxerxes II had to contend with several other revolts; a revolt by <a href="/wiki/Evagoras_I" title="Evagoras I">Evagoras I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 411–374 BC</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> between 391–380 BC, by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 380 BC</span>, and most importantly, the revolts by the western satraps (known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a>) in the 360s and 350s BC, led by distinguished figures such as <a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a>. </p><p>The rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> notably considered Artaxerxes II their <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The given name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Arses (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρσης</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Babylonian</a>: <i>Aršu</i>), derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>*Ṛšā-</i> ("man", "hero"). He was also widely known by the hypocorism <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8E%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣">Aršak</a></i></span>, which is attested in several Greek forms including <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arsikas</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arsakas</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arsaces</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Persica_(Ctesias)" title="Persica (Ctesias)">Persica</a></i>). From <i>Arsaces</i> also derives the name of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">Arsacid dynasty</a>, which ruled the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and claimed descent from Artaxerxes II himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002986,_1150_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002986,_1150-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder200897–98_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder200897–98-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021146_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artaxerxēs</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αρταξέρξης</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> rendition of the Old Persian <i>Artaxšaçā</i> ("whose reign is through <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">truth</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986a654–655_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986a654–655-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known in other languages as; <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> <i>Ir-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša</i>, <i>Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša</i>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>Ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <i>Ardašīr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1983178_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1983178-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II the epithet "Mnemon" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μνήμων</span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <i lang="peo">abiataka</i>), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life and reign of Artaxerxes II is mostly attested in classical Greek sources, which generally focuses on the history of the western front. However, due to Artaxerxes II's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> recruiting many Greeks during his rebellion against his brother, the reign of Artaxerxes II is well documented until Cyrus' death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a> in 401 BC. Following that, detailed information on the rest of Artaxerxes II's reign become much more sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutarch, when writing his <i>Life of Artaxerxes II</i>, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a few others as references. The work is the only biography of an Achaemenid king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the modern historian Carsten Binder, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source of information" and that it "should be treated with the greatest caution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arses was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, who ruled the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> from 424 to 405/4 BC. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a>, a half-sister of Darius II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201776_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201776-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His age at death is variously given as 86 (<a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>) and 94 (<a href="/wiki/Dinon" title="Dinon">Dinon</a>) years, which would place his birth around 453 or 445 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder200885,_109,_355_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder200885,_109,_355-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another author states that he was "at least in his late seventies in the early 360s".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darius II and Parysatis had thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely. Thus the only known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Cyrus, <a href="/wiki/Ostanes_(son_of_Darius_II)" title="Ostanes (son of Darius II)">Ostanes</a>, Oxathres, and an older sister, Amestris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of Arsaces and Cyrus, not much is known about the children of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely born in 424/423 BC, just after the accession of Darius II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 408 BC, at the age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phrygia">Greater Phrygia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. He also succeeded <a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a> as the commander-in-chief of the Persian force stationed at <a href="/wiki/Castolus_(Lydia)" title="Castolus (Lydia)">Castolus</a>, east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1993524–526_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1993524–526-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus was given the title of <i>karanos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a>: <i>*Karana</i>), which greatly expanded his authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to become largely autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before his accession, Arsaces married <a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)">Stateira</a>, the daughter of the Persian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Hydarnes_(father_of_Stateira)" title="Hydarnes (father of Stateira)">Hydarnes</a>, who was descended from <a href="/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a>, one of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Pseudo-Smerdis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2004588–590_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2004588–590-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was part of a political alliance that Darius had sought during his early reign, due to facing opposition against his rule. Amestris was also married to Hydarnes' son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terituchmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terituchmes (page does not exist)">Terituchmes</a>, while Hydarnes was appointed the satrap of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2017101_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2017101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2006225_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2006225-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013353_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, as she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as his heir, as the position was still vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians question Plutarch's account, and state that Arsaces must have already been chosen as heir previously, probably several years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the coronation of Arsaces at the southern capital of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, Cyrus allegedly attempted to have his brother assassinated. The plan was exposed by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention of Parysatis and sent back to Asia Minor. The authenticity of this event is deemed uncertain by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002616_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002616-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Binder, the transition of power between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a>, Arsaces adopted the throne name of Artaxerxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201313_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201313-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastic_conflict_with_Cyrus_the_Younger_(401_BC)"><span id="Dynastic_conflict_with_Cyrus_the_Younger_.28401_BC.29"></span>Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on a military expedition to attack the <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidians</a> had many flaws that led him to believe that Cyrus was planning to revolt. These claims became realized when Cyrus began to seek political support for his campaign. Cyrus found support from <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, who sent soldiers to aid the campaign against Artaxerxes II. Notably, Cyrus found support from a Persian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a>, who contributed to the effort through funds. During this time, due to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up a force to contend with his younger brother's revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Darius II's death, Cyrus had already been successful in defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a large army made up of his initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond. Upon hearing of his father's death, Cyrus the Younger declared his claim to the throne, based on the argument that he was born to Darius and Parysatis after Darius had ascended to the throne, while Artaxerxes was born prior to Darius II's gaining the throne. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/220px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/330px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/440px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Retreat of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a>, Jean Adrien Guignet</figcaption></figure> <p>Artaxerxes II initially wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully, but the negotiations fell through.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus also ran into issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes defended his position against his brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of a large army of Greek mercenaries called the "<a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a>", attempted to usurp the throne. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a> in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange by Mithridates, rendering his victory irrelevant. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, himself one of the leaders of the Greek troops, would later recount this battle in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>, focusing on the struggle of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_against_Sparta_(396-387_BC)"><span id="Conflict_against_Sparta_.28396-387_BC.29"></span>Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Altikulac_Sarcophagus_Dynast_of_Hellespontine_Phrygia_attacking_a_Greek_psiloi_early_4th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption>Armoured cavalry of Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a> attacking a Greek <a href="/wiki/Psiloi" title="Psiloi">psiloi</a> at the time of Artaxerxes II and his Satrap <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1kula%C3%A7_Sarcophagus" title="Altıkulaç Sarcophagus">Altıkulaç Sarcophagus</a>, early fourth century BC</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a></div> <p>Artaxerxes became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, during the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> (395-387 BC). The Spartans under their king <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a> had started by invading Asia Minor in 396–395 BC. To redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy <a href="/wiki/Timocrates_of_Rhodes" title="Timocrates of Rhodes">Timocrates of Rhodes</a>; in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinthians</a> received massives subsidies. Tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Darics" class="mw-redirect" title="Darics">darics</a>, the main currency in <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a>, were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subsidies helped to engage the Spartans in what would become known as the Corinthian War. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor, "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (<i><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></i>) the Greek nickname for the darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes to start a war against Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed to utterly destroy the Spartan fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a> (394 BC). After that, the Achaemenid satrap of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a>, together with former Athenian admiral <a href="/wiki/Conon" title="Conon">Conon</a>, raided the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesia">Peloponnesia</a>, putting increased pressure on the Spartans. This encouraged the resurgence of Athens, which started to bring back under her control the Greek cities of Asia Minor, thus worrying Artaxerxes II that his Athenian allies were becoming too powerful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_agreement_with_Sparta_(387_BC)"><span id="Final_agreement_with_Sparta_.28387_BC.29"></span>Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg/220px-King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg/330px-King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg/440px-King%27s_Peace_387_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">King's Peace</a>, promulgated by Artaxerxes II in 387 BC, put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> under the guarantee of the Achaemenid Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 386 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Antalcidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Antalcidas">Treaty of Antalcidas</a>, he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a> on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC, he <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes%27_II_Cadusian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign">campaigned against the Cadusians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_campaign_(373_BC)"><span id="Egypt_campaign_.28373_BC.29"></span>Egypt campaign (373 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Egypt campaign (373 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes had more trouble with the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a>, who had successfully revolted against him at the beginning of his reign. An attempt to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus</a>, satrap of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a>, was completely unsuccessful, but in his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to conquer <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unfolding_of_the_Egyptian_campaign">Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg/170px-Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg/255px-Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg/340px-Achaemenid_campaign_against_Egypt_373_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid campaign of Pharnabazus II against Egypt in 373 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>After four years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered an expeditionary force of 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under <a href="/wiki/Iphicrates" title="Iphicrates">Iphicrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IG372_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall the Greek general <a href="/wiki/Chabrias" title="Chabrias">Chabrias</a>, who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian ruler <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a> was thus supported by Athenian General Chabrias and his mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Achaemenid force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general Iphicrates near <a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a> in 373 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-IG373_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defenses. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>, but retired without attacking it, <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a>, king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (<a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> xv. 42; <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iphicrates" title="Iphicrates">Iphicrates</a></i> c. 5.) Fortifications on the <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusiac</a> branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. Then, the annual <a href="/wiki/Nile_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile flood">Nile flood</a> and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1994348_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1994348-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several weeks, the Persians and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates had to re-embark. The expedition against Egypt had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-IG373_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-IG_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharnabazus was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a> to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "Satraps' Revolt" against the Great King.<sup id="cite_ref-IG_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_the_Satraps_(372-362_BC)"><span id="Revolt_of_the_Satraps_.28372-362_BC.29"></span>Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></div> <p>The Achaemenid defeat in Egypt led to unrest among the Achaemenid nobility. From 372 BC, many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a>, starting with the powerful satrap <a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a>. Following the failure of <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a> in Egypt, Datames had been entrusted by the Persian king with the chief command of a force designed for the recovery of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, but the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to which he was in consequence exposed, induced him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance to the king. He withdrew with the troops under his command into <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and made common cause with the other satraps who were revolting from Persia. </p><p>The Pharaoh Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992377_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992377-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artaxerxes II finally quashed the revolt of the satraps by 362 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_mediation_in_the_Theban–Spartan_War_(368-366_BC)"><span id="Peace_mediation_in_the_Theban.E2.80.93Spartan_War_.28368-366_BC.29"></span>Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/170px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/255px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/340px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a> of Artaxerxes II</figcaption></figure> <p>Artaxerxes again attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Theban%E2%80%93Spartan_War" title="Theban–Spartan War">Theban–Spartan War</a>. He sent <a href="/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos" title="Philiscus of Abydos">Philiscus of Abydos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hyparch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyparch">hyparch</a> (vice-regent) and military commander of the Achaemenid satrap <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a>, to Delphi in order to help the Greek negotiate peace.<sup id="cite_ref-JH113_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such to help broker a Common Peace between the Greek belligerents reunited at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JF_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiation collapsed when Thebes refused to return <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a> to the Spartans.<sup id="cite_ref-JF_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before returning to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an army for the Spartans, suggesting that he was acting in support of the Spartans from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-JF_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Achaemenid financing of a new army, Sparta was able to continue the war.<sup id="cite_ref-PS_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans.<sup id="cite_ref-JH113_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also probably provided funds to the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the King, to help them recover the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonese">Chersonese</a> militarily.<sup id="cite_ref-JH113_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Philiscus and Ariobarzanes were made citizens of Athens, a remarkable honor suggesting important services rendered to the city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-JH113_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, the Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa in attempts to obtain the support of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-JF_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaemenid king proposed a new peace treaty, this time highly tilted in favour of Thebes, which required Messenia to remain independent and that the Athenian fleet to be dismantled. This Peace proposal was rejected by most Greek parties except Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PS_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with the Persian king's support of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, decided to provide careful military support to the opponents of the Achaemenid king. Athens and Sparta provided support for the revolted satraps, in particular <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a>. Sparta sent a force to Ariobarzanes under an aging <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a>, while Athens sent a force under <a href="/wiki/Timotheus_(general)" title="Timotheus (general)">Timotheus</a>, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king.<sup id="cite_ref-PS_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Athenian mercenary force under <a href="/wiki/Chabrias" title="Chabrias">Chabrias</a> was also sent to the Egyptian Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Tachos</a>, who was also fighting against the Achaemenid king.<sup id="cite_ref-PS_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Building projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_(r.404-358_BCE)_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/400px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/600px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/800px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Ethnicities of the soldiers of the Empire, on the tomb of Artaxerxes II. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are known collectively as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a2pa/">"Inscription A2Pa"</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of Artaxerxes' wealth was spent on building projects. He restored the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_I_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Darius I at Susa">Palace of Darius I at Susa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt at the south-east corner of the enclosure and gave <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> a new <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">apadana</a> and sculptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb_at_Persepolis">Tomb at Persepolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tomb at Persepolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tomb of Artaxerxes II is located at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, and was built on the model of his predecessors at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>. On the upper register of the tomb appear reliefs of the Emperor, supported by the soldiers of all ethnicities of the Empire. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are known collectively as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a2pa/">"Inscription A2Pa"</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis."><img alt="Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg/120px-Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg/180px-Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg/240px-Persepolis_-_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="1841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Artaxerxes II in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis."><img alt="Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Artaxerxes_II_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Artaxerxes II in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_(r.404-358_BCE)_Upper_Relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper Relief of the tomb of Artaxerxes II."><img alt="Upper Relief of the tomb of Artaxerxes II." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upper Relief of the tomb of Artaxerxes II.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_(r.404-358_BCE)_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief"><img alt="Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policies">Religious policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–486 BC</span>), Achaemenid inscriptions make mention of unnamed gods alongside <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was considered the supreme god of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> pantheon by the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger20211286_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger20211286-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first under Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were uncovered. In a trilingual inscription at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, he invokes the deities <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> alongside Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artaxerxes II was thus the first known Achaemenid king to recognize Anahita, who was the divinity of "the Waters" and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted the worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the goddess across the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202189_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202189-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>, Susa, and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Anahita,_Istakhr" title="Temple of Anahita, Istakhr">temple of Anahita</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a> was also most likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of the 3rd century AD, the temple was repaired and adorned by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sasanian family</a>, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Persian Empire under Artaxerxes II was viewed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as a political power that had many unfortunate complications, such as the many wars with Greece. One aspect of his legacy which would have great influence upon his successors was his conflict with Cyrus the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the power vacuum that followed, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Satrap Revolt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">rebellion of Egypt</a>. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his works to restore monuments of his predecessors. His largest restoration was that of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a>. He would also be remembered for his tomb in Persepolis. </p><p>The image of Artaxerxes from contemporary foreign sources depicts him in a similar light to his image among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with many conflicts and shortcomings of Artaxerxes II in his ability to control his empire. Greek sources also focus on his problems in his court with his harem and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>'s accounts of <a href="/wiki/Aspasia_of_Phocaea" title="Aspasia of Phocaea">Aspasia of Phocaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_(eunuch)" title="Tiridates (eunuch)">Tiridates</a>. Greek sources portray Artaxerxes II as sad in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Johanan_(High_Priest)" title="Johanan (High Priest)">high priest Johanan</a> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Johanan_(High_Priest)#Archaeology" title="Johanan (High Priest)">Elephantine papyri</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to 407 BC, i.e., during <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>'s reign, and is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ezra#Timeline" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ezra+6%3A10&version=KJV">6:10</a> after the reign of Darius (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+6%3A1&version=KJV">Ezra 6:1</a>) and during the rule of Artaxerxes (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+7%3A1&version=KJV">Ezra 7:1</a>), thereby supporting the chronological sequence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus#Historical_identification" title="Ahasuerus">Amongst others</a>, it has been suggested that Artaxerxes II was the <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his <i>Lives</i> (AD 75) records alternative names <i>Oarses</i> and <i>Arsicas</i> for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by <a href="/wiki/Deinon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinon">Deinon</a> (c. 360–340 BC<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (Artexerxes II's physician<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These derive from the Persian name <i>Khshayarsha</i> as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the <a href="/wiki/Hypocoristicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoristicon">hypocoristicon</a> "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (<i>LBAT</i> 162<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hosch_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosch-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. The 13th century Syriac historian <a href="/wiki/Bar-Hebraeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar-Hebraeus">Bar-Hebraeus</a> in his <i>Chronography</i>, also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was <a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)">Stateira</a>, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother <a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a> in about 400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>By <a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)">Stateira</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Darius (son of Artaxerxes II)">Darius</a> (probably aged over 50 in 366 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989306_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989306-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ariaspes" title="Ariaspes">Ariaspes</a> or Ariarathes</dd> <dd>Ochus (<a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodogune_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Rhodogune (daughter of Artaxerxes II)">Rhodogune</a>, wife of satrap <a href="/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atossa_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Atossa (daughter of Artaxerxes II)">Atossa</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sisygambis" title="Sisygambis">Sisygambis</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>By other wives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(son_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Arsames (son of Artaxerxes II)">Arsames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_(son_of_Artaxerxes_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithridates (son of Artaxerxes II) (page does not exist)">Mithridates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phriapatius_(son_of_Artaxerxes_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phriapatius (son of Artaxerxes II) (page does not exist)">Phriapatius</a>(?), probable ancestor of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Parthian_sub-kingdoms" title="List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms">Arsacids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amestris_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Amestris (daughter of Artaxerxes II)">Amestris</a>, wife of Artaxerxes II</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apama_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apama (daughter of Artaxerxes II) (page does not exist)">Apama</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_(5th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnabazus (5th century BC)">Pharnabazus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocha_(daughter_of_Artaxerxes_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocha (daughter of Artaxerxes II) (page does not exist)">Ocha</a>, mother of an unnamed wife of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></dd> <dd>The unnamed wife of <a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></dd> <dd>112 other unnamed sons</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">The Anabasis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">Ten Thousand (Greek)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder2008109,_359-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder2008109,_359_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinder2008">Binder 2008</a>, pp. 109, 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002986,_1150-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002986,_1150_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 986, 1150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder200897–98-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder200897–98_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinder2008">Binder 2008</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021146-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021146_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2021">Olbrycht 2021</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986a654–655-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986a654–655_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1986a">Schmitt 1986a</a>, pp. 654–655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1983178-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1983178_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1983">Frye 1983</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1986">Wiesehöfer 1986</a>, pp. 371–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b656–658_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1986b">Schmitt 1986b</a>, pp. 656–658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002612_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021460_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsRollinger2021">Jacobs & Rollinger 2021</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201776-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201776_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017">Llewellyn-Jones 2017</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder200885,_109,_355-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder200885,_109,_355_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinder2008">Binder 2008</a>, pp. 85, 109, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002615_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Ruzicka, <i>Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 263, n. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodrazik2017278_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodrazik2017">Podrazik 2017</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1993524–526-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1993524–526_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1993">Schmitt 1993</a>, pp. 524–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2004588–590-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2004588–590_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2004">Schmitt 2004</a>, pp. 588–590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2017101-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2017101_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2017">Waters 2017</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2006225-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2006225_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2006">Lewis 2006</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013353-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013353_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhrt2013">Kuhrt 2013</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014177_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2014">Waters 2014</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002616-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002616_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201313-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201313_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2013">Llewellyn-Jones 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cyrus-the-younger/">"Cyrus the Younger - Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Younger+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fcyrus-the-younger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-achaemenid-empire/">"The Achaemenid Empire"</a>. <i>Iranologie.com</i>. 2014-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranologie.com&rft.atitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanologie.com%2Fthe-history-page%2Fthe-achaemenid-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2015" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xSBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. McFarland. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476611204" title="Special:BookSources/9781476611204"><bdi>9781476611204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins+and+Currency%3A+An+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781476611204&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xSBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaus said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand "archers"; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those people made war upon the Spartans" Plutarch 15-1-6 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmYbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1031"><i>Delphi Complete Works of Plutarch (Illustrated)</i></a>. Delphi Classics. 2013. pp. 1031, Plutarch 15-1-6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909496620" title="Special:BookSources/9781909496620"><bdi>9781909496620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Plutarch+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=1031%2C+Plutarch+15-1-6&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909496620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmYbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzwald2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIcOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History</i></a>. McFarland. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476613079" title="Special:BookSources/9781476613079"><bdi>9781476613079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+Greece+and+Rome%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476613079&rft.aulast=Schwartzwald&rft.aufirst=Jack+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIcOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzicka2012" class="citation book cs1">Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). <i>Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976662-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976662-8"><bdi>978-0-19-976662-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trouble+in+the+West%3A+Egypt+and+the+Persian+Empire%2C+525-332+BC&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=55-62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976662-8&rft.aulast=Ruzicka&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG372-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IG372_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitchFisherBoyleYarshater1985" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBbyr932QdYC&pg=PA372"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200912"><bdi>9780521200912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521200912&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+William+Bayne&rft.au=Boyle%2C+John+Andrew&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rft.au=Frye%2C+Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBbyr932QdYC%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992375–376_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, pp. 375–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzicka2012" class="citation book cs1">Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVFpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199908776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199908776"><bdi>9780199908776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trouble+in+the+West%3A+Egypt+and+the+Persian+Empire%2C+525-332+BC&rft.pages=99-105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199908776&rft.aulast=Ruzicka&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVFpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG373-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IG373_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG373_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitchFisherBoyleYarshater1985" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBbyr932QdYC&pg=PA373"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200912"><bdi>9780521200912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521200912&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+William+Bayne&rft.au=Boyle%2C+John+Andrew&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rft.au=Frye%2C+Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBbyr932QdYC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1994348-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1994348_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1994">Lloyd 1994</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IG_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitchFisherBoyleYarshater1985" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBbyr932QdYC&pg=PA374"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200912"><bdi>9780521200912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521200912&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+William+Bayne&rft.au=Boyle%2C+John+Andrew&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rft.au=Frye%2C+Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBbyr932QdYC%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992377-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992377_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JH113-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JH113_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JH113_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JH113_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JH113_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeskel1997" class="citation book cs1">Heskel, Julia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djGmzkjbyGUC&pg=PA113"><i>The North Aegean Wars, 371-360 B.C</i></a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515069175" title="Special:BookSources/9783515069175"><bdi>9783515069175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Aegean+Wars%2C+371-360+B.C&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9783515069175&rft.aulast=Heskel&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjGmzkjbyGUC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JH-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JH_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JH_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeskel1997" class="citation book cs1">Heskel, Julia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djGmzkjbyGUC&pg=PA96"><i>The North Aegean Wars, 371-360 B.C</i></a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515069175" title="Special:BookSources/9783515069175"><bdi>9783515069175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Aegean+Wars%2C+371-360+B.C&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9783515069175&rft.aulast=Heskel&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjGmzkjbyGUC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JF-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JF_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JF_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JF_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JF_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JF_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1983" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john"><i>The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john/page/584">584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033146" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033146"><bdi>9780674033146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780674033146&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreeks00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PS_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouzaFrance2008" class="citation book cs1">Souza, Philip de; France, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j7zoDeWTdwC&pg=PA41"><i>War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139469487" title="Special:BookSources/9781139469487"><bdi>9781139469487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+History&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139469487&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Philip+de&rft.au=France%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j7zoDeWTdwC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1983" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john"><i>The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john/page/585">585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033146" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033146"><bdi>9780674033146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780674033146&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreeks00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darius_in_the_Shadow_of_Alexander_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j02xBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Darius in the Shadow of Alexander</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674493094" title="Special:BookSources/9780674493094"><bdi>9780674493094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darius+in+the+Shadow+of+Alexander&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674493094&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj02xBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/A2Sa.html">"Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: A2Sa"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+Royal+Inscriptions%3A+A2Sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Faa-ac%2Fachaemenians%2FA2Sa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021463_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsRollinger2021">Jacobs & Rollinger 2021</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger20211286-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger20211286_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsRollinger2021">Jacobs & Rollinger 2021</a>, p. 1286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceChaumontBier1985_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceChaumontBier1985">Boyce, Chaumont & Bier 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202189-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202189_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2021">Olbrycht 2021</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j02xBQAAQBAJ&q=Artaxerxes+II&pg=PA25"><i>Darius in the Shadow of Alexander</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674493094" title="Special:BookSources/9780674493094"><bdi>9780674493094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darius+in+the+Shadow+of+Alexander&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674493094&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj02xBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DArtaxerxes%2BII%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritchard, James B. ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691035031" title="Special:BookSources/9780691035031">9780691035031</a>, p. 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bezalel Porten (Author), J. J. Farber (Author), C. J. F. Martin (Author), G. Vittmann (Author), The Elephantine Papyri in English (Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, book 22), Koninklijke Brill NV, The Netherlands, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589836280" title="Special:BookSources/9781589836280">9781589836280</a>, p 125-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Felix, Wolfgang (November 28, 2011) [1995]. "Dinon". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dinon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Felix&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span> Adapted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Felix, Wolfgang (1995). "Dinon". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 419–420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6"><bdi>978-1-56859-022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dinon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VII%2F4%3A+Deylam%2C+John+of%E2%80%93Divorce+IV.+In+modern+Persia&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=419-420&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-022-6&rft.aulast=Felix&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jona Lendering, <i>Ctesias of Cnidus</i>, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, 1996–2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough, <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>, Little, Brown and Company, 1885</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosch-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hosch_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Hoschander, <i>The Book of Esther in the Light of History</i>, Oxford University Press, 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. W. Budge, <i>The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus</i>, Gorgias Press LLC, reprinted 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Jacob van Ginkel, <i>John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium</i>, Groningen, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986b_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1986b">Schmitt 1986b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-achaemenid-empire/">"The Achaemenid Empire"</a>. 25 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanologie.com%2Fthe-history-page%2Fthe-achaemenid-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranologie.com/history/Achaemenid/chapter%20V.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619124220/http://www.iranologie.com/history/Achaemenid/chapter%20V.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989306-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989306_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Binder, Carsten (2008). <i>Plutarchs Vita des Artaxerxes</i> (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110209945">10.1515/9783110209945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020269-4"><bdi>978-3-11-020269-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarchs+Vita+des+Artaxerxes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110209945&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020269-4&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a>; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.). <i>A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004293915" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004293915"><bdi>978-9004293915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Zoroastrianism+under+Macedonian+and+Roman+Rule&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-9004293915&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Grenet%2C+Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceChaumontBier1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyce, Mary; Chaumont, M. L.; Bier, C. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 1003–1011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-098-0"><bdi>978-0-71009-098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An%C4%81h%C4%ABd&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+I%2F9%3A+Alp+Arslan%E2%80%93%CA%BFAbd-al-Ham%C4%ABd&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=1003-1011&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-098-0&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Chaumont%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Bier%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fanahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575060316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575060316"><bdi>978-1575060316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1575060316&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrijder2014" class="citation book cs1">Brijder, Herman (2014). <i>Nemrud Dağı: Recent Archaeological Research and Conservation Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud</i>. 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Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35092-0"><bdi>978-1-444-35092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Persia%3A+The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-444-35092-0&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chahin, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC"><i>The Kingdom of Armenia: A History</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700714520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700714520"><bdi>978-0700714520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Armenia%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0700714520&rft.aulast=Chahin&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR_PHoKZ6ycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkTurner2018" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Jessica H.; Turner, Brian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIRXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society</i></a>. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"><bdi>0-521-20092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+political+history+of+Iran+under+the+Sasanians&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-20092-X&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoian2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoian, Nina</a> (2012) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armeno-iranian-relations-in-the-pre-islamic-period">"Armeno-Iranian relations in the pre-Islamic period"</a>. 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UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692864401" title="Special:BookSources/9780692864401"><bdi>9780692864401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780692864401&rft.aulast=Llewellyn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunTjswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2013" class="citation book cs1">Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mo3BQAAQBAJ"><i>King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 BCE</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7711-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-7711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Court+in+Ancient+Persia+559+to+331+BCE&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-7711-5&rft.aulast=Llewellyn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mo3BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek2016" class="citation book cs1">Marek, Christian (2016). <i>In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691159799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691159799"><bdi>978-0691159799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+a+Thousand+Gods%3A+A+History+of+Asia+Minor+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691159799&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2021" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHkxEAAAQBAJ"><i>Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004460751" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004460751"><bdi>978-9004460751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Arsakid+Parthia+%28ca.+250-165+B.C.%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9004460751&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHkxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1973" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Michael J. (1973). 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(1971). "Athens and Orontes". <i>Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>66</b>: 297–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068245400019213">10.1017/S0068245400019213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2403">2045-2403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103238">30103238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163834297">163834297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Athens+and+Orontes&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=297-321&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=2045-2403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163834297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30103238%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068245400019213&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodrazik2017" class="citation journal cs1">Podrazik, Michał (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37605861">"Rebellions against the Great King in the Achaemenid Empire: Some Remarks"</a></span>. <i>Anabasis</i>. <b>8</b>: 277–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anabasis&rft.atitle=Rebellions+against+the+Great+King+in+the+Achaemenid+Empire%3A+Some+Remarks&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=277-291&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Podrazik&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37605861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">Russell, James R.</a> (1987). <i>Zoroastrianism in Armenia</i>. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and National Association for Armenian Studies and Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674968509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674968509"><bdi>978-0674968509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrianism+in+Armenia&rft.pub=Harvard+University%2C+Department+of+Near+Eastern+Languages+and+Civilizations+and+National+Association+for+Armenian+Studies+and+Research&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0674968509&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzicka2012" class="citation book cs1">Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKGb6mD_6icC"><i>Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199766628" title="Special:BookSources/9780199766628"><bdi>9780199766628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trouble+in+the+West%3A+Egypt+and+the+Persian+Empire%2C+525%E2%80%93332+BC&rft.pages=1-311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199766628&rft.aulast=Ruzicka&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKGb6mD_6icC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hydarnes">"Hydarnes"</a>. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 658–659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-106-2"><bdi>978-0-71009-106-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artaxerxes+III&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+II%2F6%3A+Art+in+Iran+I%E2%80%93%CA%BFAr%C5%AB%C5%BC&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=658-659&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-106-2&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fartaxerxes-iii-throne-name-of-ochus-gk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2016" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). <i>The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion</i>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-208-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-208-2"><bdi>978-1-78570-208-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arsacids+and+Commagene&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+and+Early+Sasanian+Empires%3A+Adaptation+and+Expansion&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-208-2&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStylianou1998" class="citation book cs1">Stylianou, P.J. (1998). "Commentary". <i>A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815239-2"><bdi>978-0-19-815239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commentary&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Commentary+on+Diodorus+Siculus%2C+Book+15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815239-2&rft.aulast=Stylianou&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroxell1981" class="citation journal cs1">Troxell, Hyla A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=snr-003:1981:60::136">"Orontes, Satrap of Mysia"</a>. <i>Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau</i>. <b>60</b>: 27–41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4163">0035-4163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schweizerische+Numismatische+Rundschau&rft.atitle=Orontes%2C+Satrap+of+Mysia&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=27-41&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0035-4163&rft.aulast=Troxell&rft.aufirst=Hyla+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dsnr-003%3A1981%3A60%3A%3A136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2017" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifEZDgAAQBAJ"><i>Ctesias' Persica in Its Near Eastern Context</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299310905" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299310905"><bdi>978-0299310905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ctesias%27+Persica+in+Its+Near+Eastern+Context&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0299310905&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DifEZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521253697" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521253697"><bdi>978-0521253697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BCE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0521253697&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__xGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">"Ardašīr I: History"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 371–376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8"><bdi>978-0-71009-104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arda%C5%A1%C4%ABr+I%3A+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+II%2F4%3A+Architecture+IV%E2%80%93Armenia+and+Iran+IV&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=371-376&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-104-8&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fardasir-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtaxerxes+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Artaxerxes II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 436 BC</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 358 BC</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Darius_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius II of Persia">Darius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Kings of Persia</a> </b><br />404–359/8 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes III of Persia">Artaxerxes III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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title="Deioces">Deioces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(550–330 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great (Darius I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II Nothus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template talk:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a> - Achaemenid Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of Kings<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/120px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/180px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/240px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabalus" title="Tabalus">Tabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroetus" title="Oroetus">Oroetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaeus" title="Bagaeus">Bagaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)" title="Otanes (son of Sisamnes)">Otanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes" title="Artaphernes">Artaphernes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Artaphernes (nephew of Darius I)">Artaphernes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissuthnes" title="Pissuthnes">Pissuthnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithraustes" title="Tithraustes">Tithraustes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiribazus" title="Tiribazus">Tiribazus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthas" title="Struthas">Struthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spithridates" title="Spithridates">Spithridates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitrobates" title="Mitrobates">Mitrobates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megabazus" title="Megabazus">Megabazus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megabates" title="Megabates">Megabates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oebares_II" title="Oebares II">Oebares II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia" title="Artabazos I of Phrygia">Artabazus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_I" title="Pharnabazus I">Pharnabazus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Phrygia" title="Pharnaces II of Phrygia">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_III" title="Pharnabazus III">Pharnabazus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsites" title="Arsites">Arsites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Achaemenid_satraps_of_Cappadocia" title="List of Achaemenid satraps of Cappadocia">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes" title="Ariamnes">Ariamnes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithrobuzanes" title="Mithrobuzanes">Mithrobuzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Greek Governors of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongylos" title="Gongylos">Gongylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurysthenes_(Pergamon)" title="Eurysthenes (Pergamon)">Eurysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokles_(Pergamon)" title="Prokles (Pergamon)">Prokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histiaeus" title="Histiaeus">Histiaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristagoras" title="Aristagoras">Aristagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archeptolis" title="Archeptolis">Archeptolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridolis" title="Aridolis">Aridolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas II (son of Bubares)">Amyntas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos" title="Philiscus of Abydos">Philiscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kheziga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuprlli" title="Kuprlli">Kuprlli</a></li> <li>Harpagus</li> <li>Teththiweibi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a></li> <li>Artembares</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">Artumpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Dynasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygdamis of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisindelis" title="Pisindelis">Pisindelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus" title="Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adusius" title="Adusius">Adusius</a> (satrap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomnus" title="Hecatomnus">Hecatomnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrieus" title="Idrieus">Idrieus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_of_Caria" title="Ada of Caria">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixodarus" title="Pixodarus">Pixodarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontobates" title="Orontobates">Orontobates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mattan IV</li> <li>Boulomenus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdemon" title="Abdemon">Abdemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_I" title="Evagoras I">Evagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azemilcus" title="Azemilcus">Azemilcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_I" title="Eshmunazar I">Eshmunazar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabnit" title="Tabnit">Tabnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoashtart" title="Amoashtart">Queen Amoashtart (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_II" title="Eshmunazar II">Eshmunazar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatonmilk" title="Yatonmilk">Yatonmilk</a></li> <li>Anysos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramnestos" title="Tetramnestos">Tetramnestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshillem_I" title="Baalshillem I">Baalshillem I</a></li> <li>Baana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshillem_II" title="Baalshillem II">Baalshillem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennes" title="Tennes">Tennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_II" title="Evagoras II">Evagoras II</a></li> <li>Abdashtart II</li> <li>Abdashtart III</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artasyrus" title="Artasyrus">Artasyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_II" title="Orontes II">Orontes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)" title="Arsames (satrap of Egypt)">Arsames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates_II" title="Pherendates II">Pherendates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaces" title="Sabaces">Sabaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces">Mazaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadarsi" title="Dadarsi">Dadarsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masistes" title="Masistes">Masistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes_the_Younger" title="Hydarnes the Younger">Hydarnes the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syennesis_III" title="Syennesis III">Syennesis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)" title="Arsames (satrap of Cilicia)">Arsames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Other known satraps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrocomas" title="Abrocomas">Abrocomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belesys" class="mw-redirect" title="Belesys">Belesys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atizyes" title="Atizyes">Atizyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phrygia">Greater Phrygia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Persis" title="Ariobarzanes of Persis">Ariobarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers">Hellenistic rulers</a> from around 330 BC</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_of_Plutarch" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188472#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/224111652">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/191745641">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84032257">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54151776780118011519">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1949114/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWXhx3346kqTfQTBWFKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137407769">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007055710">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14979312q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14979312q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700082&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810613500605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137407769.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137407769">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/084334347">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&oldid=1257031219">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artaxerxes_II&oldid=1257031219</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artaxerxes_II" title="Category:Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></li><li><a 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