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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Software verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifact_or_specification_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifact_or_specification_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Artifact or specification verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifact_or_specification_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Software validation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifact_or_specification_validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifact_or_specification_validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Artifact or specification validation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifact_or_specification_validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validation_vs._verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validation_vs._verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Validation vs. verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validation_vs._verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V&V_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V&V_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>V&V methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-V&V_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle V&V methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-V&V_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Independent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_ESA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_ESA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>At ESA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_ESA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Requirements verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Design verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Code verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Validation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulatory environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software verification and validation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="التحقق والتثبت من البرمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التحقق والتثبت من البرمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1012" title="IEEE 1012 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IEEE 1012" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validierung_(Informatik)" title="Validierung (Informatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Validierung (Informatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="اعتبارسنجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتبارسنجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifikado_e_validigo_di_programaro" title="Verifikado e validigo di programaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Verifikado e validigo di programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABras_verifik%C4%81cija_un_valid%C4%81cija" title="Programmatūras verifikācija un validācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmatūras verifikācija un validācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifikasjon_(informatikk)" title="Verifikasjon (informatikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verifikasjon (informatikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weryfikacja_i_walidacja_(oprogramowanie)" title="Weryfikacja i walidacja (oprogramowanie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Weryfikacja i walidacja (oprogramowanie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualidade_de_software" title="Qualidade de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qualidade de software" data-language-autonym="Português" 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management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">Software design description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">Software test documentation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_user_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Software user documentation">Software user documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_reviews_and_audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Software reviews and audit">Software reviews and audit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_software_documents" title="Template:IEEE software documents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_software_documents" title="Template talk:IEEE software documents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_software_documents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE software documents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">software project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">verification and validation</a></b> is the process of checking that a software engineer system meets specifications and requirements so that it fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Software_quality_control" title="Software quality control">software quality control</a>. It is normally the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testers</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development lifecycle</a>. In simple terms, software verification is: "Assuming we should build X, does our software achieve its goals without any bugs or gaps?" On the other hand, software validation is: "Was X what we should have built? Does X meet the high-level requirements?" </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verification and validation are not the same thing, although they are often confused. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Boehm</a> succinctly expressed the difference as<sup id="cite_ref-PhamSoft99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhamSoft99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Verification: Are we building the product right?</li> <li>Validation: Are we building the right product?</li></ul> <p>"Building the product right" checks that the <i>specifications</i> are correctly implemented by the system while "building the right product" refers back to the <i>user's needs</i>. In some contexts, it is required to have written requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance. Ideally, <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formal methods</a> provide a mathematical guarantee that software meets its specifications. </p><p>Building the product right implies the use of the Requirements Specification as input for the next phase of the development process, the design process, the output of which is the Design Specification. Then, it also implies the use of the Design Specification to feed the construction process. Every time the output of a process correctly implements its input specification, the software product is one step closer to final verification. If the output of a process is incorrect, the developers have not correctly implemented some component of that process. This kind of verification is called "artifact or specification verification". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_verification">Software verification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Software verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It would imply to verify if the specifications are met by running the software but this is not possible (e.g., how can anyone know if the architecture/design/etc. are correctly implemented by running the software?). Only by reviewing its associated artifacts, can someone conclude whether or not the specifications are met. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifact_or_specification_verification">Artifact or specification verification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Artifact or specification verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The output of each software development process stage can also be subject to verification when checked against its input specification (see the definition by CMMI below). </p><p>Examples of artifact verification: </p> <ul><li>Of the design specification against the requirement specification: Do the architectural design, detailed design and database logical model specifications correctly implement the functional and non-functional requirements specifications?</li> <li>Of the construction artifacts against the design specification: Do the source code, user interfaces and database physical model correctly implement the design specification?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_validation">Software validation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Software validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software validation checks that the software product satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the software meets the user requirements, not as specification artifacts or as needs of those who will operate the software only; but, as the needs of all the stakeholders (such as users, operators, administrators, managers, investors, etc.). There are two ways to perform software validation: internal and external. During internal software validation, it is assumed that the goals of the stakeholders were correctly understood and that they were expressed in the requirement artifacts precisely and comprehensively. If the software meets the requirement specification, it has been internally validated. External validation happens when it is performed by asking the stakeholders if the software meets their needs. Different software development methodologies call for different levels of user and stakeholder involvement and feedback; so, external validation can be a discrete or a continuous event. Successful final external validation occurs when all the stakeholders accept the software product and express that it satisfies their needs. Such final external validation requires the use of an <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">acceptance test</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_testing" title="Dynamic testing">dynamic test</a>. </p><p>However, it is also possible to perform internal static tests to find out if the software meets the requirements specification but that falls into the scope of static verification because the software is not running. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifact_or_specification_validation">Artifact or specification validation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Artifact or specification validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requirements should be validated before the software product as a whole is ready (the waterfall development process requires them to be perfectly defined before design starts; but iterative development processes do not require this to be so and allow their continual improvement). </p><p>Examples of artifact validation: </p> <ul><li>User Requirements Specification validation: User requirements as stated in a document called User Requirements Specification are validated by checking if they indeed represent the will and goals of the stakeholders. This can be done by interviewing the stakeholders and asking them directly (static testing) or even by releasing prototypes and having the users and stakeholders to assess them (dynamic testing).</li> <li>User input validation: User input (gathered by any peripheral such as a keyboard, bio-metric sensor, etc.) is <a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">validated</a> by checking if the input provided by the software operators or users meets the domain rules and constraints (such as data type, range, and format).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validation_vs._verification">Validation vs. verification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Validation vs. verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">Capability Maturity Model</a> (CMMI-SW v1.1),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Software Validation: The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. [IEEE-STD-610]</li> <li>Software Verification: The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. [IEEE-STD-610]</li></ul> <p>Validation during the software development process can be seen as a form of User Requirements Specification validation; and, that at the end of the development process is equivalent to Internal and/or External Software validation. Verification, from CMMI's point of view, is evidently of the artifact kind. </p><p>In other words, software verification ensures that the output of each phase of the software development process effectively carries out what its corresponding input artifact specifies (requirement -> design -> software product), while software validation ensures that the software product meets the needs of all the stakeholders (therefore, the requirement specification was correctly and accurately expressed in the first place). Software verification ensures that "you built it right" and confirms that the product, as provided, fulfills the plans of the developers. Software validation ensures that "you built the right thing" and confirms that the product, as provided, fulfills the intended use and goals of the stakeholders. </p><p>This article has used the strict or <a href="/wiki/Software_verification#Narrow_scope" title="Software verification">narrow</a> definition of verification. </p><p>From a testing perspective: </p> <ul><li>Fault – wrong or missing function in the code.</li> <li>Failure – the manifestation of a fault during execution. The software was not effective. It does not do "what" it is supposed to do.</li> <li>Malfunction – according to its specification the system does not meet its specified functionality. The software was not efficient (it took too many resources such as CPU cycles, it used too much memory, performed too many I/O operations, etc.), it was not usable, it was not reliable, etc. It does not do something "how" it is supposed to do it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both verification and validation are related to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">software quality assurance</a>. By themselves, verification and validation do not guarantee software quality; planning, <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceability</a>, configuration management and other aspects of software engineering are required. </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Modeling_and_simulation" title="Modeling and simulation">modeling and simulation</a> (M&S) community, the definitions of verification, validation and accreditation are similar: </p> <ul><li>M&S Verification is the process of determining that a <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer model</a>, simulation, or federation of models and simulation implementations and their associated data accurately represent the developer's conceptual description and specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missile_Defense_Agency-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>M&S Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model, simulation, or federation of models and simulations, and their associated data are accurate representations of the real world from the perspective of the intended use(s).<sup id="cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missile_Defense_Agency-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">Accreditation</a> is the formal certification that a model or simulation is acceptable to be used for a specific purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missile_Defense_Agency-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The definition of M&S validation focuses on the accuracy with which the M&S represents the real-world intended use(s). Determining the degree of M&S accuracy is required because all M&S are approximations of reality, and it is usually critical to determine if the degree of approximation is acceptable for the intended use(s). This stands in contrast to software validation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V&V_methods"><span id="V.26V_methods"></span>V&V methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: V&V methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal">Formal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mission-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission-critical">mission-critical</a> software systems, <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formal methods</a> may be used to ensure the correct operation of a system. These formal methods can prove costly, however, representing as much as 80 percent of total software design cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent">Independent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Independent Software Verification and Validation (ISVV)</b> is targeted at safety-critical <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> systems and aims to increase the quality of software products, thereby reducing risks and costs throughout the operational life of the software. The goal of ISVV is to provide assurance that software performs to the specified level of confidence and within its designed parameters and defined requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISVV activities are performed by independent engineering teams, not involved in the software development process, to assess the processes and the resulting products. The ISVV team independency is performed at three different levels: financial, managerial and technical. </p><p>ISVV goes beyond "traditional" verification and validation techniques, applied by development teams. While the latter aims to ensure that the software performs well against the nominal requirements, ISVV is focused on non-functional requirements such as robustness and reliability, and on conditions that can lead the software to fail. </p><p>ISVV results and findings are fed back to the development teams for correction and improvement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISVV derives from the application of IV&V (Independent Verification and Validation) to the software. Early ISVV application (as known today) dates back to the early 1970s when the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> sponsored the first significant program related to IV&V for the Safeguard <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile">Anti-Ballistic Missile</a> System.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is NASA's IV&V Program, which was established in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1970s IV&V was rapidly becoming popular. The constant increase in complexity, size and importance of the software led to an increasing demand on IV&V applied to software. </p><p>Meanwhile, IV&V (and ISVV for software systems) consolidated and is now widely used by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/DoD" class="mw-redirect" title="DoD">DoD</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Verification and Validation Facility">NASA</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IV&V is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/DO-178B" title="DO-178B">DO-178B</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">ISO/IEC 12207</a> and formalized in <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1012" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1012">IEEE 1012</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_ESA">At ESA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: At ESA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially in 2004-2005, a European consortium led by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, and composed of <a href="/wiki/DNV_GL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNV GL">DNV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_Software" title="Critical Software">Critical Software SA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terma_A/S" title="Terma A/S">Terma</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCISYS" class="mw-redirect" title="SCISYS">CODA SciSys plc</a> created the first version of a guide devoted to ISVV, called "ESA Guide for Independent Verification and Validation" with support from other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This guide covers the methodologies applicable to all the software engineering phases in what concerns ISVV. </p><p>In 2008 the European Space Agency released a second version, having received inputs from many different European Space ISVV stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology">Methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISVV is usually composed of five principal phases, these phases can be executed sequentially or as results of a tailoring process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planning">Planning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Planning of ISVV activities</li> <li>System criticality analysis: Identification of critical components through a set of <a href="/wiki/RAMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RAMS">RAMS</a> activities (Value for Money)</li> <li>Selection of the appropriate methods and tools</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Requirements_verification">Requirements verification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Requirements verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Verification for: completeness, correctness, testability</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Design_verification">Design verification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Design verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Design adequacy and conformance to software requirements and interfaces</li> <li>Internal and external consistency</li> <li>Verification of feasibility and maintenance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Code_verification">Code verification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Code verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Verification for: completeness, correctness, consistency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_metric" title="Software metric">Code metrics</a> analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_conventions" title="Coding conventions">Coding standards</a> compliance verification</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Validation">Validation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Identification of unstable components/functionalities</li> <li>Validation focused on error-handling: complementary (not concurrent) validation regarding the one performed by the development team</li> <li>Compliance with software and <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">system requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Black box testing">Black box testing</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="White box testing">White box testing</a> techniques</li> <li>Experience based techniques</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulatory_environment">Regulatory environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regulatory environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software often must meet the compliance requirements of legally regulated industries, which is often guided by government agencies<sup id="cite_ref-gpsv_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsv-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dgi21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dgi21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or industrial administrative authorities. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> requires software versions and <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patches</a> to be validated.<sup id="cite_ref-gicn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gicn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_correctness" title="Compiler correctness">Compiler correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">Formal verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Independent Verification and Validation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Software_Testing_Qualifications_Board" title="International Software Testing Qualifications Board">International Software Testing Qualifications Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification" title="Software verification">Software verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">Software requirements specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validation_(drug_manufacture)" title="Validation (drug manufacture)">Validation (drug manufacture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a> – General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_Validation_of_Computer_Simulation_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification and Validation of Computer Simulation Models">Verification and Validation of Computer Simulation Models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_verification_systems" title="Independent verification systems">Independent verification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">Static code analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson_Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" title="Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>1012-2012 IEEE Standard for System and Software Verification and Validation</i>. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2012.6204026">10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6204026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-7268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-7268-2"><bdi>978-0-7381-7268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1012-2012+IEEE+Standard+for+System+and+Software+Verification+and+Validation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2012.6204026&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-7268-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran1999" class="citation book cs1">Tran, E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/verification/index.html">"Verification/Validation/Certification"</a>. In Koopman, P. (ed.). <i>Topics in Dependable Embedded Systems</i>. Carnegie Mellon University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verification%2FValidation%2FCertification&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Dependable+Embedded+Systems&rft.pub=Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.cmu.edu%2F~koopman%2Fdes_s99%2Fverification%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenziesY._Hu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Menzies, T.; Y. Hu (2003). "Data mining for very busy people". <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_(magazine)" title="Computer (magazine)">Computer</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1): 22–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2003.1244531">10.1109/MC.2003.1244531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=Data+mining+for+very+busy+people&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.2003.1244531&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Y.+Hu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok/html/ch11">Chapter on Software quality (including VnV)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208090340/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok/html/ch11">Archived</a> 2014-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/SWEBOK" class="mw-redirect" title="SWEBOK">SWEBOK</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PhamSoft99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhamSoft99_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham,_H.1999" class="citation book cs1">Pham, H. (1999). <i>Software Reliability</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 567. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9813083840" title="Special:BookSources/9813083840"><bdi>9813083840</bdi></a>. <q>Software Validation. The process of ensuring that the software is performing the right process. Software Verification. The process of ensuring that the software is performing the process right." Likewise and also there: "In short, Boehm (3) expressed the difference between the software verification and software validation as follows: Verification: <i>Are we building the product right?</i> Validation: <i>Are we building the right product?</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Reliability&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9813083840&rft.au=Pham%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=6217">"CMMI for Software Engineering, Version 1.1, Staged Representation (CMMI-SW, V1.1, Staged)"</a>. <i>resources.sei.cmu.edu</i>. 31 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resources.sei.cmu.edu&rft.atitle=CMMI+for+Software+Engineering%2C+Version+1.1%2C+Staged+Representation+%28CMMI-SW%2C+V1.1%2C+Staged%29&rft.date=2002-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.sei.cmu.edu%2Flibrary%2Fasset-view.cfm%3Fassetid%3D6217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missile_Defense_Agency-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Missile_Defense_Agency_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Department of Defense Documentation of Verification, Validation & Accreditation (VV&A) for Models and Simulations</i>, Missile Defense Agency, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+Defense+Documentation+of+Verification%2C+Validation+%26+Accreditation+%28VV%26A%29+for+Models+and+Simulations&rft.pub=Missile+Defense+Agency&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1981" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, R. (1981-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.1981-2100">"Planning for independent software verification and validation"</a>. <i>3rd Computers in Aerospace Conference</i>. Computers in Aerospace Conference. 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Heidelberg, Germany: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.2008-3517">10.2514/6.2008-3517</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62410-167-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62410-167-0"><bdi>978-1-62410-167-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceOps+2008+Conference&rft.atitle=A+Independent+Software+Verification+and+Validation+Process+for+Space+Applications&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F6.2008-3517&rft.isbn=978-1-62410-167-0&rft.aulast=Ambrosio&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Mattiello-Francisco%2C+F%C3%A1tima&rft.au=Martins%2C+Eliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2514%252F6.2008-3517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Robert O. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+Industry%3A+Part+11%2C+Electronic+Records%3B+Electronic+Signatures+%E2%80%94+Scope+and+Application&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FDrugs%2FGuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation%2FGuidances%2FUCM072322.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gicn-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gicn_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm077823.pdf">"Guidance for Industry: Cybersecurity for Networked Medical Devices Containing Off-the Shelf (OTS) Software"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 14 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+Industry%3A+Cybersecurity+for+Networked+Medical+Devices+Containing+Off-the+Shelf+%28OTS%29+Software&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2005-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FMedicalDevices%2FDeviceRegulationandGuidance%2FGuidanceDocuments%2Fucm077823.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+verification+and+validation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_verification_and_validation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" 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