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1400w,https://images.ctfassets.net/i01duvb6kq77/dpGI2ohIeBXWiqu1HGp1a/a6522cbcf1ed1a482d61d4b4097d676f/Three-women-translators-cover.jpg?w=1880&h=1080&fit=fill&f=face&q=80&fm=jpg&fl=progressive 1880w,https://images.ctfassets.net/i01duvb6kq77/dpGI2ohIeBXWiqu1HGp1a/a6522cbcf1ed1a482d61d4b4097d676f/Three-women-translators-cover.jpg?w=2520&h=1440&fit=fill&f=face&q=80&fm=jpg&fl=progressive 2520w,https://images.ctfassets.net/i01duvb6kq77/dpGI2ohIeBXWiqu1HGp1a/a6522cbcf1ed1a482d61d4b4097d676f/Three-women-translators-cover.jpg?w=3020&h=1440&fit=fill&f=face&q=80&fm=jpg&fl=progressive 3020w,https://images.ctfassets.net/i01duvb6kq77/dpGI2ohIeBXWiqu1HGp1a/a6522cbcf1ed1a482d61d4b4097d676f/Three-women-translators-cover.jpg?w=3840&h=2160&fit=fill&f=face&q=80&fm=jpg&fl=progressive 3840w"></picture> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div> <div class="hero-content" data-v-099c03aa><div class="hero-content-container container" data-v-099c03aa data-v-099c03aa><header class="row" data-v-099c03aa><div class="col lead mt-3 mb-0 col-lg-6 col-12" data-v-099c03aa data-v-099c03aa><div class="context-label d-inline-block px-2 py-1 mb-3" data-v-099c03aa> Story </div> <h1 class="title" data-v-099c03aa> Three women translators who bridged cultures </h1> <p class="subtitle" data-v-099c03aa> Stories of Birgitte Thott, Sarah Austin, and Émilie du Châtelet </p></div></header></div></div></div> <article class="story-article-container position-relative bg-white pt-5" data-v-778c9996><div class="container" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="row justify-content-center" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="col-lg-8 col-12" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996> <div class="font-small font-weight-bold d-block" data-v-778c9996><time data-qa="date" datetime="2024-09-26T09:00:00.000+02:00" class="d-inline-block" data-v-778c9996> Published September 26, 2024 </time> <span data-v-778c9996> by </span> <address class="author d-inline" data-v-778c9996><a href="https://pro.europeana.eu/person/malgorzata-szynkielewska" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="font-weight-bold is-external-link" data-v-003fc1ec> Małgorzata Szynkielewska <span class="icon-external-link" data-v-003fc1ec></span><span class="sr-only" data-v-003fc1ec> (opens in new window) </span></a> <span>(Europeana Foundation)</span></address></div> <div class="my-4 d-flex align-items-center" data-v-778c9996><button data-qa="share button" type="button" class="btn share-button d-inline-flex align-items-center mr-4 btn-secondary" data-v-778c9996><span class="icon-share d-inline-flex pr-1"></span> Share </button>  </div></div></div></div> <div class="container" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="row justify-content-center" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="col-lg-8 col-12" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div data-qa="story sections" class="authored-section" data-v-778c9996><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>Many women have played a crucial - yet often overlooked - role of literary translators. Meet three such women who have made profound contributions to intellectual and cultural exchange in their societies, translating key texts into their respective languages as well as advancing intellectual thought or defending the rights of women. Their lives and work continue to inspire today.</p> <h2 id="birgitte-thott-feminism-and-translating-classics">Birgitte Thott: feminism and translating classics</h2> </div></div></section><div rights-statement="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" class="image-wrapper container-fluid" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048 data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="jumbotron mt-0 jumbotron-fluid text-white" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><div class="container" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><figure data-v-0bf16048><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221100%22%20height%3D%221593%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20%25%7Bw%7D%20%25%7Bh%7D%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20height%3D%22100%25%22%20style%3D%22fill%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E%3C%2Frect%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" alt="" width="1100" height="1593" data-qa="image"> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div></div></div><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>Birgitte Thott (1610–1662) used her remarkable linguistic abilities to bring foreign knowledge to her native Denmark. </p> <p>She was fluent in multiple languages including Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, and English. Thott is most renowned for her translation of Seneca’s <em>Philologus</em>, a 1,000-page work that introduced Stoic philosophy to Danish readers.</p> <p>This work broadened Danish thought, while also enriching the Danish language by introducing new terms and expressions. Thott's achievement is even more impressive given that she did this in an era when women were seldom educated, let alone recognised for their scholarly work.</p> </div></div></section><div rights-statement="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" class="image-wrapper container-fluid" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048 data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="jumbotron mt-0 jumbotron-fluid text-white" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><div class="container" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><figure data-v-0bf16048><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221100%22%20height%3D%221551%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20%25%7Bw%7D%20%25%7Bh%7D%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20height%3D%22100%25%22%20style%3D%22fill%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E%3C%2Frect%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" alt="" width="1100" height="1551" data-qa="image"> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div></div></div><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><h2 id="womens-access-to-education">Women’s access to education</h2> <p>Beyond her translation work, Birgitte was one of the first defenders of women's rights in Scandinavia. In her unpublished manuscript <em>Om et lyksaligt liv</em> (<em>On a Happy Life</em>), she argued that women should have access to education and that translations could help bridge cultural and linguistic divides for those who did not have the opportunity to study other languages. </p> <p>She wrote passionately about how young girls were rarely encouraged to any intellectual pursuits:</p> <blockquote> <p>No one whets their appetite to the sweetness found there. No one tells them what delicious food there is for the soul…</p> </blockquote> <p>She also finds it strange that most people would exclude:</p> <blockquote> <p>half of humankind, this being the whole of womankind, from the opportunity to learn foreign languages and be instructed in any form of knowledge and subject areas (...) By this, I think, women are done the greatest injustice. </p> </blockquote> <p>Thott’s intellectual achievements earned her recognition among Europe’s learned women, including the first woman to unofficially study at a Dutch university <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/search?page=1&view=grid&query=Anna%20Maria%20van%20Schurman">Anna Maria van Schurman</a>. Schurman referred to Birgitte as the 'tenth muse' - a term reserved for the most distinguished female scholars of the time.</p> <h2 id="sarah-austin-popularising-german-literature">Sarah Austin: popularising German literature</h2> </div></div></section><div rights-statement="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" class="image-wrapper container-fluid" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048 data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="jumbotron mt-0 jumbotron-fluid text-white" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><div class="container" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><figure data-v-0bf16048><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22634%22%20height%3D%22800%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20%25%7Bw%7D%20%25%7Bh%7D%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20height%3D%22100%25%22%20style%3D%22fill%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E%3C%2Frect%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" alt="" width="634" height="800" data-qa="image"> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div></div></div><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>Sarah Austin (1793–1867) was an English translator and editor who played a pivotal role in introducing British audiences to German authors. Sarah’s translations were linguistic accomplishments and also acts of cultural mediation, helping to bridge intellectual divides between Britain and continental Europe.</p> </div></div></section><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><h2 id="translating-not-only-words-but-ideas">Translating not only words but ideas</h2> <p>Sarah’s most famous work is her translation of <em>Characteristics of Goethe from the German of Falk, Von Müller, and others</em>, which she enriched with valuable commentary. Sarah also translated works like Leopold von Ranke’s <em>History of the Popes</em> (1840) and Victor Cousin’s <em>Report on the State of Public Instruction in Prussia</em>. In the preface of the latter, she argued for the needs of national education in Britain:</p> <blockquote> <p>'Society is no longer a calm current, but a tossing sea; reverence for tradition, for authority, is gone. In such a state of things who can deny the absolute necessity of national education?'</p> </blockquote> </div></div></section><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>Her translation efforts went beyond language. She sought to convey the underlying ideas and cultural context of the works she translated. She adopted a high standard for herself as a translator - in her own words:</p> <blockquote> <p>'It has been my invariable practice as soon as I have engaged to translate a work, to write to the author of it, announcing my intention, and adding that if he has any correction, omission, or addition to make, he might depend on my paying attention to his suggestions.'</p> </blockquote> <p>Sarah’s translations were appreciated by her contemporaries and her work was an important source of income for her family. Both her daughter, Lucie Duff Gordon, and her granddaughter, Janet Ross, followed in her footsteps developing successful literary careers, while also translating.</p> </div></div></section><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><h2 id="émilie-du-châtelet-scientific-debates-across-languages">Émilie du Châtelet: scientific debates across languages</h2> </div></div></section><div rights-statement="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" class="image-wrapper container-fluid" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048 data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="jumbotron mt-0 jumbotron-fluid text-white" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><div class="container" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><figure data-v-0bf16048><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221067%22%20height%3D%221439%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20%25%7Bw%7D%20%25%7Bh%7D%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20height%3D%22100%25%22%20style%3D%22fill%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E%3C%2Frect%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" alt="" width="1067" height="1439" data-qa="image"> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div></div></div><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749) was a French natural philosopher and mathematician. </p> <p>Her most recognised achievement was translation and commentary on Isaac Newton’s <em>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</em>. The translation from Latin, published posthumously, remains the standard French edition and played a key role in the spread of Newtonian physics in France and beyond.</p> <h2 id="improving-the-original">Improving the original</h2> <p>Émilie’s translation of Newton’s <em>Principia</em> was far more than a simple linguistic task. She included detailed commentary and corrections, showcasing her deep understanding of physics and her own contributions to Newtonian mechanics.</p> </div></div></section><div rights-statement="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/" class="image-wrapper container-fluid" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048 data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="jumbotron mt-0 jumbotron-fluid text-white" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><div class="container" data-v-0bf16048 data-v-0bf16048><figure data-v-0bf16048><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221100%22%20height%3D%221509%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20%25%7Bw%7D%20%25%7Bh%7D%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20height%3D%22100%25%22%20style%3D%22fill%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E%3C%2Frect%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" alt="" width="1100" height="1509" data-qa="image"> <figcaption data-qa="attribution toggle" class="background-attribution" data-v-4eb463a6><button aria-expanded="false" data-qa="toggle" aria-label="Show attribution" type="button" class="btn button-icon-only icon-info bg-transparent border-0 btn-secondary" data-v-4eb463a6 data-v-4eb463a6></button> </figcaption></figure></div></div></div><section data-qa="markdown" class="row" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><div class="col-12 col col-lg-9" data-v-3661210a data-v-3661210a><div data-v-3661210a><p>In addition to her translation work, Émilie wrote <em>Institutions de Physique</em> (1740). It was presented as a review of new ideas in science and philosophy to be studied by her 13-year-old son, but it also aimed to reconcile complex ideas from the leading minds of the time. She synthesised the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton, offering a fresh perspective on their seemingly opposing theories. Her work demonstrated her intellectual independence and her ability to stand as an equal among the greatest minds of the Enlightenment.</p> <p>Despite often being overshadowed by her collaboration and romantic relationship with <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/collections/person/59833-voltaire">Voltaire</a>, Émilie’s contributions to science are undisputed.</p> </div></div></section><div data-v-05f291cc data-v-778c9996><a href="/en/stories?tags=women-s-history" target="_self" class="btn btn-cta btn-primary" data-v-003fc1ec> Explore more women's history on Europeana </a></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div class="footer-margin container" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="row justify-content-center" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="col-lg-8 col-12" data-v-778c9996 data-v-778c9996><div class="row flex-md-row related-category-tags related-container" data-v-cc7dbe9c data-v-cc7dbe9c data-v-778c9996><div data-qa="related category tags" class="col-12" data-v-cc7dbe9c data-v-cc7dbe9c><h2 class="related-heading text-uppercase" data-v-cc7dbe9c> Discover related stories </h2> <div class="d-flex" data-v-cc7dbe9c><span class="icon-ic-tag" data-v-cc7dbe9c></span> <div data-v-cc7dbe9c><a href="/en/stories?tags=women-s-history" data-qa="women's history category tag" target="_self" class="badge badge-outline-light" data-v-cc7dbe9c><span data-v-cc7dbe9c>women's history</span> </a><a href="/en/stories?tags=literature" data-qa="literature category tag" target="_self" class="badge badge-outline-light" data-v-cc7dbe9c><span data-v-cc7dbe9c>literature</span> </a><a href="/en/stories?tags=language" data-qa="language category tag" target="_self" class="badge badge-outline-light" data-v-cc7dbe9c><span data-v-cc7dbe9c>language</span> </a></div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></main>  <div class="b-toaster-bottom-left-dynamic d-none" style="--bottom:20px;" data-v-3ca9fe1f></div>  </div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o){return {layout:"default",data:[{}],fetch:{"StoriesPage:0":{post:{identifier:"three-women-translators-who-bridged-cultures",name:i,nameEN:i,headline:j,headlineEN:j,description:a,datePublished:"2024-09-26T09:00:00.000+02:00",relatedLink:a,genre:a,contentWarning:a,categoriesCollection:{items:[{name:"women's history",identifier:"women-s-history"},{name:k,identifier:k},{name:l,identifier:l}]},authorCollection:{items:[{name:"Małgorzata Szynkielewska",affiliation:"Europeana Foundation",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpro.europeana.eu\u002Fperson\u002Fmalgorzata-szynkielewska"}]},primaryImageOfPage:{name:"Émilie du Châtelet, Sarah Austin, Birgitte Thott",creator:"Neurdein Frères, Lady Arthur Russell, Albert Haelwegh",provider:a,license:"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en",url:a,image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002FdpGI2ohIeBXWiqu1HGp1a\u002Fa6522cbcf1ed1a482d61d4b4097d676f\u002FThree-women-translators-cover.jpg",description:"Portraits of three women next to each other",contentType:f,width:1500,height:844}},hasPartCollection:{total:15,items:[{__typename:d,text:"Many women have played a crucial - yet often overlooked - role of literary translators. Meet three such women who have made profound contributions to intellectual and cultural exchange in their societies, translating key texts into their respective languages as well as advancing intellectual thought or defending the rights of women. Their lives and work continue to inspire today.\n\n## Birgitte Thott: feminism and translating classics"},{__typename:g,name:m,creator:"Albert Haelwegh",provider:"National Gallery of Denmark",license:"http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Fpublicdomain\u002Fmark\u002F1.0\u002F",url:"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.europeana.eu\u002Fitem\u002F2020903\u002Fkksgb11862",image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002FbfNr39rh7tmGBVqWjgyrV\u002F7d4d4cea536693c4e4ded20cebb60172\u002FBirgitte_Thott",description:a,contentType:f,width:2856,height:4135}},{__typename:d,text:"Birgitte Thott (1610–1662) used her remarkable linguistic abilities to bring foreign knowledge to her native Denmark. \n\nShe was fluent in multiple languages including Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, and English. Thott is most renowned for her translation of Seneca’s *Philologus*, a 1,000-page work that introduced Stoic philosophy to Danish readers.\n\nThis work broadened Danish thought, while also enriching the Danish language by introducing new terms and expressions. Thott's achievement is even more impressive given that she did this in an era when women were seldom educated, let alone recognised for their scholarly work."},{__typename:g,name:m,creator:a,provider:"The Royal Library: The National Library of Denmark and Copenhagen University Library",license:"http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F",url:"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.europeana.eu\u002Fitem\u002F92023\u002Fimages_billed_2010_okt_billeder_object477318",image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002F5dCjMDiM4RACWxJ6peU8PL\u002F9a42088af62e600005a18431f3cbeede\u002FBirgitte_Thott",description:a,contentType:f,width:2456,height:3464}},{__typename:d,text:"## Women’s access to education\n\nBeyond her translation work, Birgitte was one of the first defenders of women's rights in Scandinavia. In her unpublished manuscript *Om et lyksaligt liv* (*On a Happy Life*), she argued that women should have access to education and that translations could help bridge cultural and linguistic divides for those who did not have the opportunity to study other languages. \n\nShe wrote passionately about how young girls were rarely encouraged to any intellectual pursuits:\n\u003E No one whets their appetite to the sweetness found there. No one tells them what delicious food there is for the soul…\n\nShe also finds it strange that most people would exclude:\n\u003E half of humankind, this being the whole of womankind, from the opportunity to learn foreign languages and be instructed in any form of knowledge and subject areas (...) By this, I think, women are done the greatest injustice. \n\nThott’s intellectual achievements earned her recognition among Europe’s learned women, including the first woman to unofficially study at a Dutch university [Anna Maria van Schurman](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.europeana.eu\u002Fsearch?page=1&view=grid&query=Anna%20Maria%20van%20Schurman). Schurman referred to Birgitte as the 'tenth muse' - a term reserved for the most distinguished female scholars of the time.\n\n## Sarah Austin: popularising German literature"},{__typename:g,name:"Sarah Austin (née Taylor)",creator:"Lady Arthur Russell",provider:a,license:"http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F3.0\u002F",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npg.org.uk\u002Fcollections\u002Fsearch\u002Fportrait\u002Fmw00235\u002FSarah-Austin-ne-Taylor",image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002F70KAcORnMjnAD5FxFpdRv1\u002F8210b6e6d41728b6bbbbed4d8c60aedd\u002FSarah-Austin-ne-Taylor.jpg",description:n,contentType:f,width:634,height:800}},{__typename:d,text:"Sarah Austin (1793–1867) was an English translator and editor who played a pivotal role in introducing British audiences to German authors. Sarah’s translations were linguistic accomplishments and also acts of cultural mediation, helping to bridge intellectual divides between Britain and continental Europe.\n"},{__typename:d,text:"## Translating not only words but ideas\n\nSarah’s most famous work is her translation of *Characteristics of Goethe from the German of Falk, Von Müller, and others*, which she enriched with valuable commentary. Sarah also translated works like Leopold von Ranke’s *History of the Popes* (1840) and Victor Cousin’s *Report on the State of Public Instruction in Prussia*. In the preface of the latter, she argued for the needs of national education in Britain:\n\n\u003E 'Society is no longer a calm current, but a tossing sea; reverence for tradition, for authority, is gone. In such a state of things who can deny the absolute necessity of national education?'\n"},{__typename:d,text:"Her translation efforts went beyond language. She sought to convey the underlying ideas and cultural context of the works she translated. She adopted a high standard for herself as a translator - in her own words:\n\n\u003E 'It has been my invariable practice as soon as I have engaged to translate a work, to write to the author of it, announcing my intention, and adding that if he has any correction, omission, or addition to make, he might depend on my paying attention to his suggestions.'\n\nSarah’s translations were appreciated by her contemporaries and her work was an important source of income for her family. Both her daughter, Lucie Duff Gordon, and her granddaughter, Janet Ross, followed in her footsteps developing successful literary careers, while also translating.\n"},{__typename:d,text:"## Émilie du Châtelet: scientific debates across languages"},{__typename:g,name:"Du Chatelet (Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil)",creator:"Neurdein Frères",provider:a,license:"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Fpublicdomain\u002Fmark\u002F1.0\u002F",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.europeana.eu\u002Fitem\u002F2024903\u002Fphotography_ProvidedCHO_KU_Leuven_9982550860101488",image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002F2W737Z60uiJ3P1cW4HxEVG\u002F10001954d0b3d3ca5af071b90485985d\u002FEuropeana.eu-2024903-photography_ProvidedCHO_KU_Leuven_9982550860101488-3ac6ca8c42bb808eb65aa2437f031bda.jpeg",description:n,contentType:f,width:1067,height:1439}},{__typename:d,text:"Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749) was a French natural philosopher and mathematician. \n\nHer most recognised achievement was translation and commentary on Isaac Newton’s *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica*. The translation from Latin, published posthumously, remains the standard French edition and played a key role in the spread of Newtonian physics in France and beyond.\n\n## Improving the original\n\nÉmilie’s translation of Newton’s *Principia* was far more than a simple linguistic task. She included detailed commentary and corrections, showcasing her deep understanding of physics and her own contributions to Newtonian mechanics.\n"},{__typename:g,name:"Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica",creator:"Isaac Newton",provider:"National Library of the Czech Republic",license:"http:\u002F\u002Frightsstatements.org\u002Fvocab\u002FNoC-NC\u002F1.0\u002F",url:"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.europeana.eu\u002Fitem\u002F92004\u002Fobject_NKCR__14C000038T1_26GS514",image:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fi01duvb6kq77\u002FWR4u0aIgGcGmGEfxIL6eM\u002F82af6489fc4a956522911580597ed18d\u002FNewton.jpg",description:a,contentType:f,width:2056,height:2821}},{__typename:d,text:"In addition to her translation work, Émilie wrote *Institutions de Physique* (1740). It was presented as a review of new ideas in science and philosophy to be studied by her 13-year-old son, but it also aimed to reconcile complex ideas from the leading minds of the time. She synthesised the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton, offering a fresh perspective on their seemingly opposing theories. Her work demonstrated her intellectual independence and her ability to stand as an equal among the greatest minds of the Enlightenment.\n\nDespite often being overshadowed by her collaboration and romantic relationship with [Voltaire](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.europeana.eu\u002Fcollections\u002Fperson\u002F59833-voltaire), Émilie’s contributions to science are undisputed."},{__typename:"Link",url:"\u002Fstories?tags=women-s-history",text:"Explore more women's history on Europeana"}]}},eventBeingLogged:c,eventLogged:c,eventToLog:a,pageMetaContentfulImageParams:{w:1200,h:630,fit:"fill",f:"face"},pageMetaSuffixTitle:b}},error:a,state:{debug:{settings:{}},entity:{bestItemsSetId:a,editable:c,entity:a,id:a,pinned:a},search:{active:c,collectionFacetEnabled:e,collectionLabel:a,loggableInteraction:c,queryInputValue:a,showSearchSidebar:c,showSidebarToggle:c,showSearchBar:c,view:b,qasWithSelectedEntityValue:[]},set:{likesId:a,likedItems:a,likedItemIds:[],active:a,activeRecommendations:[]},i18n:{routeParams:{}},sanitised:{page:a},axiosLogger:{requests:[],recording:e},contentful:{acceptedMediaTypes:[]},error:{error:a},auth:{user:a,loggedIn:c,strategy:"keycloak"},apis:{reqHeaderUrls:{annotation:b,entity:b,entityManagement:b,fulltext:b,iiifPresentation:b,mediaProxy:b,recommendation:b,record:b,set:b,thumbnail:b}}},serverRendered:e,routePath:"\u002Fen\u002Fstories\u002Fthree-women-translators-who-bridged-cultures",config:{app:{baseUrl:h,galleries:{europeanaAccount:"editorial"},featureNotification:{expiration:new Date(1726012800000),locales:b,name:"featureIdeas"},feedback:{cors:{origin:[h,"http:\u002F\u002Flocalhost:3000","http:\u002F\u002Flocalhost:4200","http:\u002F\u002Flocalhost:5173","https:\u002F\u002Fpro-beta.europeana.eu","https:\u002F\u002Fpro.europeana.eu","https:\u002F\u002Fmetis-statistics-ui.test.eanadev.org"]}},homeLandingPageSlug:b,internalLinkDomain:"www.europeana.eu",notificationBanner:b,siteName:"Europeana",search:{translateLocales:["es"]}},auth:{strategies:{keycloak:{client_id:o,origin:"https:\u002F\u002Fauth.europeana.eu",scope:["openid","profile","email","usersets"],realm:"europeana",response_type:"code",access_type:"online",grant_type:"authorization_code",token_type:"Bearer"}}},axios:{baseURL:h},axiosLogger:{clearParams:["wskey"],httpMethods:["GET"]},contentful:{spaceId:"i01duvb6kq77",environmentId:"master",accessToken:{delivery:"95160f090901211d2abfcb0028ba18d91fa4786a001ee8631d2c2abcc8b3d21b",preview:"63165ea9a718ada4492b39d060ee2c8ddf37c8a66a67764700a9c00d00c549a8"},graphQlOrigin:"https:\u002F\u002Fcontentful-proxy-cache-k8s.europeana.eu"},elastic:{apm:{serverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fapm.eanadev.org:8200",environment:"production",logLevel:"info",serviceName:"portal-js",serviceVersion:"1.161.0"}},europeana:{apis:{annotation:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"annotation",scope:"public"},entity:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"entity",scope:"public"},entityManagement:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"entityManagement",scope:"public"},fulltext:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"fulltext",scope:"public",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fnewspapers.eanadev.org\u002Fapi\u002Fv2"},iiifPresentation:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"iiifPresentation",scope:"public"},mediaProxy:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"mediaProxy",scope:"public"},recommendation:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"recommendation",scope:"public"},record:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"record",scope:"public"},set:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"set",scope:"public"},thumbnail:{key:"nLbaXYaiH",id:"thumbnail",scope:"public",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.europeana.eu\u002Fthumbnail\u002Fv3"}}},features:{acceptEntityRecommendations:e,acceptSetRecommendations:c,eventLogging:e,jiraServiceDeskFeedbackForm:e,mockTrendingItems:c,rejectEntityRecommendations:c,storiesViewCounts:e,transcribathonCta:e,translatedItems:e},hotjar:{id:"54631",sv:"6"},matomo:{host:"https:\u002F\u002Fstats.europeana.eu",siteId:"3",loadWait:{delay:b,retries:b}},oauth:{origin:b,realm:b,client:o,scope:b,responseType:b,accessType:b,grantType:b,tokenType:b},_app:{basePath:"\u002F",assetsPath:"\u002F_nuxt\u002F",cdnURL:a}},__i18n:{langs:{}}}}(null,void 0,false,"ContentTypeRichText",true,"image\u002Fjpeg","ImageWithAttribution","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.europeana.eu","Three women translators who bridged cultures","Stories of Birgitte Thott, Sarah Austin, and Émilie du Châtelet","literature","language","Birgitte Thott","","RbWPAapQ6"));</script><script src="/_nuxt/2d31efb.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/bd660b7.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/d4bf9aa.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/c8ba4e9.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/f184559.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/1b02975.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/653342c.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/059c11b.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/6544d95.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/c3a800d.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/725133f.js" defer></script> </body> </html>