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border:1px none #000; padding:10px; } .google_custom_1 { width:900px; background:#ffffff; margin:0px 10px 0px 0px;} .google_custom_2 { width:900px; background:#ffffff; margin:0px 10px 0px 0px;} .google_custom_1 .heading a {font-size:11px; color:#000000;} .google_custom_1 .url {font-size:10px; color:#666666;} .google_custom_1 .headline {text-decoration:underline;} .google_custom_2 .heading a {font-size:11px; color:#000000;} .google_custom_2 .headline {text-decoration:underline;} .google_custom_2 .url {font-size:10px; color:#666666;} .google_block_style { width:301px; height:251px; background:#ffffff; float:left; margin:0px 10px 0px 0px;} </style><div><div><script type="text/javascript"></script></div><p><b>JOHN</b> (1167-1216), king of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/England" title="England">England</a>, the youngest son of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_Ii" title="Henry Ii">Henry II</a>. by <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, was born at <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> on the 24th of December 1167. He was given at an early age the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> of Lackland because, unlike his elder brothers, he received no apanage in the continental provinces. But his future was a subject of anxious thought to Henry II. When only five years old John was betrothed (1173) to the heiress of Maurienne and Savoy, a principality which, as dominating the chief routes from <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> to <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, enjoyed a consequence out of all proportion to its area. Later, when this plan had fallen through, he was endowed with castles, revenues and lands on both sides of the channel; the vacant earldom of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> was reserved for him (1175); he was betrothed to Isabella the heiress of the earldom of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> (1176); and he was granted the lordship of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> with the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Homage" title="Homage">homage</a> of the Anglo-Irish baronage (1177). </p><p>Henry II. even provoked a civil war by attempting to transfer the duchy of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> from the hands of Richard Coeur de <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a> to those of John (1183). In spite of the incapacity which he displayed in this war, John was sent a little later 'to govern Ireland (1185); but he returned in a few months covered with disgrace, having alienated the loyal chiefs by his childish insolence and entirely failed to defend the settlers from the hostile septs. Remaining henceforth at his father's side he was treated with the utmost <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgence</a>. But he joined with his brother Richard and the French <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/King_Philip" title="King Philip">king Philip</a> Augustus in the great <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a> of 1189, and the discovery of his <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> broke the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> of the old king (see <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_Ii" title="Henry Ii">Henry Ii</a>.). </p><p>Richard on his accession confirmed John's existing possessions; married him to Isabella of Gloucester; and gave him, besides other grants, the entire revenues of six English shires; but excluded him from any share in the regency which was appointed to govern England during the third crusade; and only allowed him to live in the kingdom because urged to this concession by their mother. Soon after the king's departure for the Holy Land it became known that he had designated his nephew, the young <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Arthur" title="Arthur">Arthur</a> of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, as his successor. John at once began to intrigue against the regents with the aim of securing England for himself. He picked a quarrel with the unpopular chancellor <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Longchamp" title="William Longchamp">William Longchamp</a>, and succeeded, by the help of the barons and the Londoners, in expelling this minister, whose chief <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fault" title="Fault">fault</a> was that of fidelity to the absent Richard. Not being permitted to succeed Longchamp as the head of the administration, John next turned to <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Philip" title="Philip">Philip</a> Augustus for help. A <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bargain" title="Bargain">bargain</a> was struck; and when Richard was captured by Leopold, duke of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (December 1192), the allies endeavoured to prevent his release, and planned a <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Partition" title="Partition">partition</a> of his dominions. They were, however, unable to win either English or <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Norman" title="Norman">Norman</a> support and their schemes collapsed with Richard's return (March 1194). He magnanimously pardoned his brother, and they lived on not unfriendly terms for the next five years. On his deathbed Richard, reversing his former arrangements, caused his barons to swear fealty to John (1199), although the hereditary claim of Arthur was by the law of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> undoubtedly superior. </p><p>England and <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, after some hesitation, recognized John's title; the attempt of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anjou" title="Anjou">Anjou</a> and Brittany to assert the rights of Arthur ended disastrously by the capture of the young prince at Mirebeau in <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> (1202). But there was no part of his dominions in which John inspired personal devotion. Originally accepted as a political necessity, he soon came to be detested by the people as a <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> and despised by the nobles for his cowardice and <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>. He inherited great difficulties - the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Feud" title="Feud">feud</a> with France, the dissensions of the continental provinces, the growing indifference of England to foreign conquests, the discontent of all his subjects with a strict executive and severe <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Taxation" title="Taxation">taxation</a>. But he cannot be acquitted of personal responsibility for his misfortunes. Astute in small matters, he had no breadth of view or foresight; his policy was continually warped by his passions or caprices; he flaunted vices of the most sordid kind with a cynical indifference to public opinion, and shocked an age which was far from tenderhearted by his ferocity to vanquished enemies. He treated his most respectable supporters with base ingratitude, reserved his favour for unscrupulous adventurers, and gave a free <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rein" title="Rein">rein</a> to the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Licence" title="Licence">licence</a> of his mercenaries. While possessing considerable gifts of mind and a latent fund of energy, he seldom acted or reflected until the favourable moment had passed. Each of his great humiliations followed as the natural result of crimes or blunders. By his <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> from Isabella of Gloucester he offended the English baronage (1200); by his marriage with Isabella of Angouleme, the betrothed of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hugh" title="Hugh">Hugh</a> of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Lusignan" title="Lusignan">Lusignan</a>, he gave an opportunity to the discontented Poitevins for invoking French assistance and to Philip Augustus for pronouncing against him a sentence of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Forfeiture" title="Forfeiture">forfeiture</a>. The <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of Arthur (1203) ruined his cause in Normandy and Anjou; the story that the court of the peers of France condemned him for the murder is a <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a>, but no legal process was needed to convince men of his <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Guilt" title="Guilt">guilt</a>. In the later quarrel with <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Innocent_Iii" title="Innocent Iii">Innocent III</a>. (1207-1213; see <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Langton%2C_Stephen&action=edit" class="new" title="Langton, Stephen">Langton, Stephen</a>) he prejudiced his case by proposing a worthless favourite for the primacy and by plundering those of the clergy who bowed to the pope's sentences. Threatened with the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a> of his barons he drove all whom he suspected to desperation by his terrible severity towards the Braose family (1210); and by his continued misgovernment irrevocably estranged the lower classes. When submission to <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> had somewhat improved his position he squandered his last resources in a new and unsuccessful war with France (1214), and enraged the feudal classes by new claims for military service and scutages. The barons were consequently able to exact, in <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> (June 1215), much more than the redress of legitimate grievances; and the people allowed the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Crown" title="Crown">crown</a> to be placed under the control of an oligarchical committee. When once the sovereign power had been thus divided, the natural consequence was civil war and the intervention of the French king, who had long watched for some such opportunity. John's struggle against the barons and Prince Louis (1216), afterwards King <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_VIII" title="Louis VIII">Louis VIII</a>., was the most creditable <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Episode" title="Episode">episode</a> of his career. But the calamitous situation of England at the moment of his death, on the 19th of October 1216, was in the main his work; and while he lived a national reaction in favour of the dynasty was out of the question. </p><p>John's second wife, Isabella of Angouleme (d. 1246), who married her former lover, Hugh of Lusignan, after the English king's death, bore the king two sons, <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_Iii" title="Henry Iii">Henry III</a>. and Richard, earl of Cornwall; and three daughters, <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Joan" title="Joan">Joan</a> (1210-1238), wife of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>., king of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Isabella (d. 1241), wife of the <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Frederick_Ii" title="Frederick Ii">Frederick II</a>., and Eleanor (d. 1274), wife of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and then of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Simon_de_Montfort%2C_earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester</a>. John had also two illegitimate sons, Richard and Oliver, and a daughter, Joan or <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Joanna" title="Joanna">Joanna</a>, who married <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Llewelyn" title="Llewelyn">Llewelyn</a> I. <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ab_Iorwerth_Llewelyn_I" title="Ab Iorwerth Llewelyn I">ab Iorwerth</a>, prince of North Wales, and who died in 1236 or 1237. </p> <div class="editsection" style="float:right;margin-left:5px;">[<a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=John_Of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="John Of England">edit</a>]</div><a name="Authorities"></a><h2>Authorities</h2> <p>The chief chronicles for the reign are Gervase of Canterbury's <i>Gesta regum,</i> Ralf of Coggeshall's <i>Chronicon,</i> Walter of Coventry's <i>Memoriale,</i> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Roger" title="Roger">Roger</a> of Wendover's <i><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> historiarum,</i> the Annals of <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Burton" title="Burton">Burton</a>, Dunstaple and Margan - all these in the Rolls Series. The French chronicle of the so-called "Anonyme de <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bethune" title="Bethune">Bethune</a>" (Bouquet, <i>Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France,</i> vol. xxiv.), the <i>Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d'Angleterre </i> (ed. F. Michel, <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1840) and the metrical biography of William the Marshal (<i>Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal,</i> ed. <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/%28Marie%29_Paul_Hyacinthe_Meyer" title="(Marie) Paul Hyacinthe Meyer">Paul Meyer</a>, 3 vols., Paris, 1891, &c.) throw valuable light on certain episodes. H. S. Sweetman's <i><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a> of Documents relating to Ireland,</i> vol. i. (Rolls Series); W.H. Bliss's <i>Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers,</i> vol. i. (Rolls Series); Potthast's <i>Regesta pontificum,</i> vol. i. (Berlin, 1874); Sir T. D. Hardy's <i>Rotuli litterarum clausarum</i> (Rec. Commission, 1835) and <i>Rotuli litterarum patentium</i> (Rec. Commission, 1835) and L. Delisle's <i>Catalogue desactes de Philippe Auguste</i> (Paris, 1856) are the most important guides to the documents. Of modern works W. Stubbs's <i>Constitutional history,</i> vol. i. (Oxford, 1897); the same writer's preface to <i><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Walter_Of_Coventry" title="Walter Of Coventry">Walter of Coventry</a>,</i> vol. ii. (Rolls Series); Miss K. Norgate's <i>John Lackland</i> (London, 1902); C. Petit-Dutaillis' <i>Etude sur la vie et le regne de Louis VIII.</i> (Paris, 1894) and W. S. McKechnie's <i>Magna Carta</i> (Glasgow, 1905) are among the most useful. (H. W. C. D.) </p> <br clear="all"/><table width="100%" align="center" border="0"> <tr> <div style="text-align:left"><script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script></div><td width="50%" align="left"> <p><< <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_VI_of_Byzantium" title="John VI of Byzantium">John VI of Byzantium</a> </p> </td><td width="50%" align="right"> <p><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_I_Of_Aragon" title="John I Of Aragon">John I Of Aragon</a> >> </p> </td></tr></table> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Of_England">http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Of_England</a>"</div> </div> <div id="catlinks"><p class="catlinks"><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=John_Of_England" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Category:JIR-JON" title="Category:JIR-JON">JIR-JON</a> | <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Category:History_of_France_before_1789" title="Category:History of France before 1789">History of France before 1789</a></p></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-image: url(/web/20130529144359im_/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/images/vgleft.jpg);position:absolute;width:100%;top:22px;Z-INDEX: 0;"><img src="/web/20130529144359im_/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/images/right.jpg" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Main_Page"><img src="/web/20130529144359im_/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/images/vg.jpg" style="float:none"></a></div> <div id="column-one"> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"> <h5>Views</h5> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Of_England">Article</a> </li> <li id="ca-talk" class="new"> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:John_Of_England&action=edit">Discussion</a> </li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/New:John_Of_England?action=edit">what's new</a></li> </li> <li id="ca-edit"> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=John_Of_England&action=edit">Edit</a> </li> <li id="ca-history"> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=John_Of_England&action=history">History</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"> <h5>Personal tools</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li id="pt-login"> <a href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin&returnto=John_Of_England">Create an account or log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"> <a style="background-image: url(/web/20130529144359im_/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/skins/common/images/wiki.png);" href="/web/20130529144359/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Main_Page"></a> </div> <script language="JavaScript" src="/web/20130529144359js_/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/skins/js/MyNav.php"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 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