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class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-header-content"> <h1 class="entry-title">Using Content Security Policy (CSP) to secure web applications</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <a class="author" href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/author/zbigniewbanach/" rel="author"> Zbigniew Banach </a> - <time class="updated" datetime="2016-10-04T11:02:25+00:00">Thu, 02 May 2024</time> - <ul class="social-media-share"> <li><a class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Using+Content+Security+Policy+%28CSP%29+to+secure+web+applications&url=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> <li><a class="facebook" href="https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> <li><a class="linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="entry-excerpt"> <p>Content Security Policy (CSP) is a computer security standard that provides an added layer of protection against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other client-side attacks that rely on executing malicious content in the context of a trusted web page. This article shows how to use CSP headers to protect websites against XSS attacks and other attempts to bypass same-origin policy.</p> </div> <div class="subscribe-form"> <form action="https://netsparker.us18.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=5b95175e9d922bf109568e064&id=c41662cd70" method="post" target="_blank" class="maillist-subscribe"> <input class="form-control" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Enter your email to signup for the latest posts" type="email" required value=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary">Subscribe</button> </form> <p> Your Information will be kept <a href="https://www.invicti.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">private</a>. </p> </div> <div class="subscribe-form-scroll"> <span>Stay up to date on web security trends</span> <form action="https://netsparker.us18.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=5b95175e9d922bf109568e064&id=c41662cd70" method="post" target="_blank" class="maillist-subscribe"> <input class="form-control" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Email" type="email" required value=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary">SUBSCRIBE</button> </form> <p> Your Information will be kept <a href="https://www.invicti.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">private</a>. </p> </div> </div> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-768x403.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-300x158.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-1024x538.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy.webp 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-768x403.png" height="403" width="768" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-768x403.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-300x158.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy-1024x538.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122213/content-security-policy.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" class="entry-image wp-post-image sp-no-webp" alt="Using Content Security Policy (CSP) to secure web applications" fetchpriority="high" > </picture> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Content Security Policy (CSP) is a security standard that allows you to prevent many types of code injection attacks, including <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/" rel="noreferrer">cross-site scripting (XSS)</a>, <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/" rel="noreferrer">clickjacking</a>, and other attacks that involve executing malicious content in the context of a web page that is trusted by the browser. By putting the right CSP directives in HTTP response headers, you can precisely specify and limit data sources that are permitted by your website or application. Learn how to use CSP headers to protect your sites against XSS and other attacks that attempt to bypass same-origin policy.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why do you need to use CSP?</h2> <p>Much of web application security is based around <a href="https://www.invicti.com/white-papers/whitepaper-same-origin-policy/" rel="noreferrer">same-origin policy (SOP)</a>—a fundamental principle that prevents sites from accessing data outside their origin. (For SOP, having the same origin means having the same domain, protocol, and port.) Enforcing this would be quite enough to secure sites from malicious external content, but it would also break the modern web, which requires sites to include lots of assets from external sources. Open any modern site in Dev Tools and look at everything that gets loaded: scripts and other resources from content delivery networks (CDNs), Google Analytics scripts, fonts, styles, comment modules, social media buttons… the list goes on. </p> <p>At the same time, malicious hackers continue to use cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks to trick websites trusted by the user into delivering malicious code. Browsers execute all code from a trusted origin and can’t tell which code is legitimate, so without additional safety measures related to SOP, any injected malicious code would be trusted and executed as well.</p> <p>This is how we get to Content Security Policy (CSP)—a standardized set of directives that tell the browser which content sources to trust and which to block. Using carefully defined policies, you can restrict the types of content the browser accepts to eliminate many common injection vectors and significantly reduce the risk of XSS attacks. CSP also provides an extra layer of security by enforcing modern script coding styles.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">CSP history and browser support</h2> <p>Content Security Policy is a recommendation of the W3C working group on web application security. Version 1 (aka Level 1) was proposed in 2012, with <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP2/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Level 2</a> following in 2014, and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Level 3</a> as the current draft recommendation. While only a recommendation, CSP was quickly implemented by browser vendors, starting with Firefox 4. The majority of modern browsers <a href="https://caniuse.com/#feat=contentsecuritypolicy2" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">support all or nearly all Level 2 directives</a>, so this article describes CSP Level 2 as the current <em>de facto</em> standard.</p> <p>Historically, CSP implementations have used three different content security policy header names, though only one remains in use today:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>Content-Security-Policy</code>: Standard header name recommended by W3C and used by all modern implementations and currently the only header to use.</li> <li><code>X-WebKit-CSP</code> (deprecated): Experimental header used in the past by Chrome and other WebKit-based browsers.</li> <li><code>X-Content-Security-Policy</code> (deprecated): Experimental header used in the past by browsers based on Gecko 2.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Using CSP directives</h2> <p>CSP allows you to define a variety of content restrictions using directives that are typically specified in HTTP response headers. Here’s an example of adding CSP headers for an Apache web server:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Header set Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self';"</code></pre> <p>When added to the <code>httpd.conf</code> or <code>.htaccess</code> file, this line will set a default policy to allow only content from the current origin.</p> <p>If needed, you can also provide specific directives at page level using HTML meta tags. Here’s an example that sets the same policy as above but using a meta tag:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code><meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self'"></code></pre> <p>Each directive consists of a name followed by one or more values and ends with a semicolon. You can use the <code>*</code> wildcard to match values, subdomains, schemes (protocols), and ports:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Content-Security-Policy: default-src *://*.example.com</code></pre> <p>This header would allow sources from any subdomain of <code>example.com</code> (but not <code>example.com</code> itself) using any scheme (<code>http</code>, <code>https</code>, etc.)</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP2/" rel="noreferrer">official W3C recommendation</a> contains a complete list of directives, but the following overview should give you a good idea of the most commonly used ones.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Source whitelisting directives</h2> <p>The main purpose of CSP is to filter out web content sources, so there are many directives for specifying valid sources for various types of assets. Once a <code>Content-Security-Policy</code> header is specified, the browser will reject content from sources that are not explicitly allowed using any of the directives below. Source values are separated by spaces and can include both URLs and the special keywords <code>'none'</code>, <code>'self'</code>, <code>'unsafe-inline'</code>, and <code>'unsafe-eval'</code>. Importantly, each directive can be specified only once in the same header, and keywords must be entered in single quotes:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>default-src</code> is a fallback directive used to specify the default content policy for sources not covered by other directives. Common values include <code>default-src 'self'</code> to allow content from the current origin (but not its subdomains) and <code>default-src 'none'</code> to block everything that’s not explicitly whitelisted elsewhere.</li> <li><code>script-src</code> is used to whitelist script sources. To only allow scripts from the current origin, use <code>script-src 'self'</code>.</li> <li><code>style-src</code> is used to whitelist CSS stylesheet sources. To only allow stylesheets from the current origin, use <code>style-src 'self'</code>.</li> <li><code>connect-src</code> specifies permitted origins for direct JavaScript connections that use <code>EventSource</code>, <code>WebSocket</code>, or <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> objects.</li> <li><code>object-src</code> allows control over the sources of plugins such as Flash. (Note that the related <code>plugin-types</code> directive is now deprecated.)</li> <li><code>img-src</code> lets you restrict image sources.</li> <li><code>font-src</code> specifies permitted sources for loading fonts.</li> <li><code>media-src</code> restricts origins for loading sound and video resources.</li> <li><code>child-src</code> is used to restrict permitted URLs for JavaScript workers and embedded frame contents, including embedded videos. In Level 3, you can control embedded content and worker processes separately using the <code>frame-src</code> and <code>worker-src</code> directives, respectively.</li> <li><code>frame-ancestors</code> restricts URLs that can embed the current resource in <code><iframe></code>, <code><object></code>, and similar elements. This is a vital directive for preventing clickjacking attacks.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Writing JavaScript and CSS with CSP in mind</h2> <p>Using inline code is bad for security. Because it always executes in the current context, inline code can’t be restricted based on origin and is thus a major injection vector. When CSP is enabled, it blocks all inline code by default. This means no inline styles or inline scripts, including things like inline event handlers and <code>javascript:</code> URLs. To comply with CSP, all new code should follow the security best practice of using only external script and style files. To avoid breaking legacy applications, the <code>unsafe-inline</code> keyword is available to allow inline code for all or some script sources, but the W3C recommends avoiding it wherever possible.</p> <p>For example, an old-style HTML and JavaScript page might contain script code all over the place, including in <code><script></code> tags and inline event handlers:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code><script>function performButtonAction() {    alert('You clicked the button!');} </script> <button onclick='performButtonAction();'>    Want to click the button? </button></code></pre> <p>To refactor this to a modern and also CSP-compliant coding style, you should put the script in a separate file and use HTML purely declaratively. The two files would separate the declarative HTML:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code> <script src='buttonexample.js'></script> <button id='examplebutton'>Want to click the button?</button></code></pre> <p>from the actual script:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>// buttonexample.js function performButtonAction() {    alert('You clicked the button!'); } document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {    document.getElementById('examplebutton')       .addEventListener('click', performButtonAction); });</code></pre> <p>Even assuming those typical injection vectors have been blocked, attackers might still achieve script execution if a site uses dynamically evaluated code. This is why enabling CSP also blocks all string evaluation functionality by default, including <code>eval()</code>, <code>new Function(<code>[<em>string</em>]</code>)</code>, <code>setTimeout([<em>string</em>])</code>, and similar constructs. This enforces several changes to coding practices, including the use of <code>JSON.parse()</code> instead of <code>eval()</code> for parsing JSON data.</p> <p>Similar to <code>unsafe-inline</code>, you can use the <code>unsafe-eval</code> keyword for backwards compatibility to allow code evaluation for some or all origins. Again, this is against best practice for modern code, and should only be used for legacy code that can’t be refactored.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Allowing inline scripts using nonces and hashes</h2> <p>If you absolutely need to use some legacy inline code that can’t be moved out to separate file, CSP provides two features to safely allow only specific code blocks without resorting to a global <code>unsafe-inline</code>. To whitelist a specific piece of code, you can use either a nonce (unique one-time identifier) to identify and allow only a specific <code><script></code> tag or provide a cryptographic hash corresponding to the code itself. You can then specify the nonce or hash in your <code>script-src</code> directive to allow that piece of inline code.</p> <p>As the name indicates, a nonce is a “number used once,” so it must be randomly generated for each page load. To use a script nonce, put it in the <code>nonce</code> attribute of a <code><script></code> tag and also add it to the <code>script-src</code> directive, prefixing the value with <code>nonce-</code>, for example:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code><script nonce="uG2bsk6JIH923nsvp01n24KE"> alert('Hello from Invicti'); </script></code></pre> <p>To allow this specific script tag, use:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'nonce-uG2bsk6JIH923nsvp01n24KE'</code></pre> <p>Of course, this approach needs a way to regenerate and update the nonce for every page load, which can be troublesome. Another approach is to use a cryptographic hash of the permitted code itself. To do this, start by calculating the SHA hash of all characters inside the <code><script></code> tag (but without the tag itself). Then you can specify the hash value in the <code>script-src</code> directive, prefixing it with <code>sha256-</code>, <code>sha384-</code>, or <code>sha512-</code>, depending on the algorithm used. Here’s the same example but without the <code>nonce</code> attribute:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code><script>alert('Hello from Invicti');</script></code></pre> <p>The directive for allowing this code via an SHA256 hash would then be:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'sha256-f184cc7e1ab4bd53d5e217bcb22ad5a7de2833f03ee4957553af43ea5626bb12'</code></pre> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Page-level CSP directives</h2> <p>The main purpose of CSP is to whitelist content sources, but you can also use it to restrict actions that the current page can take. To use this functionality, use the <code>sandbox</code> directive to treat the page as though it was inside a sandboxed iframe. For a full description of restrictions applied by sandboxing a page, see <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/dev/origin.html#sandboxing" rel="noreferrer">Sandboxing</a> in the HTML5 spec.</p> <p>To improve security for older websites with lots of legacy HTTP pages, you can use the <code>upgrade-insecure-requests</code> directive to rewrite insecure URLs. This instructs user agents to change HTTP to HTTPS in URL schemes and can be invaluable when you still have many HTTP URLs.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Testing policies and monitoring violations</h2> <p>Content Security Policy is a powerful tool to control content sources and page behaviors, but this power also means that a single misconfigured directive could render your site partly or completely inaccessible to visitors. To prevent that, you need a way to safely test directives. </p> <p>Before you go live with your CSP directives, you can use the <code>Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only</code> header instead of <code>Content-Security-Policy</code>. In report-only mode, the browser will monitor and report policy violations but without actually enforcing restrictions. Use the <code>report-uri</code> directive to tell the browser where it should post violation reports in JSON format. This can be any local or external URI, for example:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only: default-src 'self'; ...;     report-uri /your_csp_report_parser;</code></pre> <p>Usefully, you can combine <code>Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only</code> and <code>Content-Security-Policy</code> headers to test a new policy while still enforcing an existing one.</p> <p>Once a policy is live, you can use the same <code>report-uri</code> directive to get detailed reports about policy violations. Each JSON report starts with the <code>csp-report</code> attribute and looks something like this:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>{ "csp-report": { "document-uri": "http://invicti.com/index.html", "referrer": "http://nasty.example.com/", "blocked-uri": "http://nasty.example.com/nasty.js", "violated-directive": "script-src 'self' https://apis.google.com", "original-policy": "script-src 'self' https://apis.google.com; report-uri http://invicti.com/your_csp_report_parser" } }</code></pre> <p>The reports provide information about each policy violation, including the blocked URI and violated directive. This makes troubleshooting much easier, especially once you have policies with hundreds of directives and values.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Content Security Policy verification in Invicti security checks</h2> <p>CSP Level 2 has been implemented in all modern browsers and is widely used across the web as a best practice and an effective way of reducing the risk of XSS. To reflect this, Invicti vulnerability scans include checks for the presence of <code>Content-Security-Policy</code> HTTP headers and reports a “Best Practice” security issue if they are missing. Similar checks are performed for other recommended <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/http-security-headers/" rel="noreferrer">HTTP security headers</a>.</p> <p>However, merely having the CSP header is not enough. Invalid directives will be ignored by browsers (and therefore be ineffective), while unsafe directive values won’t provide the expected level of protection. To cover this, Invicti not only checks for the present of headers but also runs over 20 detailed checks to ensure that directives use correct syntax combined with values that provide effective security. <a href="https://www.invicti.com/web-vulnerability-scanner/vulnerabilities/?s=content+security+policy" rel="noreferrer">See the vulnerability index for the current list of CSP-related checks available in Invicti.</a></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Demo of Content Security Policy in action</h2> <p>For a practical demonstration of configuring CSP headers, watch this Security Weekly interview with Invicti Staff Security Engineer Sven Morgenroth. Talking to Paul Asadoorian, Sven presents the problems that CSP is designed to solve and goes on to do a hands-on demonstration of CSP headers in action.</p> <div class="invicti-block container-box" id="box_6741e48d5bfe7"> <a class="invicti-block webcast-block webcast-video" rel="noreferrer" href="https://youtu.be/qEg7Rqpyw5E" open-in-lb="qEg7Rqpyw5E" video-lb="youtube" time-lb=""> <figure><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-1024x576.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-300x169.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-768x432.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth.webp 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-1024x576.jpg" height="576" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-300x169.jpg 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/12/14085119/content-security-policies-with-sven-morgenroth.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="webcast-block-image sp-no-webp" alt="Content Security Policies with Sven Morgenroth" loading="lazy" > </picture></figure> </a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_6741e48d5ccc9"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is Content Security Policy (CSP)?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Content Security Policy is a security standard that helps prevent various types of attacks, such as cross-site scripting (XSS) and data injection, by controlling the sources from which content can be loaded on a web page.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/" rel="noreferrer">Learn more about cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How does a Content Security Policy (CSP) enhance web security?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>A Content Security Policy enhances web security by mitigating risks associated with malicious content injection, unauthorized script execution, and data theft, thereby providing a layer of defense against common web-based attacks.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/http-security-headers/" rel="noreferrer">Read about other security headers you can use to improve web security.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How can organizations implement and maintain an effective Content Security Policy (CSP) for website protection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Organizations can implement and maintain an effective Content Security Policy by carefully crafting policy directives tailored to their web applications, regularly monitoring and updating the policy to adapt to changing threats, and using vulnerability scanners and other CSP reporting mechanisms to identify and address security violations.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/cybersecurity-framework-web-application-security/" rel="noreferrer">Read about web security frameworks that should include CSP as one of the controls.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <div class="about-the-author"> <div class="about-the-author-media"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach-150x150.jpg" class="author-profile-image" alt="Zbigniew Banach" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach.jpg 170w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" loading="lazy" /> <a class="author-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zbigniew-banach/" target="_blank" title="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a> </div> <div class="about-the-author-texts"> <h2 class="about-the-author-heading">About the Author</h2> <div class="author-name">Zbigniew Banach <span>- Technical Content Lead & Managing Editor</span> </div> <p>Cybersecurity writer and blog managing editor at Invicti Security. Drawing on years of experience with security, software development, content creation, journalism, and technical translation, he does his best to bring web application security and cybersecurity in general to a wider audience.</p> </div> </div> </footer> </article> </div> </div> <div class="recent-posts normal-vspace"> <div class="container"> <div class="crp_related crp_related_shortcode "><h2>Related Articles</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/negative-impact-incorrect-csp-implementations/" class="crp_link post-13694"><figure><img width="335" height="176" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28121401/Negative-Impact-of-Incorrect-CSP-Implementations.png" class="crp_thumb crp_featured" alt="Negative-Impact-of-Incorrect-CSP-Implementations" title="The dangers of incorrect CSP implementations" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28121401/Negative-Impact-of-Incorrect-CSP-Implementations.png 600w, 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); Prism.languages.c=Prism.languages.extend("clike",{comment:{pattern:/\/\/(?:[^\r\n\\]|\$?:\r\n?|\n|(?![\r\n])))*|\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,greedy:!0},string:{pattern:/"(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|struct)\s+(?:__attribute__\s*\(\([\s\S]*?$\)\s*)?)\w+|\b[a-z]\w*_t\b/,lookbehind:!0},keyword:/\b(?:_Alignas|_Alignof|_Atomic|_Bool|_Complex|_Generic|_Imaginary|_Noreturn|_Static_assert|_Thread_local|__attribute__|asm|auto|break|case|char|const|continue|default|do|double|else|enum|extern|float|for|goto|if|inline|int|long|register|return|short|signed|sizeof|static|struct|switch|typedef|typeof|union|unsigned|void|volatile|while)\b/,function:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*\()/i,number:/(?:\b0x(?:[\da-f]+(?:\.[\da-f]*)?|\.[\da-f]+)(?:p[+-]?\d+)?|(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?)[ful]{0,4}/i,operator:/>>=?|<<=?|->|([-+&|:])\1|[?:~]|[-+*/%&|^!=<>]=?/}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("c","string",{char:{pattern:/'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n]){0,32}'/,greedy:!0}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("c","string",{macro:{pattern:/(^[\t 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Prism.languages.graphql={comment:/#.*/,description:{pattern:/(?:"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")(?=\s*[a-z_])/i,greedy:!0,alias:"string",inside:{"language-markdown":{pattern:/(^"(?:"")?)(?!\1)[\s\S]+(?=\1$)/,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.markdown}}},string:{pattern:/"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},number:/(?:\B-|\b)\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,variable:/\$[a-z_]\w*/i,directive:{pattern:/@[a-z_]\w*/i,alias:"function"},"attr-name":{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*(?:\((?:[^()"]|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")*$)?:)/i,greedy:!0},"atom-input":{pattern:/\b[A-Z]\w*Input\b/,alias:"class-name"},scalar:/\b(?:Boolean|Float|ID|Int|String)\b/,constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]*\b/,"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|implements|interface|on|scalar|type|union)\s+|&\s*|:\s*|\[)[A-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0},fragment:{pattern:/(\bfragment\s+|\.{3}\s*(?!on\b))[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-mutation":{pattern:/(\bmutation\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-query":{pattern:/(\bquery\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:/\b(?:directive|enum|extend|fragment|implements|input|interface|mutation|on|query|repeatable|scalar|schema|subscription|type|union)\b/,operator:/[!=|&]|\.{3}/,"property-query":/\w+(?=\s*$)/,object:/\w+(?=\s*\{)/,punctuation:/[!(){}\[\]:=,]/,property:/\w+/},Prism.hooks.add("after-tokenize",(function(n){if("graphql"===n.language)for(var t=n.tokens.filter((function(n){return"string"!=typeof n&&"comment"!==n.type&&"scalar"!==n.type})),e=0;e<t.length;){var a=t[e++];if("keyword"===a.type&&"mutation"===a.content){var r=[];if(c(["definition-mutation","punctuation"])&&"("===l(1).content){e+=2;var i=f(/^\($/,/^$$/);if(-1===i)continue;for(;e<i;e++){var o=l(0);"variable"===o.type&&(b(o,"variable-input"),r.push(o.content))}e=i+1}if(c(["punctuation","property-query"])&&"{"===l(0).content&&(e++,b(l(0),"property-mutation"),r.length>0)){var s=f(/^\{$/,/^\}$/);if(-1===s)continue;for(var u=e;u<s;u++){var p=t[u];"variable"===p.type&&r.indexOf(p.content)>=0&&b(p,"variable-input")}}}}function l(n){return t[e+n]}function c(n,t){t=t||0;for(var e=0;e<n.length;e++){var a=l(e+t);if(!a||a.type!==n[e])return!1}return!0}function f(n,a){for(var r=1,i=e;i<t.length;i++){var o=t[i],s=o.content;if("punctuation"===o.type&&"string"==typeof s)if(n.test(s))r++;else if(a.test(s)&&0==--r)return i}return-1}function b(n,t){var e=n.alias;e?Array.isArray(e)||(n.alias=e=[e]):n.alias=e=[],e.push(t)}})); !function(e){var n=/\b(?:abstract|assert|boolean|break|byte|case|catch|char|class|const|continue|default|do|double|else|enum|exports|extends|final|finally|float|for|goto|if|implements|import|instanceof|int|interface|long|module|native|new|non-sealed|null|open|opens|package|permits|private|protected|provides|public|record(?!\s*[(){}[\]<>=%~.:,;?+\-*/&|^])|requires|return|sealed|short|static|strictfp|super|switch|synchronized|this|throw|throws|to|transient|transitive|try|uses|var|void|volatile|while|with|yield)\b/,t="(?:[a-z]\\w*\\s*\\.\\s*)*(?:[A-Z]\\w*\\s*\\.\\s*)*",s={pattern:RegExp("(^|[^\\w.])"+t+"[A-Z](?:[\\d_A-Z]*[a-z]\\w*)?\\b"),lookbehind:!0,inside:{namespace:{pattern:/^[a-z]\w*(?:\s*\.\s*[a-z]\w*)*(?:\s*\.)?/,inside:{punctuation:/\./}},punctuation:/\./}};e.languages.java=e.languages.extend("clike",{string:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^"\\\r\n])*"/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},"class-name":[s,{pattern:RegExp("(^|[^\\w.])"+t+"[A-Z]\\w*(?=\\s+\\w+\\s*[;,=()]|\\s*(?:\\[[\\s,]*\\]\\s*)?::\\s*new\\b)"),lookbehind:!0,inside:s.inside},{pattern:RegExp("(\\b(?:class|enum|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|record|throws)\\s+)"+t+"[A-Z]\\w*\\b"),lookbehind:!0,inside:s.inside}],keyword:n,function:[e.languages.clike.function,{pattern:/(::\s*)[a-z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0}],number:/\b0b[01][01_]*L?\b|\b0x(?:\.[\da-f_p+-]+|[\da-f_]+(?:\.[\da-f_p+-]+)?)\b|(?:\b\d[\d_]*(?:\.[\d_]*)?|\B\.\d[\d_]*)(?:e[+-]?\d[\d_]*)?[dfl]?/i,operator:{pattern:/(^|[^.])(?:<<=?|>>>?=?|->|--|\+\+|&&|\|\||::|[?:~]|[-+*/%&|^!=<>]=?)/m,lookbehind:!0},constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]+\b/}),e.languages.insertBefore("java","string",{"triple-quoted-string":{pattern:/"""[ \t]*[\r\n](?:(?:"|"")?(?:\\.|[^"\\]))*"""/,greedy:!0,alias:"string"},char:{pattern:/'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n]){1,6}'/,greedy:!0}}),e.languages.insertBefore("java","class-name",{annotation:{pattern:/(^|[^.])@\w+(?:\s*\.\s*\w+)*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"punctuation"},generics:{pattern:/<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&))*>)*>)*>)*>/,inside:{"class-name":s,keyword:n,punctuation:/[<>(),.:]/,operator:/[?&|]/}},import:[{pattern:RegExp("(\\bimport\\s+)"+t+"(?:[A-Z]\\w*|\\*)(?=\\s*;)"),lookbehind:!0,inside:{namespace:s.inside.namespace,punctuation:/\./,operator:/\*/,"class-name":/\w+/}},{pattern:RegExp("(\\bimport\\s+static\\s+)"+t+"(?:\\w+|\\*)(?=\\s*;)"),lookbehind:!0,alias:"static",inside:{namespace:s.inside.namespace,static:/\b\w+$/,punctuation:/\./,operator:/\*/,"class-name":/\w+/}}],namespace:{pattern:RegExp("(\\b(?:exports|import(?:\\s+static)?|module|open|opens|package|provides|requires|to|transitive|uses|with)\\s+)(?!<keyword>)[a-z]\\w*(?:\\.[a-z]\\w*)*\\.?".replace(/<keyword>/g,(function(){return n.source}))),lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\./}}})}(Prism); Prism.languages.json={property:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"(?=\s*:)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},string:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"(?!\s*:)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},comment:{pattern:/\/\/.*|\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,greedy:!0},number:/-?\b\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,punctuation:/[{}[\],]/,operator:/:/,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,null:{pattern:/\bnull\b/,alias:"keyword"}},Prism.languages.webmanifest=Prism.languages.json; !function(n){var e=/("|')(?:\\(?:\r\n?|\n|.)|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/;n.languages.json5=n.languages.extend("json",{property:[{pattern:RegExp(e.source+"(?=\\s*:)"),greedy:!0},{pattern:/(?!\s)[_$a-zA-Z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[$\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/,alias:"unquoted"}],string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},number:/[+-]?\b(?:NaN|Infinity|0x[a-fA-F\d]+)\b|[+-]?(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+\b)?/})}(Prism); Prism.languages.jsonp=Prism.languages.extend("json",{punctuation:/[{}[\]();,.]/}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("jsonp","punctuation",{function:/(?!\s)[_$a-zA-Z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[$\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*\()/}); !function(e){function n(e,n){return"___"+e.toUpperCase()+n+"___"}Object.defineProperties(e.languages["markup-templating"]={},{buildPlaceholders:{value:function(t,a,r,o){if(t.language===a){var c=t.tokenStack=[];t.code=t.code.replace(r,(function(e){if("function"==typeof o&&!o(e))return e;for(var r,i=c.length;-1!==t.code.indexOf(r=n(a,i));)++i;return c[i]=e,r})),t.grammar=e.languages.markup}}},tokenizePlaceholders:{value:function(t,a){if(t.language===a&&t.tokenStack){t.grammar=e.languages[a];var r=0,o=Object.keys(t.tokenStack);!function c(i){for(var u=0;u<i.length&&!(r>=o.length);u++){var g=i[u];if("string"==typeof g||g.content&&"string"==typeof g.content){var l=o[r],s=t.tokenStack[l],f="string"==typeof g?g:g.content,p=n(a,l),k=f.indexOf(p);if(k>-1){++r;var m=f.substring(0,k),d=new e.Token(a,e.tokenize(s,t.grammar),"language-"+a,s),h=f.substring(k+p.length),v=[];m&&v.push.apply(v,c([m])),v.push(d),h&&v.push.apply(v,c([h])),"string"==typeof g?i.splice.apply(i,[u,1].concat(v)):g.content=v}}else g.content&&c(g.content)}return i}(t.tokens)}}}})}(Prism); !function(e){var n=/\$(?:\w[a-z\d]*(?:_[^\x00-\x1F\s"'\$)$]*)?|\{[^}\s"'\\]+\})/i;e.languages.nginx={comment:{pattern:/(^|[\s{};])#.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},directive:{pattern:/(^|\s)\w(?:[^;{}"'\\\s]|\\.|"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"|'(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*'|\s+(?:#.*(?!.)|(?![#\s])))*?(?=\s*[;{])/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:{string:{pattern:/((?:^|[^\\])(?:\\\$*)(?:"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"|'(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*')/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:{escape:{pattern:/\\["'\\nrt]/,alias:"entity"},variable:n}},comment:{pattern:/(\s)#.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},keyword:{pattern:/^\S+/,greedy:!0},boolean:{pattern:/(\s)(?:off|on)(?!\S)/,lookbehind:!0},number:{pattern:/(\s)\d+[a-z]*(?!\S)/i,lookbehind:!0},variable:n}},punctuation:/[{};]/}}(Prism); !function(e){var a=/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\/|\/\/.*|#(?!\[).*/,t=[{pattern:/\b(?:false|true)\b/i,alias:"boolean"},{pattern:/(::\s*)\b[a-z_]\w*\b(?!\s*$)/i,greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(\b(?:case|const)\s+)\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*[;=])/i,greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},/\b(?:null)\b/i,/\b[A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*\b(?!\s*\()/],i=/\b0b[01]+(?:_[01]+)*\b|\b0o[0-7]+(?:_[0-7]+)*\b|\b0x[\da-f]+(?:_[\da-f]+)*\b|(?:\b\d+(?:_\d+)*\.?(?:\d+(?:_\d+)*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?/i,n=/<?=>|\?\?=?|\.{3}|\??->|[!=]=?=?|::|\*\*=?|--|\+\+|&&|\|\||<<|>>|[?~]|[/^|%*&<>.+-]=?/,s=/[{}\[\](),:;]/;e.languages.php={delimiter:{pattern:/\?>$|^<\?(?:php(?=\s)|=)?/i,alias:"important"},comment:a,variable:/\$+(?:\w+\b|(?=\{))/,package:{pattern:/(namespace\s+|use\s+(?:function\s+)?)(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+\b(?!\$/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},"class-name-definition":{pattern:/(\b(?:class|enum|interface|trait)\s+)\b[a-z_]\w*(?!\\)\b/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:"class-name"},"function-definition":{pattern:/(\bfunction\s+)[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*$)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:[{pattern:/(\(\s*)\b(?:array|bool|boolean|float|int|integer|object|string)\b(?=\s*$)/i,alias:"type-casting",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/([(,?]\s*)\b(?:array(?!\s*$)|bool|callable|(?:false|null)(?=\s*\|)|float|int|iterable|mixed|object|self|static|string)\b(?=\s*\$)/i,alias:"type-hint",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/($\s*:\s*(?:\?\s*)?)\b(?:array(?!\s*\()|bool|callable|(?:false|null)(?=\s*\|)|float|int|iterable|mixed|never|object|self|static|string|void)\b/i,alias:"return-type",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/\b(?:array(?!\s*\()|bool|float|int|iterable|mixed|object|string|void)\b/i,alias:"type-declaration",greedy:!0},{pattern:/(\|\s*)(?:false|null)\b|\b(?:false|null)(?=\s*\|)/i,alias:"type-declaration",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/\b(?:parent|self|static)(?=\s*::)/i,alias:"static-context",greedy:!0},{pattern:/(\byield\s+)from\b/i,lookbehind:!0},/\bclass\b/i,{pattern:/((?:^|[^\s>:]|(?:^|[^-])>|(?:^|[^:]):)\s*)\b(?:abstract|and|array|as|break|callable|case|catch|clone|const|continue|declare|default|die|do|echo|else|elseif|empty|enddeclare|endfor|endforeach|endif|endswitch|endwhile|enum|eval|exit|extends|final|finally|fn|for|foreach|function|global|goto|if|implements|include|include_once|instanceof|insteadof|interface|isset|list|match|namespace|never|new|or|parent|print|private|protected|public|readonly|require|require_once|return|self|static|switch|throw|trait|try|unset|use|var|while|xor|yield|__halt_compiler)\b/i,lookbehind:!0}],"argument-name":{pattern:/([(,]\s*)\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*:(?!:))/i,lookbehind:!0},"class-name":[{pattern:/(\b(?:extends|implements|instanceof|new(?!\s+self|\s+static))\s+|\bcatch\s*$)\b[a-z_]\w*(?!\$\b/i,greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(\|\s*)\b[a-z_]\w*(?!\\)\b/i,greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?!\\)\b(?=\s*\|)/i,greedy:!0},{pattern:/(\|\s*)(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+\b/i,alias:"class-name-fully-qualified",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+\b(?=\s*\|)/i,alias:"class-name-fully-qualified",greedy:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/(\b(?:extends|implements|instanceof|new(?!\s+self\b|\s+static\b))\s+|\bcatch\s*$)(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+\b(?!\$/i,alias:"class-name-fully-qualified",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*\$)/i,alias:"type-declaration",greedy:!0},{pattern:/(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+(?=\s*\$)/i,alias:["class-name-fully-qualified","type-declaration"],greedy:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*::)/i,alias:"static-context",greedy:!0},{pattern:/(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+(?=\s*::)/i,alias:["class-name-fully-qualified","static-context"],greedy:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/([(,?]\s*)[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*\$)/i,alias:"type-hint",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/([(,?]\s*)(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+(?=\s*\$)/i,alias:["class-name-fully-qualified","type-hint"],greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},{pattern:/(\)\s*:\s*(?:\?\s*)?)\b[a-z_]\w*(?!\\)\b/i,alias:"return-type",greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(\)\s*:\s*(?:\?\s*)?)(?:\\?\b[a-z_]\w*)+\b(?!\\)/i,alias:["class-name-fully-qualified","return-type"],greedy:!0,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}}],constant:t,function:{pattern:/(^|[^\\\w])\\?[a-z_](?:[\w\\]*\w)?(?=\s*\()/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\\/}},property:{pattern:/(->\s*)\w+/,lookbehind:!0},number:i,operator:n,punctuation:s};var 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