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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Inline_linking_and_HTTP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_linking_and_HTTP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Inline linking and HTTP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_linking_and_HTTP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_uses_of_linked_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_uses_of_linked_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common uses of linked content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_uses_of_linked_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_uses_of_inline_linking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_uses_of_inline_linking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversial uses of inline linking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_uses_of_inline_linking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Client_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Client_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Client side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Client_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Server side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues_raised_by_inline_linking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues_raised_by_inline_linking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright issues raised by inline linking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues_raised_by_inline_linking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inline linking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86" title="الربط الساخن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الربط الساخن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinking" title="Hotlinking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hotlinking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinking" title="Hotlinking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hotlinking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinking" title="Hotlinking – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hotlinking" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinking" title="Hotlinking – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hotlinking" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-link" title="Hot-link – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hot-link" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinken" title="Hotlinken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hotlinken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="直リンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直リンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlink" title="Hotlink – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hotlink" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Хотлинк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хотлинк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlinking" title="Hotlinking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hotlinking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotlink" title="Hotlink – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hotlink" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="直接連結 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="直接連結" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Inline_linking" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Inline_linking" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&oldid=1255117431" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Inline_linking&id=1255117431&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInline_linking"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInline_linking"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Inline_linking&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inline_linking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q719934" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of a linked object on one web page to a second site</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hotlink" redirects here. For the Malaysian prepaid mobile service, see <a href="/wiki/Maxis_Communications" title="Maxis Communications">Maxis Communications</a>.</div> <p><b>Inline linking</b> (also known as <b>hotlinking</b>, <b>piggy-backing</b>, <b>direct linking</b>, <b>offsite image grabs</b>, <b>bandwidth theft</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-bandwidth-theft_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandwidth-theft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>leeching</b>) is the use of a linked object, often an image, on one site by a web page belonging to a second site. One site is said to have an inline link to the other site where the object is located. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inline_linking_and_HTTP">Inline linking and HTTP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Inline linking and HTTP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technology behind the World Wide Web, the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP), does not make any distinction of types of links—all links are functionally equal. Resources may be located on any server at any location. </p><p>When a website is visited, the browser first downloads the textual content in the form of an HTML document. The downloaded HTML document may call for other HTML files, images, scripts and/or <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">stylesheet</a> files to be processed. These files may contain <code><img></code> tags which supply the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a> which allow images to display on the page. The HTML code generally does not specify a server, meaning that the web browser should use the same server as the parent code (<code><img src="picture.jpg" /></code>). It also permits absolute URLs that refer to images hosted on other servers (<code><img src="http://www.example.com/picture.jpg" /></code>). </p><p>When a browser downloads an HTML page containing such an image, the browser will contact the remote server to request the image content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_uses_of_linked_content">Common uses of linked content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common uses of linked content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to display content from one site within another is part of the original design of the Web's <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> medium. Common uses include: </p> <ul><li>It is copyright infringement to make copies of a work for which the person making copies has no license, but there is no infringement when the re-user provides a simple text link within an HTML document that points to the location of the original image or file (simply called a "link").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Web architects may deliberately segregate the images of a site on one server or a group of servers. Hosting images on separate servers allows the site to divide the bandwidth requirements between servers. As an example, the high-volume site <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> stores its "front page" at <code>slashdot.org</code>, individual stories on servers such as <code>games.slashdot.org</code> or <code>it.slashdot.org</code>, and serves images for each host from <code>images.slashdot.org</code>.</li> <li>An article on one site may choose to refer to copyrighted images or content on another site via inline linking, which may avoid rights and ownership issues that copying the original files could raise. However, this practice is generally discouraged due to resulting bandwidth loading of the source, and the source provider is often offended because the viewer is not seeing the whole original page, which provides the intended context of the image.</li> <li>Many web pages include <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner ads</a>. Banner ads are images hosted by a company that acts as middleman between the advertisers and the websites on which the ads appear. The <code><img></code> tag may specify a URL to a <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> script on the ad server, including a string uniquely identifying the site producing the traffic, and possibly other information about the person viewing the ad, previously collected and associated with a cookie. The CGI script determines which image to send in response to the request.</li> <li>Some websites hotlink from a faster server to increase client loading speed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hit counter">Hit counters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_counter" title="Web counter">Web counters</a> show how many times a page has been loaded. Several companies provide hit counters that are maintained off site and displayed with an inline link.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_uses_of_inline_linking">Controversial uses of inline linking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversial uses of inline linking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blurring of boundaries between sites can lead to other problems when the site violates users' expectations. Other times, inline linking can be done for malicious purposes. </p> <ul><li>Content sites where the object is stored and from which it is retrieved may not like the new placement.</li> <li>Inline linking to an image stored on another site increases the bandwidth use of that site even though the site is not being viewed as intended. The complaint may be the loss of ad revenue or changing the perceived meaning through an unapproved context.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks may include inline links to a legitimate site to gain the confidence of a victim.</li> <li>Pay-per-content services may attempt to restrict access to their content through complex scripting and inline linking techniques.</li> <li>Inline objects can be used to perform <a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">drive-by attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a>, exploiting <a href="/wiki/Security_bug" title="Security bug">faults</a> in the code that interprets the objects. When an object is stored on an external server, the referring site has no control over if and when an originally beneficial object's content is replaced by malicious content.</li> <li>The requests for inline objects usually contain the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referrer" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP referrer">referrer</a> information. This leaks information about the browsed pages to the servers hosting the objects (see <a href="/wiki/Web_visitor_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Web visitor tracking">web visitor tracking</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oops!_Hotlinking_not_allowed_(Tahupedia.com).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oops%21_Hotlinking_not_allowed_%28Tahupedia.com%29.jpg/220px-Oops%21_Hotlinking_not_allowed_%28Tahupedia.com%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Oops%21_Hotlinking_not_allowed_%28Tahupedia.com%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A placeholder image used when attempting to hotlink to a website which disallows it</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Client_side">Client side</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Client side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most web browsers will blindly follow the URL for inline links, even though it is a frequent security complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embedded images may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bug</a> to track users or to relay information to a third party. Many <a href="/wiki/Ad_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad filtering">ad filtering</a> browser tools will restrict this behavior to varying degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_side">Server side</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Server side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some servers are programmed to use the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer header</a> to detect hotlinking and return a condemnatory message, commonly in the same format, in place of the expected image or media clip. Most servers can be configured to partially protect hosted media from inline linking, usually by not serving the media or by serving a different file.<sup id="cite_ref-bandwidth-theft_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandwidth-theft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/URL_rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="URL rewriting">URL rewriting</a> is often used (e.g., mod_rewrite with <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a>) to reject or redirect attempted hotlinks to images and media to an alternative resource. Most types of electronic media can be redirected this way, including video files, music files, and animations (such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a>). </p><p>Other solutions usually combine <a href="/wiki/URL_rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="URL rewriting">URL rewriting</a> with some custom complex server side scripting to allow hotlinking for a short time, or in more complex setups, to allow the hotlinking but return an alternative image with reduced quality and size and thus reduce the bandwidth load when requested from a remote server. All hotlink prevention measures risk deteriorating the user experience on the third-party website.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_issues_raised_by_inline_linking">Copyright issues raised by inline linking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copyright issues raised by inline linking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most significant legal fact about inline linking, relative to copyright law considerations, is that the inline linker does not place a copy of the image file on its own Internet server. Rather, the inline linker places a pointer on its Internet server that points to the server on which the proprietor of the image has placed the image file. This pointer causes a user's browser to jump to the proprietor's server and fetch the image file to the user's computer. US courts have considered this a decisive fact in copyright analysis. Thus, in <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> explained why inline linking did not violate US copyright law: </p> <blockquote><p>Google does not...display a copy of full-size infringing photographic images for purposes of the Copyright Act when Google frames in-line linked images that appear on a user's computer screen. Because Google's computers do not store the photographic images, Google does not have a copy of the images for purposes of the Copyright Act. In other words, Google does not have any "material objects...in which a work is fixed...and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated" and thus cannot communicate a copy. Instead of communicating a copy of the image, Google provides HTML instructions that direct a user's browser to a website publisher's computer that stores the full-size photographic image. Providing these HTML instructions is not equivalent to showing a copy. First, the HTML instructions are lines of text, not a photographic image. Second, HTML instructions do not themselves cause infringing images to appear on the user's computer screen. The HTML merely gives the address of the image to the user's browser. The browser then interacts with the computer that stores the infringing image. It is this interaction that causes an infringing image to appear on the user's computer screen. Google may facilitate the user's access to infringing images. However, such assistance raised only contributory liability issues and does not constitute direct infringement of the copyright owner's display rights. ...While in-line linking and framing may cause some computer users to believe they are viewing a single Google webpage, the Copyright Act...does not protect a copyright holder against [such] acts....</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">Deep linking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bandwidth-theft-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bandwidth-theft_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandwidth-theft_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Shannon2007" class="citation web cs1">Ross Shannon (2007-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourhtmlsource.com/sitemanagement/bandwidththeft.html">"Bandwidth Theft"</a>. yourhtmlsource.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-16</span></span>. <q>Some webmasters will try to directly link to your images from their pages. Luckily, a simple configuration change provides the necessary fix.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandwidth+Theft&rft.pub=yourhtmlsource.com&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.au=Ross+Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourhtmlsource.com%2Fsitemanagement%2Fbandwidththeft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+linking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Masnick2010" class="citation web cs1">Mike Masnick (6 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100105/0109067611.shtml">"Is Inline Linking To An Image Copyright Infringement?"</a>. Techdirt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Inline+Linking+To+An+Image+Copyright+Infringement%3F&rft.pub=Techdirt&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.au=Mike+Masnick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20100105%2F0109067611.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+linking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C_Greene2007" class="citation web cs1">Thomas C Greene (2007-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/02/20/vista_security_oversold/">"Vista Security Oversold"</a>. theregister.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vista+Security+Oversold&rft.pub=theregister.co.uk&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.au=Thomas+C+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fvista_security_oversold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+linking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Scott2004" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Scott (2004-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/hotlinking/">"Smarter Image Hotlinking Prevention"</a>. alistapart.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smarter+Image+Hotlinking+Prevention&rft.pub=alistapart.com&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft.au=Thomas+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alistapart.com%2Farticles%2Fhotlinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+linking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandersen2016" class="citation web cs1">Aleksandersen, Daniel (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slightfuture.com/webdev/modern-hotlink-protection">"Image quality degradation as a hotlink prevention measure and deterrent"</a>. <i>Slight Future</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slight+Future&rft.atitle=Image+quality+degradation+as+a+hotlink+prevention+measure+and+deterrent&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Aleksandersen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slightfuture.com%2Fwebdev%2Fmodern-hotlink-protection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+linking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">487 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2007).</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&oldid=1255117431">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inline_linking&oldid=1255117431</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_terminology" title="Category:Internet terminology">Internet terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">File sharing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypertext" title="Category:Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_ethics" title="Category:Internet ethics">Internet ethics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 06:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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